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New key and atlas of evening primroses (Oenothera) in Europe (in German: Schlüssel und Atlas der Nachtkerzen Europas)
Abstract
An original, matrix-based key is presented for the identification of all species of Oenothera section Oenothera subsection Oenothera (Onagraceae) in Europe. The taxonomy follows the so-called European school which means that a narrow species concept is adopted. All species are copiously illustrated with original photographs by the authors and details are provided about their recognition and distribution. Several 'species' are not yet described.
This version of the book reflects our current knowledge (9.9.2019). Updates will be regularly published online at: http://www.flora-deutschlands.de/oenothera/
Supplementary resource (1)
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The taxonomic status of Oenothera ersteinensis and O. perangusta (sect. Oenothera, subsect. Oenothera; Onagraceae) has remained unresolved. According to the representatives of the so-called American school of taxonomy both names should be assigned, as their synonyms, to two separate, widely treated species (O. biennis and O. oakesiana, respectively) whereas European researchers consider both taxa as very similar or even as a single species. In order to establish the taxonomic relation between these taxa, detailed morphometric research and statistical analyses—principal component analysis, correspondence analysis, discriminant analysis and Wald-Wolfowitz runs test—were performed. As a background to present the differentiation between the considered taxa, analyses of European representatives of two distinct and widely distributed species, O. biennis and O. oakesiana, were also conducted. The results revealed that the highest discriminatory power have mostly qualitative features. Oenothera ersteinensis turned out to be a distinct and well-separated species belonging to the series Oenothera whereas O. perangusta is most probably only a synonym name of O. oakesiana. Moreover, it was demonstrated that all the investigated specimens labelled as O. perangusta were in fact misrecognized representatives of O. ersteinensis. The updated map of distribution of O. ersteinensis is also provided.
The name Oenothera mollis Renner ex Rostanski was not validly published in 1965 because of the lack of a type designation. In this paper the holotype is indicated and the name is validly published with a full and direct reference to Rostanski’s original diagnosis.
The taxonomy of individuals of Oenothera biennis (Onagraceae) with sulphur-yellow flowers is discussed. Due to the lack of original material, the modern specimen collected from the classic stand, stored in National Herbarium of the Netherlands in Leiden is designated to serve as neotype.
Oenothera hoelscheri Renner (1942: 460) ex Rostański (1968: 189) is one of about 100 taxa of the genus Oenothera (section Oenothera subsection Oenothera) observed in the European continent (based on research made by Hudziok (1968), Soldano (1992), Rostański (in: Rostański et al. 2010) and others). It originated as a result of hybridization: O. rubricaulis Klebahn (1914: 12) × O. hungarica (Borbás 1902: 204) Borbás (1903: 246) = O. depressa Greene (1891: 216) (Renner 1942). The first specimen of O. hoelscheri was collected in Włocławek (Poland: kujawsko-pomorskie) by R. Hölscher (Renner 1942). Currently, the taxon is relatively wide distributed in Central, East and North Europe (Rostański et al. 2010).
In a revision of the nearly 3000 specimens of Oenothera in the 21 Nordic herbaria, a total of 46 species and 16 supposed hybrids were identified. From the 46 species, 23 were collected from cultivation in gardens and 23 were collected in the field. The commonest (with over 100 sheets) were: O. biennis (over 1000 sheets), O. rubricaulis, O. glazioviana, O. depressa and O. ammophila (over 100 specimens mainly from Denmark). Two new species, O. scandinavica and O. rubricauloides, are described and the previously published name O. wratislaviensis is validated.
Study concerns a part of the project on the distribution and taxonomy of the genus Oenothera L. in Poland. In the years 2003-2005 the distribution of Oenothera in the territory of Wroclaw city was studied. 17 taxa, including varieties and forms, were found.