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Influence of liming and topsoil on vegetative growth and leaching potentials of acid coal refuse. Trans. Soc. Min. Metall. Explor. 308: 25-31.
... In December 2001, the existing surface soils were composite sampled from 32 map units across the site in association with soil mapping requirements for remedial treatment (Fig. 9.) These samples were analyzed for pH in a 1:1 soil:water solution using a combination electrode, potential peroxide acidity (PPA) using the H 2 O 2 method of Barnhisel and Harrison (1976), and for total-S using an Elementar Vario Max CNS analyzer. Based on these results, we recommended that the site be variably limed to each sampling cell's requisite calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) requirement, fertilized appropriately, treated with an organic soil amendment, and seeded to acid-and salt-tolerant grasses and legumes based upon experience with sulfidic coal waste revegetation (Daniels and Stewart, 2000). In April 2002, class B lime-stabilized biosolids (municipal sewage sludge) from Washington D.C. were applied and incorporated across the entire site at varying rates based upon their CCE (Table 1). ...
... Since December 2002, S levels remained below 80 mg/L at SW6, and below 50 mg/L at the NRCS dam. Past experience in coalfield acid mine drainage dynamics (Daniels, et al. 2000) has indicated that seasonal (fall/winter) flushes of acid reaction products from acid forming materials are possible. Although this may be the case at Stafford airport, further data will be necessary to reach firm conclusions regarding the long-term effects of the lime-stabilized biosolids on site run-off acidity and metal levels. ...
... The Sedgefield member consists of fossiliferous brackish-bay sand, beach and near-shore marine clayey sand, and lagoonal and marsh clay and clayey sand. In our experience, materials with PPA values below 10 Mg CaCO 3 /1000 Mg are readily reclaimed with proper management, while materials with PPA values between 10 -60 require intense reclamation management (Daniels, Li and Stewart, 2000). Considering these guidelines, and the widespread occurrence of S through the Chesapeake Group and Lower Tertiary deposits, exposure of Tertiary marine sediments may be considered highly likely to produce problematic roadside management conditions which require intense reclamation efforts. ...
... Sulfur levels remained elevated, however, presumably due to the long-term release of sulfate accumulated from the pyrite weathering reactions associated with the site. However, our past experience in coalfield acid mine drainage dynamics (Daniels, Li and Stewart, 2000) has indicated that seasonal (fall/winter) flushes of acid reaction products from acid forming materials are possible. Therefore, we cannot reach any firm conclusions regarding the long-term effects of the lime-stabilised biosolids on site run-off acidity and metal levels at this time. ...
Excavation through sulfidic geologic materials during construction activities has resulted in acid rock drainage (ARD) related problems at numerous (>40) locations across all five geologic regions of Virginia, USA. Potential acidities ranging from >100 to <10 Mg CaCO 3 equivalent per 1000 Mg of material have been documented in various geologic settings. The vast majority of these potentially acidic materials occur outside of the coalfield region where acid drainage related issues have historically been concentrated. We have worked cooperatively with the Virginia Department of Transportation to: 1. develop a statewide sulfidic materials risk map; 2. document ARD impacts to soil and water quality and engineered structures; and 3. develop methods to assess site-specific risk potentials within a given highway corridor. A statewide sulfidic materials GIS risk map was developed based upon the state digital geology map which assigned four levels of relative risk to all mapped strata based upon predicted lime requirements and probabilities of encountering highly reactive materials. Non-highway construction activities have also routinely disturbed sulfidic materials, and a recent airport project in northern Virginia resulted in over 150 ha of extremely acidic (pH <3.5) post-construction soil materials that remained barren for over two years before being recognised as sulfidic. Acidic (pH 3.0; Fe >45 mg/L) run-off from this site heavily damaged a receiving stream, partially due to the fact that it dissolved the galvanised steel water control structures in stormwater detention basins, leading to direct discharge of run-off and sulfidic sediments. The airport area was treated and revegetated in 2002 with a combination of lime-stabilised biosolids, straw mulch, and acid-tolerant grasses. Water quality in a receiving second-order stream quickly responded to the treatment, but some release of N was also noted as a secondary effect. Collectively, these results point out the importance of accurately assessing the potential for excavation of sulfidic materials in construction environments, and the necessity of developing toxic materials handling strategies similar to those employed in mining environments.
... In December 2001, the existing surface soils were composite sampled from 32 map units across the site in association with soil mapping requirements for remedial treatment (Fig. 9.) These samples were analyzed for pH in a 1:1 soil:water solution using a combination electrode, potential peroxide acidity (PPA) using the H 2 O 2 method of Barnhisel and Harrison (1976), and for total-S using an Elementar Vario Max CNS analyzer. Based on these results, we recommended that the site be variably limed to each sampling cell's requisite calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) requirement, fertilized appropriately, treated with an organic soil amendment, and seeded to acid-and salt-tolerant grasses and legumes based upon experience with sulfidic coal waste revegetation (Daniels and Stewart, 2000). In April 2002, class B lime-stabilized biosolids (municipal sewage sludge) from Washington D.C. were applied and incorporated across the entire site at varying rates based upon their CCE (Table 1). ...
... Since December 2002, S levels remained below 80 mg/L at SW6, and below 50 mg/L at the NRCS dam. Past experience in coalfield acid mine drainage dynamics (Daniels, et al. 2000) has indicated that seasonal (fall/winter) flushes of acid reaction products from acid forming materials are possible. Although this may be the case at Stafford airport, further data will be necessary to reach firm conclusions regarding the long-term effects of the lime-stabilized biosolids on site run-off acidity and metal levels. ...
Excavation through sulfidic geologic materials during construction activities has resulted in acid rock drainage (ARD) related problems across the state of Virginia. The most extensive documented disturbance at a single location resulted from construction of the Stafford Regional Airport in Stafford, Virginia. Beginning in 1998 over 150 ha of sulfidic Coastal Plain sediments were disturbed, including steeply sloping cut surfaces and spoils. This disturbed area remained barren for over two years before being recognized as sulfidic. In addition to the development of acid sulfate soils, the generation of ARD degraded metal and concrete structures and heavily damaged a receiving stream with water quality effects noted over 1000 m downstream from the site. In December 2001 the existing surface soils were composite sampled from 32 map units across the site. In February 2002 a water quality monitoring program was established with 16 locations in and around the airport. In the spring and fall of 2002, after determining liming requirements using potential peroxide acidity (PPA), the site was treated with lime-stabilized biosolids, straw-mulch, and acid- and salt- tolerant grasses. By October 2002 the site was fully revegetated (≥ 90% living cover) with the exception of a few highly acidic outcrops and seep areas. Water quality quickly responded to treatment, although some N release was noted as a secondary effect. Surface soil sampling in September 2003 indicated that post- amendment pH values across the site increased from values < 3.5 to values typically > 7.0. Continued monitoring of the water and soils will be used to evaluate the multi-year efficacy of this treatment. Stafford Regional Airport illustrates the importance of accurately assessing sulfide hazards, and establishing optimal handling and treatment procedures prior to construction.
... The average coal refuse pile in Virginia would require approximately 15 tons of calcium carbonate agricultural limestone per 1000 tons of refuse material to completely offset its potential to form acidic leachates. This could be accomplished for the surface 6 inches of the pile by incorporating 15 tons of lime into the refuse surface per acre; however, this would only neutralize the acidity in that layer and would have very limited effects on deeper acid generation (Daniels et al., 2000). To affect the bulk of the fill, this lime would need to be added during fill construction at an approximate 1.5% bulkblending rate. ...
... Since the total alkaline loading to these columns was not nearly enough to completely offset the amount of acidity that this refuse was capable of producing over time, we concluded that some other mechanism(s) beyond direct acid-base neutralization reactions was occurring to keep the system under control. These results indicate that the rate of pyrite oxidation can be limited when the pH is kept above 5.0, Fe in solution is precipitated or bound, and oxygen is limited from diffusing to the pyrite surface (Stewart, 1996;Daniels et al., 2000). We believe that the fly ash was performing all three of these functions in this experiment. ...
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