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Titanium nanoparticles (TiNPs) have been synthesized due to its certain characteristics that are expected like non-toxic, eco-friendly, and bioactivity. In this study, the researchers used Banana Peels Extract (BPE) with titanium dioxide to prepare new nanoparticles which are never carried before. These nanoparticles were biologically synthesized using an aqueous solution of banana peel extract as a bioreductant. The novel TiNPs were successfully prepared and characterized using Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), and examined its antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic bacteria as well as insecticidal agent against Musca domestica. The instrumental analysis confirms the presence of TiNPs with average diameter: 88.45 nm and volume 31.5 nm as resulted by AFM and XRD respectively, while the bioactivity exam to TiNPs shows inhibitory effect against several pathogenic bacteria, as well as it cause a high mortality percentage against three larval stages of house fly.
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*Correspondence: rasha.ha@yahoo.com
(Received: 18 August 2019; accepted: 12 November 2019)
Citaon: Rasha Saam Hameed, Raghad J. Fayyad, Rasha Saad Nuaman, Noor T. Hamdan and Sara A.J. Maliki, Synthesis and
Characterizaon of a Novel Titanium Nanoparcals using Banana Peel Extract and Invesgate its Anbacterial and Inseccidal
Acvity, J Pure Appl Microbiol., 2019; 13(4):2241-2249. hps://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.13.4.38
© The Author(s) 2019. Open Access. This arcle is distributed under the terms of the Creave Commons Aribuon 4.0 Internaonal License which
permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribuon, and reproducon in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and
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Hameed et al. J Pure Appl Microbiol, 13(4), 2241-2249 | December 2019
Arcle 5601 | hps://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.13.4.38
Print ISSN: 0973-7510; E-ISSN: 2581-690X
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
www.microbiologyjournal.org2241Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology
Synthesis and Characterizaon of a Novel Titanium
Nanoparcals using Banana Peel Extract and
Invesgate its Anbacterial and Inseccidal Acvity
Rasha Saam Hameed*, Raghad J. Fayyad, Rasha Saad Nuaman, Noor T.
Hamdan and Sara A.J. Maliki
Biology Department, Collage of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq.
Abstract
Titanium nanoparcles (TiNPs) have been synthesized due to its certain characteriscs that are expected
like non-toxic, eco-friendly, and bioacvity. In this study, the researchers used Banana Peels Extract (BPE)
with tanium dioxide to prepare new nanoparcles which are never carried before. These nanoparcles
were biologically synthesized using an aqueous soluon of banana peel extract as a bioreductant.
The novel TiNPs were successfully prepared and characterized using Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy
(UV-VIS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-Ray Diractometer (XRD), and examined its anmicrobial
acvity against several pathogenic bacteria as well as inseccidal agent against Musca domesca. The
instrumental analysis conrms the presence of TiNPs with average diameter: 88.45 nm and volume
31.5 nm as resulted by AFM and XRD respecvely, while the bioacvity exam to TiNPs shows inhibitory
eect against several pathogenic bacteria, as well as it cause a high mortality percentage against three
larval stages of house y.
Keywords: Banana Peel Extract (BPE), eco-friendly, tanium nanoparcals, Musca domesca.
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Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology
INTRODUCTION
Green synthesis of nanoparcles seeks to
minimize generated wastes and apply prospecve
progression1,2. In latest years, materials with
nano-sized aspect have paying an aenon to the
researchers all the way through the world. In up to
date nano science and technology, the interface
between inorganic nanoparcles and biological
structures are one of the majority excing area
of research. In addition to that another thing
is concern in this field of study like health,
environmental (eco-friendly), non-toxic materials
in synthesis procedures3,4.
Besides that, biosynthesis of nanoparcles
has other properes like opcal, catalyc, and
magnetic properties which allow them to be
applied in biosensing, catalysis, imaging, drug
delivery, and in medicine and since it has this wide
applicaons the producon of nanoparcles is a
signicant aspect of nanotechnology5,6.
Plants, enzymes, and microorganisms
were suggested to be used as probable natural
alternaves products to the lethal chemicals that
are non-biodegradable, hazardous to all living
creatures on the earth, as well as its high cost7.
Plants extracts serve as capping and reducing
agents in the preparation of nanoparticles
which are more benecial comparing with other
biological procedures8 these techniques of
nanoparcles synthesis which based on plants are
favored due to its properes as, ecofriendly, cost-
eecve, a single-step biosynthesis process and
non-toxic to workers and researchers9. Classically,
dierent parts of the plant can be used as the main
source to obtain the extract such as, fruit, fruit
peels, bark, callus, and root. These parts have been
examined in the synthesis of gold, silver, tanium
nanoparcles in various shapes and sizes10.
Banana (Musa paradaisica), belongs to
the Musaceae family, and it is a standout amongst
the most vital tropical fruits in the world market
and usually after pulp consumption, banana
peels are usually discarded, the peels represent
approximately 18-33% of the whole fruit, and
presently peels are not used for any other purposes
and somemes it is used as animals food in a very
limited extent11. It is therefore a signicant and
vital to discover applicaons for these peels in
ecological topics. It was found that banana peels
are rich in pecn, lignin and hemicelluloses which
encourage the researchers in current study to
use them in green synthesis of nanoparticles,
furthermore, banana peels contains large amounts
of phenolic compounds that can act as a ligand
and coordinate with the metal ion and form the
metallic nanoparcles12.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is naturally
formed and usually used as a white pigment
and paints, food colorants, papers, plascs, inks,
and toothpastes because it is nontoxic, it is also
considered as low-cost metal due to its wide
existence in nature. Due to its ability to absorb UV
light and high refracve index, TiO2 nanoparcles
have been used to synthesize nanoparcles with
many plants like Nyctan, arbortriss extract, leaf
extract of Catharanthus roseus, Eclipta prostrate
aqueous leaf extract, and peel extract of Annona
squamosa L.13,14.
In the current paper, tanium dioxide
has been used for the rst me with the water
extract obtained from banana peels to synthesize
the titanium nanoparticles TiNPs and was
characterized using several instrumental analysis
(UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD and AFM). Acvity
of nove TiNPs against bacteria and inseccide
agents as well as against several pathogenic
bacteria and (Muscadomesca) respecvely has
been examined and discussed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparaon of Banana Peel Extract (BPE)
Fresh banana was gained from local
markets; banana peels were cut it into small
pieces, washed three mes with dislled water
to remove external dirt layers and contaminants
from it then, the peels pieces were dried on paper
toweling. A 75 g of peels were place in a beaker
containing 150 ml double dislled water and then
boiled at 100°C for 20 min, and ltered through
Whatman No. 1 lter paper for two mes. The
extract was stored in fridge at 4°C15.
Preparaon of tanium dioxide nanoparcles
(TiO2NPs)
Titanium dioxide was obtained from
Sigma Aldrich, China. Molar mass was 79.87g/
mol and density was 4.2 g/cm3. Their average size
of the tanium oxide bulk parcles (TiO2BPs) was
(550 nm). Deionized dislled water (DW) was used
as a solvent to prepare a soluon of (100 mg/ml)
concentraon, and then only 5 ml of this soluon
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Hameed et al. J Pure Appl Microbiol, 13(4), 2241-2249 | December 2019 | hps://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.13.4.38
was added in dropwise to 50 ml of Banana Peel
Extract (BPE) soluon with a connuance srring
(300 rpm) for one hour, this mixing process was a
achieved on a hot plate using magnec srrer and
at ambient temperature.
Characterizaon of TiO2 nanoparcles
UV–visible Spectroscopy
The UV–VIS absorpon spectra of novel
TiNPs soluon was achieved using Schimadzu 1601
spectrophotometer and 200–800 nm range16.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
This analysis was used to characterize
many properties of biosynthesized NPs such
as, NPs size, NPs surface, NPs topography, and
granularity volume distribuon of NPs. A thin lm
of the NPs sample was prepared on a glass slide
using 100µl of the sample on the slide, allowed
to dry for 5 min, then the slide was scanned using
AFM, (AA-3000, USA)17.
X-Ray Diracon
X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) was used
to determine and idenfy the formaon of the
synthesized NPs, the XRD apparatus (Shimadzu
6000, Japan) operate at a voltage of (40 kv) and
current of (30 mM) with Cu Kα radiaon in a (θ-2θ)
conguraon.
Microorganisms
Microorganisms were collected from
laboratory of post graduate in biology department
/ College of Science / AL-Mustansireyah University.
These micro-organisms are: Gram-positive
bacteria (Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus,
Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus sp.)
and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Kleipseilla sp.,) the
strains of bacteria were maintained on nutrient
agar slants at 4°C.
Antibacterial activity of synthesized NPs and
banana peel extract (BPE)
Three concentraons of TiO2NPs were
prepared in (100, 50, and 25 mg/ml)m there
bioacvity were evaluated using well diusion
method according to (CLSI)18.
Insects rearing and Larvicidal bioassay
The Insects colony was collected from
house y (Musca domisca) which is free from
inseccides and pathogenic organisms, this animal
house belong to Biology Department, College of
Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University. The colony
was maintained under 28 ± 2 °C (starng from 1st
larval stage reaching to 3rd instar stage). The 1st,
2nd, and 3rd instar larvae were completed in healthy
environment; each test was replicated for three
mes. The collected Musca domisca larvae were
placed in a cup contains 10 g of nutrional media
(this media consist of 10 g of yeast extract, 200 g of
sh food, and 100 ml of dislled water). 2 mL from
each concentraon of TiO2NPs were added to each
cup; all cups were covered with muslin cloth and
kept in room temperature for 24 hrs. Larvae were
considered dead if there is no signicant molity19,
mortality percentage was calculated by applying
Abbo’s formula20:
X - Y
XX 100 = Percent of corrected control
X: Percent of alive in the check
Y: Percent of alive in the treatment
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Idencaon of TiO2 nanoparcals
Titanium nanoparcles were idened
via dierent consideraons, visually the reacon
mixture of TiNPs turned to white grayish color
aer 30 min. comparing with the white color of
tanium oxide indicang the formaon of tanium
nanoparcles as shown in Fig. 1.
Table 1. Dimensions of synthesized TiO2 NPs
Roughness average 1.53 nm
Root mean square 1.77 nm
Average diameter 88.45 nm
Fig. 1. Shows the comparison between three soluons:
A: Titanium Dioxide bulk soluon
B: Water extract of banana peel soluon
C: Titanium Dioxide nanoparcles soluon
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Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology
UV–Visible Spectral
Fig. 2 represent the TiNPs UV-Visible
spectra, the TiO2 absorbance was 4.2 at wave
length 208 nm, while Fig. 3 shows the value of
energy gap (Eg) of TiNPs which was 4.7(ev) these
results are agreed with Jawad 201721.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Table 1 indicates the size of TiNPs ranged
between (65-115 nm) with average diameter
(88.45 nm), while the roughness average (RA)
and root mean square were 1.53 nm and 1.77 nm
respecvely. Fig. 4 shows AFM topographic images
of the TiNPs while Fig. 5 shows granularity volume
distribuon of TiNPs.
X-Ray Diracon (XRD)
Fig. 6 shows the X-Ray Diractometer
paern, the diagram indicates the presence of
three peaks, strong diffraction peaks (2-theta
28.2956°), (2-theta 40.4901°), and (2-theta
50.1821°), while the average crystallite size
of TiNPs was 31.5 nm according to Scherer’s
equaon.
Anmicrobial acvity of tanium nanoparcles
Bioacvity of the novel TiNPs showed that
these nanoparcals exhibited anmicrobial impact
against the pathogenic microorganisms, the
Fig. 2. Absorbance spectrum of synthesized (TiO2NPs)
Fig. 3. Energy gap diagram for (TiO2NPs) thin lm
Fig. 4. AFM topographic images
inhibion zone diameter was varies as depicted in
Table 2, while Banana Peels Extract (BPE) did not
shows any acvity against these bacteria.
All the prepared concentrations of
tanium nanoparcals shows bioacvity against
the gram positive bacteria (Stapylococcus
aureus), and (Steptococcus spp.) while the rst
concentraon (25%) doesn’t shows any acvity
against (Staphylococcus Epidermidis, Escherecia.
coli, Klebsiella spp., and Bacillu ssp.) as it is clearly
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Hameed et al. J Pure Appl Microbiol, 13(4), 2241-2249 | December 2019 | hps://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.13.4.38
Table 2. Bioacvity of TiNPs against certain bacteria
Compound Pathogenic Microorganism
Gram Posive Gram Negave
Stapylococcus Steptococcus Staphylococcus Bacillus Escherecia Klebsiella
aureus spp. Epidermidis Sp. coli spp.
Banana Peels
Extract (BPE)
TiNPs 25% conc. 6 18
TiNPs 50% conc. 27 16 18 15 21 13
TiNPs 100% conc. 16 12
5-10 week acvity against bacteria, 10-15 Moderate acvity, 15+ Over 15 consider to be strongly acve.
Fig. 6. X-Ray Diractometer paern of TiNPs
Fig. 5. Granularity volume distribuon of TNPs
appear from Table 2. Also the results show that
there was no anmicrobial acvity for banana peel
extract against all tested pathogens.
Table 2 indicates that best effective
concentration to the newly synthesized TiNPs
was on 50% conc., this concentration shows
strong bioacvity against gram posive bacteria
than negative bacteria, that’s because Gram
negave bacteria have cell walls with a thin layer
of pepdoglycan and an outer membrane with a
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Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology
lipopolysaccharide component which is not exist or
found in Gram posive bacteria and this property
enable the TiNPs to penetrate the cell membrane
of Gram posive bacteria and cause its fatality,
this results agreed with the results obtained by
Adam and his coworkers22 and Shrevastava and
his coworkers23.
The most logical explanaon proposed
that the possible mechanisms involving the
interacon between TiNPs with the biomolecules
which propose that microbes have negave charge
(represented by the membrane of the microbe)
and the posive charge (represented by TiNPs),
this “electromagnec” aracon between the
metal ion and the microbe membrane will leads
to microbial oxidaon and rapid death24.
Zhang and his coworkers suggested that
posive ion in nanoparcals form a coordinaon
bond with the thiol group (-SH) which is part
of protein molecule which is part of bacteria
membrane, this deactivation of protein will
increase the permeability of the bacteria
membrane leading to fast death25.
Larvicidal eect of TiNPs
Fig. 7 indicates the larvicidal analysis
by which the larvae death was scored aer 24
hrs, the results shows that there was a marked
mortality recorded during the development of
(Musca domisca) larvae depending upon the
concentraon of each dose. The highest mortality
was observed for 1st stage followed by 2nd and
3rd larval stage respecvely. While insignicant
mortality observed in 1st larval stage vials treated
with water and BPE (6.6%, 6.6%) as shown in Fig.
8.
The mortality percentage is proporonal
to the concentraon of the synthesized TiNPs which
indicates that the essenal role of concentraon
in larvicidal acvity. Each test included a control
group with three replicates for each concentraon.
Fig. 7. Mortality percentage of house y larvae treated with synthesized TiO2NPs
Fig. 8. Phenotypic variaon observed in A: 2nd larval stage, B: 3rd larval stage of Musca domisca treated with 100
mg/ml prepared TiNPs
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Hameed et al. J Pure Appl Microbiol, 13(4), 2241-2249 | December 2019 | hps://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.13.4.38
The results agreed with Sabat and his coworkers26.
After hatching from the egg, the larva starts
feeding with TiNPs treated food, once it pass in
larval gut, it interferes with the a certain process
that leads to unusual phenotypes which end with
neuronal defect, ending with larvae death.
Hassan and his coworkers27 reported
that the possible mechanism behind the death of
house y is the dispersion of metal nanoparcles
via oral route or through rupturing of the cucle
membrane, by this means the TiNPs enter into
the cavity of insect body to aect the surviving
the ability of generating the Reactive Oxygen
Species (ROS), these parcles are causave agent
for oxidave stress, which leads to eggs damage
due to its toxic tension, then the egg are not able
to proceed on its next developmental stages. This
analogous mechanism was recorded by magnete
NPs which shows bioacvity against Drosophilla
melanogaster28 and silver NPs bioacvity against
Culex pipienes29.
In producing TiNPs, there several factors
aecng its yield among them are temperature of
the synthesis process, pH of the reacon, purity
of the metal salt in addion to the extract itself,
these factors play an eecve role on the yield and
characteriscs of TiNPs, these factors was studied
by Njagi and his coworkers30.
In this study, the researchers used banana
peels extract in a new green synthesis method to
synthesized tanium nanoparcals, this method
has not been carried before and it was found that
TiNPs show bioactivity against bacteria which
increase its future applications against many
serious human pathogens. In addition, TiNPs
shows good larvicidal applicaons against Musca
domisca resulted. These results will open wide
and new biomedical applicaons.
CONCLUSION
The researcher concludes the following
points:
1. A novel, green, eco-friendly TiNPs was
synthesized successfully.
2. The synthesis procedure was rapid,
simple, and considered as a new approach method
to synthesize TiO2NPs.
3. The synthesis was based on using
agricultural waste material (banana peels).
4. Banana peels were chosen in this
research due to its composion (rich with pecn,
cellulose, hemicelluloses…) in addion to its low
cost.
5. Due to the bioacvity of the novel
TiNPs against bacteria and insects (house y),
the researchers expect a wide and various
applicaons of green synthesized nanoparcles
precisely against infecous bacteria, biomedical,
and pharmaceucal applicaons
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank all the
sta at Biology Department, College of Science,
Mustansiriyah University, Iraq for their support
and help to achieve this research.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declares that there is no
conict of interest.
AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTION
All authors listed have made a substanal,
direct and intellectual contribuon to the work,
and approved it for publicaon.
FUNDING
None.
DATA AVAILABILITY
All datasets generated or analyzed during
this study are included in the manuscript and/or
the Supplementary Files.
ETHICS STATEMENT
This arcle does not contain any studies
with human parcipants or animals performed by
any of the authors.
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... The manufacturing process was carried out according to the previous studies (Hameed et al. 2019) with several modifications. In order to prepare water extract from green alga C. vulgaris, a weight of (2 g) from the algal powder was mixed with 200 mL of deionized distilled water (DW). ...
... Several analyses have been carried out for the characterization of prepared nanoparticles as explained in Hameed et al. (2019). The first one was UV-visible Spectroscopy and achieved with three samples including algal extract, titanium oxide solution, and prepared TiO 2 NPs using Shimadzu 1601 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). ...
... After 24 h, the motility of insects was observed to determine their status. The percentage of mortality was calculated by applying Abbott's formula (Hameed et al. 2019). In addition, the obtained data were statically analyzed using an unpaired t-test with GraphPad Prism 6. ...
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There is a growing demand for the manufacture of eco-friendly insecticide. This study aimed to establish an aqueous extract of Chlorella vulgaris as a green factory to manufacture nano-insecticide of titanium nanoparticles to control house flies (Musca domestica) by describing the basic properties of TiO 2 solution before and after manufacturing. The absorbance was raised to 0.58, while transmission decreased to 38 under UV-Visible spectra. Regarding to XRD analysis, seven sharp diffraction peaks appeared for a bulk solution while only three sharp peaks were noticed after phyco-based synthesis. The crystal size of the prepared titanium nanoparticles was determined to be 27.39 nm. Furthermore, the observed size for bulk particles ranged from 92.33 to 249.6 nm through SEM, while for nanocrystalline the size ranged from 9.395 to 206 nm. Various phytochemicals were detected within the algal extract, including phenols, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, resins, and saponins. All of these active compounds participated in nano-synthesis by acting as reducing and stabilizing agents. Finally, titanium nanoparticles were used as a controlling agent against house flies Musca domestica. In this study, this nanoparticles application also has been compared with traditional insecticide Imidacloprid. The high mortality percentages reached 100% against the first larval stage, 70% against the third larval stage, and 93.3% in adult flies. These mortalities were higher after using Imidacloprid for all tested stages. Many phenotypic distortions were also observed in house flies treated with TiO 2 NPs prepared by Chlorella, including failure in pupal emergence and maturity, incomplete development in the head, legs, and wings, and disappearance of the genital organs. The study demonstrated that C. vulgaris is a good candidate for nanomanufacturing and a rich naturally derived nanopesticide.
... The manufacturing process was carried out according to the previous studies (Hameed et al. 2019) with several modifications. In order to prepare water extract from green alga C. vulgaris, a weight of (2 g) from the algal powder was mixed with 200 mL of deionized distilled water (DW). ...
... Several analyses have been carried out for the characterization of prepared nanoparticles as explained in Hameed et al. (2019). The first one was UV-visible Spectroscopy and achieved with three samples including algal extract, titanium oxide solution, and prepared TiO 2 NPs using Shimadzu 1601 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). ...
... After 24 h, the motility of insects was observed to determine their status. The percentage of mortality was calculated by applying Abbott's formula (Hameed et al. 2019). In addition, the obtained data were statically analyzed using an unpaired t-test with GraphPad Prism 6. ...
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This study aims to establish an aqueous extract of Chlorella vulgaris as a green factory to manufacture titanium nanoparticles and to apply these nanoparticles to control the house flies (Musca domestica). Since the crystallite size of prepared titanium nanoparticles was 27.39 nm. Furthermore, the observed size for bulk particles ranged (from 92.33-249.6) nm through SEM. While for nanocrystalline the size ranged (from 9.395- 206) nm. Several phytochemicals were detected within algal extracts such as phenols, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, resins, and saponins. All these active compounds participated in nano-synthesis by acting as reducing and stabilizing agents. finally, titanium nanoparticles were used as a controlling agent against house flies (Musca domestica) and compared with traditional insecticides (Imidacloprid). High mortality percentages reached 100% against 1st larval stage, 70% against 3rd larval stage, and 93.3% in adult flies. These fatalities were higher after using Imidacloprid for all tested stages. Many phenotypic distortions were also caught in houseflies treated with TiO2 NPs prepared by Chlorella, such as; failure in pupal emergence and maturity, incomplete development in the head, legs, and wings, and disappearance in genital organs. It has shown that Chlorella Vulgaris is a good candidate for nanomanufacturing and a rich naturally derived Nanopesticide.
... Furthermore, Hameed and his team [150] synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles utilizing banana peel extract and titanium dioxide. The subsequent AFM analysis verified an average diameter equal to 88.45 nm for the as-prepared TiO 2 nanoparticles, while the XRD analysis confirmed a volume of 31.5 nm. ...
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Contemporary technological and industrial advancements have led to increased reliance on chemicals for product innovation, leading to heightened contamination of water sources by traditional pollutants (organic dyes, heavy metals) and disease-causing microorganisms. Wastewater treatment processes now reveal “emerging pollutants”, including pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, and agricultural chemicals. While some are benign, certain emerging pollutants can harm diverse organisms. Researchers seek cost-effective water purification methods that completely degrade pollutants without generating harmful by-products. Semiconductor-based photocatalytic degradation, particularly using titanium dioxide (TiO2), is popular for addressing water pollution. This study focuses on recent applications of TiO2 nanostructures in photocatalysis for eliminating various water pollutants. Structural modifications, like doping and nanocomposite formation, enhance photocatalyst performance. The study emphasizes photocatalytic elimination mechanisms and comprehensively discusses factors impacting both the mechanism and performance of nano-TiO2-based photocatalysts. Characteristics of TiO2, such as crystal structure and energy band-gap, along with its photocatalytic activity mechanism, are presented. The review covers the advantages and limitations of different TiO2 nanostructure production approaches and addresses potential toxicity to human health and the environment. In summary, this review provides a holistic perspective on applying nano-TiO2 materials to mitigate water pollution.
... The decrease in crystallinity or semicrystalline structure formation is attributed to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions in the blend film as supported by our FTIR analysis as well [23]. The pectin-based film typically shows the amorphous nature with characteristic broad peaks appearing at 2θ: 12.8 o , 30.8 o and 41 o [44,45]. This indicated that the heat treatment in both starch and pectin-based bioplastics in the presence of plasticizers (TA and CA) adopted a V-type crystalline structure, as a single helical inclusion complex with the inclusion of amylose, glucosamine and glycerol moiety with reduction in chain mobility [46]. ...
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... To explain the properties of Titanium dioxide/ TVLE nanoparticles, which are represented in roughness,size, and distrubtion of granular, AFM scanning was achieved by sparing a thin layer of the sample on glass slides base and the image was taken (Hameed et al.,2019 ). ...
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... In our study, GER was chosen as a potential candidate for coupling with TiO 2 to enhance its antimicrobial properties due to its high solubility and controlled toxicity [40,41]. The morphology of the TiO 2 NPs can be tuned by calcination temperature [44]. In line with previous reports [45][46][47], we successfully synthesized TiO 2 with two different calcination temperatures, 500 °C confirming the creation of TiO 2 in the anatase form and 900 °C to generate TiO 2 in the rutile form. ...
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Background: The emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria has become a global threat, encouraging the adoption of efficient and effective alternatives to conventional antibiotics and promoting their use as replacements. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been reported to exhibit antibacterial properties. In this study, we synthesized and characterized TiO2 NPs in anatase and rutile forms with surface modification by geraniol (GER). Results: The crystallinity and morphology of modified TiO2 NPs were analyzed by UV/Vis spectrophotometry, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with elemental mapping (EDS). The antimicrobial activity of TiO2 NPs with geraniol was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of modified NPs ranged from 0.25 to 1.0 mg/ml against all bacterial strains, and the live dead assay and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) supported the antibacterial properties of TiO2 NPs with GER. Moreover, TiO2 NPs with GER also showed a significant decrease in the biofilm thickness of MRSA. Conclusions: Our results suggest that TiO2 NPs with GER offer a promising alternative to antibiotics, particularly for controlling antibiotic-resistant strains. The surface modification of TiO2 NPs by geraniol resulted in enhanced antibacterial properties against multiple bacterial strains, including antibiotic-resistant MRSA. The potential applications of modified TiO2 NPs in the biomedical and environmental fields warrant further investigation.
... This decrease in crystallinity or semicrystalline structure is similar to the previous report, which is attributed to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions in the blend lm is given in above supported hypothesis of FTIR observations as well [43]. The pectin based lm typically shows the amorphous nature with characteristic broad peaks appeared at 2θ: 12.8 o , 30.8 o and 41 o [44,45]. This indicated that the heat treatment in both starch and pectin based bioplastics in the presence of plasticizers (TA and CA) adopted a V-type crystalline structure, as single helical inclusion complex with inclusion of amylose, glucosamine and glycerol moiety with reduction in chain mobility [46]. ...
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... As regards other nanomaterials, various works hint at the insecticidal activity of titanium dioxide NPs and Zn-based NPs [212][213][214]. In a comparative study, the effect of mycogenic monometallic (TiO 2 NPs and ZnONPs) and bimetallic NPs (TiO 2 -ZnONPs) was assessed against third-instar Spodoptera frugiperda larvae at three concentrations (25, 50, and 100 μg/ mL) [142]. ...
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Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathogenic bacteria that causes a variety of potentially fatal infections. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus has made treatment even more difficult. In recent years, nanoparticles have been used as an alternative therapeutic agent for S. aureus infections. Among various methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles, the method utilizing plant extracts from different parts of a plant, such as root, stem, leaf, flower, seeds, etc. is gaining widespread usage. Phytochemicals present in plant extract are an inexpensive, eco-friendly, natural material that act as reducing and stabilization agent for the nanoparticle synthesis. The utilization of plant-fabricated nanoparticles against S. aureus is currently in trend. The current review discusses recent findings in the therapeutic application of phytofabricated metal-based nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus.
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