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The role of financial exclusion in weakening the performance of banks: dynamic panel data analysis in Algeria and Tunisia
Abstract
Abstract: In the East and North Africa region, nearly 70% of adults
(168 million) do not report any ownership of the account in the Arab world,
which is lagging behind other regions. The importance of financial inclusion
lies in its impact on the economy of countries, economic growth, financial
sector development, and improving financial sector stability. This study aims to
diagnose the relationship between financial inclusion and performance of banks
in Algeria and Tunisia during 2004–2012 by using the panel data and the GMM
method. Our results under static or dynamic panel data analysis show the
negative impact of financial inclusion on profitability indicators (ROA, ROE
and NIM). We conclude that financial inclusion decreases the profitability of
banks. This result reinforces the role of lack of financial inclusion or financial
exclusion in the non-development of the banking sector and the non-promotion
of economic growth in Algeria and Tunisia.
Keywords: financial inclusion; financial exclusion; performance of banks;
CAMEL; Algeria; Tunisia; GMM; financial sector; panel data; regression
analysis.
... As suggested by the theory, if the parties do not maximize the utility, there is a probability of believing that the agent will not be acting in the principal's best interest. This theory is useful in this study because financial inclusion is greatly influenced by bank accessibility (Bettioui, & Douma, 2014). Besides, the theory helps explain how the agents' actions affect the principals' financial capacity as well as the principals' welfare. ...
... From the study findings, majority of the study participants agreed that customer deposits provide banks with the capital to make loans, provision of knowledge on finances to customers significantly affects bank stability, similarly, a substantial number of the respondents felt that usage of mobile banking services by customers has an effect on bank stability, and that the availability of agency banking has a substantial effect on bank stability. These findings ratify the research findings by Bettioui and Douma (2014) which concluded that financial usage increases the profitability of banks. Further, majority of participants felt that banks are able to keep certain amount of money that satisfy withdrawals, usage of bank accounts by customers affects bank stability, banks can create money to increase the money supply in the economy and that banks earns interest rates from the borrowers depending on the category of the loan. ...
... These results reveal a weak to moderately strong relationship between the bank stability of listed commercial banks in Kenya and financial availability, financial accessibility, financial usage, and service delivery. These finding corroborates the findings by Ahamed and Mallick (2017), Ngaira and Miroga (2018), Bettioui and Douma (2014) and Farayibi (2016). ...
Following the global financial crisis of 2007-2009, policy makers, regulators and financial institutions have heavily invested in initiatives and reforms aimed at improving the financial stability of the banking sector. However, despite these initiatives, many of the listed commercial banks in the recent past have continued to report dismal performance. Additionally, the stability levels of the banks remain low despite implementation of financial inclusion policies which raises concern. The study sought to determine the effect of financial inclusion on bank stability of Commercial banks listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. The specific objectives were to establish the effect of financial availability, financial accessibility, financial usage, and service delivery on bank stability. The study employed a descriptive research design and targeted 11 commercial banks listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. The period scope was year 2014 to year 2018 and purposive sampling was applied in picking a sample of 55 respondents. Primary data was collected using questionnaires while secondary data was gathered utilizing a document review guide. Multiple regression analysis, correlation analysis, and descriptive statistics were applied in the data analysis. The study found that financial availability (p=0.033), financial accessibility (p=0.015), financial usage (p=0.039) and service delivery (p=0.023) all had significant effects on bank stability of commercial banks listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. The study concludes that financial availability, financial accessibility, financial usage, and service delivery play a crucial role in fostering stability of listed commercial banks in Kenya. The study recommends that central bank should ensure compliance on Central Bank of Kenya policies that govern capital adequacy to avert risks associated with Non-Performing Loans. Commercial banks listed in Nairobi Securities Exchange are recommended to embrace latest technologies in service provision. In addition, financial institutions need to invest in customer service by first providing employees with the right skills and technology to provide exceptional customer service. Further, banks are recommended to put in place strong lending policies as well as debt recovery measures which will improve their stability levels.
... approximately 85 P ercent of the population lies under unbanked areas in Afghanistan, while 50 Percent of the population lives under the poverty line. Douma, Bettioui, and Bendob (2019) find that the strategy to promote financial inclusion in Algeria focused on the development of the Microfinance Sector. For this purpose, the Microfinance Lending Policy was introduced for financial companies, low-income customers for Retail Banks, and cooperative financial networks. ...
This research focuses on the multifaceted realm of financial inclusion within Developing Countries. It unfolds a meticulous exploration by formulating a financial inclusion index based on data extracted from a sample comprising 75 Developing Countries, spanning the period from 2010 to 2018. The index's creation comprises of two distinct stages. In stage one, a principal component analysis is applied to derive sub-indices encapsulating the dimensions of access, utilization of financial services, technological advancements, and infrastructure, drawing from an array of 24 financial indicators. Subsequently, the second stage normalizes values within each dimension, culminating in an overall index through the application of the Euclidean Formula. The findings of this study emphasized the pivotal role of a National Financial Inclusion Strategy in enhancing financial inclusion in each respective country. Customization of these strategies to align with specific economic goals of each nation is paramount. Central to these objectives are primary priorities, which diverge among countries. Notably, countries like Romania, Serbia, and Mauritius place a premium on fostering financial literacy, while others such as Pakistan, Costa Rica, Rwanda, and Guinea emphasize the growth of Small and Medium Enterprises. In contrast, nations like Guatemala, Mauritania, Thailand, and Ukraine concentrate on expanding their financial networks. Furthermore, countries grappling with low levels of financial inclusion attribute this challenge to factors such as deficient financial literacy, the absence of a well-defined financial inclusion strategy, financial constraints, a preference for traditional financial services, and limited awareness surrounding digital innovations. Conversely, nations boasting moderate levels of financial inclusion, yet not progressing towards higher levels, point to the dearth of technological innovation and restricted prudential measures as pivotal stumbling blocks. This comprehensive analysis underscores the necessity of dynamic strategies tailored to individual countries to achieve robust financial inclusion on a global scale.
The unimpressive banks’ performance in Nigeria over the last decade has remained a source of concern for all and sundry. This study investigates the effects of bank capital, bank size, expense management, interest income and the economic condition on banks’ profitability in Nigeria. The fixed effects regression model was employed on a panel data obtained from the financial statements of 20 banks from 2006 to 2012. The results indicate that improved bank capital and interest income, as well as efficient expenses management and favourable economic condition, contribute to higher banks’ performance and growth in Nigeria. Thus, government policies in the banking system must encourage banks to regularly raise their capital and provide the enabling environment that will accelerate economic growth in the country. Bank management must efficiently manage their portfolios in order to protect the long run interest of profit-making.
This study investigated bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability in Azerbaijan, an oil-dependent economy in transition. A huge drop in oil prices, a significant devaluation of the national currency, and the financial distress were the main motivations of the study. We applied Panel Generalized Method of Moments to the data in the framework of dynamic model of the bank profitability. It was found that bank size, capital, and loans, as well as economic cycle, inflation expectation, and oil prices were positively related to the profitability, whereas deposits, liquidity risk, and exchange rate devaluation were negatively associated with it. We further found that the bank profitability demonstrated moderate persistence and ignoring the country-specific features could lead to bias and poor performance in estimations. The conclusions of this research would aid in setting banking policies towards increasing profitability. This may be supplemented by ensuring strong research departments within the banks tasked with analyzing and forecasting the main macroeconomic indicators. The novel features of the study include utilizing recent economic trends, accounting for country-specific features, and for the first time, examining the effects of the economic cycle on the bank profitability in Azerbaijan. In addition, the study featured proper addressing time series properties of the panel data, and performances of robustness checks for consistency of results.
The aim of this study is to investigate the bank-specific, industry-specific, and macroeconomic determinants of the financial performance of banks in Central and Eastern European Countries. For this purpose, first we determined the factors affecting performance, based on findings in the literature. We constructed a financial performance index (FPI) based on CAMEL ratios and then ran the computed index on the aforementioned determinants. In the analysis, we used unbalanced panel data covering the period 2009-2014, which were collected from the BankScope database, World Development Indicators, and the Financial Structure and Development Dataset. We conducted an empirical analysis using fixed-effect panel regression. Our results suggest that the asset quality and earnings of banks are negatively affected by size, and positively affected by business mix and inflation. Capital adequacy and liquidity were found to be negatively affected by size and positively affected by bank concentration and economic growth.
The banking sector is very important to the economy of nations and for developing worlds, it is extremely crucial.
Using a sample of 36 scheduled commercial banks in India during the period of 2001-2014, we explores the impact of board structure characteristics such as board size, Independence and CEO duality on bank performance. We find significant relationship between board size and bank performance when the board size is between 6 and 9. We also find positive and significant relationship between board independence and bank performance. Further, we find number of board meetings and financial experts are important for bank performance. However, we find no significant improvement in bank performance when the role of CEO and Chairman is separated.
The aim of the study is to examine the effect of crises on the stability of the bankingsystem in 46 developed and emerging economies for the years 1999–2014. The variables are tested by using the two-step dynamic panel data analysis. The results indicate that the banking crises have an impact on the banking system stability. On the other hand, it is obsereved that the comparative conditions and the volatility on asset prices are the determinants on performance-stability relations. The most important finding is that the credit to GDP gap influence bank performance negatively.
This study aims to investigate the determinants of profitability of fifteen selected private commercial banks in Bangladesh over the period 2005-2015. The study emphasizes on the internal factors that affect bank profitability. This research uses panel data to explore the impact of the nonperforming loan, cost to income ratio, loan to deposit ratio, commission fees, cost of fund and operating expenses on the profitability indicators of banks like return on asset and return on equity. The experimental outcomes have found strong evidence that nonperforming loan (NPL) and operating expenses have a significant effect on the profitability. Moreover, the results have shown that higher NPL may lead to less profit due to the provision of classified loans. Again, higher loan to deposit (LD) ratio and cost of fund contribute towards profitability, but their impacts are not significant in the private commercial banks of Bangladesh.
The study critically examines the factors that influence the profitability level of commercial banks in Nigeria. Panel data method was employed to analyze time series and cross-sectional data gathered from 2000 to 2013 on a sample of fourteen banks. Profitability is measured with return on assets as a function of some internal and external determinants, which includes; capital adequacy ratio, asset quality, management efficiency, liquidity ratio, inflation, and economic growth. The findings revealed that asset quality, management efficiency, and economic growth are the determinants of commercial banks' profitability. They were found to be statistically significant on profitability in both the fixed effect and random effect models. Asset quality was highly significant in all the models; thus concluding that credit risk is a major determinant of commercial banks' profitability.
The adoption of mobile telephony to provide financial services in Africa has become instrumental in integrating the hitherto unbanked segments of the population to the mainstream financial systems. This study sought to establish this linkage by examining whether the pervasive use of mobile telephony to provide financial services is a boon for savings mobilization in selected countries in sub Saharan Africa. The findings show that availability and usage of mobile phones to provide financial services promotes the likelihood of saving at the household level. Not only does access to mobile financial services boost the likelihood to save, but also has a significant impact on the amounts saved, perhaps due to the frequency and convenience with which such transactions can be undertaken using a mobile phone. Both forms of savings, that is, basic mobile phone savings stored in the phone and bank integrated mobile savings are likely to be promoted by use of mobile phones. Thus, growing and deepening the scope for mobile phone financial services is an avenue for promoting savings mobilization, especially among the poor and low income groups with constrained access to formal financial services.
Studies on moderating effect of ownership structure on bank performance are scanty. To fill this glaring gap in this vital area of study, the authors used linear multiple regression model and Generalized Least Square on panel data to estimate the parameters. The findings showed that bank specific factors significantly affect the performance of commercial banks in Kenya, except for liquidity variable. But the overall effect of macroeconomic variables was inconclusive at 5% significance level. The moderating role of ownership identity on the financial performance of commercial banks was insignificant. Thus, it can be concluded that the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya is driven mainly by board and management decisions, while macroeconomic factors have insignificant contribution.
Financial inclusion has recently become a globally acclaimed policy objective. This provokes the need to review policy in this sector, particularly in light of the tensions that arise between donor approaches founded on market modernism and governments with more activist leanings. This is done here in the context of efforts to move donor development policy beyond ‘best practice’ institutional blue-prints to those which are ‘good enough’, which seek to understand underlying political economy dynamics in order to find space to engage with governments. In doing so, it is argued that there is scope for ‘working with the grain’ and harnessing the political economy of government policy in order to produce financial inclusion outcomes.
The present paper analyzes the performance of major Moroccan financial institutions for the period 2001-2011 using CAMEL approach. The research aims to evaluate Moroccan financial institutions’ capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings and liquidity and then determine financial performance, operating soundness and regulatory compliance of Moroccan financial institutions. The application of CAMEL model to major Moroccan financial institutions for the period 2001 to 2011 allows us to obtain a ranking of banks. We applied debt equity ratio for the analyze of capital adequacy parameter, loan loss provisions to total loans for the analyze of assets quality parameter, return on equity for analyzing management quality parameter, return on assets to analyze earnings ability and deposits on total assets ratio to analyze liquidity ability.
ABSTRACT In this study, a balanced panel data set of Jordanian banks was used for the purpose of investigating the nature of the relationship between the profitability of banks and the characteristics of internal and external factors. For this purpose 100 observation of 10 banks over the period 2001-2010 were comprised. Two measures of bank’s profitability have been utilized: the rate of return on assets (ROA) and the rate of return on equity (ROE). Results showed that the Jordanian bank’s characteristics explain a significant part of the variation in bank profitability. High Jordanian bank profitability tends to be associated with well-capitalized banks, high lending activities, low credit risk, and the efficiency of cost management. Results also showed that the estimated effect of size did not support the significant scale economies for Jordanian banks. Finally, the estimation results indicated that individual effects on the profitability are present; this is concluded due to the fact that some of the differential slope coefficients are statistically significant
Sound financial environment of the banking industry is the guarantee not only to her depositors but equally significant to the shareholders, employees and the whole economy as well. In line to this, efforts have been made from time to time to measure the performance of banks in the country. A number of factors are used in the measurement of banks performance in a typical developing economy and among these is profitability. This study was based on the determinants of banks profitability in Nigeria: using CAMEL model. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of CAMEL on the profitability of Nigerian banks. The data of the commercial banks in Nigeria were obtained for the period of 2001 to 2010. The model was estimated using ordinary least square method and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 19. The findings based on the analysis elucidate that liquidity has a significant impact on banks profitability while capital adequacy, assets quality, management efficiency, earning did not. It was then recommended that banks should make sure that they maintain a reasonable liquidity position at all times to meet up regular financial obligations thereby maintaining depositors' confidence in the industry and increase profitability.
The banking sector in Tunisia has undergone, in the past decades, numerous structural changes which have affected the banking industry in particular and the economy as whole. This paper studies the internal and external determinants of bank performance in Tunisia during the period after financial reforms. We used regression analysis and panel data technique with the linear model of Bourke (1989) and followed the methodology employed by Demirgüç-Kunt and Huizinga (1999) and Dietrich and Wanzenried (2011) in order to address the issue. The empirical results showed that bank performance is positively related with capitalization, privatization and quotation. While, bank size, concentration index and efficiency are negatively related with performance indicators (measured by net interest margin, LIQ, return on assets and return on equity). As for the macroeconomic determinants, our analysis showed that the business cycle, measured by the growth of the gross domestic product is supposed to be favorable to the improvement of the performance of the banks and negative relationship was found with inflation rate.Those variables have to arouse the interest of the decision-makers of economic and restructuring policies to direct their strategies and aiming corrective actions to promote the performance of banking and financial systems.
The Algerian banking system has experienced since the early 90s a series of metamorphoses, characterizing different stages of reform and compliance with international standards. The question remains about the performance of commercial banks in Algeria. In this study we examine the relationship between profitability of commercial banks and two types of factors internal and external, for a sample of 10 public and private Algerian banks over 1997-2012. We use the regression model with unbalanced panel data analysis and CAMEL approach, but this study used four internal indicators: capital adequacy, assets quality, management efficiency and liquidity at used proxies for performance of banks and only two external indicators GDP and inflation rate. After regression analysis of unbalanced panel with three methods POLS, fixed effects and random effects we conclude that the capital adequacy, management efficiency and liquidity indicators are significant effect profitability of commercial banks in Algeria in the period of study. The management efficiency and liquidity indicators are positively related with profitability, and the capital indicator is negatively related with profitability. The assets quality, GDP and inflation have not any significant effect on profitability of commercial banks in Algeria in the period of study. The Acceptance of fixed effects model shows that the relationship varies from one bank to another, due to the different characteristics of each bank.
The paper analyses existing country-level information on the relationship between the development of Islamic banking and financial inclusion. In Muslim countries—members of the Organization for Islamic Cooperation (OIC)—various indicators of financial inclusion tend to be lower, and the share of excluded individuals citing religious reasons for not using bank accounts is noticeably greater than in other countries; Islamic banking would therefore seem to be an effective avenue for financial inclusion. We found, however, that although physical access to financial services has grown more rapidly in the OIC countries, the use of these services has not increased as quickly. Moreover, regression analyis shows evidence of a positive link to credit to households and to firms for financing investment, but this empirical link remains tentative and relatively weak. The paper explores reasons that this might be the case and suggests several recommendations to enhance the ability of Islamic banking to promote financial inclusion.
Purpose – to find and assess connection between banking sector profitability and real economy data, using panel data, and to display analysis capabilities of dynamic panel data estimation methods.Design/methodology/approach – a panel, or longitudinal data set, consists of a sequence of observations, repeated through time on a set of statistical units. Panel data and their estimation methods are frequently used in various economic research, as it gives more information than pure cross-section or time series data.Findings – dynamic panel data estimation methods are used to study relationship between income statement items (net interest income, net fee and commission income and operating expenses) and macroeconomic variables. Model estimation shows that included macroeconomic variables are significant and there is interaction between banks profitability and real economy. Net interest income are found to be dependent on real investment and short term interest rate, net fee and commission income reacts to changes in real gross domestic product (GDP) and operating expenses are connected to real GDP and compensation per employee.Practical implications – the model is used to estimate income statement items changes after the external forecasted macroeconomic impact. The forecasts indicate that banks profitability reacts to changes in macroeconomic situation.Research type: case study.
This paper investigates the determinants of Ethiopian banks performance considering bank specific and external variables on selected banks’ profitability for the 1990-2012 periods. The empirical investigation uses the accounting measure Return on Assets (ROA) to represent Banks’ performance. The study finds that bank
specific variables by large explain the variation in profitability. High performance is related to the ability of
banks to control their credit risk, diversify their income sources by incorporating non-traditional banking
services and control their overhead expenses. In addition, the paper finds that bank’s capital and liquidity status are not significant to affect the performance of banks. On the other hand, the paper finds that bank size and macro-economic variables such real GDP growth rates have no significant impact on banks’ profitability.
However, the inflation rate is determined to be significant driver to the performance of the Ethiopian commercial banks
An important question raised in the literature is whether development leads to an all-inclusive financial system. This paper attempts to examine the relationship between financial inclusion and development by empirically identifying country specific factors that are associated with the level of financial inclusion. It finds that levels of human development and financial inclusion in a country move closely with each other. Among socio-economic and infrastructure related factors, income, inequality, literacy, urbanisation and physical infrastructure for connectivity and information are important. Health of the banking sector does not seem to have an unambiguous effect on financial inclusion whereas ownership pattern does seem to matter. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The first objective of this study was to determine and evaluate the effects of bank-specific factors; Capital adequacy, Asset quality, liquidity, operational cost efficiency and income diversification on the profitability of commercial banks in Kenya. The second objective was to determine and evaluate the effects of market structure factors; foreign ownership and market concentration, on the profitability of commercial banks in Kenya. This study adopted an explanatory approach by using panel data research design to fulfill the above objectives. Annual financial statements of 38 Kenyan commercial banks from 2002 to 2008 were obtained from the CBK and Banking Survey 2009. The data was analyzed using multiple linear regressions method. The analysis showed that all the bank specific factors had a statistically significant impact on profitability, while none of the market factors had a significant impact. Based on the findings the study recommends policies that would encourage revenue diversification, reduce operational costs, minimize credit risk and encourage banks to minimize their liquidity holdings. Further research on factors influencing the liquidity of commercials banks in the country could add value to the profitability of banks and academic literature.
The Romanian banking system has undergone through tremendous changes in the last decade, its financial soundness and performance being paramount in the achievement of a stable and sustainable economic growth. Thus, the aim of our research is to comparatively analyse the financial soundness of the commercial banks that operate in Romania. In order to achieve this we have used one of the most popular methods for the analysis of the financial soundness of banks, namely the CAMELS framework. The obtained results highlight the strengths and the vulnerabilities of the analysed banks, underlining the need to strengthen the concerns of the decision makers from banks to improve and increase their soundness.
This study seeks to examine the performance of 37 Bangladeshi commercial banks between 1997 and 2004. The empirical findings of this study suggest that bank specific characteristics, in particular loans intensity, credit risk, and cost have positive and significant impacts on bank performance, while non‐interest income exhibits negative relationship with bank profitability. During the period under study the results suggest that the impact of size is not uniform across the various measures employed. The empirical findings suggest that size has a negative impact on return on average equity (ROAE), while the opposite is true for return on average assets (ROAA) and net interest margins (NIM). As for the impact of macroeconomic indicators, we conclude that the variables have no significant impact on bank profitability, except for inflation which has a negative relationship with Bangladeshi banks profitability.
First Publish Online: 14 Oct 2010
This paper investigates the impact of bank's characteristics, financial structure and macroeconomic indicators on bank's net interest margins and profitability in the Tunisian banking industry for the 1980-2000 period. First, individual bank characteristics explain a substantial part of the within-country variation in bank interest margins and net profitability. High net interest margin and profitability tend to be associated with banks that hold a relatively high amount of capital, and with large overheads. Other important internal determinants of bank's interest margins bank loans which have a positive and significant impact. The size has mostly negative and significant coefficients on the net interest margins. This latter result may simply reflect scale inefficiencies. Second, the paper finds that the macro-economic indicators such inflation and growth rates have no impact on bank's interest margins and profitability. Third, turning to financial structure and its impact on bank's interest margin and profitability, we find that concentration is less beneficial to the Tunisian commercial banks than competition. Stock market development has a positive effect on bank profitability. This reflects the complementarities between bank and stock market growth. We have found that the disintermediation of the Tunisian financial system is favourable to the banking sector profitability.
The aim of this study is to examine the bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants of the banks profitability in Turkey over the time period from 2002 to 2010. The bank profitability is measured by return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) as a function of bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants. Using a balanced panel data set, the results show that asset size and non-interest income have a positive and significant effect on bank profitability. However, size of credit portfolio and loans under follow-up have a negative and significant impact on bank profitability. With regard to macroeconomic variables, only the real interest rate affects the performance of banks positively. These results suggest that banks can improve their profitability through increasing bank size and non-interest income, decreasing credit/asset ratio. In addition, higher real interest rate can lead to higher bank profitability.
The paper analyzes the profitability of banks in Korea, while controlling for a wide array of bank specific and macroeconomic determinants. We find that Korean banks with lower liquidity levels tend to exhibit higher profitability. Furthermore, higher diversification regarding banks' income sources towards derivative instruments and other fee-based activities shows a positive effect. The impacts of credit risk and overhead costs are always negative whether we control for the macroeconomic and financial conditions or not. Business cycle effects, particularly inflation, display a substantial pro-cyclical impact on bank profitability. The industry concentration of the national banking system positively and significantly affects bank performance. The impact of the Asian financial crisis is negative, while Korean banks have been relatively more profitable during the pre-crisis compared to the post-crisis period.
The study carried out an empirical investigation into the quantitative effect of credit risk on the performance of commercial banks in Nigeria over the period of 11 years (2000-2010). Five commercial banking firms were selected on a cross sectional basis for eleven years. The traditional profit theory was employed to formulate profit, measured by Return on Asset (ROA), as a function of the ratio of Non-performing loan to loan & Advances (NPL/LA), ratio of Total loan & Advances to Total deposit (LA/TD) and the ratio of loan loss provision to classified loans (LLP/CL) as measures of credit risk. Panel model analysis was used to estimate the determinants of the profit function. The results showed that the effect of credit risk on bank performance measured by the Return on Assets of banks is cross-sectional invariant. That is the effect is similar across banks in Nigeria, though the degree to which individual banks are affected is not captured by the method of analysis employed in the study. A 100 percent increase in non-performing loan reduces profitability (ROA) by about 6.2 percent, a 100 percent increase in loan loss provision also reduces profitability by about 0.65percent while a 100 percent increase in total loan and advances increase profitability by about 9.6 percent. Based on our findings, it is recommended that banks in Nigeria should enhance their capacity in credit analysis and loan administration while the regulatory authority should pay more attention to banks’ compliance to relevant provisions of the Bank and other Financial Institutions Act (1999) and prudential guidelines.
Previous literature has shown mixed results on the role of female participation on bank boards and bank performance: some papers find that more women on boards enhance financial performance, while others find negative or no effects. Applying instrumental variables methods to data on approximately 90 U.S. bank holding companies over the 1999–2015 period, we argue that these inconclusive results are due to the fact that there is a non-linear, U-shaped relationship between gender diversity on boards and various measures of bank performance: female participation has a positive effect once a threshold level of gender diversity is achieved. Furthermore, this positive effect is only observed in better capitalized banks. Our results suggest that continuing the voluntary expansion of gender diversity on bank boards will be value-enhancing, provided that they are well capitalized.
Do foreign banks perform better than domestic banks in host developing economies? Relying on financial statements and survey data I compare the performance of three different categories of foreign banks to the group of domestic banks in sub-Saharan Africa: global banks from developed countries, regional African banks and banks from non-African emerging economies. While emerging-market banks and global banks consistently outperform domestic banks, the difference is not significant for regional African banks. The higher performance of global banks and emerging-market banks is related to higher operational efficiency and lower cost of funding, while there is no strong evidence of segmentation by business segment in the loans market. Regional African banks, which started their foreign expansion more recently, are less able to generate interest income compared to domestic banks. These findings highlight the importance of taking into account foreign banks’ heterogeneity when assessing the impact of financial FDI on the host economy.
This paper investigates the impact of financial penalties on the profitability and stock performance of banks. Using a unique dataset of 671 financial penalties imposed on 68 international listed banks over the period 2007 to 2014, we find a negative relation between financial penalties and pre-tax profitability but no relation with after-tax profitability. This result is explained by tax savings, as banks are allowed to deduct specific financial penalties from their taxable income. Moreover, our empirical analysis of the stock performance shows a positive relation between financial penalties and buy-and-hold returns, indicating that investors are pleased that cases are closed, that the banks successfully manage the consequences of misconduct, and that the financial penalties imposed are smaller than the accrued economic gains from the banks’ misconduct. This argument is supported by the positive abnormal returns, which we detected on the announcement of a financial penalty.
This study investigates the effects of ownership change on the performance and exposure to risk of 60 Indonesian commercial banks over the period 2005-2012. We find that state-owned banks tend to be less profitable and more exposed to risk than private and foreign banks. Domestic investors tend to select the best performers for acquisition. Domestic acquisition is generally associated with a decrease in the efficiency of the acquired banks. Non-regional foreign acquisition is associated with a reduction in risk exposure. Acquisition by regional foreign investors is associated with performance gains.
The present research named “Financial inclusion and financial performance of microfinance institutions in Rwanda: Case of CLECAM EJOHEZA KAMONYI (2011-2014)”, had the main objective of evaluating the implementation of financial inclusion in microfinance institutions in Rwanda. The study used the techniques of questionnaire addressed to a sample of 162 calculated from a total population 11.121 CLECAM EJOHEZA KAMONYI members in collection of primary data and the technique of documentation for secondary data. During the treatment and analysis of data, the frequency calculation and tabulation, the IMF Factsheet and multiple regressions have been used. The major findings show that 70.4% of all respondents have been pushed by quick service and appropriate products to join LECAM EJOHEZA KAMONYI. 18.1% of all respondents choose this institution because it operates near for them while 11.5% of respondents said that they choose this institution for other reasons. 63.6% of all respondents said that the product and services respond to their needs on the level of excellent, 36.4% of all respondent are satisfied by the products and services on a very good the level. CLECAM EJOHEZA KAMONYI performs financially. In 2014, the portfolio at risk was 2.2%, the Operating Self-Sufficiency arrived at 143%, the portfolio yield was 25.6% while Operating expense ratio was 17%. The evolution of deposit depends on the number of members of CLECAM EJOHEZAKAMONYI, but the number of branches does not affect the deposits. The Operating expense depends on the number of branches but not on the number of members. The evolution of members has effect on evolution of share capital but the number of branches does not affect the evolution of paid up share capital. The deposits are correlated positively to net income at 92.6%.
We use regressions to benchmark African greenfield microfinance institutions (MFIs) relative to other African microfinance providers and find that greenfields grew faster, improved profitability to levels comparable to the top MFIs, and substantially increased their lending to women. Effects were strongest for greenfields that followed a consultant-led model to establish a deep retail banking presence spanning multiple countries, including the creation of extensive branch networks. Though their loan sizes are larger than most African MFIs, indicating less outreach to the poorest market segments, they have achieved rapid gains in financial inclusion on a broad scale for somewhat more affluent clients.
Financial exclusion refers to those processes that prevent poor and disadvantaged social groups from gaining access to the financial system. It has important implications for uneven development because it amplifies geographical differences in levels of income and economic development. In recent years the financial-services industry in the United States and in Britain has become increasingly exclusionary in response to a financial crisis founded in higher levels of competition and extreme levels of indebtedness. The processes of financial exclusion are documented. An alternative agenda to foster resistance and help construct institutional alternatives of benefit to low-income communities currently being excluded by the financial system is formulated. Resistance to financial exclusion and the building of an alternative financial infrastructure will be significantly enhanced if the processes of exclusion are considered in the context of a notion of 'financial citizenship'.
Using a broad bank-level dataset and the GMM estimator technique described by Arellano and Bover (1995), this paper analyzes how bank-specific characteristics, macroeconomic variables, and industry-specific factors affect the profitability of 10,165 commercial banks across 118 countries over the period from 1998 to 2012. Grouping the countries according to three income levels, we show that the determinants of bank profitability included in our model can explain existing profitability differences among commercial banks in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. The profitability determinants vary quite widely across the different levels of income in terms of significance, sign and size of the effect. The level of income has thus an important impact on the determinants of bank profitability.
The US Subprime crisis, now considered as the worst crisis since the Great Depression has underscored the fact that a sound and profitable banking sector is prerequisite for financial stability under a bank-based financial system. In that respect, this paper analyses determinants of profitability for the Taiwanese banking system using bank- specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic factors, under a quarterly dataset, for the period 2002 to 2007. Results show that while credit risk triggers a negative impact on profitability, capital tends to consolidate profits. In general, results suggest that Taiwanese banking system is well-diversified. The main implication of the findings is that it may be difficult to mitigate the procyclicality of banks' profitability in Taiwan subject to a non- concentrated banking system.
This study aims to investigate the impact of bank-specific factors which include the liquidity, credit, capital, operating expenses and the size of commercial banks on their performance, which is measured by return on average assets (ROAA) and return on average equity (ROAE). The results imply that ratios employed in this study have different effects on the performance of banks in both countries, except credit and capital ratios. Operating ratios influence performance of banks in China, but this influence is not true for Malaysian banks regardless of the measure of performance.
The profitability of European banks during the 1990s is investigated using cross-sectional, pooled cross-sectional time-series and dynamic panel models. Models for the determinants of profitability incorporate size, diversification, risk and ownership type, as well as dynamic effects. Despite intensifying competition there is significant persistence of abnormal profit from year to year. The evidence for any consistent or systematic size-profitability relationship is relatively weak. The relationship between the importance of off-balance-sheet business in a bank's portfolio and profitability is positive for the UK, but either neutral or negative elsewhere. The relationship between the capital-assets ratio and profitability is positive. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester, 2004.
The aim of this study is to examine the effect of bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability, using an empirical framework that incorporates the traditional structure-conduct-performance (SCP) hypothesis. To account for profit persistence, we apply a GMM technique to a panel of Greek banks that covers the period 1985-2001. The estimation results show that profitability persists to a moderate extent, indicating that departures from perfectly competitive market structures may not be that large. All bank-specific determinants, with the exception of size, affect bank profitability significantly in the anticipated way. However, no evidence is found in support of the SCP hypothesis. Finally, the business cycle has a positive, albeit asymmetric effect on bank profitability, being significant only in the upper phase of the cycle.
Determinants of banks' profitability in a developing economy: evidence from Nigerian banking industry
- M A Aremu
- I C Ekpo
- M A Mudashiru
Aremu, M.A., Ekpo, I.C. and Mudashiru, M.A. (2013) 'Determinants of banks' profitability in a
developing economy: evidence from Nigerian banking industry', Interdisciplinary Journal of
Contemporary Research in Business, Vol. 4, No. 9, pp.155-181.
Thawing and its Role in Liquidity Management in Islamic Banks, Magister's degree
- Badria
Badria (2011) Thawing and its Role in Liquidity Management in Islamic Banks, Magister's degree,
pp.1-201, Huseiba Bin Buali University, Chlef, Algeria.
Risk management strategies in financial transactions
- B Balazoz
Balazoz, B. (2010) 'Risk management strategies in financial transactions', Journal of the
Researcher, No. 7, pp.15-27.
The social and financial performance of microfinance institutions in the MENA region: do Islamic institutions perform better?
- I Berguiga
- Y Said
- P Adair
Berguiga, I., Said, Y. and Adair, P. (2017) 'The social and financial performance of microfinance
institutions in the MENA region: do Islamic institutions perform better?', Paper presented at
the 34th Spring International Conference, French Finance Association (AFFI), pp.1-17.