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Finding an Alternate Route: Towards open, eco-cyclical, and distributed production

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




!"# !
 !"#$ %###$&&%#!
'()# *+,+-!" "# 
# "&&#"
!". &##!" # !/
01## "!#"2 
#3#&" #& 3
 !##& "" "#
',4556,478-#"1#$# !##&% &  
 #9 " #
3!#& #/":
 #&;#<&#6#)&
=#6 &">! #<&#
%#$#%6)#!  3#
 #$?& %'@&),4A7-6!B)C!"/"
# 6#,48+&!/" 
 !# &D&@ #
 # & (# !##& !
#!:
-##/"',44*-&!
###&#"
!-###
&'!,4*,6D*+,,-
-# !# & ';3,8556
0 ,4AA-
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 "" "## C##"&#
E3!"&#! 
- 3 3#"#!
@! #/"#  "/"$ %&#
#3&#3"',4556
,4786<*+,,60 *+,+-@< "/"
 $ & %2&#
 &'*+,,:A7-
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"&- '$&.%- !###!
!"& #'(F,88A6 ,84G--
&C!##&# "'$& .%-&##
#!"####&  
2)#&C C #
9&&!!# #
$# !##&%',455,478-2&&#"!
##  "  # " &#!
(&" #H ". ##
#C !# "1 C!#
 "&"&&&H## 
I#I##; ##!&#& &
"$%'; #,4G5- #1# 
# J& #&!#&###
&#& K"#"##!
#  #B&$%#L"$&%:
& ## " #3!"##
&!"# !
=1"& #  &
#3# &'HF *++4-D & &
&!#&## &;&#
!#!# $ &% !  
 "'*++46>*++8-"@&
("  ## C!# #/" #
# &'*+,5-<$#&%
'%@ #*+,56#;"/C@*+,*6*+,G-
#&" ! !"##
"&& #L
"!### 3#!
 '*+,G-!) !  #
M&'>*++8-/" #&#
<(("#&1 
!  H/" "#/& "
  ##&!#"#1&#&
"C3" @#"&<# !#
" ! )####&:#
 !" !"#"
!##
1" &" "' "#"#
&/"-# C!" !& !.#"
0#"##!#  !&#"
#"!#- !&C)
 C!&3#- C!## J&
#"##&"
#   ! ##!# #
#""! C "(C
 " !  &N&O#C"#
!< #P3C#" #
 /" "$C !##&% "
"  $!%#
3!  !# #!
#!"#2##1 
&& K3&#!#
$;%&"!  &#" #
!&#("!" &
!  &#!Q;R
 !# &"/##!"#.
"&  " &
K #!&"&" $ %
 C "###&&#
&   &  #
!!@."1#
B"# !3 &"" "
!# & "0#
'#&!"0<&-&A4"
 ## &&( && 
   # #  
KG#"!##&#!# C!
#,S"# ! &#&
&#&#J&( IP& 0<&'0<-#I
KT#&# &U&# (
#&## &&& "# 
# C  # @./&
## # !
"&"#&:
-  # !)#
C#"Q RGGV"##C#" 
B"&.(&& &""
 "W&&""
 
!- 4,V## &#   (
 !# &""!&1
!C #&C("# 
"!  #&
- A4V# #Q! R#8,V
Q  #R(# 
" &""  ! ' &-
&#"
#- #'57V-##&&#&#  &#!
 ( #" &""
  "&#C #
&!&&#&
##&& &""##!)##1#&
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
 
!
"#$%&'&&(
D  !$&%#! 
!&&"#
;9'@#*+,*69#*+,+6*+,+-@&#1#!
#&&###".#!&#
&&!H ""B# (#
$ % ##!  '@#%#-(
3#&"!;3" ';3
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 !#""# '0 ,4AA6@#
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P#/"
#!&!"!&#!"&#&#
&## "&& & & #
$   %# "#.#"3
####KT'0%H*++46
#0 ,4446/#*+,+6H)#H*+,*-(
3&#!"&# #
.&##"( "3##
"#M3#"6
/ ##!"#!&&&!# #$I&#%.
#" &<#"&"C" L #" 
#C
=3&##& #&'<*+,,-
&###&&K
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'DD-2  ""&C &
$# %#!" #$!"C%' #H&
*+,+-(#1&$  %#& #
"!&& &(DD #!!
 3"#"&.&#
#1" @"DD#
!  "2!&#
3 &&## # "&
&C!#!#&K#"#!"
 " &!)B #
C" &"#L 
@&#&#!"&DD#P&#
!&#&"'(#&*+,56/*+,5-(! #
! &"& !##&
!#&"&#&
H$   %C!&&"&#&
#"#"&(##W
"##W3'&?#*+,5D-&
 3"#&#&1"9
#"C""#"$%& 
3   ' *+,G-#
!C & C!# "#!&
#" '##*+,S6H#*+,G-
(""1&#W#
" K #"#!#  
&3"!## !
 ;"3!" #
#"# "C"#! 
!C !##& ##"
##@ #!&
#&### 
&&"&# &&#"# #
#($;%C"!" !#
!" " &###"#
 "#  #C!# 
#& !#&W"!#&!
# (&&!
##!""&# K#!#!#
"C.#")"!&#
#')*++46;*+,G6/#;*+,G-;#
#&C"&#!
  !  # #  ##
! #'@#*+,*6#*+,S-
(3!&& C 
!"# ""## "# 
3(#&!"#& "&#C
##&##"/"" #"
 &"C.#   X
##&#!X$#!#%  #
 &"! #"# #!&&
    "# # #
#3&"!""&&
 "& "!#&#"( "
&## C!#  &# #&
C"#  &%    "
&"#" "#!"" #;
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O!## &##&1 (
 !""#&!1#
"&3K#3"#!!
& !%
&1Q ## R',4AG*7-(&&
$L%2"#"&!&&
&"#C9  #$ L%
&##'&&"
.- !'?.,4A4-
(;(!#&W3  C"# "
!'&@#*++5-# &#'>#@#*++86*++4-0
B #/"3##/# !!"
# " #/"# #
C"###M L< !$!&&#
%$&&#D"%&"W"M L
D  !  # #&1D
 "#&! &!#
## "&#C',4AG6##*+++6@#
*++5-K# "#  
#&&!##"&0&&
3 '0%I *+,+- B"1!
# "& ( ""
!& "&" 
 # :C !&#& "
#   B#&#&&#"!
 '*++4-(& "
!#" &#C 2M L
& &#&!&#&( 
;:##&!/"#& !W
 &"& "(;
"KT# C
"" #& ###&&
M L
+,, )
0 &C13 "#&#!"
$0<&%'0<-2L! #3
3"9##*++G0<&/"$#
#%!#%'0<&:@!*+,5-@0<#&#
#!$I!>&D"%'I>D-#!#$
S+    #3%'0<&:ID>
*+,5-(#C!# 0<
$&%!&!##&#1#0 
&I>D# &B "C
P" 9#&0<%!
"( #Y5558A6!#&0<%#&
 Y4+7+'0<&*+,5-  "& 
 / ##&#### 1 
3!!6#"!# #
B 
0< !"&/".#C&& #!&
; &/0<%#;!##Q%&
/"R'*+,*-&/"%Q>R
 :
Q(#!"&#" &
#! 2!   ("
###3 #"2
##  #2NO#( 2#
! !## 0 #!#"1
2&# #E#
 "2#"R'0<&*+,5-
@&"&#I>D "!3"
<#P!#!
  #0!##"
"& P!!#!#
 B=L 3&
"C &!!" B#& "
&&"#"# "("
 L /"##!&
&&# M LC
# C!##&#!"# #
! !&'?&,47*-C #' 
,484-# "C "#)(&&
!" ##!"" #"
 &C &#!"! #'-
1&" ##'- #" #
"0<M L
K0<!# "#
 @# #C
P!#$"1 %2#&&
#(.#! !0<%
$/"% 3   
/;(0< "CCC
P #& "&#C 
)#&#& "0<#"
####&!# &&!#
""&9 "(;(0<#"
""&C #&
(###X"&X0<% 
;"B !##! &
( &WC&# & # ""&#
C3!'<*+,G-9 #CC#
&&WC&#!&&K=T &/
 #&&#
 1#:QK&W  
&XCC&CC# R'&B#<*+,G-?
0<"!D #<0<%# "
##  !"&L:QK11" 
 KK##ZK#&&!K$0 &!
###%%R'#B#*+,*-K =T
#!!QKW
 &!#  &N &#OZ(%#
# 3R'<*+,G-
9Q NO 3""!3""&1
; # &
 &. &R',4AS:5-K3L
0<W";3M!M ! "
# # (&""&0<!#!
##!1 !'&!#& 
#&-61# &##W##&$&#%6##
#"C#9 0<# !
"!"!#!"
 ##&#&&$ L%
(&&0<!! 9&WC&#
!&&"#&# " 
##"P &" 
#!B '<*+,G-9 
KTWC&#0< L
 ##  #2K 
& # D<  #0< 
# B !#/#C!##'<
*+,G- /0<# C!#"
" # 3#C # 
   =# # &
/#0<##&"#"
#/# C # & &#!K0<
!#3  C; &
+,$ %- !/'( ) 0" .-  #-#!'*
H& ##!"" '&D-
;'*+,G-#$  %  
# "#"9 ##
& ###&#C!#C 
#1"#&
"&" $C%.C  ";
#!"" # !"/#  
#1& #&&#& #C
" &',44+6>*++86*++4-"&
#C#"! #&
#"#&!L #9
 C##U # # "/"
#&#"&##&#&&#
$%' #H&*+,+-!&&!$ %( 
 !  !"&!& &
'&G"&-'I#*+,G-# 3'@#*+,*-(
&& !" !CP "&
#C!#'D*+,+6H[*+,5-
(% 3##"#!"&
&1 !" C!"&# 
&/""# # # 
 3(0# #$;&%3
## !##&#!##!&
&@###   
&#   "!?"
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#& "-# ! ;
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 #! # &2%!##I&
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&### #! '*+,G-#&
#E3!!"'!*++8-!"#&##&'#&-
##C"!##(" 
#   &  
#C&&"#" 
&"! /#(!,(" 
#&  " #
 ##&!# #
!)#1)2
+,$, '3424
&;K($? I%';#,4A*-& 
#C ! &#"
 <&< !&& !P
 #&E  "!
',44+6>*++86=&#;"/C@# ,44+6#
;"/C@*+,*- &#&
#! "9" #
&B! 3#&/"
 !!B! #& 3 '
*+,76I##&*++*6 *+,G-#3
!&B!  ## ##
#"  #1 !# "#&
"&!#1"!L'*+,G-!
# "!"!#!& 3
"&&# #!'#&#"
-##!1 3#&#!  
K3 #;"&19
##"$#%#" # !
  #1 #" &!####
#&#  ##&!!""&
&!&# ##  !###'%-
!& ; ##!&&#
&/"# !& 
'-#&#&& &#'-B
# #; ##""
  &#    ##
!&#HC !##& "###!C
 &&. # $&"%',478-
###   ! #<3  &#!
  #  C&  
# !& "
!#3! #& 3
"C !##&#PB"=;
" #&#$#L!% !"' - 
#' - #!# #&#
" &#3 ##"
C 
+,$,$ -2551
4424
4,
<&".#KT"!&3"( 
  # #!&"!"& 
'I#*+,G-#!#1#""#'@#
*+,*69#*+,,-&" &C
"KT  !# '#H*+,56
@ *+,5-@& "KT &3
D#&"
 & "'(! *+,G-. ! 
"B'I!*+,G-##"';"*+,S-K
#"&!3 "!# ##
";2" !
 "# &" 
&# ;9"/" #
&## /!!93 0
<&'0<-,&/"$##%
!#%'0<&:@!*+,5-0<#&##
!$I!>&D"%'I>D-#!#$S+  
 #3%'0<&:ID>*+,5-(#
C!# 0< $&%
!&!##&#1#0 &I>D
# &B "CP"
 9#&0<%!"( 
#Y5558A6!#&0<%#& Y4+7+
'0<&*+,5-  "&  / ##&
#### 1 3!!
6#"!# #B 

(#&&! &&I&% #
C #!!%&Q@&R
& "2##!
B #&##&!####(
"&& & ;#B #
#1"B &!#
;# !!## ;
&&! " 2#&  #
"# #& #&&#
 "9# %#  "
#!!?&&0<&! 
!&(#&# "&"
   K!K#;;&/#! "#
 &##&## 
@"&& #&##"&###"
J&  " /##&#"&C!&
 " &# B##&#
3 1#& B##&G&3#
 &&#2# B# ! 
&B# # #!! !#1
+,$,+ 56424444744
14554452
446,
@;####!& ""J#
&#&!'*+,G-K  #/"
# #$ &%/#!;3!$# %
,9    # ! #     #  0
<&&&/&0<$!%@&*+,5
'!,4*,-;! 1#$&%
'I##,48A-2&!  &  #/":-
## -""#-    #
3
(#"  & "
&#1&#"#C'?,4A46) ,44**++86&
#K#,447-D  ! # $M L%
###',4AS6*++4-< #L")
  "!#& "/
! ##  (;!&
C&##  !-&& "#-
#& !### % # !
(;"#1&CC
?!!!### #
# P ##&( !"!C C
 "#&## 
MB && #!"#.
  (" "#
 # "$&%# ###
&!"&#"" (!&
##"#& !"K## &
 & "1#""#

+,$,8 244915
2'34122

@;##   #&"
#"&#@#; "#!
# #(!*(&1 "9
 #/""& ###&
##2!  
( #C#$!)B&! E3!
####C%'0K""*+,5-(!##"
#& "#&#&1&# & 
 #!&!#B #(;
 #&### 
  '# *+,*:*+-&&&
  #"#&&"
& ##C!&
!)$)9:54
;33$<<=>?
0";1!
#C&#"  &&& !
 & '&<H@<-& 
  &#<H( 
&#   !&
#/"< &!
#" "';&*+,S-
( #KT"&&B
# '##3#
&&'*+,76#*+,S-*+3#
#! ( #&
KT"/#&#&& 
!'#!G- #&#&&#
C/ && &##"  
#!!&##&  'H[*+,5-
+,$,@ '4524
44232'3424
22225442

@& !C#"# "
!"#"";##3#
 && 3# C# ##&
  ""')*++46K&#*+,G-(#&#C!&#
" &  #/"#"
';3,857-&@#D.# ;',84+-#H',87*-
#KK)*',4AG-( #
#". ##C!&')*++86I&
*++*69*+,,6@# *++46T*+,+- #&'*+,5-#
##""BP&WK'I!,4A4:*S56H!*+,G-
K)*K&#"W ""/"'&
!',4*,--&&##& ##C&
#"/"#&" ## #')
*++46(#(,48S6@#*+,*6*+,G-H/&&# )#
B/ #C#/#
& #&#)#. @&##&L
#& /"# C#&
&# '# *+,*6 #H&*+,+6H[*+,56
D*+,+6I#*+,G-/;
+,$,A B242
459C52'34
2252344
##& #"C #
#! &"!"
" #$%#1## (
 &##"#1&"# C #.)
 ;##!##1"" #
"&#',44*-254C
54544D2C52122
541C925
E445:BF$?552
25:FF?,K &#!&
 #3
(;!& &#
  & #C !##& #22
5424542C5
4'32&&#"##
!#&!##  ###
3"' -   
# #"249C2
G144495
2035H914C:03FF$?,
#&#!& # ;2
L&&#&  #!&"&" #
"  # #"K#&
  ""# K(#C
# ##"##E#"#
& #""#&#C  (
& ##W" C #
!""& #/#&#
3&
+,$,> 5454245
2254441,
@"##" #&# "
!#&#&#& #
""# #"( #""/
" # # "% &
  # "'*+,*:7*5-("
!#&! "## &&& "C
&B#2 
#3"##
("  #&(#
!3#!'3#"&&M 
L-!  !#."#1
3 %"#" # (
B" &.#&
&!&##"" #""
&#
("##&!##&6#"
&# "3#  & 
 @C""!&
 D& &;  /&1#
""!# # &
(#&#
#";!" "! 
#&!#1"#"#1#
(" & #!"!
##&"  "&""##
P # #&#&#
+,$,= 2I544
44,
@.#! &&#CJ& #""&
#2.  "  #(',88A-
/#" +,+,(. &
&"#"#C!# " 3#
" " "# 
',487-(;-#-#&#
 #-B &&  (
;"&. # !""#
"C!#  C!#"###
 (".&!;
""# ! ## #
+,$,F )44143
&&
& & #$&%
#& "#""'&*+,G6I*+,G6?#*+,5-(
"#!" && ##C
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 D ""& !"&&
0<&## # %
& !" "C##&
& #&(3 !&& ! #
#!" #! ##"!"##&
3"&# #1""!"/#
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#  "&"#&#
!"
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B212225'345425
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22L2MGG435,4?,(!"B 
"& ##"!& B" 
 !##&&'&# #"-#
 ! &#,+'5,+
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):MM  M C#- 3#,+&-
02432445H543
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#!! !#< #P
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#!&&%';*++5:,8-(  #P
#&# 31&&&
#"2# "&#P&&"&" 
###"&&122
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"#&L"#
# !# &0# #
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##   # &# "#3
# !"&##. "# #
&&@# "!B
"###"  "3(
# #! #!<
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22O52425
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2&4:F>@?54, 544
1431, 292
4315G4'32K
61L25M92
421291E9232
4,/4L42:F>?2543
55K5LP21
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25612454414
22,22544O5
142I552'9444
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:$<?15226,
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254225145
75C, 294
24234243
52'35M2552
2, 292514332
45442422
4442P52,
2K12L9234155443
'3,
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'##"G*-/""##&!
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&"# C!"&. 
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M ##! $#C%!-
&! !&#& #!-&""
#  ##K##1!&#
 ##&##&#D"/#!&&# !###
 #&&""&  #"""@
##C&#"#
#!#  !L"&C
#"#&""" &  #"
"C &C! !
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" &  !&# "
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!!)##& X
 #C"X&0<#9!!!)"# &#
&K&0< #3
!&J&&! #
J&& 3 ##
@##" C#!#" 
  B"(&&&1
#"&"9 
 #3 B #!#"
& #/#'K:-#3#
& "&&&! ###!"
A !#)
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@ ;I#/#/?#;@]H'*+,5@-;&
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'$-.#',+8AC
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
,447^@"K##D!^H#4*+,S:
):MMLW&M_!M"C9 
]H'*+,5-;&:  !#\$&',-*7C*A
',44*-/*04@I<
<',4AS-22=T:9
 ;',48,-/D
 H#HH&'*+,+-6570/.
.
#'*+,+-2)@"?#
?#C^D.&&:H &&
#^-..8#5"9.#5(
,4G'*+,*-:*,
#*++SQ(&@C0.
; R.:.G+:S8SC7,,
D@*+,+#5/0-;89NO:
&
CC'*+,G-$H;I%("!*9#"
&2MGG,$5,G47242G$<+G<G8:@#
,G*+,S-
D*+,,22*#"D !#&`6;#;@:
%@I 9# #I&#*+,5)0-<
42@!&#03`6=T=T:H#&
 <,44+Q(# 0"! R
22*',-:,27#:,+,+,7M+4*,C8++4'4+-4++,+CH
D#0 ,44490<^0aH
;#K^
*++4Q(#3:C< &K K#&#
 HD D&R2*,5',-:G5
&'*+,*-(   ='G-,,C,5
 < ,84G);*(#!=#"#"
&:; 
<D*+,,*20+,*-
#"D:<>0?><H<K(K0=
<=',44,-*503#:
<!@'*+,,-20

9#;'*+,,-#0-)88&
I!<'*+,G-D." :*-2"9(''SG
I#=*+,G>0./7)8>3.
3>42+43??=#"#"

I##@,4AG.*0--
)D !#&:D !#&
CC',44,-80*#

I# </!#H^9 & &#:&""& 
"#a!#a^K3*5+.#5.#>
.***SAC**77@D;*+,,
I#?]&D'*++*-1
5
I!'*++*-(4,&'',-7,CAG
I @',4A,-*34-+02
@#+A4*I=C ]'<#-K"
!
! b&',4AS-;.3>S,4
;*+,G0/54
.,#,#"=T:;IC
H!*+,5#0>9);/NO:
D !#&?#
K#,44+(&#?#:9 I#<K#:K#

K&#( *+,G0----?#`6=T:
H#&
( *++43+02>3?#6=T:
<
!;*++80<&H#;,+*+,S:
):MM&&MM#c,d#cA
XXX*+,,^0C#D/"^(#(H#;,S
*+,S:):MM# MM cL!\&&edC,**5S
I&D"#;"/C@*+,*Q(< &R
2285' !-:,A*28+#:,+,+,7ML*+,*+8+,A
#]@'*+,S-D.&!:&# ! 
&&2").$B',-7SC8,
/#<^H3 :KTL "#
^K3B4.#8.502
?*4SCG+5@D;*+,+
(2J:$<@?,
?<#;WD*++,#0
>
?&H'*+,+-0-&
?#^#K(&D: "&
##""#^.5*8*'*+,5-:,5SC,7A
;"?'*+,S-( ;; #":38.
22/":8322/(C',-5
;3,85523&DEE.
,#"@ =T: 
;#?;#&H## ,4A*;
+
;@',484-40*
>&
;&<!*+,S:?3D@#=fH#*+*+,S:
):MM! M\e0T+]e!c&#c
;;3,44+^(  :(#9^>-@
H#;,S*+,S:):MM &MM CBM
; ,84+4>4692/LI!&:
):MM&!&&M!MG*7,
;>'*++5-)*03.D !#&;@:(;K(

; *+,G#20-5)57+#,
#"=T:;IC<#"(@
=&#H#;"/C@# ,44+Q<&< :
<&< #R;277'5-:585#:,+*G+AMG,577G*
0 ,4AA-06..**##"
D !#&6=T:D !#&
0<&*+,5^@!^H#;G+*+,S:
):MM&&M!C
M
XXX^ID>^H#;G+*+,S:):MM&&M&M
*+,*?!-940<#);G#"
@#;GCD
)D'*++4-020;),#"L&:;;#K
',455-+03299

'*+,G-QCIK=?!@&#:H"#? ?<&
D  R2<**'*-:*7,28S
CC'*+,7-$=&"&@:< "#D 3<? %
>#)'<#-#!I#!'<##<&-'9 &-
CC'*+,5-
aH('*++4-$%^0aH;#K^
H);#H!H^;/& ":G"&#&^>,A
A'*+,*-
H#;<)]'*+,G-( :K ";
 ! .,F C,CG
H[ *+,5G.*05.
.2.,<#"#"=T:&; (#
H W=@9KKKD<? !( 
;?*++4Q#:<3&0"& R
2*,5'*-:G*
HD@',44A-$  #"%@#>S7K,
/# ;*+,G3252G#"=
T:;IC<#"(@
/('*+,5-D# &I?D "(?

 @'*+,GN,45*O-.H#&
9I&/H#g&/C?!L#9#*+,GQ&:
9 ("R:.3&:9 ("G8
'-:,27#:,+,+,7MLL*+,*+7+**
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# :H1&&"&#!"&"\
&];3'*+,*-KT#='G-GC,+
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*5+.#5.#>.*'*7+GC*7,*-@D;
(F9###D? ,88A.H+,
+,;=T:!"
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(3# 3&*+,5^=;#"!;
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CCCCC CC#"C!CCC C"M
>@*++8+*)4)D 6
= ;@:<##<&
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:D
6(366!6#I#/*+,5Q&&:0
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&%DD :.*&$'*-**+C*G4
... Internet-mediated, peerto-peer collaboration has engendered an open source revolution, which undermines intellectual property and, at least potentially, strips monopoly power away from large corporations. Although the commentary has been predictably hyperbolic (Raymond 2001;Tapscott 2010;Steel 2012;Rifkin 2014), there is certainly reason to believe that open architecture forms of organization and collaboration are a significantly disruptive innovation (Quilley et al 2016). In a related set of developments, the miniaturization and declining cost of manufacturing equipment (such as computer-aided design) and the development of new micro-fabrication processes, most notably with three-dimensional (3D) printing, have re-ignited the dream of micro-production for need by polyvalent artisans located firmly in their communities. ...
... Secondly, 3D printing and micro-fabrication are potentially extremely disruptive innovations (Quilley et al 2016). Any significant return of manufacture to the domestic, community or black economies would represent the informalization of economic activity on an enormous scale. ...
... Open Source Ecology has been much referenced and Global Village Construction Sets prototyped globally (e.g. Quilley et al., 2016; see also Eakin, 2013). Visits to, for example, Valldaura Self-Sufficiency Lab in Barcelona and Vigyan Ashram FabLab in India inspire others in orienting to ecologically focused work, and projects within labs and documented in Fab Academy archives are referenced by other fablabbers. ...
Conference Paper
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The characteristics of 'solarpunk' as an eco-feminist future vision resonates with maker cultures that espouse autonomous development of products and technologies that use renewable energy sources, foster community resilience, accord with principles of environmental justice, and highlight symbiosis with nature and natural systems, even in urban contexts. In this study, we examined solarpunk in online discourse, project descriptions, Fab Academy project concepts, and academic publications, to see how it has travelled from its origins as a sci-fi literary genre to other creative fields, especially design, engineering and fab lab contexts. While there is no agreement on what constitutes solarpunk and what not, we see potential for the concept as a sociotechnical imaginary to motivate fablabbers into more environmentally oriented work in the face of environmental and social crises. Solarpunk may provide impetus in maker culture for alternative organizing and community governance models, to strengthen resistance to capitalist encroachment, precarity and collapse, in a way that is still pragmatic, anti-dystopian and materialist. The study also provides STS insights into how sociotechnical imaginaries may be shaped from below.
... As above in the last para of Row 1, the linear flow from resource extraction to waste is rarely accounted and this leads to decisions and habits that exacerbate our problems. Circular economies that are closer to natural cycles are developing (Estim, A. & Saleem, 2021;Figge et al., 2018;Morseletto, 2020;Quilley et al., 2016;Raworth, 2018). ...
... For distributists and localist, communitarian greens (and some left libertarians), the pace of technological development and its regulation and deployment by global entities, represents an existential threat (Callahan, 2016;Carson, 2010;Fox, 2015;Storck, 2008). But new technologies such as additive manufacturing ('3D printing') and desktop CAD/CNC, distributed innovation, P2P collaboration and open-source design are transforming the landscape of manufacturing and production (Kish et al., 2016). For the first time, small and affordable fabrication technologies are making possible economies of scope that may give small scale, cottage and community-based producers the possibility of competing with large scale conventional manufacture. ...
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E. F. Schumacher’s Small is Beautiful is one of the most succinct elaborations of Catholic social teaching (CST) and ‘distributism’ – construed as an alternative to both capitalism and socialism. Extending the logic of Polanyi, both market and state, and their right- and left-wing ideological expressions, are shown to be contending forms of collectivism – in that both aggregate the agency of disembedded ‘billiard ball’ individuals. Schumacher’s socio-economic vision is rooted in Livelihood and is orthogonal to both left and right, creating an opportunity for an alternative to modernity involving patterns of embedded production, consumption and reproduction (family, household and place-bound community). ‘Smallness’ and ‘localness’ speak to forms of embedded social capital that are ‘sticky’, viscous and relational, more ascriptive and less fluid. But for precisely this reason, the political agenda implicit in Schumacher’s vision is not only post-liberal, but explicitly both covenantal and Christian. It requires the ontology of sovereign, self-actualizing individuals to be reconnected and constrained through a transcendent relationality with God. Small is Beautiful is shown to be diametrically opposed to the eco-modernist, gnostic and sometimes even transhumanist worldview of global environmentalism.
... Where 18 th century steam power led to the centralization of production, these new technologies are likely to see an enormous increase in small-batch household scale production and repair -in relation to sophisticated technologies that have hitherto remained the province of capital-intensive corporations. Kevin Carson has called this vision of low-overhead domestic fabrication the 'Home-Brew Industrial Revolution' ( [67]; see also [68]). (iii) In this context, Distributism might possibly do what 'ecological' or 'green' economics has consistently failed to do for over 50 years i.e. to provide a political path to a lower metabolism more localized economy. ...
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Linking Norbert Elias’s concept of the triad of controls, to Andrew Willard Jones’ analysis of the ‘complete act’, the paper outlines the relation between culture and personality and the implications of this for any project of localization and the re-embedding of the economy. Re-iterating the reality that degrowth cannot be a liberal project, the paper goes on to explore the relation between Western individualism and Judeo-Christianity. Shorn of the overarching ontology and orienting architecture of Christianity, individualism has become corrosive, unstable and, in the end, self-destructive. The socially conservative preoccupation with a decline in virtue is linked to eroding social capital, anomie, and unhappiness arising from a surfeit of freedom. Hyper-social and -spatial mobility is linked to the suppression of the domain of Livelihood, with its bottom-up, communitarian and family-based forms of social regulation; and a corollary expansion of both top-down collectivist regulation by the State and the transactional logic of the Market. Livelihood is a function of embedded individuals enmeshed in relations not only with other individuals and groups, but with God. In contrast, the materialist metaphysics of Market and State both depend on disembedded, free-wheeling citizen-consumers, severed from any relation to transcendent values. But these same phenomena are also the principal drivers of consumption and ecological degradation. On this basis it is argued that any culture of ecological restraint predicated on the re-embedding of markets must also entail an ontological re-embedding of the sacred conception of the individual (the Imago Dei) into a relation with the divine. Such a project implies a very different understanding of freedom predicated on an external, legitimate authority; a freedom that is ‘fullest not when it serves itself but when it serves truths freely held” (Reno 2016 Loc 419). Applying Christopher Alexander’s theory of pattern languages, the paper goes on to explore what such a sustainability project might look like. Key Words: Norbert Elias; Andrew Willard Jones; Triad of Controls; Complete Act; Pattern Language; Karl Polanyi; Re-embedding; Livelihood; Sustainability; Degrowth; Liberalism; Post-liberalism; Owen Barfield; Christopher Alexander; Virtue Ethics; Integralism; Distributism; GK Chesterton
... Our previous research suggests that making has multiple benefits in a socioecological transition Kish, Hawreliak, and Quilley 2016;Kish and Quilley 2020;Revkin and Kish 2020). Making is meaningful work that helps build resilient, just, and community-empowered green economies. ...
... Our previous research suggests that making has multiple benefits in a socioecological transition Kish, Hawreliak, and Quilley 2016;Kish and Quilley 2020;Revkin and Kish 2020). Making is meaningful work that helps build resilient, just, and community-empowered green economies. ...
Book
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Through our collaboration in research, teaching and interaction with practices and policies of vocational and adult education, we have ended up in questioning the role and responsibility of universities and higher education for sustainable social metabolism and livelihoods. While universities are prime institutions shaping agendas and expertise for political, economic and social development, we ask why they are ignoring vocational and adult education, despite their critical function for sustainable livelihoods. We hypothesise the impact of the established, taken-for-granted principles and practices in curriculum and program development and implementation, which overlook interaction and collaboration with non�university actors. Yet, from our experiences, we find this critical for analysing, understanding and shaping research-based expertise for sustainable livelihoods in vocational and adult education.
Chapter
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Knowledge and awareness do not seem to be enough for there to be a genuine change in human activities causing climate change. Certainly, more is done now than before, but it is still not enough. In this chapter, with climate change and its effects as the backdrop, I explore what might help in turning knowledge into action. In addition to knowledge, one also needs certain beliefs and motivation. One needs to believe that the future is not fully determined: action now can change the future. I link motivation with beliefs, and how even minimalist political communities ‘educate’ its members on how they ought to live. Thus, it makes sense to consider what kinds of beliefs about living well communities might wish to promote. This leads me to Aristotelian virtues that are socially learned and exercised. In Aristotelian thinking, happiness may be achieved by living and acting well. And the pursuit of happiness ought to be a powerful motivator for action. Yet, an Aristotelian understanding of happiness underlines happiness as a life project, which is (ultimately) what we need to consider regarding sufficiently effective action concerning climate change.
Technical Report
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This is a report from a preliminary study by senior and junior researchers in Finland, China, Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda, focusing on the potential of university curricula and programs in promoting vocational and adult education for sustainable livelihoods.
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