Article

Bleisure tourism experience chain: implications for destination marketing

Taylor & Francis
Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research
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Abstract

With the blurring of the boundaries between business and leisure tourism, Bleisure tourism has recently become popular. This study develops a Bleisure tourism experience chain and examines how Bleisure marketing practices are created to encourage business travelers to have better experiences and spend more money, beyond business events. To this end, a case study was conducted in Japan's capital region. The results showed that local convention bureaus and exhibition centers develop a variety of marketing programs in the hope of stimulating extra spending by business travelers, which have been yet arbitrarily delivered. Accordingly, a Bleisure marketing scheme was suggested.

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... Apart from indulgence in personal grooming and rejuvenation sessions, bleisure travellers ought to be given the opportunities to explore and interact with their present destination ambiance and fully soak in its authentic culture. The tourism package may tie up with neighbouring chefs, artisans, cultural experts to conduct different kinds of engaging workshops on cooking local cuisine, pottery, making art pieces and specially guided tours so that the travellers can establish a deep association with their present destination (Batala & Slevitch, 2024;Ezeuduji, 2024;Chung et al., 2020). ...
... These collaborations can include discounts on dining, shopping, attractions, or services, providing travelers with a unique opportunity to immerse themselves in the local culture and community. By encouraging bleisure travelers to engage with local businesses, hotels not only enhance the overall guest experience but also contribute to the economic growth and sustainability of the destination (Chung et al., 2020). ...
... Usually both can be extended on the start or end of a visit. However, in both the cases it is usually being accompanied by friends or family (Chung et al., 2020). The trend of bleisure has become more popular, especially when the younger generations are enjoying the advantages of it. ...
Chapter
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This chapter explores the rising trend of bleisure travel, which combines business trips with leisure activities. It examines how this trend impacts travelers and the hospitality industry, highlighting benefits beyond convenience. Bleisure travel significantly affects work-life balance by integrating leisure into business trips, reducing stress, and enhancing well-being. The chapter also discusses its implications for the hospitality sector, including increased occupancy rates and revenue. This shift requires hotels and restaurants to adapt services for bleisure travelers, creating new growth opportunities. Additionally, bleisure travel boosts local economies by encouraging longer stays and exploration of cultural sites. It promotes tourism development, fostering cultural appreciation. In summary, this chapter provides insights into bleisure travel's transformative nature, reshaping travel experiences in today's world.
... Eine konkretere Definition des Begriffs findet sich in einer Studie des Online-Reisebüros Expedia: "the practice of combining business travel and leisure travel into one trip" (Expedia, 2018, S. 3). Auf diese wird auch in der jüngeren Fachliteratur regelmäßig zurückgegriffen (Eisenstein et al., 2019;Chung et al., 2020;Pinho & Marques, 2021). 3 Aufbauend auf diesen Definitionen gilt: Bleisure Travel beschreibt die Kombination von Geschäftsreise und Urlaub in einer Reise. ...
... In diesem Kontext verweisen die Studien von Chung et al. (2020) und Pinho & Marques (2021 auf den Ansatz des "Bleisure Marketings". Chung et al. definieren dessen Ziel wie folgt: "to encourage business travelers to stay for more nights, visit more attractions, enjoy additional recreation activities, and, eventually, spend more money after meetings, conferences, and exhibitions/events" (Chung et al., 2021, S. 300). ...
... Bleisure-Reisende als Zielgruppe haben aus Sicht der touristischen Leistungsträger:innen und Destinationen den Vorteil, dass sie nicht mehr für einen Besuch, sondern lediglich für dessen Verlängerung gewonnen werden müssen, da sie aufgrund eines dienstlichen Anlasses bereits vor Ort sind (allerdings nicht komplett selbstbestimmt, wie es bei Workation der Fall wäre). Zudem verbleiben sie im Vergleich zu reinen Geschäftsreisenden länger in einer Destination und geben vor Ort mehr Geld aus, wovon nicht nur das örtliche Gastgewerbe profitiert (Expedia, 2018;Eisenstein et al., 2019;Chung et al., 2020;Dutton, 2022;Youssef, 2023). ...
Article
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This discussion paper "Bleisure Travel-Potentials and Recommendations for Tourism Practice" examines the evolution, demand and supply factors of the bleisure travel segment. The concept of Bleisure Travel refers to the combination of business travel and leisure travel within a single trip. The business purpose determines the reason for travel, while the leisure component is shaped by an extended stay and/or the nature of accompanying persons. This paper examines the rapid growth of the bleisure travel segment globally and its significant appeal for the tourism industry in Germany. It presents findings from current empirical studies, including a recent survey conducted by the authors Peter Neumann and Sven Pastowski. Additionally, the paper provides practical recommendations for German tourism service providers and destinations on effectively positioning themselves in the bleisure market. Das vorliegende Discussion Paper befasst sich mit der Entwicklung, Nachfrage und dem Angebot von "Bleisure Travel" als einer neuen Form der Geschäftsreise. Bleisure Travel bezeichnet die Kombination von Geschäftsreise und Urlaub in einer Reise. Der Reiseanlass ist dabei beruflich determiniert, wobei der private Anteil durch eine Aufenthaltsverlängerung vor Ort und/oder die Art der Begleitpersonen geprägt ist. Dieses Paper beschreibt das starke Wachstum des Bleisure-Travel-Segments weltweit und seine große Attraktivität für die Tourismusbranche in Deutschland. Es präsentiert Ergebnisse aktueller empirischer Studien, einschließlich einer kürzlich von den Autoren Peter Neumann und Sven Pastowski durchgeführten Untersuchung. Darüber hinaus gibt es praktische Handlungsempfehlungen, wie sich touristische Leistungsträger und Destinationen erfolgreich auf dem Bleisure Markt positionieren können.
... Thus, one of the main objectives of bleisure marketing is to encourage business travelers to extend their stays, making it possible to visit a greater number of attractions and enjoy recreational activities, which will eventually lead to tourists spending more money after their work activities [17]. It is therefore important to draw up a marketing plan that includes practices that encourage tourists to experience this diversity of activities [18]. In the research on the greater Tokyo region conducted by [18], it was found that the marketing strategy adopted was based on four main areas. ...
... It is therefore important to draw up a marketing plan that includes practices that encourage tourists to experience this diversity of activities [18]. In the research on the greater Tokyo region conducted by [18], it was found that the marketing strategy adopted was based on four main areas. Firstly, there is the area of promoting local businesses. ...
... As an example, the authors present the case of the Yokohama convention center, which usually shares information with the businesses located on the pedestrian path to the subway station. The fact that retailers can rely on behavioral and socio-demographic data about event attendees makes it possible to prepare customized products that meet the needs of these specific markets [18]. The second area is the development of ancillary programs. ...
Conference Paper
The global expansion of tourism has provided several benefits for local economies, since it is not only responsible for creating jobs in several areas but also plays a crucial role in the development of new infrastructures, which is reflected in an increase in the value and relevance of regions, namely by specializing in organizing events and creating attractions aimed at satisfying tourists’ needs and extending their stay. It is therefore important to understand what influence events can have on hospitality marketing. This research will focus on the cities of Lisbon and Oporto, due to the greater concentration of events there, in order to understand the influence of events on hotel marketing in the cities of Lisbon and Oporto, identifying strategies in terms of marketing, to capture and respond to the needs of participants in events; analyzing the existence of differences in the marketing strategies adopted by hotel units in the cities of Lisbon and Oporto, and ascertaining the relationship between hotel units and event organizers in event tourism. Finally, it will emphasize the adaptation of the hotel industry and the events industry to the ongoing challenges of COVID-19. The results gathered show that business events and sporting events are the most relevant for the hotel industry in these cities. In addition, in terms of strategies adopted in the case of events in the city, hoteliers attach great importance to price strategy, digital marketing strategy, and targeting segmentation to specific audiences. The relationship between hotel units and event organizers is highly valued, although it is still at an early stage, emphasizing the importance of safety communication actions.
... These activities include exploring interesting places, tasting local flavors, visiting entertainment venues, and buying souvenirs (Ünal & Özgürel, 2021). Therefore, the tourism mobility that combines business travel with tourism activities for purposes such as entertainment, sightseeing, and relaxation has found its place in the relevant body of knowledge as bleisure tourism (Keadplang, 2018;Sardest & Ivanauskas, 2019;Alp & Yazıcı Ayyıldız, 2020;Chung et al., 2020;Pinho & Marques, 2021;Ünal & Özgürel, 2021). In the relevant literature, it is observed that bleisure tourism is generally examined conceptually due to being a new concept (Lichy & Mcleay, 2018;Kasalak et al., 2019;Alp & Yazıcı Ayyıldız, 2020;Pinho & Marques, 2021;Raykova, 2021;Walia et al., 2021;Вагапова, 2023), Mercan & Sandıkcı, 2024). ...
... In the relevant literature, it is observed that bleisure tourism is generally examined conceptually due to being a new concept (Lichy & Mcleay, 2018;Kasalak et al., 2019;Alp & Yazıcı Ayyıldız, 2020;Pinho & Marques, 2021;Raykova, 2021;Walia et al., 2021;Вагапова, 2023), Mercan & Sandıkcı, 2024). On the other hand, research has been made on bleisure tourism and bleisure tourists, generally associated with variables such as perceived quality and intention to revisit (Ünal & Özgürel, 2021), competitive development in health tourism (Keadplang, 2018), competitiveness (Caicedo-Barreth et al., 2020), experience chain and destination marketing (Chung et al., 2020), sustainable development (Petrenko et al., 2023). Regarding motivational factors, besides a systematic literature review (Sohaili et al., 2022), two studies targeting business people and human research managers have been encountered (Sardest & Ivanauskas, 2019;Çetinöz & Hazarhun, 2020). ...
... Therefore, the motivation factors of bleisure tourists, despite their diversity and complexity, play a crucial role in enabling destinations to gain a competitive advantage. On the other hand, considering the opportunities for bleisure tourism to eliminate seasonality issues for destinations and tourism businesses, extend service delivery throughout the year (Jang & Wu, 2006), and sustain a competitive advantage (Caicedo-Barreth et al., 2020;Chung et al., 2020), the importance of examining the travel factors of those participating in bleisure tourism becomes evident. ...
Article
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In this study, the aim is to evaluate the tendencies and travel motivations of academics, who are one of the profiles of bleisure tourists in the sample of universities in Kayseri, towards bleisure tourism. The study also aims to provide suggestions that industry representatives can benefit from in product design and marketing activities, and to present knowledge that is expected to have a widespread impact on relevant body of knowledge. In line with the purpose of the research, data were collected through semi-structured interviews using the purposive sampling method, including 24 academics, within the framework of maximum diversity sampling in qualitative research methods. As a result of the analyses, it was found that the majority of participants, although not previously familiar with the concept, showed a positive inclination towards bleisure travel within their professional lives and frequently experienced such travels. Additionally, among the motivation factors for participants regarding bleisure travel, cultural exploration, personal planning, and participation in activities, as well as factors such as discovering local flavors, visiting architectural and cultural elements, and benefiting from the facilities of the hotel, were observed.
... Bleisure travel is defined as a novel type of travel in which individuals incorporate leisure activities into their business trips (Chung, Choi, Yoo, & Kim, 2020). According to a recent report by Stratos Jet Charters, about 60% of all business trips in the U.S. turn into bleisure trips (Deane, 2022). ...
... These studies reveal insights into characteristics, benefits, and economic potential. However, empirical studies specifically on the bleisure travel experience are limited (Chung et al., 2020;Lichy & McLeay, 2018). Thus, while there is some understanding of the characteristics and potential benefits of bleisure travel, there is a scarcity of empirical studies that delve into the bleisure travel experience (i.e., Chung et al., 2020;Lichy & McLeay, 2018). ...
... However, empirical studies specifically on the bleisure travel experience are limited (Chung et al., 2020;Lichy & McLeay, 2018). Thus, while there is some understanding of the characteristics and potential benefits of bleisure travel, there is a scarcity of empirical studies that delve into the bleisure travel experience (i.e., Chung et al., 2020;Lichy & McLeay, 2018). ...
... Abulibdeh and Zaidan (2017), Bi et al. (2020), Chung et al. (2020), Kerr et al. (2012), Pinho and Marques (2021) Identify the potential and approaches (e.g., via marketing) for promoting leisure travel purchases among business travelers Primarily focusing on promoting leisurerelated travel purchases as opposed to identifying their benefits Lauring et al. (2014), Lichy and McLeay (2018), Tretyakevich and Maggi (2012), Tsaur and Tsai (2023) The role of leisure exploration in facilitating adjustment among international business travelers is still in its infancy. Notwithstanding the popularity of bleisure in industrial practices (Morgan, 2022), research on this topic has been scarce. ...
... Notwithstanding the popularity of bleisure in industrial practices (Morgan, 2022), research on this topic has been scarce. A paucity of literature has explored the potential leisure demands of the international business traveler market, advocating tourism destinations, and travel businesses to create products accordingly (Chung et al., 2020;Lichy & McLeay, 2018). Recent research also examines the blurring of lines between work and leisure on remote work trips for well-being (Chevtaeva et al., 2024). ...
Article
Full-text available
Integrating Torbiorn’s theory of adjustment and Lazarus’ theory of stress, this study examines the antecedents, consequences, and mitigating factors of international business travel adjustment. Results from two studies, a unique pre (Time 1) and post (Time 2) travel survey conducted before COVID at two airports in North and South America, and data collected post-COVID using an online panel of business travelers illustrate how and why adjustment mediates the travel stress/leisure exploration–trip satisfaction relationship. Our findings guide managers and practitioners to mitigate the negative impact of travel stress by allowing time for leisure exploration while on international business trips. Tourism businesses should continue to explore and design experiences that satisfy the general adjustment needs of the international business travel market.
... As the boundaries between leisure and business travel blur, bleisure travel has been increasing rapidly (Chung et al., 2020). The travel management company Lola forecast a surge in bleisure, based on a survey of 1000 business travellers, half of whom articulated a preference to extend business trips for personal time and leisure (Wemett, 2020). ...
... Bleisure is a relatively new topic and although there are many industry reports that provide an overview of trends and statistics (e.g., The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2019; Wemett, 2020), debate in the academic literature is just starting to emerge. Articles in high-quality journals on bleisure are only starting to emerge (e.g., Rittichainuwat et al., 2020;Chung et al., 2020) As illustrated in the box, some of the key debates focus on the benefits and challenges to employees who are involved with bleisure. While some employers actively discourage taking extra time off to engage in leisure activities, bleisure provides many indirect benefits to both the employee and employer. ...
... Leisure components can play an important role in business travel in terms of work-life balance and subjective well-being (Park, 2023;Park et al., 2024). Chung et al. (2020) pursued an investigation of the bleisure tourism experience chain and of how marketing practices are created to encourage business travellers to have better experiences and spend more funds beyond business events. ...
Article
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Extant research on the concept of bleisure is mainly in the context of the Global North or relates to travellers from the Global North. This investigation is the first in the environment of the Global South to examine the bleisure activities among informal business tourists. Using a survey of 700 informal business tourists in Harare, Zimbabwe, the results show that the accommodation choices and the bleisure activities undertaken by these informal business tourists in Zimbabwe’s capital city are markedly different to those reported in studies of business travellers from the Global North. Bleisure activities identified as significant are visits to friends/relatives, participation in religious activities, personal shopping and the enjoyment of sports, musical events and Harare’s night-time economy.
... Travelling for business and pleasure was traditionally seen as two different activities, with professionals keeping their personal and professional lives apart. But since the emergence of "bleisure" tourism, tourists are adopting a more all-encompassing attitude to travel, erasing the distinction between work and recreation, and attempting to strike a balance between business and personal interests while away from home (Chung et al., 2020). ...
Chapter
Mobile applications play a pivotal role in enabling and enhancing bleisure travel experiences. These apps offer solutions for communication, itinerary planning, transportation booking, and leisure discovery, reflecting the evolving expectations of modern travelers for efficiency, flexibility, and customized experiences. Despite their benefits, challenges such as data privacy concerns and information overload persist. Looking ahead, the future of bleisure travel is poised for further transformation through advances in mobile technology, including augmented reality and artificial intelligence. However, a research gap exists in understanding the full spectrum of mobile apps catering to bleisure tourists' needs. This chapter aims to address this gap by classifying mobile apps for bleisure tourism, exploring their advantages, and identifying challenges and opportunities for innovation. By doing so, it seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of mobile technology in shaping the landscape of bleisure tourism in the digital age.
... It was additionally confirmed that business visitors are significantly interested in the city and involved in tourism activities outside of the business event. This finding is consistent with the literature that considers professional tourists as "bleisure" tourists who are attracted by non-event activities [37][38][39]. ...
Article
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The literature has mainly focused on the significant business opportunities that companies obtain from their participation in trade fairs while less interest has been given to their impacts on the host regions. However, trade fairs are events with complex socio-spatial dimensions and an important scope of urban governance that need further analysis. The purpose of this article is to investigate the attitudes, opinions and representations of the exhibitors and visitors of the trade fairs in Thessaloniki, regarding the trade fair itself and its efficiency, the city of Thessaloniki as a destination, as well as the relationship between trade fairs and the city. The method of collecting qualitative material and information involved in-depth interviews with a semi-structured interview guide, while quota sampling was used. In total, 103 interviews were conducted at the trade fairs of Zootechnia and Detrop. Results show that the effect of trade fair activity on the city of Thessaloniki is strong and multi-layered. Also, the relationship between trade fair activity and the city is interactive and two-way, as one feeds and is powered by the other. Moreover, the need for coordination and cooperation between local agencies in an urban governance framework was highlighted.
... Bleisure travelers usually extend their stay in the destination after the end of the business event for leisure reasons, or even revisit the destination with friends and family after the event (Davidson, 2003;Pinho & Marques, 2021;Walia et al., 2023), while their satisfaction as leisure visitors is influenced by specific characteristics of the destination (e.g., gastronomy, attractions, hospitality) (Pinho & Marques, 2021). It is a fact that the economic impact of business travelers is more significant as they are attracted to activities outside the event (Chung et al., 2020). ...
Article
Full-text available
The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the factors that contribute to the formation of destination loyalty of trade fair exhibitors, through the perspective of social exchange theory. The study was conducted on the exhibitors of the 86th Thessaloniki International Fair (T.I.F.) from the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) who visited the city within the framework of the Honored Country concept. Results showed that the concept of the Honored Country is closely related to destination loyalty, while the relationship between satisfaction with trade fair participation (TFS) and destination loyalty (DL) was noted. Moreover, the relationship between social exchange theory - trust (T) and visitors’ satisfaction (VS) - and destination loyalty (DL) was also noted.
... Strategic initiatives should be devised to highlight the distinctive cultural, historical, and natural facets that set a destination apart, resonating with diverse visitor preferences (Jin & Cheng, 2020). Moreover, integrating innovative promotional campaigns leveraging various media channels becomes pivotal in fostering awareness and engagement (Chung et al., 2020). The realization of these endeavors not only contributes to increased tourist footfall but also plays a vital role in stimulating the local economy through heightened hospitality, retail, and service sector activities (Seraphin et al., 2023). ...
Article
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This research aims to design a destination marketing system capable of accommodating information on product, price, place, and promotion. The method employed is Rapid Application Development (RAD), comprising the phases of requirement planning, user design, construction, and cutover. The outcomes of the study underscore that details regarding product offerings, pricing structures, geographical considerations, and promotional strategies are instrumental for decision-making in optimizing tourist visitation. With its iterative and collaborative nature, the utilization of RAD proves effective in systematically developing a system that aligns with the multifaceted dynamics of destination marketing. The phased approach, from requirement planning to cutover, ensures the systematic incorporation of crucial elements within the system. In conclusion, the research findings emphasize the significance of a well-designed destination marketing system in consolidating and utilizing product, price, place, and promotion information for informed decision-making in the tourism sector.
... In the postmodern society, boundaries between work and life are blurred. In the tourism context, the emergence of a digital nomad (Olga, 2020) and bleisure (Chung et al., 2020) reflect travel in the postmodern era. The DFT, however, criticises and challenges this fluidity and aims to reestablish the boundary between work and leisure, everyday life, and holiday experience. ...
Chapter
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Technology is used for a wide variety of activities in tourism. However, the overwhelming use of technology in our everyday lives has resulted in a growing disconnection movement for people who desire to resist digital technology. Digital-free tourism (DFT) has become an increasingly popular phenomenon. The focus of DFT studies thus far is on the consumer side. For example, millennials and digital wellbeing, escape, personal growth, mindfulness, technostress, relaxation, and emotions. This chapter suggests a future research agenda, for example, linking DFT with nature-based tourism, quality of life, digital wellbeing, and sustainability. Some practical applications of DFT are suggested such as helping with Zoom fatigue, adopting DFT in tourism operations, or rebranding opportunities for destinations. The chapter closes with future trends of DFT such as new business opportunities, growing adoption across tourism and hospitality services, or combined with other forms of tourism such as slow, rural, spa, or adventure tourism.
... Likewise, almost half of the respondents were on a solely bleisure (business and leisure) journey (47.2%). In addition, approximately half of the passengers' dwell time in the airport was between two to 3 h (57.1%) and spends around USD25 -USD50 in the airport (27.0%), particularly shopping for food and beverages (29.9%), followed by gifts and souvenirs (22.6%). 2 As a result, the distribution of the respondents are similar as those highlighted in literature and industry's report, where most passengers at the airport are in their bleisure trips and men tend to travel internationally more compared to female (Chung et al., 2020;UNWTO, 2020;Expedia 2018). This passenger characteristic might also be related that they are from the private work sector (59.8%) and have a bachelor's degree (58.1%). ...
Article
This study intends to uncover the potential drivers that motivate air passengers to spend more in the airport. To address the gaps in the literature, this study proposed a model that integrated the European Customer Satisfaction Index (ECSI) and Experience Economy Theory. Data was collected from 341 passengers at Kuala Lumpur International Airport and analysed using Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The structural model results suggested that willingness to spend more depended on the passengers’ satisfaction and perceived value. Experience economy was found to mediate the path between airport image and passenger expectation on perceived value. Implications and suggestions for further research were discussed.
... Esto nos lleva a afirmar que la experiencia turística es un elemento fundamental a la hora de determinar la imagen de un destino, puesto que cuanto más positiva sea la primera, más positiva será también la imagen del destino (Chung et al., 2020). La teoría que da soporte a esta relación entre la experiencia turística y la imagen del destino es la teoría de la intimidad (Gabb, 2008;Trauer y Ryan, 2005). ...
Thesis
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JUSTIFICATION: The tourism sector is one of the primary sources of memorable experiences because, by its very nature, tourism generates knowledge, fun, feelings, and emotions among individuals. These experiences influence tourist behavioral intention, which can deliver benefits for destinations. Furthermore, analyzing tourist behavior can help destinations to devise strategies and actions that improve the visitor experience. Within this analysis of consumer behavior, spatio-temporal behavior is of particular relevance. AIM: The aim of this thesis is to analyze how the spatio-temporal sequence of a visit to a cultural destination is configured and how this configuration influences the tourist experience. The main antecedent of both these variables is tourist motive for visiting the destination in question. The study also analyzes the impact of a) tourism product quality and b) the possibility of sharing experiences via social media on the tourist experience. Finally, the consequences of the tourist experience for the destination are studied in terms of destination image and tourist intention to sustain loyal behaviors (revisit and recommendation intention). METHODOLOGY: A sample of 299 tourists is used, recruited at the beginning of their visit to a cultural destination (Granada). A preliminary survey is conducted, and subsequently the tourists are each given a mobile phone that they must carry with them throughout their stay. The device is programmed to record the different zones of the city they visit, the length of the visit to each zone, and the order in which the zones are visited. At the end of their stay, the sample participants are contacted again to collect data measuring the overall experience and its consequences. RESULTS: Two broad segments of tourists were identified, based on their spatiotemporal behavior at the destination: one that chose to visit more zones of the city with a relatively high concentration of cultural attractions, and one that preferred stay mainly in the area where the hotel is located. Within the former segment, three sub-segments were identified, all of which generated a superior (more positive) tourist experience, compared to the segment that stayed in the hotel zone. The tourist experience can also be explained in terms of the different motives for undertaking tourism—particularly intellectual and social. Furthermore, the tourist’s motives for the visit shape their typical behavior once at the destination in terms of visit cultural orientation and number of zones visited. Other variables, such as the expected tourism product quality or the use of social networks to obtain or share information during the stay, also positively influenced the experience of the cultural tourist.
... H. Kim et al., 2012;Sthapit & Coundounaris, 2018); quantitative approach to explore the effect of rural tourism experience economy on place attachment (Inversini, 2018;Loureiro, 2014); tourist experience to the impact of the whole tourism process (D. Wang et al., 2016); tourist experience and multidisciplinary research, such as Sociological aspect (Larsen, 2007), Psychological aspect (Skavronskaya et al., 2020;Wei et al., 2019), and Management (Chung et al., 2020;Sorensen & Jensen, 2015); the relationships between social media and tourist experience (Conti & Heldt Cassel, 2020;J. Kim & Fesenmaier, 2017), etc. ...
Article
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Tourist experience research has been increasing in practitioners and academics. The study collected 1,079 tourist experience related articles published in the Web of Science (WOS) core database to summarize research on tourist experience from 2007 to 2019 and to explore research hotspots and trends related to the topic. CiteSpace analysis was used from the selected 1,045 articles to identify and visualize the evolution of knowledge. The results revealed that the major disciplines for research tourist experience are Hospitality Leisure Sport Tourism disciplines. The most influential authors are mostly from high-yield institutions. The high-yield countries (regions) are in the USA, China, Australia, England and Italy. In addition, three hotspots research topics and contemporary trends are presented.
... In particular, as self-paced hiking or race events using mobile apps are expanding considerably, the demand for research on the nature and dynamics of events using mobile apps is growing rapidly (Woyo & Nyamandi, 2022;Zeng et al., 2020). Previous studies have examined the role of mobile apps in various aspects of event/tourism management, including destination marketing for business travelers (Chung et al., 2020), festival attendees' experiential needs (Van Winkle et al., 2016), and trust in travel mobile app (Hua et al., 2021). Although the core purpose of adopting VEP is to effectively engage potential as well as current participants in a variety of event contents, the context of an event using VEP is significantly different from that of a traditional faceto-face event (Sarmento & Simões, 2019). ...
Article
The COVID-19 pandemic compelled traditional in-person events to begin transforming into more innovative and safer experiences by utilizing various virtual experience platforms (VEP). This study explores the salient determinants affecting the self-paced hiking or race event attendees’ intention to continue attending the event through the use of VEP based on two robust theories: the expectation–confirmation model (ECM) and the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) model. Data were collected from 243 event attendees of a self-paced hiking event in South Korea and analyzed using a PLS-SEM approach. The results of this study demonstrate that performance expectancy had the most significant effect on the event attendees’ continuance intention to use VEP, followed by satisfaction, hedonic motivation, and price value. The implications of these findings for event firms and organizations utilizing VEP are discussed.
... Hotels are also now expanding their yield in the form of conferences and event spaces, lending further nuances to the term 'bleisure', which is to mix business with leisure activities (Lichy & McLeay, 2018). Such outcomes provide further interrogation of hotels as physical spaces of rest and hospitality, to the in-betweenness of shifting between professional, and personal selves (Chung et al., 2020). ...
Article
Hotel quarantine has been a prevalent process over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic as destinations seek to utilise such spaces to uncover potential positive cases within international tourism mobility. Yet, this abruptly designed layer of quarantine is vastly different to what hotels were built for and intended as spaces of leisure and hospitality. In addition, the spaces of immobility and how these are encountered by guests in quarantine are largely under-investigated. Addressing existing knowledge gaps, 15 blogs written from hotel quarantine guests were analysed through the work of Scheiner's spaces of immobility to examine how they negotiated with these spaces. The research revealed three dominant themes of food, health and wellbeing, the digital self, and assurances as key markers of immobility. These outcomes provide theoretical and managerial implications to reconsider urban tourism politics within cities in terms of hotel design and spatiality in the future.
... Bleisure tourism combines business and leisure travel (Lichy & McLeay, 2018;Chung et al., 2020). It is the union of business and leisure. ...
Article
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The study aims to analyze the resilience of corporate tourism in the last three years. Interviews were conducted with industry professionals, and a questionnaire was applied to corporate clients. The results show that adaptation was achieved through short-term planning, bleisure tourism, digitalization, and sustainability. The main conclusion is that resilient companies have changed their line of business, accepted to operate in the short term, and offered more flexibility in pricing.
... The tourism experience can be defined as tourists' impressions of their entire trip [7]. It influences tourists' satisfaction [8], affective commitment [9], and loyalty [10], and therefore has drawn attention in destination marketing [11]. From a sustainable tourism development perspective, the tourism experience enables tourists to obtain knowledge and empathy resources, which in turn may support environmental conservation [12]. ...
Article
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Smart technology has been introduced in the tourism industry for several decades. Nature-based tourism destinations contribute to environmental education and sustainable tourism. Tourism experiences have been extensively assessed in past research; however, no studies have clarified the conceptualization and research instruments of smart tourism experiences, especially in nature-based tourism contexts. To fill this research gap, the present study aimed to develop a valid scale to evaluate the smart tourism experience of nature-based tourists. In study 1, a 32-item research instrument was developed using a mixed approach. In study 2, overall, 897 valid questionnaires were obtained, and confirmatory factor analysis was employed to examine a reliable and valid 29-item scale. In study 3, this scale was cross-validated with 662 respondents for the calibration sample and 674 respondents for the validation sample. The criterion-related validity was also assessed by examining the correlations among five dimensions of the smart tourism experience and overall satisfaction and loyalty. When tourists visit a smart tourism destination, they are more likely to respect the natural environment and use smart technology applications, which provide useful information to plan itineraries and identify diverse and entertaining recreation experiences. Consequently, these applications increase their satisfaction and loyalty, thus assisting in the development of sustainable tourism. The present study extends the theoretical framework of smart tourism experiences to managerial implications by providing a conception and measure, filling the research gaps, and contributing significantly to the tourism literature.
... This is because business tourists nowadays are not only travelling for business purposes. They are combining business and tourism at one go which has recently become popular (Chung et al., 2020) as they are also known as bleisure tourists. However, the blurring relationship between the concepts makes it difficult to differentiate their travel motivation during business trips (Pinho & Marques, 2019). ...
Article
Aim: The aim of the research conducted during the fair on 30.03-5.04.2023 was to identify the factors for the development of the bleisure trend in cities based on the preferences of the participants of the 29th edition of the KRAKDENT® International Dental Fair The research mainly concerned the "bleisure" trend, which in business tourism concerns the combination of business and leisure, i.e., business duties and leisure. Design/methodology/approach: The research was not commercial and was carried out as part of the cooperation of the Targi w Krakowie Ltd. with the Jagiellonian University in Krakow and the University of the National Education Commission in Krakow. The research was conducted based on primary data – a questionnaire collected between 30 March and 1 April 2023 during the 29th edition of the KRAKDENT® International Dental Fair held at the International Exhibition and Congress Centre EXPO Kraków. The research was conducted among exhibitors and visitors, although the primary respondents were exhibitors. Results: The research indicates expectations and contemporary trends in traveling among business tourists participating in the fair. The research verified the main research hypothesis as follows: The primary determinant of the development of the "bleisure" trend in cities is the discounts offered in the area of city attractions and infrastructure. Research limitations/implications: The difficulty obtaining questionnaires from visitors to the fair was a significant limitation. In the future, it would be essential to continue this type of research among participants at trade fairs or other business events. Practical implications: The research aimed to learn about the preferences of both exhibitors and visitors to prepare a better or tailored offer for them for subsequent editions of the event. Social implications: The research subject has significant social implications, as bleisure tourism is an essential factor affecting human well-being and health. Bleisure tourism is of great social importance for people's mental comfort. Originality/value: In the Polish literature on the subject, this type of research has not been carried out so far. Keywords: bleisure, development factors, business tourism, cities, regeneration. Work category: Research paper.
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This chapter explores the demographic profile, motivations, behaviors, challenges, and recommendations of Filipino tourism and hospitality educators who have engaged in leisure while attending a conference and convention. The results have ramifications for higher education institutions (HEI), conference organizers, and tourism and hospitality service providers. The study suggests policy considerations for HEIs to support the educators' active participation in conferences, conventions, and bleisure activities. The results also provide insights for conference organizers as well as tourism and hospitality service providers in customizing and providing quality and cost-friendly services that are tailored to this specific market's needs, expectations, and preferences.
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One of the newest ideas in the travel industry is leisure travel, and as it has grown, more attention is being paid to the demands of business travellers who like to have some downtime while away from their destination. Globally, most of the business travelers, especially millennials choose leisure component while they travel for business purpose. The employers are in the opinion that bleisure travel supports jobs satisfaction and in turn leads to stay productive and longer in the jobs. The study intends to investigate the various factors that impact leisure travel experiences, particularly emphasizing the assistance businesses provide and the features that travel destinations manage. It also aims to comprehend how Bleisure travel experiences affect people's well-being and social relationship development. By achieving these goals, the study hopes to shed light on the intricate dynamics of leisure travel and its consequences for tourists and organisations that arrange these kinds of experiences.
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One of the scientific methods of finding out the progress in the development of the studies related to the particular field is bibliometric analysis. The present study is focused on the continuous improvement of the studies related to work culture involving business and leisure in hospitality and tourism industry. Also, its implication in employee wellbeing also gets analyzed through the studies. The timeline for the studies has been chosen from 2003 to 2023 (20 years). Articles/chapters published in Scopus indexed journal have been considered for the study. For the selection of the articles PRISMA technique has been used. The biblioshiny software with the help of R studio has been used for the final analysis of the data. It gives the comprehensive analysis of author collaborations, country wise publications, trends with the timeline, citation trends, etc. The conceptual framework has been suggested for the future analysis of studies in the field of business and leisure along with the employee satisfaction and final productivity.
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With the growing worldwide consciousness regarding environmental and social concerns, the tourism industry is under mounting pressure to embrace sustainable practices. This research study explores the convergence of sustainability and bleisure tourism, which is a growing trend that combines business and leisure travel. Further research is needed to explore the incorporation of sustainability concepts into bleisure travel, as it has the potential to benefit both environmental conservation and economic growth. This chapter seeks to examine the present condition of sustainable practices in the field of bleisure tourism and pinpoint areas for enhancement. This research utilizes an extensive examination of existing literature to combine current understanding of bleisure travel with sustainability, establishing a basis for empirical analysis. This chapter analyses the reasons for the growing trend of combining business and leisure travel, known as bleisure travel, as well as the various aspects that impact passengers' choices to adopt sustainable practices throughout their trips.
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Understanding the destination selection attributes is crucial for the survival of the business events industry at any destination. This is particularly pertinent in the business events industry, where competition is strong in the current economic situation. As the landscape of business events continues to evolve, destinations must strategically position themselves to attract and retain these valuable gatherings. The decision-making regarding the selection of the business event destination is prone to be influenced by various potential attributes that are yet to be determined through further exploration. The association or event organizer may exercise their judgment or discretion in selecting the venue, giving them a great deal of flexibility. For Malaysia to be the preferred destination and improve its ranking in international business events especially in Asia Pacific, the products and services supply must be relevant and meet the expectations of the external market. Despite the importance of the business event industry, much of the existing scholarly work has been predominantly focused on the destination selection attributes for leisure and international sports events only. Thus, this paper aims to extend the body of knowledge by investigating whether similar outcomes can be elicited when it comes to business events, with a particular emphasis on understanding the concept and attributes within the context of Malaysian business event associations. Additionally, this study will assist the local hosting and organizations to develop their bid and marketing strategies appropriately by offering exceptional products and services that are customized to meet the expectations of their intended associations.
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This study investigates the behavior of bleisure travelers, a fusion of business and leisure, in the backdrop of the BANI world. It aims to understand their journey, motivations, challenges, and outcomes, using 16 professionals' experiences using thematic analysis. The study generates eight themes, preparation, pre-contemplation, termination, contemplation, action, maintenance, rejuvenation, and revitalization. The transtheoretical framework by Carlo C. DiClemente and James O. Prochaska since 1983 derived from the first six generated themes. The implications extend to intervention strategies, such as conscious raising, self-revaluation, dramatic relief, emotional arousal, social liberation, stimulus control, and contingency management in strategising bleisure using the AIDA model. The findings will inform future research directions and strategies in the evolving landscape of bleisure tourism.
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The travel and tourism industry has a significant impact on influencing the worldwide economy and fostering cross-border relationships. This diversified industry includes transportation, hospitality, leisure activities, and tourism-related services, which involve the movement of people for a variety of purposes, such as business, leisure, education, cultural exchange, and so on. Bleisure tourism is a new buzzword that reflects that business trips usually include opportunities for leisure. Bleisure travel is thus an amalgamation of the two worlds—“business” and “leisure”—and is an emerging concept in which travellers combine business visits with leisure activities. This chapter attempts to provide an overview of the relevant literature available in the topic of bleisure tourism, bleisure travellers, and emphasizing on the trends that indicates a desire for a better work-life balance, as well as a recognition that travel can be both productive and enjoyable. This chapter also looks at the expansion of the bleisure tourism from business perspective, as well as its future consequences.
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The purpose of this research study is to investigate the developing trend of bleisure tourism in Nepal, which is characterised by tourists who combine business and leisure activities together with their vacations. This chapter intends to provide insights into the potential growth and impact of bleisure tourism in Nepal by conducting a thorough analysis of existing trends and future projections using the information gathered from the analysis. The purpose of this chapter is to effectively harness this trend by discussing several reasons that are driving the increase of bleisure travel in the region. The research draws on current literature and statistical data to support its discussion.
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Bleisure tourism in India is experiencing a notable upswing, driven by various factors contributing to its improvement. The country's growing prominence as a global business hub, rich cultural heritage, and diverse leisure offerings make it an attractive destination for travelers seeking a blend of work and leisure experiences. The major cities in India got renowned for their business infrastructure, are also home to vibrant cultural attractions, historical landmarks, and natural wonders, enticing business travelers to extend their stays for leisure purposes. Moreover, advancements in transportation, digital connectivity, and accommodation options cater to the needs of Bleisure travelers, facilitating seamless transitions between work and leisure activities. In this chapter with increasing recognition of the benefits of blending business with leisure, the challenges will also be observed. These challenges, hurdles, and issues inviting the delay in this direction would be discussed while focusing on the solution approach, especially emerging Indian cities in this context.
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In this context, destination marketing and development strategies are of critical importance to effectively leverage the potential of bleisure tourism. Effectively promoting tourist attractions in different regions of the world and developing activities that can attract bleisure tourists can enhance the country's competitiveness in this field. The aim of this study is to focus on the growth of bleisure tourism in Turkey and examine destination marketing and development strategies along with local opportunities. While evaluating the opportunities Turkey offers for bleisure tourism, the study also discusses the sector's future growth potential. It examines how Turkey is preparing to become more competitive in bleisure tourism and provides insights into the impact of this trend on the country's tourism industry. In this context, the study aims to make a significant contribution to the growth of bleisure tourism in Turkey and aims to provide practical guidance to researchers, businesses, and tourism professionals.
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Social media has revolutionized the travel industry, becoming an increasingly important aspect of the sector. It has influenced our behavior in every part of our lives, including the way we consume travel content. Tourism is one of the world's most active economic sectors, and social media is a substantial component of it. The age of brochures and billboards in the tourist business has come to an end. Today, the usage of social networking sites may be the most important factor impacting the tourist business. Tourists, in particular, benefit from social media since it enables them to share their most memorable travel experiences with a large number of people. Since travel has always been a popular pastime, the arrival of technology has resulted in a paradigm change in communication and trip planning practices, both of which have been beneficial. This chapter will explore the reliability of social media and how it is utilized to make travel choices in the travel process by the tourist who lives in Chandigarh and prefers business and leisure together.
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This chapter investigates the challenges encountered by Bleisure travelers, individuals who combine business travel with leisure activities, through a comprehensive review of existing literature, surveys, and interviews conducted with Bleisure travelers, particularly IT professionals, due to their unique expertise. This study aims to provide insights into the obstacles faced by this segment of travelers and offer practical solutions to enhance their experiences. Key challenges identified include time constraints, balancing work and leisure, managing expenses, navigating unfamiliar destinations, and maximizing leisure opportunities within limited schedules. In light of the conclusions, this chapter presents strategies and recommendations including careful itinerary planning, leveraging technology for time operation, optimizing trip prices, adopting stress relief methods, and exploring destination-specific resources. By addressing these challenges, Bleisure travelers can optimize their experience, achieve outstanding work-life balance, and derive maximum pleasure.
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Bleisure, a term given to a combination of business and leisure into one trip, has become popular in recent years. This trend reflects a paradigm shift in the traditional dichotomy between work and leisure. Due to the novel nature of the concept many researchers have studied the bleisure travel experience and marketing practices to ensure maximum return for the travel industry. However, a gap in the literature was noticed that relates to the historical evolution of travel trends, tracing the roots of modern tourism and business travel. This chapter aims to provide insights into the cultural, economic, and technological catalysts that have fostered the rise of bleisure travel. The study aims to explore how societal changes, technological advancements, and economic shifts have shaped the way people travel for both business and leisure. The study uses secondary data for analysing the concept from published research papers, journal articles, published articles in the magazines and newspapers.
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The rise of digital nomadism and bleisure tourism is reshaping work and travel paradigms, particularly in Southeast Asian countries like the Philippines. However, there is a dearth of studies that delve into the interplay between co-working spaces, digital nomadism, bleisure tourism, and cultural diffusion in the Southeast Asian context. This chapter employed a qualitative approach, conducting semi-structured interviews with co-working space visitors and owners in the Philippines to understand the dynamics of cultural exchange within these spaces. The findings reveal that co-working spaces foster cultural immersion, knowledge transfer, and professional networking among digital nomads and locals. These spaces serve as conduits for cultural diffusion, where both visitors and locals exchange cultural practices, language, and knowledge. The implications of this chapter underscore the need for co-working spaces to prioritize cultural sensitivity and implement safeguarding measures to ensure responsible and sustainable cultural exchange in the context of bleisure tourism.
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This study centers on the strategic application of an Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) optimization model to enhance the landscape of b-leisure in Cirebon City, West Java, Indonesia. Recognizing the city's potential, this research aims to leverage a comprehensive marketing approach to augment its appeal as a destination for both business and leisure. The primary objective of this research is to Utilize an Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) optimization model to boost the business leisure sector in Cirebon City. By integrating various marketing channels, the study seeks to establish a cohesive and impactful communication strategy that resonates with the target audience. The research adopts a qualitative approach, using data from multiple channels; the study shows how models can be used to identify and adjust the most effective strategies accordingly. The findings of this study reveal promising outcomes in applying the IMC optimization model for enhancing business leisure in Cirebon City. The results showcase a significant positive impact on market engagement and the overall appeal of Cirebon as a dual-purpose destination. Potential limitations include data biases, the reliance on historical information, and the dynamic nature of consumer preferences, which may influence the interpretation of the findings. The originality lies in adapting this Model to a specific regional setting, offering practical insights for academics and practitioners in destination marketing.
Article
Purpose The advent of the postpandemic era has brought renewed attention to the development of business tourism. However, the existing research on business tourism is fragmented, and there are gaps in the current understanding of the subject. This study aims to identify the intellectual structures, current hotspots and research directions in the business tourism field from 1994 to 2023. Design/methodology/approach A bibliometric visual analysis using VOSviewer was conducted to assimilate the available knowledge from 136 business tourism-related articles collected in the WoS Core Collection database between 1994 and 2023. Findings The results indicate that the number of business tourism-related research fluctuates, but the overall trend is gradually increasing. It synthesizes four main research themes, which are tourist behavior, destination marketing, information technology and work-family interferences of business travelers. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is among the first to systematically review business tourism publications over the past 29 years. It assists scholars in gaining a more comprehensive understanding of business tourism research and informs future research directions.
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Kazakhstani tourism market is considered a promising direction for the development of export-oriented services. Even though according to international estimates, tourism in Kazakhstan is young and underdeveloped, Kazakhstan has all the necessary prerequisites for presenting an attractive industry product on the international market. This article presents an overview of the current state of tourism in Kazakhstan, in which the following key indicators were considered: the structure of the tourist flow, the number of visitors served by accommodation places, their travel goals, and the share of the contribution of the gross value added of tourism to the republican gross domestic product. The purpose of the study is to present the current situation in tourism before and after the covid epidemic in the world and Kazakhstan. The study used cabinet methods of information collection, comparative analysis, methods of generalization, tourism-specific analysis, and synthesis. The research was based on secondary data, the results of the author’s analysis of sources and scientific papers over the past 5 years, statistical information, analytical reports, and specialized articles from industry publications. The results of the study reflect the picture of the current state of the tourism services market in Kazakhstan and its development in 2017–2021. The results of the study will allow us to form a comprehensive view of the state of the tourism industry as a starting point in its further development, and the development of long-term plans for its activities. They and the formed conclusions can be applied in the subsequent works of researchers and can also be used by Kazakhstani tour operators in their practical activities
Article
The temporary cessation of air travel imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic provided business travelers with an opportunity to mentally “zoom out” and reflect on their suspended hypermobile lifestyle. The present study used these circumstances to reexamine three key issues in the literature pre-pandemic: (a) the costs and benefits of a hypermobile lifestyle; (b) the justification of business trips given the option of online meetings; and (c) the role of tourism in shaping the business trip experience. An interpretive analysis of in-depth interviews with grounded business travelers conducted at the height of the pandemic revealed that the lack of frequent travel improved work-life balance but evoked a longing for tourism-related experiences, such as change, novelty, and pleasure. Grounded business travelers also proclaimed that the lack of physical proximity to colleagues caused by the suspension of travel was followed by difficulties in generating new business relationships and nurturing creativity at work. The study presented the costs and benefits of immobility as a reverse image of hypermobility, reinforcing the notion of hypermobility as a stressful but exciting lifestyle. It showed that physical proximity with colleagues cannot be fully replaced by online meetings, supporting the opinion that stresses the need for business trips. By suggesting that tourism-related experiences serve as anchor points for the reconstruction of memories and longing in the minds of grounded business travelers, the study confirmed that tourism-related experiences are important components of business trips.
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Purpose Web Summit is an annual technological event which takes place annually in November and has great worldwide impact. The event fits into the MICE (meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions) typology and has mega-event proportions, not only due to the number of participants but also in relation to its media coverage. The aim of this study is to analyse the participation of Web Summit participants in leisure activities outside the event, namely regarding entertainment and culture and heritage. It was also intended to know their perception of the city's brand image, according to the participants' age and the number of days they stay in the city. Design/methodology/approach This investigation is anchored in a quantitative methodology. Data were collected during the four days of the event from a convenience sample of 410 participants. For this purpose, a 15-item questionnaire was used, specifically designed to meet the study's objectives, assessing three dimensions: entertainment, culture and heritage and brand image. Findings Entertainment and culture and heritage positively influence tourists' perception of brand image. It was also possible to ascertain that the age of the tourists and their interest in culture and heritage are correlated. Finally, it was found that tourists' perception of entertainment varies depending on the number of days they stay in Lisbon. Research limitations/implications The main limitation of the study is related to the fact that a convenience sample was used in a single destination, which does not allow generalization to other contexts. Therefore, it would be interesting to apply the study in other geographical and cultural contexts, particularly in Rio de Janeiro, where the event will also take place next year (2023).This research contributes to extending the reflection on the role that events play in the brand image of a tourist destination. This study also highlights the importance of understanding consumer behaviour in MICE typology events. Practical implications The MICE sector plays an important role in the tourism industry as it constitutes a driving force of the global economy. Thus, it is considered that this research draws attention to the importance of the regions invested in this sector (e.g. expansion of facilities, ease of access to the site). Thus, in practical terms, the findings allow the authorities and the different stakeholders to better understand the impact of the event on the city's image and, at the same time, adapt the services according to the attendees' preferences. Social implications Considering the results, the study may have an impact on the organization of tours and events related to local culture and heritage, particularly in old quarters, where there is a greater lack of resources and the standard of living of the inhabitants is more precarious. Originality/value This research contributes to extending the reflection on the role that mega-events play in the brand image of a tourist destination. This study also highlights the importance of understanding the behaviour of consumers of different ages in events of the MICE typology, in leisure activities outside the event.
Article
Bleisure travel is a new type of travel, and bleisure travel experience has become an emerging topic worthy of investigation. However, studies on bleisure travel have mostly employed a qualitative research approach. We accordingly executed our research to develop – through a rigorous process – a bleisure travel experience scale with validity and reliability for assessing the bleisure travel experiences of business travelers. The validity and reliability of the scale, comprising 28 items in 6 dimensions, was proven. This paper details our findings’ theoretical and practical implications and outlines possible directions for future research.
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Schockmomente und extreme Situationen haben die Eigenschaft, die Innovationskraft von Menschen innerhalb kürzester Zeit regelrecht anzukurbeln. So ist auch die Corona-Pandemie in ihrem Ausmaß und ihrem Effekt auf die Live-Kommunikationsbranche ein Antreiber für schnelle Marktveränderungen
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The theme of motivation in travel and tourism research has been largely dominated by a leisure focus and has consequently failed to reflect the changing landscape of business travel. This paper focusses on exploring the motivations of different types of 'bleisure travelers': individuals who combine leisure with professional business obligations when abroad. We employ a multidisciplinary mixed-methods approach, using photo-elicitation to identify and describe five types of bleisure. As existing theories of tourist motivations have mainly been developed in a leisure context, they fail to fully capture the nuanced scope and subtle context of business and leisure motives. We therefore draw upon experiential learning, boundary-less career theory, expectancy theory and social capital theory in order to put forward contemporary insights on the nexus between business and leisure tourism. 3 Bleisure: Motivations and Typologies (title)
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Conference travel tends to be perceived as a functional activity for professional gatherings rather than leisure. Yet, there is potential for including leisure in this type of travel especially when being ‘accompanied' by a significant other. Literature has been limited on the topic but relevant studies have illustrated how conference travel can become couple leisure with the presence of an accompanying partner. This paper aims to explore accompanying partners’ conference travel experiences, particularly how conference travel fulfils the purpose of a couple's leisure. An interpretative phenomenological analysis approach is used to uncover the meanings of accompanying partners’ travel experiences from their perspective. The findings illustrate that conference travel can facilitate the pursuit of personal interests allowing opportunities for serendipity and increased intimacy in the couple's relationship compared to traditional family holiday travel. We call for further research on the lived experience of both attendees and accompanying partners travelling to conference, the gendered nature of accompanying partners’ experiences and relational issues in tourism and leisure.
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Over the past two decades, researchers and practitioners have given considerable attention to issues of tourism value chain governance. To establish a systematic understanding of the current research contributions and gaps, this study provides a review of published studies on the topic. Various dimensions of tourism value chain governance, namely, policy, destination management and marketing, integration of distribution channels, and sustainability of the tourism value chain, are examined. Content analysis is used to provide quantitative evidence and hence a more objective evaluation. The results show that research on tourism value chain governance remains limited, and the development of each dimension unbalanced. An agenda for future research is proposed, given the indications that both qualitative and quantitative investigations are needed to establish the most appropriate governance models for tourism value chains.
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We would like to take this chance to welcome readers to this new journal and sketch out some of its aims at what we think is an exciting and challenging time for work on tourism.The main impetus for founding a new tourism journal was that in our view and in the minds of many key contributors to the tourism field, tourism studies had become stale, tired, repetitive and lifeless. At a time when John Urry has just launched his Sociology Beyond Societies - Mobilities for the Twenty-First Century (in which mobilities are argued to have 'reconstituted social life in uneven and complex ways'); when Anthony Giddens' 1999 Reith Lectures were called 'Runaway World' and when the subject of the 2000 Theory Culture & Society conference in Finland was cosmopolitanism, it seems almost impossible not to see tourist studies as one of the most exciting and relevant topics in these transnational times (Urry, 2000; Giddens, 2000).And yet, it is not. The first trouble with tourism studies, and paradoxically also one of its sources of interest, is that its research object, 'tourism' has grown very dramati- cally and quickly and that the tourism research community is relatively new. Indeed at times it has been unclear which was growing more rapidly - tourism or tourism research. Part of this trouble is that tourist studies has simply tried to track and record this staggering expansion, producing an enormous record of instances, case studies and variations. One reason for this is that tourist studies has been dominated by policy led and industry sponsored work so the analysis tends to internalize industry led priorities and perspectives, leaving the . . . research subject to the imperatives of policy, in the sense that one expects the researcher to assume as his own an objective of social control that will allow the tourist product to be more finely tuned to the demands of the international market. (Picard, 1996: 103) Part of this trouble is also that this effort has been made by people whose disciplinary origins do not include the tools necessary to analyse and theorize the complex cultural and social processes that have unfolded. How many schools of tourism hire the specialist skills of social and cultural theory? Most tourist studies © 2001 sage publications
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The study explores the business travel experience as a framework of time with four phases: trip preparations, passenger experience, destination experience and homecoming. In-depth interviews with frequent business travelers indicate that their experience as passengers includes “moments of relaxation” and is perceived as a sort of “time off”, in which they enjoy their familiarity with airports, the comforts provided to privileged passengers and the limited connectivity during flights. The other phases of the trip are devoted mainly to work-obligations and shape the nature of the trip as primarily a vocational experience. These findings add insight to mobility research of tourism, conceptualizations of the nexus between work and tourism, and the literature on business travelers.
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Triangulation is starting to emerge in tourism research as the ‘new’ method. However, there are many misconceptions of what triangulation is and what it can do. This paper discusses triangulation as a research method in the social sciences. It reflects on the origins of the term and what it currently denotes and what it should connote. It also covers the critiques of triangulation and eventually suggests how it should be used. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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This paper examines two issues: the emergence of pro-poor tourism as an idea and how the impacts of tourism on local communities around developing world tourist destinations can be measured. Pro-poor tourism was initially conceived in the period 1999–2000 at the conceptual and policy level. More recently, the critical knowledge gap has been found to be that of having reliable evidence to support policy development and action. This paper describes and justifies an action research approach to value chain analysis which allows researchers to “trace the tourism dollar” in developing country tourist destinations. The approach also supports the identification of opportunities to enhance positive tourism impacts on the poor and explains how to develop a shortlist of feasible high impact interventions. Poverty is defined, and a conceptual framework for understanding the linkages between the tourist sector and the local economy is outlined. Value chain analysis is also defined and seven key reasons are given for its use. Field experience with this approach in 12 different developing country destinations is shown to be an empirical basis for suggesting that the methodology is conceptually robust and a practical way of alleviating poverty, allowing researchers and the industry to work together effectively. “”“”“”“” 12
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This paper focuses on the methodological aspects of case study as a research strategy. In particular, it examines case study research in tourism. Seventy-six full articles from the recent volumes (2000–2004) of Annals of Tourism Research, Journal of Travel Research, Tourism Analysis, and Tourism Management were selected for a content analysis. The research discusses (1) themes/topics case studies addressed, (2) case specificity in research purposes, objectives or questions, (3) authorship characteristics, (4) research designs, (5) methodological procedures, and (6) the presentation of case study reports. It is concluded that the prevalent arguments of case studies as conceptually and analytically weak is not justified. Stereotypical perceptions as such can be misleading and may consequently exert a negative impact on the righteous application of case study methodology in tourism research. Limitations of this analysis and future research issues are also discussed.
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The purpose of this article by Edward Freeman and Jeanne Liedtka is to explore the idea of stakeholder capitalism. In particular, it is argued that a firm grounding of the idea on four principles, yields a view of business as creating value for stakeholders. To further elaborate stakeholder capitalism it must be connected to the central themes in business strategy. In this article, the value chain is reinterpreted in stakeholder terms. A method of analysis for key stakeholder relationships is explained, and general principles for conceptualizing the value chain in relational terms are suggested.
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This paper proposes a multi-level approach to analyse the production chains in which two characteristic tourism activities – the hotel and travel agency industries – participate. Firstly, from a macroeconomic perspective, input-output techniques are used to identify the most significant tourism production chains from the regional input–output table of Andalusia (Spain). Secondly, from a microeconomic perspective, a different approach is taken based on the concept of Global Value Chains (GVC). In this respect, the structure and main agents participating in the tourism GVC are presented, and the role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the hotel and travel agencies industries in Andalusia is put forward. Finally, these two approaches are compared and connected, exploring some characteristics of these tourism production chains at the mesoeconomic level of analysis.
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First there was agriculture, then manufactured goods, and eventually services. Each change represented a step up in economic value--a way for producers to distinguish their products from increasingly undifferentiated competitive offerings. Now, as services are in their turn becoming commoditized, companies are looking for the next higher value in an economic offering. Leading-edge companies are finding that it lies in staging experiences. To reach this higher level of competition, companies will have to learn how to design, sell, and deliver experiences that customers will readily pay for. An experience occurs when a company uses services as the stage--and goods as props--for engaging individuals in a way that creates a memorable event. And while experiences have always been at the heart of the entertainment business, any company stages an experience when it engages customers in a personal, memorable way. The lessons of pioneering experience providers, including the Walt Disney Company, can help companies learn how to compete in the experience economy. The authors offer five design principles that drive the creation of memorable experiences. First, create a consistent theme, one that resonates throughout the entire experience. Second, layer the theme with positive cues--for example, easy-to-follow signs. Third, eliminate negative cues, those visual or aural messages that distract or contradict the theme. Fourth, offer memorabilia that commemorate the experience for the user. Finally, engage all five senses--through sights, sounds, and so on--to heighten the experience and thus make it more memorable.
Adding pleasure to business: Conventions and tourism. Paper presented at the Journal of Convention & Exhibition Management
  • R Davidson
Business travel: Conferences, incentive travel, exhibitions, corporate hospitality and corporate travel. Harlow: Pearson Education
  • R Davidson
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Knowledge applications for competitive destinations: A visitor experience value chain approach. Paper presented at the WTO Education Council Conference
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Development of fostering strategies for MICE industry through the value chain analysis
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Unpacking bleisure traveler trends
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Sustainable tourism & ODA
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Wallingford: CAB International
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