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MODEL PENEBARAN IKAN NILA DI WADUK MALAHAYU, BREBES, JAWA TENGAH
Abstract
Waduk Malahayu merupakan salah satu waduk yang dimanfaatkan untuk perikanan. Kegiatan penangkapan di waduk ini telah lama dilakukan baik oleh nelayan sekitar maupun luar daerah. Saat ini telah terjadi indikasi adanya penurunan produksi sebagai akibat adanya degradasi sumber daya ikan dan lingkungan serta intensitas penangkapan yang tinggi. Diperlukan upaya pengelolaan untuk meningkatkan produksi ikan di Waduk Malahayu. Salah satu upaya tersebut adalah dengan melakukan penebaran ikan secara rutin baik oleh instansi pemerintah maupun nelayan setempat. Salah satu faktor keberhasilan penebaran ikan terhadap peningkatan produksi adalah jumlah padat tebar yang memadai. Akan tetapi, kajian mengenai jumlah padat tebar yang memadai melalui pendekatan model matematis belum banyak dilakukan. Model matematis mampu memperhitungkan aspek lain seperti penebaran kembali dan penangkapan ke dalam satu kajian model holistik dan analitik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi jumlah benih nila yang sebaiknya ditebar. Kondisi populasi ikan nila digambarkan dengan skenario laju pertumbuhan logistik, dengan pertimbangan adanya penebaran dan penangkapan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa jumlah benih nila untuk ditebar sehingga dapat meningkatkan produksi adalah sekitar 8 ton/tahun atau setara dengan 533.333 ekor/tahun. Hasil dari kajian ini diharapkan bermanfaat bagi pengelolaan sumber daya ikan di Waduk Malahayu melalui pemulihan sumber daya. Fish stocking has been done as an effort to increase fish stock in Malahayu Reservoir. The need to fish stocking is due to the degradation of environment, fish resources and high exploitation either, lead to the decreasing of fish production on those reservoir. Fish stocking that intensively done by local government and community does not yet give an impact to the increasing of fish production. The amount of stocked seeds by using mathematical model approach has not done yet. Mathematical model approach is able to consider other aspects such as restocking activities and fishing into a holistic and analytical study. The current research aimed to estimate the amount of seed of Tilapia that properly stocked in Malahayu Reservoir. Population condition of Tilapia is described by logistic growth rate scenario, taking into account of stocking and fishing. In effort to increase the production, the amount of Tilapia should be stocked about 8 tonnes/year or 533.333 individuals/year. The results obtained in this research are expected to be beneficial for the management of fish resources in Malahayu Reservoir through stock enhancement.
Teregistrasi I tanggal: Oktober 2022; Diterima setelah perbaikan tanggal: 21 Desember 2022; Disetujui terbit tanggal: 27Desember 2022 ABSTRAK Waduk Cirata telah terindikasi terdapat ikan-ikan asing, namun belum terdapat kajian risikonya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi risiko keberadaan ikan-ikan asing di Waduk Cirata. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2021 hingga Februari 2022 di enam stasiun pada Waduk Cirata, Jawa Barat dengan metode survei lapangan. Analisis data dilakukan dengan indeks relatif penting dan penilaian risiko berdasarkan Pedoman Analisis Risiko Spesies Asing Invasif. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa teridentifikasi sebanyak 17 spesies ikan asing (65,38%) dari total 26 jenis ikan yang tertangkap di Waduk Cirata selama periode penelitian. Ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) memiliki kelimpahan yang tertinggi (34,70%) diikuti oleh ikan oskar (Amphilophus citrinellus) sebesar 11,86%. Risiko keberadaan ikan-ikan asing di Waduk Cirata terdiri atas 29,4% termasuk ikan asing kategori berisiko tinggi dan sisanya (70,6%) memiliki risiko sedang. Ikan asing berisiko tinggi adalah ikan oskar. Keberadaan ikan-ikan asing dengan tujuan introduksi tertentu diperbolehkan setelah melalui kajian risiko. Ikan-ikan asing yang invasif, berbahaya dan/atau merugikan yang perlu dilakukan pengendalian populasi hingga pemusnahan di Waduk Cirata adalah: Amphilophus citrinellus, Cichlasoma trimaculatum, Hemichromis elongatus, Mayaheros urophthalmus, dan Parachromis managuensis. Kata Kunci: Ikan asing; introduksi; invasif; kajian risiko; komunitas ikan; Waduk Cirata. ABSTRACT Cirata Reservoir has indicated the presence of exotic fishes, but there has been no risk assessment. This study aimed to identify the risk of alien fishes in the Cirata Reservoir. The research was conducted from December 2021 to February 2022 at six stations in the Cirata Reservoir, West Java, with a field survey method. Data was analyzed by relative importance index and risk assessment based on the Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Invasive Alien Species. The results showed there are 17 alien fish species (65.38%) from 26 fish species caught during the study. The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) had the highest abundance (34.70%) followed by the Midas cichlid (Amphilophus citrinellus) at 11.86%. The risk of the alien fishes in the Cirata Reservoir comprised 29.4% of the high risk and 70.6% of the moderate risk. The high risk of alien fishes was the Midas cichlid. Alien fish introduction for certain purpose was allowed after having a risk assessment. The invasive, dangerous and/or harmful alien fishes that need to be controlled and eradicated in the Cirata Reservoir were: Amphilophus citrinellus, Cichlasoma trimaculatum, Hemichromis elongatus, Mayaheros urophthalmus, and Parachromis managuensis.
This paper studies the harvesting strategies for wrasse fish farming. There are used three logistic growth models, namely constant, proportional and periodical harvesting. For each strategy it is estimated the optimal amount of fish harvested to protect the population from extinction. The data for this paper are provided by a fish reservoir in Saranda, Albania. The use of mathematical models in the defining of the harvesting strategies is not widely applied in Albania. The objective of this study is to define the most optimal growth and reproduction of the wrasse fish. The findings can assist fish farmers to increase the supply to meet the demand for wrasse fish.
Inland fisheries contribute only about ten percent to global fish production. Asia is the leading producer of inland fish, accounting for over 80 percent of the total production. Until recently, the inland fisheries sector had taken back stage in fisheries development plans, particularly so, given the emphasis being placed on aquaculture development throughout the world, including Asia. This report evaluates the inland fishery practices in a number of Asian countries according to habitat type, role in overall foodfish supplies and development trends. Special emphasis is laid on stock enhancement in inland fisheries in Asia, and only those fisheries in which some form of stock enhancement is practised are considered in this report.In Asia, inland fisheries are mostly rural, artisanal activities catering to rural populations and providing an affordable source of animal protein, employment and household income. Stock enhancement is an integral component of many inland fisheries. With recent developments inartificial propagation techniques for fast-growing and desirable fish species and the consequent increased availability of seed stock, such activities are beginning to affect inland fishery production in most Asian countries. Indeed, new avenues of production such as culture-based fisheries are increasingly adopted and seen as a way forward in most countries. Inland fishery activities also have a distinct advantage in that their development is usually less resource intensive than is aquaculture.The economic viability of stock enhancement of large lacustrine waterbodies and rivers has not been demonstrated in any of the Asian countries, the fisheries of such waterbodies being dependent on naturally recruited stocks. The most successful stock enhancements in Asia are in floodplain beels and oxbow lakes in Bangladesh where the use of small waterbodies that are not capable of supporting natural fisheries has led to culture-based fisheries having stock and recapture rates that are very high. Culture-based fisheries are not resource intensive and are community-based activities. However, their success requires major institutional changes, and these are affected by national and local governments. In general, they can be considered to have the greatest potential for further development.A major concern related to stock enhancements in inland waters is their possible effects on biodiversity. This is for two reasons: firstly, most countries depend wholly or partially on exotic species for stock enhancement and secondly, freshwater fishes are known to be among the most threatened of vertebrates. Major studies should be undertaken to evaluate the current situation so that remedial steps can be taken, if needed, without causing serious harm to some of the stock enhancement practices that are gaining momentum.
Model Prey-predator merupakan salah satu model interaksi antara dua spesies yang berbentuk persamaan diferensial biasa nonlinier. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisis model prey-predator dengan pemanenan konstan pada ikan prey dan melakukan intepretasi pada model tersebut berdasarkan simulasi yang dilakukan. Dengan menggunakan nilai pemanenan 0≤ℎ≤ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠,dimana ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠 merupakan nilai pemanenan maksimu. Maka didapatkan lima titik kesetimbangan yang terdapat satu titik kesetimbangan yang stabil dengan jenis titik simpul dan jenis kestabilan berupa stabil asimtotik. Dari simulasi yang dilakukan dengan tiga kondisi nilai pemanenan yaitu ketika ℎ<ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠, ℎ=ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠dan ℎ>ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa jika nilai pemanenan melebihi nilai pemanenan maksimum maka model tersebut tidak stabil dan populasi ikan prey akan punah dan diikuti oleh populasi ikan predator. Pada penelitian selanjutnya dapat dilakukan analisis pada model prey-predator dengan memberikan perlakuan pemanenan berupa konstan pada kedua spesies dan selain itu juga dengan memberikan perlakuan pemanenan berupa fungsi pemanenan kepada salah satu spesies atau kedua spesies.
Fisheries management in Brazilian reservoirs is based (since the 1970's) on stocking and construction of fish passes. Low landings of the fisheries and the precarious conservation status of native populations in the Upper Parana River basin indicate how useless these practices were. Failures in most stocking programs conducted may be explained by the negligence of basic assumptions for implementation (clear goals, scientific foundation and evaluation of results). In spite of the common sense support, decision makers should consider that, for any management actions involving biomanipulation, there are relevant environmental risks related to the origin and selection of broodstock and production of fries, and to the releasing of reared fish. Among the latter should be mentioned introduction of associated non-native species (pathogens and parasites), genetic degradation of native stocks (bottleneck effects, loss of genetic variability and fitness, domestication), imbalances and changes in community structure. For an environmental friendly and economical and societal desirable stocking, the decision process should consider information on the receptor ecosystem, target species, uses and users of the resource, legislation and risks for biodiversity conservation. Therefore, the first aspect to be considered is the need for stocking and identification of environmental constrains to it. The ability to produce fish with genetic quality equivalent to native stock and with unaltered ability to spawn in nature (the main challenges in the stocking process) should also have decisive roles in determining whether a stocking program should be implemented. Size, quantity, season and site of releasing should be based on the life cycle, distribution and structure of natural populations, whereas evaluation and monitoring should be considered as integral and indissoluble parts of the stocking process. Habitat management and fishery control should be considered as alternatives or complements. Impoundments are sources of impacts on biodiversity and the success of stocking in such environments appears temporary. Ideally, the success should be quantified by the ability of stocked fish to reproduce in nature and to contribute to the genetic variability of the population. For ethical conservation reasons stocking cannot be only evaluated through fishery landings.
Waduk Malahayu di Kabupaten Brebes - Jawa Tengah dengan luas 620 ha mempunyai fungsi utama sebagai penyedia air baku untuk kebutuhan air minum dan irigasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menduga potensi produksi ikan dan status perikanan di Waduk Malahayu. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei, Juli, Agustus, dan Oktober 2010 dengan metode survei berstrata. Potensi produksi ikan dihitung berdasarkan produktivitas primer fitoplankton dan survey sumberdaya ikan dilakukan dengan pemasangan jaring insang percobaan serta pengumpulan data hasil tangkapan nelayan oleh enumerator. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis ikan yang tertangkap di Waduk Malahayu adalah ikan mujair (Oreochromis mossambicus), beunteur (Puntius binotatus), sili (Macrognathus aculeatus), nila (Oreochromis niloticus), gabus (Channa striata), dan sepat (Trichogaster pectoralis). Rata – rata nilai produktivitas primer kotor Waduk Malahayu adalah 3,3 mgC/m3/jam dengan rata – rata potensi produksi ikan sebesar 1.337 kg/ha/tahun atau 828 ton/tahun. Jumlah nelayan yang beroperasi di Waduk Malahayu setiap hari berkisar 27 – 70 orang dengan tangkapan per satuan usaha adalah 5,8 kg/orang/ hari dengan rata – rata produksi mencapai 157,3 ton/tahun sehingga tingkat pemanfaatan sumberdaya ikannya sekitar 40 % dari total potensi produksi ikan. Malahayu Reservoir in Brebes Regency, Central Java, a total water surface area of 620 ha has main function as source of drinking water and irrigation. The aim of this study was to estimate the fish potential yield and state of fisheries of the reservoir. The study was conducted in May, July, August, and October 2010 using stratified survey method. Fish potential yield was estimated based on phytoplankton primary productivity and survey of fisheries resources was conducted using experimental gillnets and fish catch data collected by enumerator. The result showed that fish species caught were mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), spotted barb (Puntius binotatus), lesser spiny eel (Macrognathus aculeatus), nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), striped snakehead (Channa striata) and snakeskin gourame (Trichogaster pectoralis). Average of gross primary productivity of the reservoir was 3.3 mg C/ m3/hour with an average fish potential yield was 1,337 kg/ ha/ year or 828 tons/year. An average of fishermen operated were between 27-70 people per day with an average catch per unit of effort was 5.8 kg/person/day and fish production reached 157.3 tons/year, so that fish resources exploitation was about 40 % of the total fish potential yield.
Fishing activity in Malahayu Reservoir has been done since long time. Unlimited fishing may impact to the decresing of fish resources of those waters. This study presents an assessment of fishing practices in Malahayu reservoir between 2008-2016 periods. Data of potential fish production and catch per unit effort were estimated by using different estimate models, catch per unit effort was analyzed annually, while potential fish production was analyzed by using five models namely model by Henderson & Welcome (1974), Teows & Griffith (1979), Marshal (1984), Moreau & De Silva (1991) and Crul (1992). The results show that changes of fish composition has accured, which was originally dominated by native fish while for now it is dominated by 72,05% of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as an introduced fish. Furthermore, the average catch per unit effort (CPUE) in Malahayu reservoir is about 11,82 kg / fisherman, while the average potential production is about 198,55 kg / year. CPUE value and potential production indicate that exploitation rate in Malahayu Reservoir are in fully-exploited or perhaps over-exploited condition. Related to those conditions, not to increase the number of efforts (fishermen) as a management option towards sustainable fisheries.
This paper studies the harvesting strategies for tilapia fish farming. Two logistic growth models have been used namely constant harvesting and periodic harvesting. Even though tilapia fish farming has been commercialized, the use of mathematical models in determining harvesting strategies has not been widely applied in Malaysia. Logistic growth model is appropriate for population growth of animal when overcrowding and competition resources are taken into consideration. The objectives of this study were to estimate the highest continuing yield from fish harvesting strategies implemented. Secondly, the study predicted the optimum quantity for harvesting that can ensure the tilapia fish supply is continuous. Finally, to compare the results obtained between the two strategies. The best harvesting strategy for the selected fish farm is periodic harvesting. These findings can assist fish farmers to increase the supply to meet the demand for tilapia fish.
This article investigates the effects of reaching the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) in prey–predator systems where the prey population follows logistic law of growth. Two different models are proposed: (i) first model involves linear prey–predator interaction and intraspecific competition among predator populations, and (ii) the second one is a ratio-dependent prey–predator system. In the first model, our results suggest that the introduction of intraspecific competition among predator population has important consequences for the fishing to reach MSY from prey species and maximum sustainable total yield (MSTY) for combined harvesting of both prey and predator species. On the otherhand, in the second model, our results suggest that though the harvesting of prey species at MSY level shall be guaranteed the coexistence of both the species, but the combined harvesting of both the species at MSTY level may cause extinction of the predator species. However, for both the models, predator harvesting at MSY level may be a sustainable fishing policy. Therefore, based on our results we can conclude that MSY (or MSTY) policy in prey–predator systems in nature are not likely to fit requirements of Conservation of Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992) in all cases.
The contributions presented at the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission Symposium on The Effects of Fisheries Management Practises on Freshwater Ecosystems in 2002 are reviewed. The principal mechanisms of inland fisheries management concentrate on four categories: fish stock enhancement (stocking and introductions); rehabilitation and habitat manipulation for fisheries purposes, including biomanipulation; fisheries regulations; and conservation and protection of fish and fisheries. The negative and beneficial impacts of these activities are summarised and options for improving the outputs of fisheries management practices to accrue wider benefits to society are discussed. Wider stakeholder participation and a shift from traditional fisheries towards ecosystem-based management approaches are the main mechanism proposed. This calls for new management tools to cater for legitimate human demand for water abstraction, hydropower generation and effluent disposal, as well as alternative commercial use of water bodies such as bathing, boating and tourism, in addition to fisheries exploitation and conservation needs.
A major problem in tilapia aquaculture is the frequent reproduction of female fish, leading to increased competition for supplemented food and stunted somatic growth. The feasibility of using photoperiod manipulation to arrest the reproductive performance of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus was therefore examined. Newly hatched O. niloticus were reared in the laboratory under 12L:12D photoperiod at 28 °C. Fish (230–340 g) were maintained under 6L:6D, 12L:12D and 14L:10D photoperiod at 28 °C during the course of this study. Effect of photoperiod manipulation on reproductive parameters of fecundity, gamete quality, offspring viability and overall reproductive success were evaluated. Steroid levels (estradiol-17β, E2; testosterone, T) during the spawning cycles of fish were analyzed on days 1 and 3 postspawning and at 3-day intervals thereafter. A total of 72 female fish from each photoperiod treatment were investigated the changing pattern of E2, T and GSI with fish that have spawned once, twice and three times. Fish exposed to 12L:12D and 14L:10D photoperiod spawned successfully throughout the study. Whereas the spawning of fish exposed to 6L:6D photoperiod was arrested after three to four spawning cycles. The arrestment of spawning in fish exposed to 6L:6D photoperiod was paralleled by a significant decrease in plasma levels of E2 (P<0.05). By contrast, there was no major difference in T levels among the treatments. These findings suggest that photoperiod manipulation can be used to arrest the spawning in tilapia O. niloticus. The utility of this in controlling the problem of overcrowding due to excess offspring in tilapia aquaculture is applicable.
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