Kalkınma Politikaları: Yerel Fırsatlar ve Yerelden Kalkınma
Abstract
Yerel Fırsatlar ve Yerelden Kalkınma kitabımız, özellikle de küçük Anadolu şehirlerinin kalkınması konusu bağlamında, alanındaki nadir kitaplardan biridir. Kitapta, bir yandan küçük Anadolu şehirlerinin sunduğu fırsatlar çalışılırken; bir yandan da kalkınma hamleleri ve programlar için önerilere yer verilmektedir. Kitap, aynı zamanda, 2016 yılından itibaren, Doğu Anadolu’nun kendi halinde küçük şehirlerinden birinde 2 yıl boyunca yürütülen ve birçoğu alanında ilk olma özelliği taşıyan kalkınma ile ilgili bir takım yeni akademik faaliyetlerin son halkası olarak; şehir ve ülke ekonomisine katma değer yaratma çabasının bir ürünüdür.
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Çalışmanın amacı Bingöl ilinde yer alan, termal amaçlı hizmet veren işletmelerin turistik ve rekreatif açıdan değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yapılmış pazarlama ve planlama faaliyetlerinin incelenmesi ve gelecek yıllar için ilgili kaynakların etkin bir biç imde kullanılmasına ilişkin önerilerin oluşturulmasıdır. Araştırmanın kapsamında Bingöl merkez ve ilçelerinde bulunan bütün termal amaçlı kullanılan işletmeler incelenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma Bingöl ilinin termal turizminin geliştirilmesine yönelik bulgular içermesi bakımından önem arz etmektedir. Zira ilgili destinasyonun sahip olduğu termal kaynakları ile markalaşması olasıdır. Nitel olarak tasarlanan çalışmada uzmanlardan yardım alınarak oluşturulmuş görüşme sorularından ve gözlem teknikleriyle toplanan ve rilerden faydalanılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda oluşturulan yapılandırılmış görüşme soruları ilgili termal işletme yöneticilerine sorulmuştur ve elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz yöntemiyle incelenip yorumlanmıştır. Şehrin termal odaklı pazarlanmasında yerel yö netimler, işletmeciler ve turizm alanında faaliyet gösteren sivil toplum kuruluşlarının birlikte oluşturacağı ortak bir pazarlama ve tanıtım çalışması yapmaları önerilmiştir. Keywords Abstract Bingöl Thermal tourism Touristic recreation The aim of this study is to examine marketing and planning activities of firms that are active in thermal serving at the province of Bingöl in terms of tourism and recreativeness and also to provide some proposals related to the usage of resources effectively for the coming years. The examination of all thermal firms located both in the province of Bingöl and its towns constitutes the scope of this study. Furthermore the study is significant in terms of including the findings for the development of thermal tourism in Bingol. As the branding of the province is possible when considering its thermal sources. The study is a qualitative study and the data collected from the questions formed by taking the help of experts and observation techniques. In this context, we asked the structured interview questions to the administrators of thermal firms and also ıt was examined and interpreted the obtained data by means of descriptive analysis. Finally, in context of Bingöl's promotion as a thermal destination, local authorities, business operators and nongovernmental tourism organizations are suggested to implement mutual marketing and promotion strategies. *
Çalışmanın amacı Bingöl ilinin doğal ve kültürel varlıklarının turistik açıdan değerlendirilmesi için ilgili kaynakların tespiti ve Bingöl turizmi için kullanılabilirliğinin belirlenmesidir. Ayrıca Bingöl ilinin sahip olduğu kültürel ve doğal kaynakların gelecekte daha etkin kullanımı için önerilerin oluşturulması hedeflenmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında Bingöl merkez ve bütün ilçelerinde yer alan doğal ve kültürel kaynaklar incelenmiş ve bu kapsamda Bingöl ili doğa ve kültür turizmi envanteri oluşturulmuştur. Nitel olarak tasarlanan çalışmada uzmanlardan yardım alınarak oluşturulmuş görüşme sorularından ve gözlem teknikleriyle toplanan verilerden faydalanılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda oluşturulan yapılandırılmış görüşme soruları ilgili yerel kamu kurum ve kuruluşlarına, sektör temsilcilerine ve alan uzmanlarına sorulmuştur ve elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz yöntemiyle incelenip yorumlanmıştır. Destinasyonun kültürel değerlerinden gastronomik ürünlerinin tanıtımında ve turistik ürün olarak kullanılabilirliği yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca destinasyonun sahip olduğu doğal varlıkların şehirde gerçekleştirilebilecek turizm faaliyetlerinde etkin rol oynayabilecek nitelikte olduğu belirlenmiştir. ABSTRACT EVALUATION OF BINGOL'S NATURAL AND CULTURAL PROPERTIES IN TERMS OF TOURİSM The aim of the study is firstly, to define the natural and cultural resources of Bingöl and secondly, to evaluate of these resources for tourism. Together with, it is thought that development of propositions should include to study about using the natural and cultural resources of Bingöl in the future, effectively. Therefore, the natural and cultural resources of Bingöl-including all towns-were studied and the inventory of Bingöl's natural and cultural tourism was existed. The questions of the interviews which were prepared by experts and used in this quantitative study together with observation methods. The questions were asked local public institutions and organizations, representatives of the industry and experts of the area. The gathered data was analyzed with descriptive methods. As results, destination was found available for usage of introducing of cultural values and gastronomic products. Moreover, the destination was evaluated as convenient in terms of touristic structure. The natural resources of the destination have effective role for tourism activities which are planned for Bingöl
zet Arıcılık, Bingöl ekonomisinin ve bölgesel kalkınmanın öncü sektörlerinden biri olabilir. Ana arı, bitki örtüsü, çiçek türleri ve arı hastalıkları gibi teknik, akademik ve teorik çalışmaların yanında, bu sektörün gelişimi ve dönüşümünün bölge insanına ve ilin kalkınmasına katkıları da oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışma bal üretiminin ve daha genel anlamda da arıcılık endüstrisinin Bingöl ilinin büyümesi ve kalkınmasına potansiyel ekonomik etkilerini analiz etmeyi amaçlar. Mevcut durumda, balın kalitesi ve hasta-lıklar gibi sıkıntıların yanında, özellikle de, bal üretiminin katma değerinin düşüklüğü düşündürücüdür. Bu noktada, sertifikasyon ve markalaşma konusu önemli bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Diğer taraftan, bal, birçok açıdan gözden kaçırılmaması gereken stratejik bir üründür. Bal gibi arıcılık ürünlerinin sağlık açısından çok faydalı olması, ona olan talebin sürekli artmasını gerektirir. Ancak, daha önemlisi, bal, Bingöl ekonomisi için, sıkıntı yaşanılan katma değer yaratılması süreci, geliri artırma ve is-tihdam yaratma açısından oldukça ehemmiyetlidir. Bu proje, öncelikli olarak mevcut durumda arıcılık ve bal üretiminin ekonomik büyüklüğünün resmini çekmeyi; daha uzun vadede ise, bal ve arıcılığın il ekonomisine katacağı potansiyel yeni sosyal ve ekonomik değerlerin ve ekonomik etkilerin analizini sunmayı amaçlar.
Turizm, boş zamanların belirli bir biçimde değişik aktivitelerle değerlendi-rilmesidir. Yani, turizm, özünde eğlenme ve zevk amacı olan, belirli bir ücreti ve zamanı gerektiren, dinlenmek, kendini yenilemek ve tatil geçirmek amacıyla yapılan faaliyetlerdir.
Sanayileşme sonunda Avrupa’da endüstriyel ve teknik alandaki hızlı deği-şim; günlük hayatta çalışma sürecinin kısalmasına, serbest zamanların çoğalma-sına ve kişi başına düşen milli gelirin artmasına önemli katkılar sağlamıştır. Ulaşım alanındaki hızlı gelişim ile uzak yerler yakınlaşmış ve insanlar yıllık tatillerinde uzak ve değişik kültürlerde rekreasyon ve eğlence aktiviteleri aramaya başlamışlardır.
Toplumda çağdaş mutluluğu yakalamak etkin şekilde eğlence faaliyetlerine bağlıdır. Yani, çalışma dışında kalan zaman içinde sadece yeme-içme uyuma şeklindeki dinlenme, çağdaş insan için yeterli değildir. Bunun eğlence faaliyetleri ile desteklenmesi şarttır. Bunun bilincine varan konaklama işletmeleri içinde özellikle sayfiye otelleri; günümüzde ağırlıklı olarak rekreasyon ve animasyon faaliyetleri düzenlemeye başlamışlardır. Turistleri, işletmede daha fazla tuta-bilmek, müşteri bazında canlılık yaratmak ve sıkıntılarını gidermek için rekre-asyon ve animasyon faaliyetlerine ihtiyaç vardır.
İktisadiyat, modern ekonomi biliminin bireysel ve çıkar odaklı bakış açısına karşın, sosyal bir varlık olmanın getirdiği temel değerlerin önemine vurguyu ifade eder. İkti-sadiyat dergisi ve dergiye ilham veren iktisadi bakış açısı, kanaatkâr olmayı, toplum yararını ve kamu faydasını öncelikli kılmayı amaç edinir. Dergi, ilin, bölgenin ve ülkenin sosyal ve beşeri sermaye potansiyeline katkıda bulunmayı, büyüme hamlesine katalizör rolüyle destek olmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla düşünülen akademik dergi, ekonomi ve bağlantılı bilim alanlarında kaliteli yayın çizgisi ile sürdürülebilir bir bilimsel üretim ve yayın altyapısı oluşturmayı, akademik etiğin en üst standartlarında yayın yapmayı ve ilgili alanlarda bilimsel üretim sürecine destek olmayı amaçlamaktadır. Dergi, iktisat, işletme, İslam iktisadı ve kamu yönetimi gibi genel anlamda iktisadiyat çatısı altında toplanabilecek belli başlı alanların ortak bir yayını olmayı ve bu bakış açısını kolektif bir ruhla ortaya koyabilmeyi arzu etmektedir. Mevcut üretim seviyesi ve gelişmişlik düzeyi ele alındığında, bölgenin kalkınması ve gelişmesi için ciddi bir katma değer yaratma po-tansiyeline sahip olacak olan bu dergi, sermaye üretim sürecine de kayda değer bir katkı sunmayı hedeflemektedir. İktisadiyat fikri, modern ekonomi biliminin ve yeni dönemin ihtiyaçlarına cevap verebilecek bir düşünce dünyasına hitap etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
İnsanlar arasındaki ilişkiler, toplum içinde var olan bireylerin kendi yaşam alanlarını ve bu alanların sınırlarını, niteliklerini ve bu alan içindeki davranışlarını belirleyen önemli bir bağdır. İnsanlar arasındaki bu ilişkiler ya da bağlar, temelde bireylerin ve buna bağlı olarak toplumların inşasında önemli bir yapı taşı durumundadır.
Çok genel olarak toplumsal bağları, formel ve informel kuralları (normları) ifade eden “sosyal sermaye” kavramı politik ve sosyolojik boyutlarının yanı sıra ekonomik boyutları ile de önem taşımaktadır.
Sosyal sermaye, kapsamı para ile ifade edilen finansal sermaye ve topyekun eğitim düzeyini ifade eden beşeri sermayeden farklı olarak, toplumdaki tüm sosyal gruplar arasındaki ilişkilerin sürekliliğini ve bağların sağlamlığını, toplumda tüm bireyler ve gruplar arasında karşılıklı güveni ve bu güveni tesis edecek formel ve informel kuralları ve bunlar etrafında şekillenecek sivil toplum örgütlerini kapsamaktadır.
Ekonomi bilimi açısından asıl inceleme konusu ise tüm bu kavramlarla beraber sosyal sermayenin ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınmayı nasıl etkilediği meselesidir. Bugün iktisatçılar ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma açısından finansal sermaye ve beşeri sermayenin çok önemli olduğunu kabul etmektedirler. Ancak çok uzun yıllar iktisatçıların ihmal ettiği “sosyal sermaye” boyutunun önemi giderek daha fazla anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı sosyal sermaye kavramını açıklamak ve sosyal sermaye konusunda temel bilgileri ortaya koymaktır.
Human capital in the form of education has been used to explain GDP growth in augmented Solow models. A statistically significant coefficient for human capital variable in these models was recently reported for OECD countries using recent data. We use time series and panel regressions for data on a group of eighteen large developing countries for the period 1982–2001. This study confirms and extends results by OECD and other similar studies. Since most of our models have a significant human capital regressor in such a study of developing countries, results in this paper are important for policy regarding expanded educational opportunities, increased emphasis, and focus on education and technology in developing countries.
Although almost all the states in the USA have a similar economic size to the other world countries, no study has investigated the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth subject which has been extensively examined in the literature. Unlike previous energy consumption-growth studies, this study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for 47 US states over the period 1997-2009. The heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between real GDP and energy consumption. In addition, panel granger causality test results illustrate that the feedback hypothesis (the bidirectional relationship between energy and economic growth in which causation runs in both directions) is confirmed in these states.
Tourism sector in Turkey has shown great progress since 1980. Contribution of foreign currency while the country was having economic problems, helped to decrease foreign debt and unemployment. The aim of this study is to analyze the place of tourism in Turkish Economy and development of tourism within economic indicators by using secondary data. The data showing the number of tourists coming to the country, income earned from tourists, amount of expenditure per tourists and the share of tourism from GDP, investments and exports, indicate that tourism is one of the most leading sectors in Turkish Economy from 1980's onwards. It will be possible for Turkey to have a greater share from international tourism sector earnings if more competitive and sustainable policies are implemented in the future; and this will increase social welfare in the possible shortest period.
Incl. bibl. notes, abstract. Social capital is an instantiated informal norm that promotes co-operation between individuals. In the economic sphere it reduces transaction costs and in the political sphere it promotes the kind of associational life which is necessary for the success of limited government and modern democracy. While it often arises from iterated Prisoner's Dilemma games, it also is a byproduct of religion, tradition, shared historical experience and other types of cultural norms. Thus, while awareness of social capital is often critical for understanding development, it is difficult to generate through public policy.
The pessimistic flavour of the Human Development Reports appears to be in contradiction with their own numbers as developing countries fare comparatively better in human development than in per capita GDP terms. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by providing a new, ‘improved’ human development index [IHDI], informed by welfare economics. The IHDI is presented here alongside the UNDP’s HDI for the world and its main regions since the late nineteenth century. Social dimensions in the IHDI are derived, following Kakwani (1993), with a convex achievement function, while a geometric average is employed to combine its dimensions (longevity, knowledge, and income). Thus, the IHDI does not conceal the gap between rich and poor countries and casts a much less optimistic view than the conventional UNDP index, while fits with the UNDP concern for international differences. The paper’s findings highlight main weaknesses in human development dimensions of present-day developing countries.
Iyer S., Kitson M. and Toh B. (2005) Social capital, economic growth and regional development, Regional Studies 39 , 1015-1040. This paper examines the relationships between social capital, economic performance and regional development, and it stresses the complexity and variability across space of such relationships. In contrast to the conventional macroeconomic approach of using indicators of social capital in formal growth models, what is required is a more nuanced analysis that evaluates the impact of social capital by region. To support this argument, the paper examines social capital data from the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey 2000, which provides social capital data for more than 24 000 individuals living in 40 communities, grouped into nine regions, in the USA. These data show remarkable diversity of social capital by region. Multivariate analysis is used to examine the impact of economic and social determinants of social capital and shows that education is important for nearly all indicators of social capital, and that ethnic diversity is associated with lower levels of social capital. Furthermore, analysis indicates the need to distinguish between local and non-local forms of social capital. The paper concludes by suggesting that future analysis of social capital will benefit from a more region-specific approach towards examining its development and impacts.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'deki Katılım Bankalarının gelişimine etki eden sorunları tespit etmek ve bu sorunların finansal sisteme etkilerini bertaraf etmeye yönelik çözüm önerileri sunmaktır. Çalışmada yöntem olarak nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden yüz yüze görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Çalışma için katılım bankaları yöneticileri, akademisyenler ve katılım bankacılığı müşterileriyle bire-bir görüşmeler yapılmıştır. İslami finans sisteminin büyük bir bölümünü elinde bulunduran katılım kankalarının durumunu değerlendirmek, gelişimini etkileyen sorunları tespit etmek ve bu sorunların çözümüne ilişkin öneriler sunabilmek adına Bingöl ve İstanbul İlindeki katılım bankaları yöneticileri, akademisyenler ve müşterilerle Eylül 2018-Nisan 2019 tarihleri arasında yapılan yüz yüze görüşmeler sonucunda, katılım bankalarında sorun olarak görülen hususlar ortaya konmuştur. Bu görüşmeler ve literatür taraması sonucunda ortaya çıkan veriler ışığında; konvansiyonel bankacılık yapısına benzerlik, şube ve personel sayılarının yetersizliği, meşruiyet tartışmaları, ürün yetersizliği, insan kaynakları gibi bir takım temel sorunlar tespit edilmiştir. Bu sorunlara çözüm olarak da katılım bankalarının faaliyetlerini düzenleyen müstakil bir kanunun hazırlanması, İslami Finans Kurumları Muhasebe ve Denetim Teşkilatı (AAOIFI) standartları çerçevesinde özgün ve ortak muhasebe kayıtlarının oluşturulması, merkezi bir danışma ve fetva kurulunun oluşturulması, üniversitelerde İslami finans eğitimi veren daha kapsamlı bölümlerin açılması, akademi dünyasıyla katılım finans sisteminin uygulayıcılarını bir araya getiren ortak akıl çalışmalarının yapılması, finansal mühendislik faaliyetlerinin artırılması gibi öneriler ortaya çıkmıştır. İslami finansman ürünleri konusunda atılması gereken en önemli adım diğer piyasalarda olduğu gibi düzenleyici ve denetleyici rol oynayabilecek özel bir kurumun teşekkülünü sağlamaktır. Bu, hem yapılacak işlemlerin şeffaflığı ve geçerliliği anlamında bir kontrol mekanizması olacak hem de dini hassasiyetler gözetilerek İslami anlamda uygun olmayan durumlar bertaraf edilebilecektir.
Leadership development has become an important phenomenon in Turkey, since the fast expansion of country’s economy requires growing attention to developing its human resources. Despite the regional and national political and humanitarian challenges recently faced, Turkey aims to become one of the top ten largest economies of the world. Both government and corporate world are focusing their efforts on becoming more competitive globally, and one of the most important elements of this strategy is the expansion of technological innovation. Leadership is at the forefront of these efforts. This chapter examines the concept of leadership development in the Turkish business context broadly through the lenses of national culture and educational system and illustrates specific examples of leadership development practices. Implications for technology and innovation are also discussed.
This paper investigates the causal relationship between environmental quality, Foreign Direct Investment and economic growth using simultaneous-equation panel data VAR model a panel of 17 MENA countries over the period 1990–2012. Our empirical results pointed out that there is a unidirectional causality running from both FDI stocks and CO2 emissions to economic growth. They also indicate the existence of unidirectional causality running from economic growth to CO2 emissions. However, the results support the occurrence of unidirectional causality from FDI stocks to CO2 emissions. Our empirical result confirms the hypothesis of neutrality for the Environment-GDP link. There is bidirectional causality from emissions and economic growth, and a bidirectional causal relationship between FDI stocks and CO2 emissions. For the global panel, we show that the existence of a unidirectional causality running from FDI stocks to economic growth; a bidirectional causality between economic growth and CO2 emissions; as well as a bidirectional causality between FDI stocks and emissions.
This chapter develops and analyses empirically a simple model of human capital, ideas and economic growth that integrates contributions from several different strands of the growth literature. These strands, and a discussion of what I try to emphasize in the paper, are outlined below:
Romer (1990) and the research-based new growth theory. Recent advances in new growth theory emphasize the importance of ideas, non-rivalry and imperfect competition for understanding the engine of economic growth. Romer (1993) argues that these issues may also be important for understanding economic development. Nelson and Phelps (1966) provide a way of thinking about technology transfer that incorporates both human capital and advantages to ‘backwardness’.
Mankiw et al. (1992) (MRW). MRW show that a simple neoclassical model can explain up to 80 per cent of the cross-country variation in the log of per capita GDP, especially if it incorporates differences in human capital investment across countries.
Barro and Lee (1993) and Bits and Klenow (1996). Barro and Lee provide an extensive panel data set on educational attainment for a large number of countries. Bils and Klenow argue for including educational attainment in a model in a way that is consistent with Mincerian wage regressions.
Benhabib and Spiegel (1994), Islam (1995), Pritchett (1996), and Judson (1996). These papers document in various ways a puzzle involving the relationship between human capital and economic growth. The puzzle appears when one looks at a growth-accounting approach that involves variables, such as the Barro and Lee (1993) human capital stocks. In either simple or multivariate regressions of the growth rate output on the growth rate of the human capital stock, the human capital stock appears with a negative coefficient.
Scholars of the theory of the firm have begun to emphasize the sources and conditions of what has been described as “the organizational advantage,” rather than focus on the causes and consequences of market failure. Typically, researchers see such organizational advantage as accruing from the particular capabilities organizations have for creating and sharing knowledge. In this article we seek to contribute to this body of work by developing the following arguments: (1) social capital facilitates the creation of new intellectual capital; (2) organizations, as institutional settings, are conducive to the development of high levels of social capital; and (3) it is because of their more dense social capital that firms, within certain limits, have an advantage over markets in creating and sharing intellectual capital. We present a model that incorporates this overall argument in the form of a series of hypothesized relationships between different dimensions of social capital and the main mechanisms and processes necessary for the creation of intellectual capital.
Human capital is identified as one of the main determinants of economic growth and plays an important role in the technological progress of countries. Nevertheless, existing studies have to some extent neglected the importance of human capital in the growth process via the interaction it can have with a country’s industrial specialization. Additionally, the emphasis is mainly placed on supply-side determinants, while demand-side factors are neglected, particularly the relevance of the processes of structural change. Thus, using a growth model which integrates variables from both the supply side and demand side, we assess the direct and indirect effects of human capital on economic growth, including in the latter the interaction of human capital with the industrial specialization of countries. Based on dynamic panel data estimations, we found that human capital and the countries’ productive specialization dynamics are crucial factors for economic growth. Moreover, the interaction between human capital and structural change in high knowledge-intensive industries impacts significantly on economic growth. However, the sign of this effect depends on the type of country and the period of analysis. Specifically, over a longer time span (1960–2011) and for more highly developed (OECD) countries, the impact of the interaction between human capital and structural change is positive. When we also include transition and Mediterranean countries over a shorter time period (1990–2011), we find that human capital significantly and positively impacts on the countries’ economic growth but the effect of human capital via specialization in high-tech and knowledge-intensive activities is negative. The latter result indicates that the lack of industrial structures able to properly integrate highly educated individuals into the productive system leads countries to experience disappointing economic returns.
Though leisure researchers have, in recent years, show a growing interest in the Hispanic 1 community, most of the research conducted has focused almost exclusively on the leisure experiences among Mexican Americans or Hispanics from Central America. The purpose of the investigation was to explore the impact of immigration on the leisure experiences of a selected group of South American immigrants living in the United States. This investigation was based on a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews of 9 females and 8 males. Analysis of the interview data revealed changes in the immigrants' lifestyles after migrating to the United States. Some of these behavioral changes were observed in the participants' socialization patterns, in their views about work, and in their perception of time. These changes had an impact on the individuals' leisure experiences, and recreation participation. The findings strongly suggest that during the informants' adjustment process, social class was a more important indicator for behavioral changes than ethnicity. These results reinforce past findings in that social class plays an important role in individuals leisure behavior (Floyd & Gramman, 1993; Floyd, McGuire, Noe, & Shinew, 1994).
I. Introduction, 65. — II. A model of long-run growth, 66. — III. Possible growth patterns, 68. — IV. Examples, 73. — V. Behavior
of interest and wage rates, 78. — VI. Extensions, 85. — VII. Qualifications, 91.
With the publication of his best-selling books "Competitive Strategy (1980) and "Competitive Advantage (1985), Michael E. Porter of the Harvard Business School established himself as the world's leading authority on competitive advantage. Now, at a time when economic performance rather than military might will be the index of national strength, Porter builds on the seminal ideas of his earlier works to explore what makes a nation's firms and industries competitive in global markets and propels a whole nation's economy. In so doing, he presents a brilliant new paradigm which, in addition to its practical applications, may well supplant the 200-year-old concept of "comparative advantage" in economic analysis of international competitiveness. To write this important new work, Porter and his associates conducted in-country research in ten leading nations, closely studying the patterns of industry success as well as the company strategies and national policies that achieved it. The nations are Britain, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. The three leading industrial powers are included, as well as other nations intentionally varied in size, government policy toward industry, social philosophy, and geography. Porter's research identifies the fundamental determinants of national competitive advantage in an industry, and how they work together as a system. He explains the important phenomenon of "clustering," in which related groups of successful firms and industries emerge in one nation to gain leading positions in the world market. Among the over 100 industries examined are the German chemical and printing industries, Swisstextile equipment and pharmaceuticals, Swedish mining equipment and truck manufacturing, Italian fabric and home appliances, and American computer software and movies. Building on his theory of national advantage in industries and clusters, Porter identifies the stages of competitive development through which entire national economies advance and decline. Porter's finding are rich in implications for both firms and governments. He describes how a company can tap and extend its nation's advantages in international competition. He provides a blueprint for government policy to enhance national competitive advantage and also outlines the agendas in the years ahead for the nations studied. This is a work which will become the standard for all further discussions of global competition and the sources of the new wealth of nations.
In the West are the 'haves', while much of the rest of the world are the 'have-nots'. The extent of inequality today is unprecedented. Drawing on an extraordinary range of contemporary and historical examples, Why Nations Fail looks at the root of the problems facing some nations. Economists and scientists have offered useful insights into the reasons for certain aspects of poverty, such as Jeffrey Sachs (it's geography and the weather), and Jared Diamond (it's technology and species). But most theories ignore the incentives and institutions that populations need to invest and prosper: they need to know that if they work hard, they can make money and actually keep it - and the key to ensuring these incentives is sound institutions. Incentives and institutions are what separate the have and have-nots. Based on fifteen years of research, and stepping boldly into the territory of Ian Morris's Why the West Rules - For Now, Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson blend economics, politics, history and current affairs to provide a new, persuasive way of understanding wealth and poverty. And, perhaps most importantly, they provide a pragmatic basis for the hope that those mired in poverty can be placed on the path to prosperity.
Journal of Democracy 6.1 (1995) 65-78
As featured on National Public Radio, The New York Times, and in other major media, we offer this sold-out, much-discussed Journal of Democracy article by Robert Putnam, "Bowling Alone." You can also find information at DemocracyNet about the Journal of Democracy and its sponsor, the National Endowment for Democracy.
Many students of the new democracies that have emerged over the past decade and a half have emphasized the importance of a strong and active civil society to the consolidation of democracy. Especially with regard to the postcommunist countries, scholars and democratic activists alike have lamented the absence or obliteration of traditions of independent civic engagement and a widespread tendency toward passive reliance on the state. To those concerned with the weakness of civil societies in the developing or postcommunist world, the advanced Western democracies and above all the United States have typically been taken as models to be emulated. There is striking evidence, however, that the vibrancy of American civil society has notably declined over the past several decades.
Ever since the publication of Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America, the United States has played a central role in systematic studies of the links between democracy and civil society. Although this is in part because trends in American life are often regarded as harbingers of social modernization, it is also because America has traditionally been considered unusually "civic" (a reputation that, as we shall later see, has not been entirely unjustified).
When Tocqueville visited the United States in the 1830s, it was the Americans' propensity for civic association that most impressed him as the key to their unprecedented ability to make democracy work. "Americans of all ages, all stations in life, and all types of disposition," he observed, "are forever forming associations. There are not only commercial and industrial associations in which all take part, but others of a thousand different types -- religious, moral, serious, futile, very general and very limited, immensely large and very minute. . . . Nothing, in my view, deserves more attention than the intellectual and moral associations in America."
Recently, American social scientists of a neo-Tocquevillean bent have unearthed a wide range of empirical evidence that the quality of public life and the performance of social institutions (and not only in America) are indeed powerfully influenced by norms and networks of civic engagement. Researchers in such fields as education, urban poverty, unemployment, the control of crime and drug abuse, and even health have discovered that successful outcomes are more likely in civically engaged communities. Similarly, research on the varying economic attainments of different ethnic groups in the United States has demonstrated the importance of social bonds within each group. These results are consistent with research in a wide range of settings that demonstrates the vital importance of social networks for job placement and many other economic outcomes.
Meanwhile, a seemingly unrelated body of research on the sociology of economic development has also focused attention on the role of social networks. Some of this work is situated in the developing countries, and some of it elucidates the peculiarly successful "network capitalism" of East Asia. Even in less exotic Western economies, however, researchers have discovered highly efficient, highly flexible "industrial districts" based on networks of collaboration among workers and small entrepreneurs. Far from being paleoindustrial anachronisms, these dense interpersonal and interorganizational networks undergird ultramodern industries, from the high tech of Silicon Valley to the high fashion of Benetton.
The norms and networks of civic engagement also powerfully affect the performance of representative government. That, at least, was the central conclusion of my own 20-year, quasi-experimental study of subnational governments in different regions of Italy. Although all these regional governments seemed identical on paper, their levels of effectiveness varied dramatically. Systematic inquiry showed that the quality of governance was determined by longstanding traditions of civic engagement (or its absence). Voter turnout, newspaper readership, membership in choral societies and football clubs -- these were the hallmarks of a successful region. In fact, historical analysis suggested that these networks of organized reciprocity and civic solidarity...
The paper investigates the causality relationships among energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and income in India using a dynamic modeling approach. The paper also utilises an innovation accounting method to investigate profiles of the macroeconomic variables persisting from an unanticipated shock in innovation. Our results provide evidence of the existence of bi-directional Granger causality between energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the long-run but neither CO2 emissions nor energy consumption causes movements in real income. There is no causality relationship between energy consumption and income in any direction in the long-run implying that India could follow energy conservation and efficiency improvement policies without impeding economic growth. This will allow India to reduce CO2 emissions without affecting its economic growth and contribute significantly towards combating global warming as well.
This paper investigates the existence and direction of Granger causality between economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon emissions in China, applying a multivariate model of economic growth, energy use, carbon emissions, capital and urban population. Empirical results for China over the period 1960–2007 suggest a unidirectional Granger causality running from GDP to energy consumption, and a unidirectional Granger causality running from energy consumption to carbon emissions in the long run. Evidence shows that neither carbon emissions nor energy consumption leads economic growth. Therefore, the government of China can purse conservative energy policy and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth.
This study utilizes U.S. annual data from 1949 to 2006 to examine the causal relationship between energy consumption and real GDP using aggregate and sectoral primary energy consumption measures within a multivariate framework. The Toda–Yamamoto long-run causality tests reveal that the relationship between energy consumption and real GDP is not uniform across sectors. Granger-causality is absent between total and transportation primary energy consumption and real GDP, respectively. Bidirectional Granger-causality is present between commercial and residential primary energy consumption and real GDP, respectively. Finally, the results indicate that industrial primary energy consumption Granger-causes real GDP. The results suggest that prudent energy and environmental policies should recognize the differences in the relationship between energy consumption and real GDP by sector.
This study attempts to empirically examine the dynamic causal relationships between carbon emissions, energy consumption, income, and foreign trade in the case of Turkey using the time-series data for the period 1960–2005. This research tests the interrelationship between the variables using the bounds testing to cointegration procedure. The bounds test results indicate that there exist two forms of long-run relationships between the variables. In the case of first form of long-run relationship, carbon emissions are determined by energy consumption, income and foreign trade. In the case of second long-run relationship, income is determined by carbon emissions, energy consumption and foreign trade. An augmented form of Granger causality analysis is conducted amongst the variables. The long-run relationship of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade equation is also checked for the parameter stability. The empirical results suggest that income is the most significant variable in explaining the carbon emissions in Turkey which is followed by energy consumption and foreign trade. Moreover, there exists a stable carbon emissions function. The results also provide important policy recommendations.
This paper discusses human capital investment in China. China's current policies favor physical capital investment over schooling and urban human capital investment over rural human capital investment. Current migration policies discriminate against children of migrants. A more balanced investment strategy across rural and urban regions and types of capital is appropriate. Private funding for education through tuition and fees should be encouraged and can supplement government funding and make schools more financially self-sufficient. However, if this policy is enacted, capital markets for financing education need to be developed to avoid discouraging students from poor families from attending school.
This paper examines the dynamic causal relationships between pollutant emissions, energy consumption, and output for France using cointegration and vector error-correction modelling techniques. We argue that these variables are strongly inter-related and therefore their relationship must be examined using an integrated framework. The results provide evidence for the existence of a fairly robust long-run relationship between these variables for the period 1960–2000. The causality results support the argument that economic growth exerts a causal influence on growth of energy use and growth of pollution in the long run. The results also point to a uni-directional causality running from growth of energy use to output growth in the short run.
Video-based media spaces are designed to support casual interaction between intimate collaborators. Yet transmitting video is fraught with privacy concerns. Some researchers suggest that the video stream be filtered to mask out potentially sensitive ...
This study examines the long-run relationship between carbon emissions and energy consumption, income and foreign trade in the case of China by employing time series data of 1975-2005. In particular the study aims at testing whether environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between CO2 emissions and per capita real GDP holds in the long run or not. Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodology is employed for empirical analysis. A quadratic relationship between income and CO2 emission has been found for the sample period, supporting EKC relationship. The results of Granger causality tests indicate one way causality runs through economic growth to CO2 emissions. The results of this study also indicate that the carbon emissions are mainly determined by income and energy consumption in the long run. Trade has a positive but statistically insignificant impact on CO2 emissions.
