DEVELOPMENTOF NATIONAL JOURNALISM EDUCATION SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN

Abstract

The article discusses the problem of the formation of a modern model of journalistic education in Uzbekistan, the particularities of training specialists in demand on the labor market, the need for professionals with experience in convergent editions, and the production of high-quality media content is determined. The evolution of the model of education in Uzbekistan in recent years is being traced and a new model of training professional media workers is being introduced, which is already adhered to by the country's universities. Over the past two decades, journalism education systems have further developed journalism retraining courses, trainings and seminars for practicing media professionals. There are new opportunities for admission to the master’s degree of specialists with other higher education. The positive shift in the development of journalism education over the past three to four years has been the widespread involvement of practicing journalists in the staff of the faculty. According to the researcher, despite the rapid development of journalism education in Uzbekistan, there are a number of problems that need to be addressed. These include, for example, the lack of teachers with practical experience in the media, and the lack of educational literature in the state language.

Full text

“Ўзбекистонда хорижий тиллар” илмий-методик электрон журнал
journal.fledu.uz
№ 5/2019
УЎК (УДК, UDC): 070,316.77.007
DOI: 10.36078/1577699041
DEVELOPMENTOF NATIONAL JOURNALISM EDUCATION SYSTEM
IN UZBEKISTAN
Azamjon Oltmishevich DADAKHONOV
PhD student
Uzbekistan State World Languages University
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
mr.dadakhonov@gmail.com
intern-journ@yandex.ru
Abstract
The article discusses the problem of the formation of a modern model of journalistic
education in Uzbekistan, the particularities of training specialists in demand on the labor market,
the need for professionals with experience in convergent editions, and the production of high-
quality media content is determined. The evolution of the model of education in Uzbekistan in
recent years is being traced and a new model of training professional media workers is being
introduced, which is already adhered to by the country's universities. Over the past two decades,
journalism education systems have further developed journalism retraining courses, trainings and
seminars for practicing media professionals. There are new opportunities for admission to the
master’s degree of specialists with other higher education. The positive shift in the development
of journalism education over the past three to four years has been the widespread involvement of
practicing journalists in the staff of the faculty. According to the researcher, despite the rapid
development of journalism education in Uzbekistan, there are a number of problems that need to
be addressed. These include, for example, the lack of teachers with practical experience in the
media, and the lack of educational literature in the state language.
Keywords: journalism education; models of journalism education; journalism faculties;
courses; practice; professional communities; development tendencies of education.
ЎЗБЕКИСТОНДА МИЛЛИЙ ЖУРНAЛИСТИКA ТAЪЛИМИ
ТИЗИМИНИНГ ТAРAҚҚИЁТИ
Аъзамжон Олтмишевич ДАДАХОНОВ
Докторант PhD
Ўзбекистон давлат жаҳон тиллари университети
Тошкент, Ўзбекистон
intern-journ@yandex.ru, mr.dadakhonov@gmail.com
Аннотация
Мақолада Ўзбекистонда журналистика таълимининг замонавий моделини
шакллантириш муаммоси, меҳнат бозорида талаб катта бўлган мутахассисларни
тайёрлашнинг ўзига хос хусусиятлари, конвергент нашрларда тажрибага эга бўлган
мутахассисларга бўлган эҳтиёж, шунингдек, юқори сифатли медиа-контент ишлаб чиқариш
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масалалари тўғрисида сўз боради. Сўнгги йиллари Ўзбекистонда таълим модели
эволюцияси кузатилмоқда ва мамлакатда журналистлар тайёрлайдиган олий ўқув
юртларида профессионал ОAВ ходимларини тайёрлашнинг янги моделини жорий этишга
ҳаракат қилинаётгани кенг таҳлил этилган.
Кейинги йигирма йил ичида журналистика ўқитиш тизимларида амалий фаолият
юритаётган ОAВ мутахассислари учун журналистиканинг қайта тайёрлаш курслари,
тренинглар ва семинарлар янада ривожлантирилди. Бошқа олий маълумотли
мутахассисларнинг магистратурага қабул қилиниши учун янги имкониятлар яратилди.
Шунингдек, журналистика таълими ривожланишидаги ижобий силжиш факультет
ходимлари таркибига амалиётчи журналистларнинг кенг жалб қилиниши ҳам бўлди.
Тадқиқотда таъкидланишича, Ўзбекистондаги журналистлар таълими тизимининг
жадал ривожланишга қарамай, ечимини кутаётган бир қанча муаммолар мавжуд. Оммавий
ахборот воситаларида амалий тажрибага эга бўлган ўқитувчиларнинг етишмаслиги, давлат
тилидаги ўқув ва услубий адабиётларнинг камлиги ана шундай муаммолар сирасига
киради.
Калит сўзлар: журналистика таълими; журналистика таълими моделлари;
журналистика факультетлари; курслар; амалиёт; касбий ҳамжамиятлар; таълим тараққиёти
тенденциялари.
РАЗВИТИЕ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
ЖУРНАЛИСТИКИ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ
Аъзамжон Олтмишевич ДАДАХОНОВ
ДокторантPhD
Узбекский государственный университет мировых языков
Ташкент, Узбекистан
intern-journ@yandex.ru, mr.dadakhonov@gmail.com
Аннотация
В статье рассматривается проблема формирования современной модели
журналистского образования в Узбекистане, особенности подготовки специалистов,
востребованных на рынке труда, определена потребность в профессионалах, имеющих
опыт работы в конвергентных редакциях, производстве качественного медийного контента.
Прослеживается эволюция модели образования в Узбекистане за последние годы и
представляется новая модель подготовки профессиональных работников СМИ, которой
уже придерживаются вузы республики. В последние два десятилетия в системе
журналистского образования получили дальнейшее развитие курсы переподготовки
журналистов, тренинги и семинары для практикующих сотрудников СМИ. Появились
новые возможности для приема в магистратуру специалистов с другим высшим
образованием. Позитивным сдвигом в развитии журналистского образования в последние
три —четыре года стало широкое вовлечение в штаты профессорско-преподавательского
состава практикующих журналистов. Исследователь показывает, что в системе
журналистского образования Узбекистана, несмотря на интенсивное развитие, еще есть
немало проблем, ждущих своего решения. К ним относятся, например, нехватка
преподавателей с практическим опытом работы в СМИ, нехватка учебно-методической
литературы на государственном языке.
Ключевые слова: журналистское образование; модели журналистского образования;
факультеты журналистики; курсы; практика; профессиональные сообщества; тенденции
развития образования.
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Introduction. There is an opinion that “if all people disappeared from the
world and only messages that they exchanged remained, we would still have the
necessary information for the development of our science. After all, every real
socio-psychological phenomenon has its roots in communication” (5, 8). And it is
difficult to disagree with this statement, because the emergence of new media
contributes to the improvement of people's communicative activities, makes them
more mobile and unique.
There has always been a lot of controversy and misunderstanding around the
media. Some consider them an indicator of the progress and development of
mankind, others see in them the source of destruction of the individual, the cause of
the spiritual and aesthetic crisis.
In recent years, much has been said that modern media have an ever-greater
influence on the younger generation, the developing personality. And this, in our
opinion, actualizes the issue of training professionals in the field of media.
To date, a number of models and areas of journalistic education have emerged
in various countries. Uzbekistan is also following its own path of development of
journalistic education. But before identifying the main trends in journalism
education in our country, we will take a short excursion into the history of the
formation of the national model of training journalistic personnel for the media
industry of the republic. This is advisable in many respects, including the realization
of the creative nature of the modern educational process, the prospects for its
development.
Main researches and analysis. The education of journalism in Uzbekistan
dates back to Soviet times. In this regard, Doctor of philology, professor Fatima
Muminova notes: “In the 1930s, the system of journalistic educational institutions
of various levelswas first created in the former Soviet country”.
The journalism institutes in the form of the SIJ / CIJ (State Institute of
Journalism, the Communist Institute of Journalism) were created in Moscow, St.
Petersburg (Leningrad), Almaty, Kharkov, Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk), Minsk,
Samara (until 1991 — Kuybyshev). In 1940, the teaching was converted into a four-
year period at CIJ. But before the war, some CIJs became part of the universities,
others were closed. In the late 1940s, newspaper departments were created at
universities, and in the 1950s and 1960s. — faculties of journalism. Proofreaders,
literary rulers, chroniclers, and other secondary specialists were trained by technical
schools, schools, and the correspondent public schools operated under the editorial
offices of newspapers.
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In the 1970s Journalism faculties were at Moscow State University, Leningrad
University, Kiev University, Lviv University, Ural University (Sverdlovsk),
Belorussian University (Minsk), Kazakh University (Alma-Ata), Azerbaijan
University (Baku), Tashkent State University, journalism departments were in
Vilnius University, Voronezh University, Far East University, Irkutsk University,
Kazan University, Latvian University (Riga), Rostov University, Tbilisi University,
Tomsk University, and specializations — in Yerevan University and Tajik
University (Dushanbe) universities” (3, 103–104).
The first branch of journalism was opened in 1949 at the Central Asian State
University (the current National University named after M. Ulugbek). However, this
branch was at the faculty of Uzbek philology. As associate professor Akbar
Nurmatov noted this influenced to the educational and scientific development of
national Journalism in our country: “It should be noted that, in contrast to media
studies in the United States or Western countries in the former Soviet Union,
including Uzbekistan, scientific research in journalism operated in a separate
institutional context. He did not have an independent academic status for a long time.
Recall that the journalism faculty of NUU was from 1949 to 1967 at the faculty of
Uzbek philology. Therefore, Soviet press theory was shaped by the principles of
philology, first of all literary criticism and history” (4, 126).
In 1967, the department received the status of the faculty of journalism. The
first dean of this faculty was appointed doctor of historical sciences, professor Tugan
Ernazarov.
1999 was marked by the first graduation of undergraduate students, in 2001
— the first graduate students of the journalism faculty graduated. In the same 2001,
a television and radio studio, a mini-printing house, and an information and resource
center began to function at the faculty (7).
In 1983, the journalism department began to function on the basis of the
faculty of philology of the Berdakh Karakalpak State University.
In 2002, the faculty of international journalism was opened at the Uzbek State
University of World Languages. The management of this educational unit was then
entrusted to the famous publicist Saidi Umirov.
In those years, the Faculty of Journalism of the National University named
after M. Ulugbek was the main platform for the development of state educational
standards, curricula in journalism education.
It should be noted that in the years of the creation of the faculty and until
recently, journalistic education was considered in the republic as one of the areas of
philological sciences. As a result, the emphasis was not so much on the formation of
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practical competencies as the ideological, worldview component of the educational
process, language, and speech training. On the one hand, this approach positively
influenced the development of students' cultural level, instilling in them research
skills, literary skills, in-depth study of foreign languages, and on the other,
contributed to the prevalence of socio-social disciplines in the curriculum, such as
philosophy, political economy, psychology , ethics, aesthetics, logic and other
fundamental courses.
By the way, the “Soviet period” was characterized by a special philological
bias: courses on literature and language were widely represented. So, in the
curriculum alone Tashgu included literary studies, linguistics; modern Russian
language; stylistics of the Russian language, the language of the media, foreign
languages - English, German, French, Japanese, Korean; introduction to Soviet
literature; Russian, and foreign literature.
In fairness, it should be noted that the preparation of future journalists was
fundamental. In Tashkent State University, for example, students were taught the
basics of translation, literary and artistic criticism, the basics of international
relations, and special seminars and electives were offered.
Some professionalization of education began at the faculties of journalism in
Uzbekistan in the late 70s — mid 80s. Afterward new departments were opened:
“International Journalism”, “Photojournalism”, etc. The process of producing
newspapers, newspaper technology, and printing was more thoroughly studied. The
course “Technique and technology of the media” was introduced into the
curriculum, and the training journal “Journalist” began to be published. The
discipline “Journalism skills” began to be studied in more depth.
At the faculty of journalism of the National University named after Mirzo
Ulugbek, an educational printing house was modernized, a television and radio
studio was re-equipped. The internship was systematized, agreements were
concluded with leading publications of the republic, such as “Pravda Vostoka”,
“Tashkentskaya Pravda”, “UzA” news agency, “Yoshlar”, “Toshkent” radio
channels, and “Dustlik” studio. Students began to study photo business, shorthand.
In the early years of independence, preparatory departments for those entering
journalism departments were expanded (but correspondence departments ceased to
function). It was during this period that forms of individual work with students
developed. Received the development of “Makhorat maktablari”—“Master classes”.
So, one of such creative laboratories has been led by the professor of journalism at
the National University named after M. Ulugbek, the editor-in-chief of the journal
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“Jahon adabiyoti” (Literature of the World) Ahmadzhon Meliboev for more than
two decades.
This period was characterized by the improvement of the system of training
and production practice and, as a result, the growth of students' publications in the
national and regional press, their participation in the preparation of television and
radio broadcasts. Already in the first year, students underwent an introductory
practice in the leading media of Uzbekistan under the guidance of teachers of
journalism faculties.
Studying the structure of the faculty of journalism departments in the last
years of the twentieth century, we came to the conclusion that there were only a few
practitioners in the teaching staff. Yes, and those that were working part-time. As a
rule, they were attracted to the management of term papers and graduate work,
curating production practices, and conducting special seminars.
The 2000s became a turning point in the history of journalism education. In
this period, in our opinion, the need for journalistic staff in Uzbekistan has
significantly increased. This was due to the emergence and intensive development
of the private sector of the media, the expansion of the specialization of publications
and electronic media, the modernization of the printing base, and the increasing role
of Internet technologies. There was a need for personnel of new specializations, such
as a copywriter, advertiser, producer, site moderator, computer designer, showman,
etc. All these transformations in the media sphere have fundamentally affected the
processes in the field of journalism education. New faculties of journalism and new
departments at these faculties began to be created: Internet Journalism, Advertising
and Public Relations, Mediadesigning, etc.
The fateful event in the field of journalism education was the opening of the
University of Journalism and Mass Communications in Tashkent. It was created by
the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.M. Mirziyoyev PP No.
3737 dated May 24, 2018. As emphasized in the document, this decision was due to
the steady growth of the media, the number of which in the republic at that time
already exceeded 1,500, the increase in their role in society, and as a result of this,
the actualization of the need for highly qualified journalistic staff.
Today, the University of Journalism and Mass Communications offers
undergraduate studies in 9 areas: “Journalism in the print media”, “TV and radio
journalism”, “Internet journalism”, “International journalism”, “Sports journalism”,
“Information services and PR”,“ Media Marketing and Advertising”,“ Media
Designing” and “Military Journalism”. Under the master's program, 9 new
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specialties are taught at the new university, among which, in addition to the
aforementioned, we can mention such as “Media management”, “Publishing and
editing”, “Political and legal journalism”, “Information services technologies”, and
Higher journalism courses.
Today, four educational structures for training future journalists are
functioning in the journalism education sector of Uzbekistan: the University of
Journalism and Mass Communications, the Faculty of Journalism of the National
University named after M. Ulugbek, Department of International Journalism,
Uzbekistan State World Languages University and Journalism Department of
Karakalpak University named after Berdakh.
This situation will continue until 2022, when all journalism departments in the
republic cease to exist and a monopoly on the training of journalistic personnel is
established only at the University of Journalism and Mass Communications.
In the meantime, there has been increased competition between faculties and
departments that train journalistic personnel. It mainly manifests itself in the field of
curriculum development, which, in addition to the previously existing disciplines,
provides courses on the legal foundations of journalism, the sociology of journalism,
the psychology of journalism, the ethics of the profession, the economics of the
media, advertising and public relations. The unit of disciplines on foreign mass
media has intensified, the courses “Introduction to World Journalism”, “Foreign
Mass Media” have appeared, special courses are taught “Coverage of the Rights of
the Child in the Media”, “Extreme Journalism”, and “Ecoethics”.
New areas of training are opening up, such as Media Management,
Information Services, Military Journalism, etc. New educational subjects, such as
Effective Communication, Media Project Management, Creative Thinking, and
Production in Audiovisual Media, are being introduced into the educational process,
etc. It is noteworthy that today in the field of journalism education, commercial
forms of training media professionals are appearing in state universities. The
University of Journalism and Mass Communication came up with a similar
initiative, organizing a “Military Journalism” branch on a paid basis. Employees of
specialized units, press services of the military departments of Uzbekistan are
trained in it.
The needs of the media market and the demands of editorial practice
necessitated special attention to training journalists who are able to work in
specialized media — socio-political, environmental, business, religious, women’s,
children’s, online, etc. Creation in 2005 at the National University after M. Ulugbek,
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in 2018 at the University of Journalism and Mass Communication of the Higher
Courses of Journalism was an effective response to the demands of the times.
Greater importance was given to training in modern methods of journalistic
activity, in particular, in new mass media, and in mastering computer technologies.
In fact, all faculties and journalism departments have separate computer classes,
classrooms are equipped with projectors, and Internet access is available.
The widespread early professionalization of students can rightfully be
considered a significant phenomenon of modern journalistic education. Today 75–
80% of students have been working in various media outlets since the first or second
year. Summer and semester training and production practices were introduced into
the educational process. The practice process becomes continuous, its forms and
directions are improved. In particular, students are given the right to choose their
own place of practice based on their interests, abilities and needs. Thus, students
subsequently have the opportunity to work not according to distribution, but
according to their choice and desire.
In addition, the criteria for evaluating industrial practice have changed. Today,
when assessing the creative works of students' practices, not only and not so many
quantitative indicators are taken into account as the quality of materials published
and broadcast, the depth of the topic, the genre palette used, the author’s position,
etc. Over the past two decades, journalism education systems have further
developed journalism retraining courses, training and seminars for practicing media
professionals. There are new opportunities for admission to the master’s degree of
specialists with other higher education.
The positive shift in the development of journalism education over the past
three to four years has been the widespread involvement of practicing journalists in
the staff of the faculty. For example, journalists from leading print and online
publications, television and radio channels as part of educators from the relatively
young University of Journalism and Mass Media today account for 60%.
It has become everyday practice to lecture on journalism, advertising, public
relations by teachers of foreign universities and research centers. Professor Wontai
Seol from South Korea, who has been conducting bachelor classes for three years at
the Faculty of International Journalism at Uzbekistan State World Languages
Universityand lectures to the masters of the University of Journalism and Mass
Communications.
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Galina Melnik, professor at St. Petersburg State University, Paul Daudin, a
media coach from France, and lectures and masterclasses in Uzbekistan’s journalism
faculties came in the last two or three years.
The system of training professional personnel for the media in Uzbekistan and
foreign countries is constantly evolving. According to the Decree of the President of
the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.M. Mirziyoyev PP No. 2909 dated 04/20/2017 “On
Measures for the Further Development of the Higher Education System” (6),
relations with foreign universities that train journalistic personnel, and with research
centers in areas of journalism. So, a group of teachers of the University of Journalism
and Mass Communications, and the faculty of international journalism of
Uzbekistan State World Languages Universityin 2017–2019. visited South Korea,
where they got acquainted with the experience of teaching journalism to their
colleagues, and a delegation of South Korean journalism educators from the
universities of Suwon, Honam, Sungkunkwan, Yungsan, Songsil, and the Dong-A
Institute of Mass Media and Art took part in February this year conference
“Discovery of Asian values” (8) and got acquainted with the traditions and
innovations of training journalistic personnel in the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Teachers of journalism departments have only had internships in Russia, India, and
Turkey in the last two years.
As a result, Memorandums were concluded with the National Open University
of South Korea, and the Journalism Department of Dagestan State University.
Increasingly, joint research and educational projects are being conducted with
foreign colleagues. This practice of establishing and strengthening ties with foreign
universities contributes not only to the democratization of journalism education in
Uzbekistan, but also allows one to adapt foreign experience in accordance with the
mental characteristics of the country and to adjust the national training model for
future journalists in the context of its development prospects.
In the future, it is also planned to exchange students.
It is noteworthy that teachers of the faculties of journalism of the republic with
lectures and master classes participate in the educational process of foreign
countries. So, associate professors of the faculty of international journalism of the
University of World Languages, Klimentina Ismailova and Beruniy Alimov held
master classes in journalism in Bishkek, Dushanbe.
Nevertheless, today it can rightly be said that Uzbekistan has created a solid
foundation for improving journalism education in the republic, “training journalistic
personnel in accordance with the priority tasks of the country's socio-economic
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development, providing the necessary conditions for training media professionals at
the international level standards ”(6).
The following conclusions by scholar Akbar Nurmatov are important in the
development of modern journalism education: “In summary, we still have a lot to do
in our national journalism, communications and media theory, and we need to do
more research. In this regard:
1. In journalistic education, it is necessary to establish a deep learning of more
than one foreign language. This will allow future professionals to keep up-to-date
with the latest developments in the world of mass communications and new media.
2. Delivery to Uzbek journalists through overseeing, studying and translating
the most important scientific literature, new research and inventions published in the
Uzbek language. In this regard, journalism foundations, media editions and
educational institutions should work together.
3. Young scientists should be encouraged to explore new media theories, and
encourage timely scholars who have made the difference” (4, 130–131).
Conclusion. It should be noted that in the system of journalistic education in
Uzbekistan, despite intensive development, there are still many problems that need
to be addressed. As before, there is an acute question of the shortage of teachers
with practical experience in the media, there is still a shortage of educational and
methodical literature in the national language, and there is no systematic
connection between faculties and editorial offices and publishing centers.
As we live in the information age, it is also imperative that we introduce the
latest developments in journalism education and the latest advances in digital
technology.
The main support for journalists in this process is information and
communication technology. Today, the effectiveness of a journalist's work is largely
due to their ability to make full use of information and communication technologies.
From data collection, sorting, processing, and finalization, it can now be done on
computers, laptops, netbooks, tablets and even mobile phones. If a journalist has the
latest information technology, he or she will be able to produce high-quality
information without complications. New forms of data transfer, such as “Story-
telling”, “long read”, “story map”, infographics and video, are also directly related
to the introduction of new mobile technologies and Internet technologies. As the
information age continues to evolve, it is natural that changes in both information
and communication technologies and the ways and methods of data transfer should
be made.
The future journalist should be aware of such changes in a timely manner.
Modernity, new realities determine the development by journalists of new areas of
knowledge, new technologies, etc. Online journalism, Eco journalism, extreme
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journalism, investigative, parliamentary and citizen journalism are now becoming
popular. New types dictate the problems of time and quality attributes of journalism.
Moreover, this gives rise to new theories and concepts in media research and to apply
them to journalism education.
LIST OF USED LITERATURE
1. ЎзбекистонРеспубликасиПрезидентининг
“ЎзбекистонРеспубликасиниянадаривожлантиришбўйичаҲаракатларстратегияситўғрисид
а”ги № ПФ-4947-сонфармони7.02.2017.— URL: http://lex.uz/docs/3107042
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20.04.2017 “О мерах по дальнейшему развитию системы высшего образования”. — URL:
http://www.lex.uz/docs/3171587
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1. Uzbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining “Uzbekiston Respublikasini yanada rivozhlantirish
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