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Sungkawati M, Hidayati L, Daryono BS, Purnomo. 2019. Phenetic analysis of Curcuma spp. in Yogyakarta, Indonesia based on morphological and anatomical characters. Biodiversitas 20: 2340-2347. Curcuma spp., also known as ginger (Zingiberaceae), has economic value in traditional medicine. However, its many morphological variations cause difficulties in identification and classification. Therefore, observation of its morphological and anatomical characteristics, and of the phenetic relationships between Curcuma species, is important. This research aims to determine the specific characteristics of Curcuma spp. and to examine its phenetic relationships based on morphological and anatomical characteristics. The research was conducted in July 2018-February 2019 in the Bantul, Gunungkidul, Sleman and Karanganyar regions. Observation of the anatomical characteristics was conducted on the leaves and rhizomes and the data analyzed according to descriptive and quantitative/numerical methods. Clustering analysis with the Gower General Similarity Coefficient and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to determine the role of each character in groupings. The results of the research found seven species from 23 OTUs observed (C. aeruginosa, C. domestica, C. manga and C. xanthorrhiza, each with four OTUs; C. soloensis and C. zedoaria, with three OTUs each; and C. heyneana with one OTU) and showed that specific morphological characteristics were found in the flesh color rhizome, pseudostem color and midrib color. Specific anatomical characteristics were evident in the secretion cell color and the presence of trichomes on the leaves and rhizomes. The dendrogram shows a 0.70 phenon line consisting of two groups, group A (C. soloensis and C. domestica) fused in a 0.760 similarity index, and group B (C. aeruginosa, C. mangga, C. heyneana, C. soloensis, C. xanthorrhiza and C. zedoaria) fused in a 0.654 similarity index, which means that C. soloensis and C. domestica have a close phenetic relationship. The 0.80 phenon line consisted of five groups: C. domestica, C. soloensis, C. xanthorrhiza, C. zedoaria-C. mangga-C. heyneana and C. aeruginosa.
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B I O D I V E R S I T AS
ISSN: 1412-033X
Volume 20, Number 8, August 2019 E-ISSN: 2085-4722
Pages: 2340-2347 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200832
Phenetic analysis of Curcuma spp. in Yogyakarta, Indonesia based on
morphological and anatomical characters
MULYA SUNGKAWATI1, , L. HIDAYATI2, B.S. DARYONO3, PURNOMO4, ♥♥
1Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-274-580839,
Fax.: +62-274-6492355, email: sungkawatimulya@gmail.com
2Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
4Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Tel.: +62-274-580839, Fax.: +62-274-6492355, ♥♥ email: purnomods@ugm.ac.id
Manuscript received: 2 April 2019. Revision accepted: 26 July 2019.
Abstract. Sungkawati M, Hidayati L, Daryono BS, Purnomo. 2019. Phenetic analysis of Curcuma spp. in Yogyakarta, Indonesia based
on morphological and anatomical characters. Biodiversitas 20: 2340-2347. Curcuma spp., also known as ginger (Zingiberaceae), has
economic value in traditional medicine. However, its many morphological variations cause difficulties in identification and
classification. Therefore, observation of its morphological and anatomical characteristics, and of the phenetic relationships between
Curcuma species, is important. This research aims to determine the specific characteristics of Curcuma spp. and to examine its phenetic
relationships based on morphological and anatomical characteristics. The research was conducted in July 2018-February 2019 in the
Bantul, Gunungkidul, Sleman and Karanganyar regions. Observation of the anatomical characteristics was conducted on the leaves and
rhizomes and the data analyzed according to descriptive and quantitative/numerical methods. Clustering analysis with the Gower
General Similarity Coefficient and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to determine the role of each character in
groupings. The results of the research found seven species from 23 OTUs observed (C. aeruginosa, C. domestica, C. manga and C.
xanthorrhiza, each with four OTUs; C. soloensis and C. zedoaria, with three OTUs each; and C. heyneana with one OTU) and showed
that specific morphological characteristics were found in the flesh color rhizome, pseudostem color and midrib color. Specific
anatomical characteristics were evident in the secretion cell color and the presence of trichomes on the leaves and rhizomes. The
dendrogram shows a 0.70 phenon line consisting of two groups, group A (C. soloensis and C. domestica) fused in a 0.760 similarity
index, and group B (C. aeruginosa, C. mangga, C. heyneana, C. soloensis, C. xanthorrhiza and C. zedoaria) fused in a 0.654 similarity
index, which means that C. soloensis and C. domestica have a close phenetic relationship. The 0.80 phenon line consisted of five
groups: C. domestica, C. soloensis, C. xanthorrhiza, C. zedoaria-C. mangga-C. heyneana and C. aeruginosa.
Keywords: Curcuma spp., morphology, anatomy, phenetic analysis
INTRODUCTION
Curcuma spp., commonly known as ginger
(Zingiberaceae), has high value economic. The genus is
distributed in Southeast Asia and China, Australia and the
South Pacific. The highest diversity of Curcuma L. is in
India and Thailand, each with around 40 species, followed
by Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Indonesia (Leong-Skornickova
et al. 2008). Rhizomes of some species of the genus are
utilized for food and medicinal purposes, and are widely
cultivated as trade commodities. In Kerala, Indian dried
turmeric powder, rice powder, and several other plant-
derived powders are used as coloring materials in making
and decorating. Curcuma species such as C. longa, C.
aromatica, C. caesia, C. zedoaria (India, China, Thailand,
Vietnam, etc.), C. kwangsiensis, C. wenyujin, C. phaeocaulis
(China) and C. comosa (Thailand) have been used in a
variety of human and veterinary medicines. For example,
turmeric paste is smeared topically on the head for vertigo,
body sprains, swellings, cuts, wounds, injuries, skin
infections, poisonous insect/snake/scorpion bites, pimples,
and foul ulcers, and is also used to treat common colds,
bronchitis and internal fevers (oral), flatulence, indigestion
and diarrhoea (oral), biliary and hepatic disorders, anorexia
and diabetic wounds (external or internal) in the Indian
countryside (Sasikumar 2005). However, the correct
identity of many species is often ambiguous, as different
types are traded with same name (Roemantyo 2000).
Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink (1968) classified
the Curcuma genus into three groups: C. aurantiaca van
Zijp, C. zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe and C. viridiflora Roxb.
In an earlier period, C. zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe was known
to have infraspecific taxa, namely C. phaeocaulis Val., C.
xanthorrhiza Roxb., C. aeruginosa Roxb., C. heyneana
Val. and v. Zijp, C. mangga Val. and C. sylvatica Val., while
Curcuma viridiflora Roxb. had infraspecific taxa of C.
domestica Val., C. purpurascens Bl., C. colorata Val. C.
euchroma Val., C. brog Val., C. soloensis Val., and C. ochrorhiza
Val. Later, on these were declared as separate species.
Curcuma spp. has similarities and differences in its
characteristics, which can describe the relationship between
each individual or species. Morphological characteristics
which can be used for identification are often not fully
available, and hence supporting data are required to
strengthen the classification. Specific morphological and
anatomical characteristics have been considered to be
SUNGKAWATI et al. Phenetic analysis of Curcuma spp.
2341
important data for ascertaining the phenetic relationships
between species in a genus. The many morphological
variations of Curcuma spp. pose difficulties in its
identification and classification of. This research aims to
determine the specific characteristics of Curcuma spp. and
to examine the phenetic relationships amongst it based on
its morphological and anatomical characteristics.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research was conducted during July 2018-February
2019 in Bantul, Gunungkidul, Sleman regions of
Yogyakarta, and Karanganyar region of Central Java,
Indonesia. Observation of the anatomical characteristics
was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Structure and
Development, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah
Mada, Yogyakarta. The study began by sampling the forms
of rhizomes, pseudostems, and leaves in the field,
documenting the field data by recording the location,
habitat and morphological properties of the plants that
could not be taken away or represented by samples,
together with photographic documentation of the plants.
Samples were collected and all accessions of Curcuma
plants found were identified using Backer and Bakhuizen
v.d. Brink’s (1968) guide Flora of Java. Observation of
morphological and scoring characteristics The samples
were taken then observed for morphological characteristics,
which were then scored following Sasikumar's (2005)
descriptors in the modified Plant Genetic Resources. A list
of the morphological characteristics observed is shown in
Table 1. Anatomical preparations for Curcuma spp. used
the rhizomes and leaves, together with the free method
hand section. Data analysis was performed using
descriptive and quantitative/numerical taxonomy.
Clustering analysis with the Gower General Similarity
Coefficient and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was
conducted using the Multi-Variate Statistical Package
(MVSP), version 3.22.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Morphological characterization of Curcuma spp.
Morphological characterization of the seven Curcuma
species was conducted based on rhizome and leaf
characteristics, the species being Curcuma aeruginosa
Roxb., Curcuma domestica Val., Curcuma heyneana Val.
& v. Zijp, Curcuma mangga Val., Curcuma soloensis Val.,
Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., and Curcuma zedoaria
(Berg.) Roscoe, with varying morphological characteristics.
The habit of Curcuma spp. is herbaceous, with the
formation of rhizomes on the roots. Curcuma consists of a
pseudostem derived from the leaf midribs and has wide
leaves (Tjirosoepomo 1994). Its underground morphology
consists of rhizomes and fibrous roots, with some species
having a stipitate tuber. Primary rhizomes are ovoid and
round in shape, while generally, the secondary rhizomes
are elongated, with multiple branching, as in C. mangga, C.
heyneana and C. domestica (Sukarya and Daniek 2013).
Each species has a different color rhizome flesh, which is
one of the characteristics that can distinguish them. Based
on Figure 1, C. aeruginosa has two different color patterns
in the cortex and stele. In the cortex, the color pattern is
light yellowish-green, and light greenish-blue in the stele.
In C. domestica, the color is almost similar, but the stele is
darker. C. heyneana and C. mangga have similar colors,
namely a brilliant yellow cortex and vivid yellow stele.
Table 1. Scoring and coding of morphological characteristics
based on the descriptors of Curcuma spp. in Sasikumar (2005)
Characteristic
Scoring and coding
Habit
1= small (height < 0.5m), 2= medium (height
0.5-1m), 3= high (height > 1 m)
Leaf shape
1= eliptical, 2= lanceolate, 3= oblong-
lanceolate, 4= ovate
Leaf apex
1= acuminate, 2= acute
Leaf margin
1= low wavy, 2= medium wavy
Midrib color
1= green, 2= brownish red, 3= brownish purple
Leaf base
1= rounded, 2=acute, 3= cuneate
Leaf upper
surface
1= glabrous, 2= hairy
Leaf lower
surface
1= glabrous, 2= hairy
Color of blade
1= green, 2= dark green
Number of
leaves
1= 2-4, 2= 5-7, 3= 8-10
Leaf vein
1= pinnate, 2= arcuate
Color of
rhizome flesh
(outer)
1= brilliant yellow (Rhs20159C) 2= vivid
yellow A (Rhs201512A), 3= light yellow green
(Rhs20155D), 4= strong orange B
(Rhs2015N25B), 5= strong orange yellow
(Rhs201517A), 6= vivid orange yellow
(Rhs201523A), 7= pale greenish yellow
Color of
rhizome flesh
(inner)
1= strong orange A, 2= light greenish blue, 3=
vivid yellow C, 4= strong orange yellow, 5=
strong orange C, 6= vivid yellow A, 7= light
yellow green
Tuber
1= absent, 2= present
Rhizome
flavor
1= strong, 2= low
Rhizome skin
color
1= brown, 2= brownish orange
Rhizome node
1= clear, 2= not clear
Petiola texture
1= glabrous, 2= hairy
Pseudostem
color
1= green, 2= brownish red
Leaf length
1= 15-40 cm, 2= 41-66 cm, 3= 67-92 cm
Leaf width
1= 5-13 cm, 2= 14-22 cm, 3= 23-31 cm
Table 2. Scoring and coding of anatomical characteristics
Characteristic
Scoring and coding
Vascular bundle type
1 = close collateral, 2 = open collateral
Stomata type
1 = paracytic, 2 = tetracytic
Trichome in leaves
1 = absent, 2 = present
Trichome type
1 = glandular, 2 = non-glandular
Secretion cell shape
1 = round, 2 = Oval, 3 = Polihedral
Cell secretion color
1 = brownish yellow, 2 = yellow, 3 =
pale yellow
Trichome in rhizome
1 = absent, 2 = present
Trichome type
1 = glandular, 2 = non-glandular
Endodermis
1 = visible, 2 = not visible
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20 (8): 2340-2347, August 2019
2342
B
D
F
Figure 1. Rhizome flesh of Curcuma spp.: A. C. aeruginosa Rhs20155D; B. C. domestica Rhs2015N25B; C. C. heyneana Rhs20159C;
D. C. mangga Rhs20159C; E. C. soloensis Rhs201517A; F. C. xanthorrhiza Rhs201523A; G. C. zedoaria. Note: cr (cortex), en
(endodermis), st (stele)
B
D
F
Figure 2. Pseudostem color of Curcuma spp.: A. C. aeruginosa, brownish-red; B. C. domestica, green; C. C. heyneana, green; D. C.
mangga, green; E. C. soloensis, green; F. C. xanthorrhiza, green; G. C. zedoaria, green. Note: ps (pseudostem)
cr
st
en
ps
SUNGKAWATI et al. Phenetic analysis of Curcuma spp.
2343
The pseudostems of C. domestica, C. heyneana, C.
mangga, C. soloensis, C. xanthorrhiza, and C. zedoaria
are green, while that of C. aeruginosa was brownish-red
and green (Figure 2). This color is caused by anthocyanin,
which is a natural dye in plants. The presence of
anthocyanin is influenced by several factors, especially
light intensity, air temperature and soil pH (Pebrianti et al.
2015).
The leaves of all the studied Curcuma spp. had a
glabrous texture on the upper and lower surfaces, pinnate
veins, acuminate or acute leaf apex, and elliptic leaf shape,
with some species having oblong-lanceolate, ovate and
lanceolate leaves. C. aeruginosa had a lanceolate and
elliptical shape, with a length of ± 15-66 cm and a width of
± 5-22 cm, 2-7 leaves, acuminate apex, low wavy margin,
cuneate leaf base, the surface color of the upper green and
dark green, leaves spreads over the color of the midrib. The
color of the midrib is a specific characteristic of C.
aeruginosa which can distinguish it from other species.
According to Singh (2012), C. aeruginosa has a leaf
texture on both sides and a dark maroon color on the upper
midrib. C. domestica has ovate-and oblong-lanceolate-
shaped leaves, with a length of ± 15-40 cm and width of ±
5-13 cm, 2-7 leaves, acute and acuminate leaf apexes,
amedium wavy margin, rounded base, and green surface.
C. heyneana has an elliptical leaf shape with a length of ±
15-40 cm and width ± 5-13 cm, 2-4 leaves, an acuminate
leaf apex, low wavy margin, and acute leaf base. C.
mangga has an elliptical leaf shape with a length of ± 15-
40 cm and a width of ± 5-22 cm, 2-10 leaves, acuminate
leaf apex, low wavy leaf margin, and cuneate leaf base. C.
soloensis has an elliptical leaf shape with a length of ± 15-
40 cm and a width of ± 5-13 cm, 2-10 leaves, acuminate
leaf apex, medium wavy leaf margin, and acute and
cuneate leaf base. C. xanthorrhiza has an elliptical leaf
shape with a length of ± 15-40 cm and a width of ± 5-13
cm, 2-10 leaflets, acuminate leaf apex, low wavy leaf
margin, acute and cuneate leaf base, green surface color,
and green or dark green leaves with a brownish-red color
in the midrib. This midrib color is a differentiator from
other species. C. zedoaria has an oblong-lanceolate form
with a length of ± 15-66 cm and a width of ± 5-13 cm, 2-4
leaves, acuminate leaf apex, low wavy leaf margin, and
cuneate leaf base. This morphological variation may have
occurred due to environmental and genetic factors. The
sample obtained from different places with different
environmental conditions may also have affected the
plants morphological characteristics (Syahid and Heryanto
2017).
Anatomical characteristics of Curcuma spp.
With regard to the rhizome anatomical characteristics, it
had transverse rhizomes consisting of epidermis, cortex,
and stele. The endodermis clearly comprised more than one
layer. Vascular bundle was spread in the cortex and stele,
being a closed collateral type (Trimanto et al. 2018). Each
species had secretion cells; C. aeruginosa, C. heyneana, C.
mangga, C. soloensis, C. xanthorrhiza and C. zedoaria had
round cells, while in C. domestica these cells were
polyhedral.
A
B
E
F
Figure 3. Leaf morphology of Curcuma spp.: A. C. aeruginosa, B. C. domestica, C. C. heyneana, D. C. mangga, E. C. soloensis, F. C.
xanthorrhiza, G. C. zedoaria. Note: md (midrib)
md
B I O D I V E R S I TA S
20 (8): 2340-2347, August 2019
2344
Generally, the color of the secretion cells was yellow,
but in some species, it was brownish yellow and pale
yellow: pale yellow in C. zedoaria and C. aeruginosa;
brownish-yellow in C. aeruginosa and C. soloensis; and
yellow in the remaining species studied. Trichomes were
found in the rhizomes of C. heyneana, C. domestica, C.
mangga, C. aeruginosa, C. zedoaria, and C. soloensis,
while they were absent in C. xanthorrhiza (Figure 4).
The leaf anatomy was composed of three types of
tissue: the epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue
(Soediarto et al. 1991). The Curcuma epidermis consisted
of one cell layer; in C. domestica accession Sleman and
Gunungkidul, and in C. xanthorrhiza Bantul and Sleman
accessions were found to be non-glandular unicellular
trichomes in the adaxial epidermis, whereas trichomes were
not found in other species. The use of trichomes in
taxonomy is well known; some families can be easily
identified by the type and shape of these, while in other
cases trichomes are important for the classification of
genera and species (Soediarto et al. 1991). The mesophyll
observed was composed of parenchyma-parenchyma and a
transport beam. Undifferentiated mesophyll becomes a
palisade and spongy tissue. Bundle vascular is closed
collateral, with an air duct between the vascular bundles
on the abaxial side. Paradermal incision of the adaxial
epidermis showed paracytic stomata in all the species
observed. Tetracytic and paracytic stomata are mostly
found in Zingiberaceae, Commelinaceae, Cyperaceae, and
other families (Scotland and Pennington 2000).
B
D
F
Figure 4. Rhizome anatomy of Curcuma spp.: A. C. aeruginosa; B. C. domestica; C. C. heyneana; D. C. mangga; E. C. soloensis; F. C.
xanthorrhiza; G. C. zedoaria. Note: ep (epidermis), cr (cortex), en (endodermis), st (stele), sc (secretion cell), tr (trichome)
ep
cr
st
en
sc
tr
SUNGKAWATI et al. Phenetic analysis of Curcuma spp.
2345
B
D
F
Figure 5. Paracytic stomata type of Curcuma spp.: A. C. aeruginosa; B. C. domestica; C. C. heyneana; D. C. mangga; E. C. soloensis;
F. C. xanthorrhizha; G. C. zedoaria
Figure 6. Dendrogram of Curcuma spp. based on morphological and anatomical characteristics, with UPGMA, and the Gower General
Similarity Coefficient formula
Phenetic analysis of Curcuma spp. based on
morphological and anatomical character
Based on the dendrogram (Figure 6), it can be seen that
the 23 OTUs have several similar morphological and
anatomical characteristics, fused in a similarity index value
of 0.654. The similarities in anatomical characteristics
include the glabrous upper and lower leaf surface texture,
the glabrous petiole texture, pinnate veins, visible
endodermis, tetracytic stomata type, and close collateral
bundle vascular. The dendrogram is divided into two large
clusters, A and B. Cluster A consists of seven OTUs and B
16 OTUs. Cluster A comprises C. soloensis and C.
domestica, while cluster B consists of C. xanthorrhiza, C.
zedoaria, C. mangga, C. heyneana, and C. aeruginosa.
Cluster A is fused in a 0.760 similarity index value, and
cluster B in a 0.756 similarity index value. The two clusters
are grouped based on leaf margin, rhizome nodes, leaf
trichome type, and rhizome trichome type.
Cluster A has two small clusters, a1 and a2. Cluster a1
consists of three OTUs (C. soloensis of Bantul,
Gunungkidul and Karanganyar regions) fused in a 0.881
similarity index value. The a2 cluster consists of four
B I O D I V E R S I TA S
20 (8): 2340-2347, August 2019
2346
OTUs (Curcuma domestica from the Bantul, Gunungkidul,
Sleman and Karanganyar regions) fused in a 0.853
similarity index. Cluster B has two small clusters, b1 and
b2. Cluster b1 consists of four OTUs, C. xanthorrhiza
(from the Bantul, Gunungkidul, Sleman and Karanganyar
regions), while the b2 cluster consists of C. zedoaria
Karanganyar, C. mangga and C. aeruginosa (from the
Bantul, Gunungkidul, Sleman, Karanganyar regions), and
C. heyneana from the Bantul region. Purnomo et al. (2012)
also classified Dioscorea alata based on morphological
characteristics, and its anatomical character in gembili
(Purnomo et al. 2013) in infraspecific classification of
gembili (Dioscorea esculenta) based on morphology
(Purnomo et al. 2017). Purnomo et al. (2018) classified
forest potatoes in Yogyakarta based on their morphology
and anatomy.
Based on the dendrogram, the 0.70 phenon line consists
of two groups: the A group (C. soloensis and C. domestica)
fused in a 0.760 similarity index, and the B group (C.
aeruginosa, C. mangga, C. heyneana, C. soloensis, C.
xanthorrhiza, and C. zedoaria) fused in a 0.654 similarity
index, which means that C. soloensis and C. domestica
have a close phenetic relationship. Fairuzi (2016) analyzed
the phenetic relationships of Curcuma spp. based on
morphological and secondary metabolites characteristics;
the results of the study showed that C. heyneana, C.
mangga, C. aeruginosa, and C. xanthorrhiza were in the
same group, and C. domestica a different group. The 0.80
phenon line consists of five groups: C. domestica, C.
soloensis, C. xanthorrhiza, C. zedoaria-C. mangga-C.
heyneana and C. aeruginosa. Generally, the dendrograms
show a phenon line that reflects the distance of the phenetic
relationship between the study objects. This determines that
the threshold value for species is a 85% phenon line, for
genus a 65% phenon line, and for family a 45% phenon
line (Singh 1999). If some individuals species have a
similarity index value of 70% or more, this shows that they
could be considered as a group at the 1% significance level
(Goodall 1966).
The results of the Principle Component Analysis
(Figure 7) suggest that characteristics such as the color of
the inner and outer rhizomes, leaf shape, rhizome node,
presence of trichomes in leaves and rhizomes, and the color
and shape of cell secretions greatly influence grouping in
each species.
In conclusion, based on the research, it can be
concluded that specific morphological characteristics relate
to rhizome flesh color, pseudostem color and midrib color,
and specific anatomical characteristics to secretion cell
color and the presence of trichomes in leaves and rhizomes.
The dendrogram shows a 0.70 phenon line consisting of
two groups, the A group (C. soloensis and C. domestica)
fused in a 0.760 similarity index, and B group (C.
aeruginosa, C. mangga, C. heyneana, C. soloensis, C.
xanthorrhiza, and C. zedoaria) with similarity index of
0.645, meaning that C. soloensis and C. domestica have a
close phenetic relationship. The 0.80 phenon line consists
of five groups: C. domestica, C. soloensis, C. xanthorrhiza,
C. zedoaria-C. mangga-C. heyneana and C. aeruginosa.
Figure 7. PCA of morphological and anatomical characteristics of Curcuma spp.
SUNGKAWATI et al. Phenetic analysis of Curcuma spp.
2347
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by the Laboratory of Plant
Systematics, and the Laboratory of Plant Structure and
Development, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah
Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Special thanks to
PUPT UGM for funding the research through Hibah Biovir
PUPT UGM year 2018, No.: 1984/UNI/DIT-LIT/LT/2018.
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... Samples were identified by matching the morphological data with the description and image of the C. soloensis specimens (Backer and van den Brink 1968;Delin and Larsen 2000;Sasikumar 2005). Samples were observed for their morphological characters and scoring following the Sasikumar descriptors (Sasikumar 2005), using 45 qualitative and quantitative characters (Table 1), which is more than the characters used in earlier study of Sungkawati et al. (2019). Cluster analysis and PCA graphics were assisted with MVSP 3.1 software. ...
... The color of the rhizome is one of the important characters for distinguishing between three species of collected Curcuma (Backer and van den Brink 1968;Valeton 1918). The color of the C. soloensis rhizome in the outer region (cortex) has a brighter color than the color of the rhizome in the region (stele) (Sungkawati et al. 2019). Greyed-orange group 163-strong orange-yellow B rhizome flesh on the inside, while the outside is yelloworange group-14-vivid yellow A. There is the same color on the outside (cortex) and inside (stele), that is greyedorange group 163-strong orange-yellow B. Endodermic rings that limit the outer and inner layers are clearly visible or unclear. ...
... Morphological characterization and identification were based on C. soloensis relationship analysis based on preexisting identification (Backer and van den Brink 1968;Delin and Larsen 2000;Sasikumar 2005;Sungkawati et al. 2019). Based on the characterization and identification it is known that there are two major groups, namely the first group is the collective species C. viridiflora Roxb. ...
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Jalil M, Purwantoro A, Daryono BS, Purnomo. 2020. Distribution, variation, and relationship of Curcuma soloensis Valeton in Java, Indonesia based on morphological characters. Biodiversitas 21: 3867-3877. Curcuma soloensis Valeton (locally called temu genyeh) was a plant originating from Solomon Islands and was synonymous with Curcuma longa L. This plant was often considered to be turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) or temulawak (Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb.), because the rhizome is almost the same color. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution, variation, and relationship of C. soloensis in Java, Indonesia. Retrieval of data with exploratory roaming methods in 12 districts/cities in Java Island as a center for planting medicinal plants. Morphological character observations were made on habit, rhizome, roots, tubers, leaves, pseudo-stems, and flowers. Morphological data were analyzed by descriptive and numerical methods. Analysis of grouping with Gower Coefficients because it uses 45 binary and multistate data. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to determine the role of each character in the grouping. Cluster analysis and PCA graphics were assisted with MVSP 3.1 software. The results of the study were obtained from 25 accessions of C. soloensis in East Java (Trenggalek, Pacitan, Ponorogo), Central Java (Wonogiri, Karanganyar, Magelang, Semarang), Yogyakarta (Yogyakarta City, Bantul, Gunungkidul), and West Java (Ciamis and Tasikmalaya). The variation of C. soloensis lies in habit, stem color, leaf shape, rhizome shape, rhizome flesh color, and tuber shape. The highest abundance percentage is in Pajangan, Tirtomoyo, and Tawangmangu. The dendrogram divides 32 OTUs into two clusters on the phenon line 0.617, namely cluster A (C. zanthorrhiza) and cluster B (C. soloensis and C. longa). PCA results showed that the characters that had the most role in grouping were leaf blade color, leaf blade length, rhizome shape, root color, rhizome taste, outer and inner rhizome flesh color.
... Rhizome, the key medicinal part of Curcuma herbs, is a probable source of novel drugs for various diseases because of the presence of different bioactive compounds like curcumin, xanthorrhizol, eucalyptol, ar-turmerone, etc. (Hucklenbroich et al. 2014;Gul and Basheer, 2016;Oon et al. 2015;Dev and Kaur, 2020). Rhizomes of some species are also used as food condiments, dyes, cosmetics, etc. Different Curcuma species have enormous therapeutic importance and are being extensively used in traditional systems of medicine (Das et al. 2011;Sahoo et al. 2017;Sungkawati et al. 2019). Nowadays, several Curcuma species are consumed as food supplements because of their numerous well-documented therapeutic activities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anti-hepatotoxic insect repellent, antirheumatic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-aging, antivenomous, 1 3 anti-cancerous, lipid-lowering effects, antiallergic, etc. Jena et al. 2017;Xiang et al. 2018;Awin et al. 2019). ...
... Earlier reports on the characterization of Curcuma species are done on the basis of anatomical, biochemical and morphological characteristics, which are influenced by environmental factors and have failed to define their genetic makeup (Tang et al. 2008;Deng et al. 2011;Sungkawati et al. 2019). Many researchers have studied genetic diversity between Curcuma species (Syamkumar and Sasikumar 2007;Angel et al. 2008;Das et al. 2011;Zou et al. 2011;Saha et al. 2016) using RAPD and ISSR markers. ...
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Protection and utilization of plant genomic resources are greatly perceived these days. The possibility of their dwindling genetic diversity along with the augmented demands for the resources has necessitated immediate concern for their conservation and sustainable plant utilization. The genus Curcuma (family Zingiberaceae) is well known for its valuable multipurpose products for medicine, spices, food, fragrance, flavoring agents, condiments as well as ornamentals. Because of the resurgence of curiosity in the commercial development and conservation of Curcuma, it has become essential to precisely characterize the existing genetic diversity at the species level. In the present study, 109 EST-SSR markers showed cross-transferability among 9 Curcuma species, among which 33 showed polymorphism. These 33 polymorphic EST-SSRs were utilized to assess genetic resemblance and distance among Curcuma species. The results of cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis highly correspond to each other. AMOVA showed higher genetic variation among Curcuma species. The population genetic study revealed the genetic differentiation of species. The mean values of Nei's gene diversity (H), Shannon's information index (I), polymorphic information content (PIC), percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB), and resolving Power (RP) were found to be 0.3314, 0.49, 0.66, 88.57% and 7.24, respectively. Values of Nei's gene diversity in C. longa indicated the need for its large-scale cultivation and conservation prioritization of wild taxa of C. caesia, C. aromatica and C. amada. These SSR markers could also be utilized to identify morphologically similar Curcuma species.
... They are used for various purposes, including household use, food industry, cosmetics, and traditional medicine. This results in a very high market demand for these eight rhizomes (Salim and Munadi 2017;Rahmat et al. 2021;Sungkawati et al. 2019;Subositi and Wahyono 2019). The eight rhizomes are typically characterized by yellow-orange to pale yellow color due to their curcuminoid content. ...
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Zingiberaceae family is highly significant, particularly in the food and medicinal sectors. Some of them are characterized by yellow-orange to pale yellow color due to their curcuminoid (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin) content leading to misidentification. Such misidentifications can result in reduced efficacy, compromised safety, and inaccuracies in quality control, highlighting the need for precise differentiation methods. This research aimed to differentiate eight Zingiberaceae rhizomes—Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Curcuma mangga, Curcuma heyneana, Curcuma zedoaria, Curcuma aeruginosa, Zingiber montanum, and Zingiber aromaticum—using curcuminoid profiles and curcumin content through TLC-densitometry and ATR-FTIR fingerprints combined with chemometrics. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) employed silica gel 60 F254 and chloroform:methanol (40:1, v/v) solvent system, confirming method specificity with identical UV–Vis spectra for standards and samples (λmax = 422 nm). The method demonstrated high linearity (r² = 0.9655) for curcumin in the range of 200–1400 ng/band, with detection and quantification limits of 199.35 and 604.08 ng/band, respectively, alongside excellent precision and accuracy. Curcuminoids were undetected in C. zedoaria and C. aeruginosa, while the others exhibited varying curcumin concentrations, the highest in C. longa. ATR-FTIR combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) successfully differentiated all eight Zingiberaceae rhizomes as distinct entities. Each rhizome was clearly identified without forming any overlapping clusters. In conclusion, the ATR-FTIR method proved more sensitive than TLC, highlighting the need for multiple analytical approaches to accurately distinguish these rhizomes. These findings provide a critical foundation for improving quality control, ensuring the authenticity of raw materials, and supporting their safe and effective use in both traditional and modern applications.
... Cultivars grouping using numerical taxonomy is usually done using a phenetic approach [27]. The approach used to evaluate the phenetic similarity relationship can be in the form of morphological, anatomical, chemical, cytological, isozymic, or DNA characters [28]. Phenetic analysis is an approach that can be used to determine the relationship of a plant or animal based on similar morphological characters. ...
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Kembang sungsang (Gloriosa superba L.) is a member of Colchicaceae family and distributed in tropical areas such as India, Malaysia, and Indonesia. G. superba has a high colchicine content, so it is widely used as a traditional medicine and biomutagen. The diverse habitats of G. superba have potential to create variations. The aims of this study were to determine the morphological, anatomical variations, and phenetic relationship of G. superba in Yogyakarta. A sample of 12 accessions was taken from 4 regencies in Yogyakarta: Bantul, Sleman, Kulon Progo, and Gunungkidul. Morphological characterization are tubers, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Transversal section of leaves were prepared using paraffin embedding method to observe leaf structure and paradermal preparations to observe the leaf epidermis. The similarity index between OTUs is calculated using the Gower General Similarity Coefficient, clustering using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages) algorithm to form a dendrogram with MVSP (Multivariate Statistical Package) software. The results showed that the morphological variations of G. superba in Yogyakarta were large in terms of stem height, branching, number of leaves, leaf arrangement, leaf size, tuber shape, and tuber diameter. Leaf arrangement of G. superba population have 3 types: opposite, alternate, and mixed. Anatomical variations were large in terms of adaxial epidermal thickness, lamina thickness, midrib thickness, transport bundle size, stomatal size, and stomatal density. Based on the phenetic analysis, morphological characters are grouped into two clusters, while anatomical character into four clusters without pattern.
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This study aimed to determine how many species of Zingiberaceae are in Bandar Lampung through leaf morphology observations. This research was conducted from January to March 2021 at the Botanical Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lampung. The sampling of Zingiberaceae leaves was determined via a simple random sampling technique. Morphological observations were performed by observing the narrowest and widest leaves that looked intact and not ravaged by disease. The results showed that 16 species of Zingiberaceae were found in Bandar Lampung, which was divided into five genera. Also, three variations of leaf shape, leaf-spine, and leaf sitting were found. ABSTRAK: Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui berapa banyak spesies Zingiberaceae di Bandar Lampung melalui pengamatan morfologi daun. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Januari-Maret 2021 di Laboratorium Botani Jurusan Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Lampung. Pengambilan sampel daun Zingiberaceae dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode sampling acak sederhana. Pengamatan morfologi dilakukan dengan mengamati daun tersempit dan terlebar yang tampak utuh dan tidak terserang penyakit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 16 jenis Zingiberaceae di Bandar Lampung yang terbagi ke dalam 5 marga. Selain itu, ditemukan tiga variasi bentuk daun, pertulangan daun, dan duduk daun.
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Curcuma is a genus of family Zingiberaceae. Its rhizomes, as well as leaves, have long been used in the traditional medicine. This research aimed to examine the morphological and anatomical structure as well as the primary and secondary metabolites of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb, Curcuma longa L, and Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp. The Anatomical structure, histochemical test and secretory cell density were observed microscopically. The Histochemical test consisted of amilum, protein, lipid, tanin, alkaloid dan flavonoid tests. Observation of anatomical structures of the of rhizome showed that starch grains has a medium size and shape of starch was oval. Rhizomes of Curcuma longa and C. aeruginosa had a positive correlation for starch, protein, lipids, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. C. heyneana has the highestdensity value on protein while C. longa has the highest density value on lipids, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins.
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Gembili species of Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burk. a climber plant producing tubers, belongs to Dioscoreaceae. This plant species has morphological variation on its vegetative organs (i.e. stems, leaves, and tubers). Thirty accessions of gembili were collected from Java, Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Celebes (Sulawesi) of Indonesia. Tuber samples were collected using survey methods and cultivated as a living collection. Based on IPGRI plant descriptors for Dioscorea tubers, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits were scored and analyzed using UPGMA method. The results show that the level of diversity of gembili is quite high, ranging from 0.64-1.00 similarity values. Those accessions were divided into 2 groups: the first cultivar group has dense thorns on roots, oblong to cylindrical tuber shapes with white to yellowish-white tuber flesh. Those characters are similar to D. esculenta (Lour.) Burk. var. spinosa (Lour.) Burk. whereas the second group showed rare thorn roots, irregular tuber shapes, and violet tuber flesh color, and the characters are similar to D. esculenta (Lour.) Burk. var. fasciculata (Lour.) Burk. This result revealed that the variability of D. esculenta in Indonesia is high. © Society for the Advancement of Breeding Research in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO) 2017.
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White turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria Rosc.) is a potential medicinal plant belong to the family Zingiberaceae. This plant has a good market because of its high demand as raw material for herbal medicine, such as to cure cancer. A germplasm collection of white turmeric collected from different areas of Indonesia is available at Cicurug Research Station of Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. Information on characteristics of the accessions, however, are not available yet. This study aimed to determine morphological characters, growth, and yield of 12 accessions of white turmeric. The research was conducted at the Cicurug Research Station from January 2014 to March 2015. Rhizome section of each accession was grown in a 2.5 m x 3.5 m plot at 50 cm x 50 cm plant spacing. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Parameters observed were morphological characters (type of stem, leaf tip, leaf base, leaf shape, stem color, blade color), growth (number of tillers, plant height, number of leaf/stem, leaf length, leaf width, leaf thickness) and yield (rhizome weight, rhizome length, rhizome width, and rhizome thickness) respectively. The results showed that morphological characters, growth, and yields of the 12 accessions observed were varied. All of the characters observed could be evaluated further to determine the important traits. © 2017, Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. All Rights Reserved.
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Research on morphological variability and intra-specific classification of Indonesian water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) was conducted based on morphological characters (traits). Sample collection of Dioscorea spp. was done in some provinces in Indonesia including tubers, bulbils, stems, leafs, flowers, and fruits. Furthermore, tubers or bulbils were planted as live collections. Morphological characterization was conducted based on field and live collection data. Cluster analysis was carried out to identify key of intra-specific groups. The results showed that Indonesian water yam germplasm is classified into green and reddish-purple groups. Based on tuber shape and flesh color the green group was classified into 6 sub-groups: (1) white rounded to oblong, (2) white sweetish ob-ovate, (3) white ob-ovate to oblong, (4) yellow ob-ovate to oblong, (5) white to yellow long cylindrical, and (6) white oblong Papua water yam. Based on tuber shape, tuber skin, and color distribution in tuber flesh, the reddish-purple group is classified into 5 sub-groups: (1) purple long cylindrical, (2) purple ring white flash ob-ovate, (3) purple to red ob-ovate to oblong, (4) purple rounded to short cylindrical, and (5) yellow flesh purple skin water yam. The similarity of height within germplasm was due to vegetative propagation (clone) from tubers and bulbils.
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The genus Curcuma (family Zingiberaceae) comprising over 80 species of rhizomatous herbs, is endowed with widespread adaptation from sea level to altitude as high as 2000 m in the Western Ghats and Himalayas. Having originated in the Indo-Malayan region, the genus is widely distributed in the tropics of Asia to Africa and Australia. Curcuma species exhibit inter-and intra-specific variation for the biologically active principles coupled with morpho-logical variation with respect to the above-ground vegetative and floral characters as well as the below-ground rhizome features besides for curcumin, oleoresin and essential oil. Curcuma is gaining importance world over as a potential source of new drug(s) to combat a variety of ailments as the species contain molecules credited with anti-inflammatory, hypocholestraemic, choleratic, antimicrobial, insect repellent, antirheumatic, antifibrotic, antivenomous, antiviral, antidiabetic, antihepatotoxic as well as anticancerous properties. Turmeric oil is also used in aromatherapy and in the perfume industry. Though the traditional Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine and Chinese medicine long ago recognized the medicinal property of turmeric in its crude form, the last few decades have witnessed extensive research interests in the bio-logical activity and pharmacological actions of Curcuma, especially the cultivated species. Tur-meric powder obtained from rhizomes of Curcuma longa or related species is extensively used as a spice, food preservative and colouring material, in religious applications as well as a household remedy for bilary and hepatic disorders, anorexia, diabetic wounds, rheumatism and sinusitis in India, China and South-East Asia and in folk medicine. Cucuminoids, the bio-logically active principles from Curcuma, promise a potential role in the control of rheuma-tism, carcinogenesis and oxidative stress-related pathogenesis. Curcuma longa L. syn. Curcuma domestica Val., common turmeric, is the most economically valuable member of the genus having over 150,000 hectares under its cultivation in India. In addition to Curcuma longa, the other economically important species of the genus are C. aromatica, used in medi-cine and toiletry articles, C. kwangsiensis, C. ochrorhiza, C. pierreana, C. zedoaria, C. caesia etc. used in folk medicines of the South-East Asian nations; C. alismatifolia, C. roscoeana etc. with floricultural importance; Curcuma amada used as medicine, and in a variety of culinary preparations, pickles and salads, and C. zedoaria, C. malabarica, C. pseudomontana, C. montana, C. decipiens, C. angustifolia, C. rubescens, C. haritha, C. caulina etc. all used in arrowroot manufacturing. Crop improvement work has been attempted mainly in C. longa and to a little extent in C. amada. At present there are about 20 improved varieties of C. longa in India and one in C. amada, evolved through germplasm/clonal selection, mutation breeding or open-pollinated progeny (true turmeric seedlings) selection. Though work on morphol-ogical characterization of Curcuma species has been attempted, its molecular characterization is in a nascent stage except for some genetic fidelity studies of micropropagated plants and isozyme-based characterization. The genus has also been examined from the biochemical pro-filing and anatomical characterization angle. This article is intended to provide an overview of biological diversity in the genus Curcuma from a utilitarian and bio-prospection viewpoint.
Article
A probabilistic similarity index has been calculated from published data for the genera Chromobacterium and Mycobacterium, and for the Enterobacteriaceae. The resulting similarity matrices have been used as a basis for classification with significance tests. The results show very good general agreement with the original analyses using simple Jaccard similarity indices, but the new index has proved rather more sensitive, and has enabled certain additional subdivisions to be made.
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