The Safe City: Conceptual Model Development - A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

In developing a smart city, it certainly has many aspects that must be met. One of these aspects is the aspect of security in the city which is usually called a safe city. The Safe City concept in Smart City provides a new way for the government to develop a city security system. "Safe city concept is one approach and as part of the live concept of the city focusing on the crime problem in urban areas" [1].In other words, Safe City is an idea in a community that uses technology to help governments, communities and businesses reduce the possibility of crime and provide an environment where people feel safe and comfortable. In developing the concept of a safe city, the government must first assess how safe the city is. General assessment of the level of city security in the world has been carried out by a leading company in Japan, NEC. In the security campaign conducted by NEC in 2017 [2], Indonesia has a relatively low-security value compared to other countries. The researchers assessed that the low value of city security in Indonesia is less relevant when viewed from the current state of the city. For this reason, the researchers collect other values that are owned by Indonesia and not owned by other countries to be used as an assessment material that Indonesia has a safe city. In the preparation of the literature review, this will produce a conceptual safe city model to provide a measure of city security assessment by the characteristics of cities in Indonesia.

Full text

ScienceDirect
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Computer Science 161 (2019) 291–299
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019.
10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.126
10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.126 1877-0509
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientic committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019
The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019
The Safe City: Conceptual Model Development - A Systematic
Literature Review
Devi Mega Risdiana*, Tony Dwi Susanto
Department of Information Systems. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
Abstract
In developing a smart city, it certainly has many aspects that must be met. One of these aspects is the aspect of security in the city
which is usually called a safe city. The Safe City concept in Smart City provides a new way for the government to develop a city
security system. "Safe city concept is one approach and as part of the live concept of the city focusing on the crime problem in
urban areas" [1].In other words, Safe City is an idea in a community that uses technology to help governments, communities and
businesses reduce the possibility of crime and provide an environment where people feel safe and comfortable. In developing the
concept of a safe city, the government must first assess how safe the city is. General assessment of the level of city security in the
world has been carried out by a leading company in Japan, NEC. In the security campaign conducted by NEC in 2017 [2], Indonesia
has a relatively low-security value compared to other countries. The researchers assessed that the low value of city security in
Indonesia is less relevant when viewed from the current state of the city. For this reason, the researchers collect other values that
are owned by Indonesia and not owned by other countries to be used as an assessment material that Indonesia has a safe city. In
the preparation of the literature review, this will produce a conceptual safe city model to provide a measure of city security
assessment by the characteristics of cities in Indonesia.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019
Keywords: Safe City; Smart City; Crime; City
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-856-4958-1606.
E-mail address: devirisdian@gmail.com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019
The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019
The Safe City: Conceptual Model Development - A Systematic
Literature Review
Devi Mega Risdiana*, Tony Dwi Susanto
Department of Information Systems. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
Abstract
In developing a smart city, it certainly has many aspects that must be met. One of these aspects is the aspect of security in the city
which is usually called a safe city. The Safe City concept in Smart City provides a new way for the government to develop a city
security system. "Safe city concept is one approach and as part of the live concept of the city focusing on the crime problem in
urban areas" [1].In other words, Safe City is an idea in a community that uses technology to help governments, communities and
businesses reduce the possibility of crime and provide an environment where people feel safe and comfortable. In developing the
concept of a safe city, the government must first assess how safe the city is. General assessment of the level of city security in the
world has been carried out by a leading company in Japan, NEC. In the security campaign conducted by NEC in 2017 [2], Indonesia
has a relatively low-security value compared to other countries. The researchers assessed that the low value of city security in
Indonesia is less relevant when viewed from the current state of the city. For this reason, the researchers collect other values that
are owned by Indonesia and not owned by other countries to be used as an assessment material that Indonesia has a safe city. In
the preparation of the literature review, this will produce a conceptual safe city model to provide a measure of city security
assessment by the characteristics of cities in Indonesia.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019
Keywords: Safe City; Smart City; Crime; City
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-856-4958-1606.
E-mail address: devirisdian@gmail.com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019
The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019
The Safe City: Conceptual Model Development - A Systematic
Literature Review
Devi Mega Risdiana*, Tony Dwi Susanto
Department of Information Systems. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
Abstract
In developing a smart city, it certainly has many aspects that must be met. One of these aspects is the aspect of security in the city
which is usually called a safe city. The Safe City concept in Smart City provides a new way for the government to develop a city
security system. "Safe city concept is one approach and as part of the live concept of the city focusing on the crime problem in
urban areas" [1].In other words, Safe City is an idea in a community that uses technology to help governments, communities and
businesses reduce the possibility of crime and provide an environment where people feel safe and comfortable. In developing the
concept of a safe city, the government must first assess how safe the city is. General assessment of the level of city security in the
world has been carried out by a leading company in Japan, NEC. In the security campaign conducted by NEC in 2017 [2], Indonesia
has a relatively low-security value compared to other countries. The researchers assessed that the low value of city security in
Indonesia is less relevant when viewed from the current state of the city. For this reason, the researchers collect other values that
are owned by Indonesia and not owned by other countries to be used as an assessment material that Indonesia has a safe city. In
the preparation of the literature review, this will produce a conceptual safe city model to provide a measure of city security
assessment by the characteristics of cities in Indonesia.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019
Keywords: Safe City; Smart City; Crime; City
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-856-4958-1606.
E-mail address: devirisdian@gmail.com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019
The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019
The Safe City: Conceptual Model Development - A Systematic
Literature Review
Devi Mega Risdiana*, Tony Dwi Susanto
Department of Information Systems. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
Abstract
In developing a smart city, it certainly has many aspects that must be met. One of these aspects is the aspect of security in the city
which is usually called a safe city. The Safe City concept in Smart City provides a new way for the government to develop a city
security system. "Safe city concept is one approach and as part of the live concept of the city focusing on the crime problem in
urban areas" [1].In other words, Safe City is an idea in a community that uses technology to help governments, communities and
businesses reduce the possibility of crime and provide an environment where people feel safe and comfortable. In developing the
concept of a safe city, the government must first assess how safe the city is. General assessment of the level of city security in the
world has been carried out by a leading company in Japan, NEC. In the security campaign conducted by NEC in 2017 [2], Indonesia
has a relatively low-security value compared to other countries. The researchers assessed that the low value of city security in
Indonesia is less relevant when viewed from the current state of the city. For this reason, the researchers collect other values that
are owned by Indonesia and not owned by other countries to be used as an assessment material that Indonesia has a safe city. In
the preparation of the literature review, this will produce a conceptual safe city model to provide a measure of city security
assessment by the characteristics of cities in Indonesia.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019
Keywords: Safe City; Smart City; Crime; City
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-856-4958-1606.
E-mail address: devirisdian@gmail.com

292 Devi Mega Risdiana et al. / Procedia Computer Science 161 (2019) 291–299
2 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
1. Introduction
Cities are urban areas that have administrative status as small cities, big cities and metropolitan cities. The
government, as the city control holder, has an obligation to improve the city to be better in all fields. The concept of
developing the city is called Smart City. Smart City as "a place where traditional networks and services are made more
flexible, efficient and sustainable with the use of information technology, digital and telecommunications, to improve
their operations in the interests of their occupants" [3].
In developing a city into a smart city, many aspects must be met. One such aspect is security in the city. Threats to
public safety are important issues, threats from all forms of crimes that may occur to the public must be avoided. The
Smart City concept provides a new way for the government to provide security for all city residents. "Safe City is a
city, the integration of technology and natural environment increases the effectiveness of processes in the field of
safety, in order to reduce crime and terror threats, to allow its citizens life in a healthy environment and simple access
to healthcare, and to achieve a readiness and quick response to threatening or arose emergencies” [4]. Through the
commitment and efforts of others, cities, the environment, or business. To provide security, the government can use
the latest high technology that can be used to prevent, detect, investigate and reduce the impact of various security
incidents, including crime, riots, accidents, or natural disasters. In order to be able to apply the right technology,
careful planning and consolidation are needed to share the relevant parties.
Security campaigns in the world have been voiced in many countries. The security campaign carried out by NEC
in 2017 [2], Indonesia has a relatively low security value compared to other countries. The low value obtained by
Indonesia has the possibility that there are different aspects in each country but NEC generally evaluates cities in the
world with the same concept of valuation. In this research paper, the development of a valuation model for the city
security index in Indonesia is carried out using indicators that have been adapted to the needs of cities in Indonesia.
With the stages of preparing a safe city assessment tool, starting from collecting literature to arriving at the stage of
the device ready for use in the future. This paper will also provide safe city theory and how to choose indicators to
assess the security of a city that are in accordance with the characteristics of cities in Indonesia.
2. Literature search method
The literature search method used in this study is a search approach based on keywords to find relevant journals.
Determination of keywords is chosen based on the meaning associated with the Safe City concept. Some keywords
are used and interrelated, namely, "Safe City", "Safety City", "Resilience City". Searches are based on how well-
known journal portals are, (1) Science Direct, (2) IEEE, (3) Google Scholar. To identify the relevance of all article
findings, searches are carried out by identifying keywords in articles, abstracts and keyword lists. In search, the use
of quotation (") is given to give specialization. The output of these journals is checked manually to ensure that they
are within the scope of this literature review. All research is processed by researchers and reviewed to ensure relevance
and able to contribute to research in the field of Safe city. Article searches produce the findings described in Table 1
below.
Table 1. Number of related journal findings.
Journal Portal Results Keyword
Science direct 300 “safe city”
Science direct 54 “safety city”
Science direct 35 “Resilience city”
Google scholar 5.950 “safe city”
Google scholar 1.540 “safety city”
Google scholar 401 “Resilience city”
IEEE 4 “safe city”
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3
From all search founded articles, a review of the contents of the journal was conducted. a review of the relevance
of the research needs carried out resulted in 19 papers selected for the literature review of this study. This amount
showed that research with the Safe City theme is still in its infancy, highlighting the potential for further contributions
to the genre of research that is quite important.
3. Analysis of development conceptual models of safe city
This section describes how to define the meaning of Safe City and the development of a Safe City valuation model.
The development is focused on the analysis of the prescribed literature to describe on how safe city assessment models
are developed by the literature.
3.1. Exploring the definitions of safe city
From all the literature analyzed, detailed definitions are found in Table 2.
Table 2. Definitions of Safe City.
Definition Author
Safe city is a part of live-able cities concept focuses on the crime problem in urban areas. [5]
Safe city concept is a one approach and as a part of live-able city's concept focuses on the crime problem in urban areas. [1]
Safe City is a city, that by the integration of technology and natural environment increases the effectiveness of processes in the field
of safety, in order to reduce crime and terror threats, to allow its citizens life in healthy environment and simple access to
healthcare, and to achieve readiness and quick response to threatening or arose emergencies.
[4]
Safe city concept is also to create a unified response plan to major emergency situations. [6]
the safety and sustainability of cities in the future due to the fact that CPTED is considered to be one of the approaches that deems
social interaction as one of the more important determinant factors of its success
[7]
The “Safe City” as a concept and solution offers information and communication services, combining security systems into a single
information space based on the cloud paradigm.
[8]
The Safe City an informed piece of work that may have much to say to policy makers, students and scholars involved in urban
safety agendas
[9]
The safety of city lifeline systems has characteristics of complex network, multiple areas, numerous operation [10]
A safe, secure environmentally green, and efficient urban center of the future with advanced infrastructures such as sensors,
electronics, and networks to stimulate sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life
[11]
Essential aspects of the safety concept, first of all, the cross-sectoral definition of dangerous locations using gender-based
assessment systems, remain outside the field of view of researchers.
[12]
A healthy and safe city addresses the health and safety of residents and visitors through innovations in local healthcare networks,
disease management and prevention, social services, food safety, public safety, and individual information privacy
[13]
Security and safety: Most people are afraid to walk in neighborhoods that they think are dangerous. By providing open, reliable
statistics about crime in all areas of a city, the city can help make its citizens feel more secure.
[14]
Public safety is a big area of concern in growing urbanization especially in developing countries. [15]
Safety is one of the most basic human desires, residents are demanding that the country and local governments draft policies
designed to ensure the safety of community residents.
[16]
3.2. Exploring the literature of safe city indicator assessment models
In order to be able to compare city data points, as well as to build aggregate scores for each city, the project team
must firstly create what data needs to be collected so that it can be compared. To do this, quantitative indicators are
normalized on a scale of 0-100 using the min-max calculation, where the calculation score is the standard deviation
of the average, with the best city scoring 100 points and the worst value 0. A number of indicator references have been
found to be reference main in compiling indicators.

Devi Mega Risdiana et al. / Procedia Computer Science 161 (2019) 291–299 293
2 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
1. Introduction
Cities are urban areas that have administrative status as small cities, big cities and metropolitan cities. The
government, as the city control holder, has an obligation to improve the city to be better in all fields. The concept of
developing the city is called Smart City. Smart City as "a place where traditional networks and services are made more
flexible, efficient and sustainable with the use of information technology, digital and telecommunications, to improve
their operations in the interests of their occupants" [3].
In developing a city into a smart city, many aspects must be met. One such aspect is security in the city. Threats to
public safety are important issues, threats from all forms of crimes that may occur to the public must be avoided. The
Smart City concept provides a new way for the government to provide security for all city residents. "Safe City is a
city, the integration of technology and natural environment increases the effectiveness of processes in the field of
safety, in order to reduce crime and terror threats, to allow its citizens life in a healthy environment and simple access
to healthcare, and to achieve a readiness and quick response to threatening or arose emergencies” [4]. Through the
commitment and efforts of others, cities, the environment, or business. To provide security, the government can use
the latest high technology that can be used to prevent, detect, investigate and reduce the impact of various security
incidents, including crime, riots, accidents, or natural disasters. In order to be able to apply the right technology,
careful planning and consolidation are needed to share the relevant parties.
Security campaigns in the world have been voiced in many countries. The security campaign carried out by NEC
in 2017 [2], Indonesia has a relatively low security value compared to other countries. The low value obtained by
Indonesia has the possibility that there are different aspects in each country but NEC generally evaluates cities in the
world with the same concept of valuation. In this research paper, the development of a valuation model for the city
security index in Indonesia is carried out using indicators that have been adapted to the needs of cities in Indonesia.
With the stages of preparing a safe city assessment tool, starting from collecting literature to arriving at the stage of
the device ready for use in the future. This paper will also provide safe city theory and how to choose indicators to
assess the security of a city that are in accordance with the characteristics of cities in Indonesia.
2. Literature search method
The literature search method used in this study is a search approach based on keywords to find relevant journals.
Determination of keywords is chosen based on the meaning associated with the Safe City concept. Some keywords
are used and interrelated, namely, "Safe City", "Safety City", "Resilience City". Searches are based on how well-
known journal portals are, (1) Science Direct, (2) IEEE, (3) Google Scholar. To identify the relevance of all article
findings, searches are carried out by identifying keywords in articles, abstracts and keyword lists. In search, the use
of quotation (") is given to give specialization. The output of these journals is checked manually to ensure that they
are within the scope of this literature review. All research is processed by researchers and reviewed to ensure relevance
and able to contribute to research in the field of Safe city. Article searches produce the findings described in Table 1
below.
Table 1. Number of related journal findings.
Journal Portal Results Keyword
Science direct 300 “safe city”
Science direct 54 “safety city”
Science direct 35 “Resilience city”
Google scholar 5.950 “safe city”
Google scholar 1.540 “safety city”
Google scholar 401 “Resilience city”
IEEE 4 “safe city”
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3
From all search founded articles, a review of the contents of the journal was conducted. a review of the relevance
of the research needs carried out resulted in 19 papers selected for the literature review of this study. This amount
showed that research with the Safe City theme is still in its infancy, highlighting the potential for further contributions
to the genre of research that is quite important.
3. Analysis of development conceptual models of safe city
This section describes how to define the meaning of Safe City and the development of a Safe City valuation model.
The development is focused on the analysis of the prescribed literature to describe on how safe city assessment models
are developed by the literature.
3.1. Exploring the definitions of safe city
From all the literature analyzed, detailed definitions are found in Table 2.
Table 2. Definitions of Safe City.
Definition Author
Safe city is a part of live-able cities concept focuses on the crime problem in urban areas. [5]
Safe city concept is a one approach and as a part of live-able city's concept focuses on the crime problem in urban areas. [1]
Safe City is a city, that by the integration of technology and natural environment increases the effectiveness of processes in the field
of safety, in order to reduce crime and terror threats, to allow its citizens life in healthy environment and simple access to
healthcare, and to achieve readiness and quick response to threatening or arose emergencies.
[4]
Safe city concept is also to create a unified response plan to major emergency situations. [6]
the safety and sustainability of cities in the future due to the fact that CPTED is considered to be one of the approaches that deems
social interaction as one of the more important determinant factors of its success
[7]
The “Safe City” as a concept and solution offers information and communication services, combining security systems into a single
information space based on the cloud paradigm.
[8]
The Safe City an informed piece of work that may have much to say to policy makers, students and scholars involved in urban
safety agendas
[9]
The safety of city lifeline systems has characteristics of complex network, multiple areas, numerous operation [10]
A safe, secure environmentally green, and efficient urban center of the future with advanced infrastructures such as sensors,
electronics, and networks to stimulate sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life
[11]
Essential aspects of the safety concept, first of all, the cross-sectoral definition of dangerous locations using gender-based
assessment systems, remain outside the field of view of researchers.
[12]
A healthy and safe city addresses the health and safety of residents and visitors through innovations in local healthcare networks,
disease management and prevention, social services, food safety, public safety, and individual information privacy
[13]
Security and safety: Most people are afraid to walk in neighborhoods that they think are dangerous. By providing open, reliable
statistics about crime in all areas of a city, the city can help make its citizens feel more secure.
[14]
Public safety is a big area of concern in growing urbanization especially in developing countries. [15]
Safety is one of the most basic human desires, residents are demanding that the country and local governments draft policies
designed to ensure the safety of community residents.
[16]
3.2. Exploring the literature of safe city indicator assessment models
In order to be able to compare city data points, as well as to build aggregate scores for each city, the project team
must firstly create what data needs to be collected so that it can be compared. To do this, quantitative indicators are
normalized on a scale of 0-100 using the min-max calculation, where the calculation score is the standard deviation
of the average, with the best city scoring 100 points and the worst value 0. A number of indicator references have been
found to be reference main in compiling indicators.

294 Devi Mega Risdiana et al. / Procedia Computer Science 161 (2019) 291–299
4 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
3.2.1. NEC (2017) [2]
The indicator of Safe City's success in the city will be successful if the value of each unit shows a high number. In
this model the indicators are divided into 4 aspects: (1) Digital Security, (2) Health Security, (3) Infrastructure
Security, (4) Private security. The description of the model is illustrated in Fig. 1.
Fig 1. Safe City assessment indicators according to NEC [2].
3.2.2. Master plan of Chandigarh City 2031[17]
The indicators planned to implement Safe City of Chandigarh city in 2031 are divided into 5 main aspects, namely:
(1) crime & violence, (2) road safety, (3) ownership security, (4) disaster resilience, (5) public health. The model
offered is adjusted to the circumstances and characteristics of Chandigarh city. The model is illustrated in Fig. 2.
Fig 2. Safe City assessment indicators according to Master plan of Chandigarh City 2031[17].
3.2.3. Safety index of Johannesburg city [18]
In assessing the city's security index in the city of Johannesburg, the Johannesburg’s government developed the
Safe City theory in accordance with the context of the city of Johannesburg. In its development, safe city indicators
are divided into 5 aspects: (1) results of crime, violence and injury, (2) proximal risk, (3) distal/structural risk, (4)
environmental processes, (5) delivery service. The model is illustrated in Fig. 3.
Fig 3. Safe City assessment indicators according to Master plan of Johannesburg City [18].
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5
4. Safe City conceptual model
This study aims to create a level of security measurement tool in the city. Several previous studies that discussed
“safe city measurement methods are still carried out in general for all cities in the world” [2].Whereas in the case of
cities in some countries, they have their own characteristics that cannot be equated. Especially in aspects of people's
daily habits in carrying out their activities. In this study, a safe city measurement model will be proposed that fits the
context in Indonesia. The development of the conceptual model is illustrated in Fig. 4.
Fig 4. Safe City conceptual model for Indonesia.
The conceptual model that has been formed, is compiled based on the reference dimensions model and related
indicators. City needs in Indonesia are seen from crime cases that often occur in Indonesia and/or have high volatility
values, the assessment tools are explained in each item in Table 3.
Table 3. Indicator assessment models.
Dimension Indicator Definition of indicator Data owner Refere
nce
Digital
Security
Privacy policy A privacy policy is a statement or a legal document (in privacy law) that
discloses some or all of the ways a party gathers, uses, discloses, and
manages a customer or client's data.
Government
Regulations
[2]
Citizen awareness
of digital threats
A threat, in the context of computer security, refers to anything that has
the potential to cause serious harm to a computer system
Digital
department
Public private
partnerships
Public-private partnerships involve collaboration between a government
agency and a private-sector company.
Police
department
Level of technology
employed
The level of technology used Digital
department
Dedicated cyber
security teams
Specialized teams may be able to better defend specific risk areas than
less specialized teams.
Digital
department
Abuse of copyright Copyright infringement (colloquially referred to as piracy) is the use of
works protected by copyright law without permission
Police
department
Distribution of hoax A hoax is a falsehood deliberately fabricated to masquerade as the truth. Police
department
Frequency of
identity theft
The fraudulent acquisition and use of a person's private identifying
information, usually for financial gain.
Police
department

Devi Mega Risdiana et al. / Procedia Computer Science 161 (2019) 291–299 295
4 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
3.2.1. NEC (2017) [2]
The indicator of Safe City's success in the city will be successful if the value of each unit shows a high number. In
this model the indicators are divided into 4 aspects: (1) Digital Security, (2) Health Security, (3) Infrastructure
Security, (4) Private security. The description of the model is illustrated in Fig. 1.
Fig 1. Safe City assessment indicators according to NEC [2].
3.2.2. Master plan of Chandigarh City 2031[17]
The indicators planned to implement Safe City of Chandigarh city in 2031 are divided into 5 main aspects, namely:
(1) crime & violence, (2) road safety, (3) ownership security, (4) disaster resilience, (5) public health. The model
offered is adjusted to the circumstances and characteristics of Chandigarh city. The model is illustrated in Fig. 2.
Fig 2. Safe City assessment indicators according to Master plan of Chandigarh City 2031[17].
3.2.3. Safety index of Johannesburg city [18]
In assessing the city's security index in the city of Johannesburg, the Johannesburg’s government developed the
Safe City theory in accordance with the context of the city of Johannesburg. In its development, safe city indicators
are divided into 5 aspects: (1) results of crime, violence and injury, (2) proximal risk, (3) distal/structural risk, (4)
environmental processes, (5) delivery service. The model is illustrated in Fig. 3.
Fig 3. Safe City assessment indicators according to Master plan of Johannesburg City [18].
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5
4. Safe City conceptual model
This study aims to create a level of security measurement tool in the city. Several previous studies that discussed
“safe city measurement methods are still carried out in general for all cities in the world” [2].Whereas in the case of
cities in some countries, they have their own characteristics that cannot be equated. Especially in aspects of people's
daily habits in carrying out their activities. In this study, a safe city measurement model will be proposed that fits the
context in Indonesia. The development of the conceptual model is illustrated in Fig. 4.
Fig 4. Safe City conceptual model for Indonesia.
The conceptual model that has been formed, is compiled based on the reference dimensions model and related
indicators. City needs in Indonesia are seen from crime cases that often occur in Indonesia and/or have high volatility
values, the assessment tools are explained in each item in Table 3.
Table 3. Indicator assessment models.
Dimension Indicator Definition of indicator Data owner Refere
nce
Digital
Security
Privacy policy A privacy policy is a statement or a legal document (in privacy law) that
discloses some or all of the ways a party gathers, uses, discloses, and
manages a customer or client's data.
Government
Regulations
[2]
Citizen awareness
of digital threats
A threat, in the context of computer security, refers to anything that has
the potential to cause serious harm to a computer system
Digital
department
Public private
partnerships
Public-private partnerships involve collaboration between a government
agency and a private-sector company.
Police
department
Level of technology
employed
The level of technology used Digital
department
Dedicated cyber
security teams
Specialized teams may be able to better defend specific risk areas than
less specialized teams.
Digital
department
Abuse of copyright Copyright infringement (colloquially referred to as piracy) is the use of
works protected by copyright law without permission
Police
department
Distribution of hoax A hoax is a falsehood deliberately fabricated to masquerade as the truth. Police
department
Frequency of
identity theft
The fraudulent acquisition and use of a person's private identifying
information, usually for financial gain.
Police
department

296 Devi Mega Risdiana et al. / Procedia Computer Science 161 (2019) 291–299
6 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
Dimension Indicator Definition of indicator Data owner Refere
nce
Percentages of
computers infected
Computer viruses infect a variety of different subsystems on their
host computers and software.
Digital
department
Personal
security
Level of Police
department
engagement
Level of trust with the Police department Government
Regulations
Community based
patrol
Community-based policing or community-oriented policing is both a
philosophy and an organizational strategy that allows the Police
department and the community to work together to solve problems of
crime, disorder and safety issues and to improve the quality of life for
everyone in that community (OSCE, 2008).
Police
department
Available street
level crime data
street crime is the criminal offense happening in public places (definition
in sociology)
Police
department
Use of data-driven
techniques for
crime
Data Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety is an operational
model that uses the integration of location- based crime.
Police
department
Private security
measures
A common name for private protection and detective activity is private
security
Police
department
Gun regulator and
enforcement
Gun control (or firearms regulation) is the set of laws or policies that
regulate the enforcement
Government
Regulations
[2]
Political stability
risk
Political risk is the risk an investment's returns could suffer as a result
of political changes or instability in a country.
Police
department
Prevalence of petty
crime
A Type of crime that is not considered serious when compared with some
other crimes: petty crime such as shoplifting.
Police
department
Organized crime Criminal activities that are planned and controlled by powerful groups
and carried out on a large scale.
Police
department
Level of corruption The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) scores countries on how corrupt
their governments are believed to be.
Police
department
Rate of drug use Drug use, use of drugs for psychotropic rather than medical purposes. Police
department
Frequency of
terrorist attack
Terrorism as an insider threat is an unlawful use of force and violence by
people closely associated with organizations
Police
department
Gender safety Definitions of terms relating to gender sensitivity and safety. Police
department
Perception of safety Community safety is a concept that is concerned with achieving a
positive state of well-being among people within social and physical
environments.
Police
department
Threat of terrorism Terrorism as an insider threat is an unlawful use of force and violence by
people closely associated with organizations
Police
department
Threat of military
conflict
A state of open, armed, often prolonged conflict carried on between
nations, states, or parties.
Police
department
Threat of civil Something or a situation that poses a risk or a. likelihood of danger or
jeopardy to the safety of. Civil Aviation – is a Threat.
Police
department
Health
security
Environmental
policies
Environmental policy is the commitment of an organization or
government to the laws, regulations, and other policy mechanisms
concerning environmental issues.
Government
Regulations
[2]
Access to health
care
Access to health care refers to the ease with which an individual can
obtain needed medical services.
Public health
Office
No. of Beds per
1000
The ratio of hospital beds to the population, usually expressed as the
number of available hospital beds for every 1,000 population.
Public health
Office
No. of Doctors per
1000
Physicians (per 1,000 people) Definition: Physicians include generalist
and specialist medical practitioners.
Public health
Office
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 7
Dimension Indicator Definition of indicator Data owner Refere
nce
Access to safe and
quality food
Food Safety refers to practices and conditions that preserve
the quality of food to prevent contamination and food-borne illnesses
during preparation, handling and storage.
Food security
office
Quality of health
services
Quality of a public service providing medical care. Public health
Office
Water quality Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and
radiological characteristics of water
Environmental
services
Air quality The degree to which the ambient air is pollution-free, assessed by
measuring a number of indicators of pollution.
Environmental
services
Life expectation The average period that a person may expect to live. Public health
Office
Infant mortality The number of deaths in a given area or period, or from a particular
cause.
Public health
Office
Cancer mortality
rate
The number of deaths in a given area or period, or from a cancer cause. Public health
Office
No. of attack with
biological chemical
or radiological
weapons
A weapon, often a bomb designed to achieve injury or contamination of a
target using by dispersing harmful radioisotopes.
Police
department
Local
Characterist
ic
Awareness of
driving compliance
The definition of compliance is encompassing efforts to ensure that
organizations are abiding by both industry regulations and government
legislation.
Police
department
Awareness of
driving safely
Safe driving means to the ability of a driver to be both physically and
mentally prepared drive
Police
department
Social cohesion Social Cohesion is defined as a cohesive society that works toward the
being of all its member
Police
department
[19]
Collective efficacy Collective efficacy refers to the ability of members of a community to
control the habit of individuals and groups in the community.
Police
department
[19]
Death from traffic
violations
A moving violation occurs whenever a traffic law is violated by a vehicle
in motion.
Police
department
[19]
Infrastructu
re security
Environment of
transport safety
Transport safety. Safety is a key concern for our road, maritime and
aviation transport activities.
Police
department
[2]
Pedestrian
friendliness
Streets that are safe and pleasant for foot traffic. Department of
Transportation
Quality of road
infrastructure
Road Infrastructure is infrastructure that is part of or related to a road. Department of
Transportation
Disaster
management /
business continuity
plan
Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and
management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all
humanitarian aspects of emergencies
Police
department
Death from natural
disasters
a natural event such as a flood, earthquake, or hurricane that causes great
damage or loss of life.
Police
department
Frequency of
pedestrian deaths
A pedestrian is someone traveling by foot. Public health
Office
Percentage living in
slums
A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of
closely packed
Environmental
services
Number of attacks
on facilities /
infrastructure
An attack on a facility was a priori defined as any form of physical
violence or obstruction that interferes with the accessibility of public
facilities
Police
department

Devi Mega Risdiana et al. / Procedia Computer Science 161 (2019) 291–299 297
6 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
Dimension Indicator Definition of indicator Data owner Refere
nce
Percentages of
computers infected
Computer viruses infect a variety of different subsystems on their
host computers and software.
Digital
department
Personal
security
Level of Police
department
engagement
Level of trust with the Police department Government
Regulations
Community based
patrol
Community-based policing or community-oriented policing is both a
philosophy and an organizational strategy that allows the Police
department and the community to work together to solve problems of
crime, disorder and safety issues and to improve the quality of life for
everyone in that community (OSCE, 2008).
Police
department
Available street
level crime data
street crime is the criminal offense happening in public places (definition
in sociology)
Police
department
Use of data-driven
techniques for
crime
Data Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety is an operational
model that uses the integration of location- based crime.
Police
department
Private security
measures
A common name for private protection and detective activity is private
security
Police
department
Gun regulator and
enforcement
Gun control (or firearms regulation) is the set of laws or policies that
regulate the enforcement
Government
Regulations
[2]
Political stability
risk
Political risk is the risk an investment's returns could suffer as a result
of political changes or instability in a country.
Police
department
Prevalence of petty
crime
A Type of crime that is not considered serious when compared with some
other crimes: petty crime such as shoplifting.
Police
department
Organized crime Criminal activities that are planned and controlled by powerful groups
and carried out on a large scale.
Police
department
Level of corruption The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) scores countries on how corrupt
their governments are believed to be.
Police
department
Rate of drug use Drug use, use of drugs for psychotropic rather than medical purposes. Police
department
Frequency of
terrorist attack
Terrorism as an insider threat is an unlawful use of force and violence by
people closely associated with organizations
Police
department
Gender safety Definitions of terms relating to gender sensitivity and safety. Police
department
Perception of safety Community safety is a concept that is concerned with achieving a
positive state of well-being among people within social and physical
environments.
Police
department
Threat of terrorism Terrorism as an insider threat is an unlawful use of force and violence by
people closely associated with organizations
Police
department
Threat of military
conflict
A state of open, armed, often prolonged conflict carried on between
nations, states, or parties.
Police
department
Threat of civil Something or a situation that poses a risk or a. likelihood of danger or
jeopardy to the safety of. Civil Aviation – is a Threat.
Police
department
Health
security
Environmental
policies
Environmental policy is the commitment of an organization or
government to the laws, regulations, and other policy mechanisms
concerning environmental issues.
Government
Regulations
[2]
Access to health
care
Access to health care refers to the ease with which an individual can
obtain needed medical services.
Public health
Office
No. of Beds per
1000
The ratio of hospital beds to the population, usually expressed as the
number of available hospital beds for every 1,000 population.
Public health
Office
No. of Doctors per
1000
Physicians (per 1,000 people) Definition: Physicians include generalist
and specialist medical practitioners.
Public health
Office
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 7
Dimension Indicator Definition of indicator Data owner Refere
nce
Access to safe and
quality food
Food Safety refers to practices and conditions that preserve
the quality of food to prevent contamination and food-borne illnesses
during preparation, handling and storage.
Food security
office
Quality of health
services
Quality of a public service providing medical care. Public health
Office
Water quality Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and
radiological characteristics of water
Environmental
services
Air quality The degree to which the ambient air is pollution-free, assessed by
measuring a number of indicators of pollution.
Environmental
services
Life expectation The average period that a person may expect to live. Public health
Office
Infant mortality The number of deaths in a given area or period, or from a particular
cause.
Public health
Office
Cancer mortality
rate
The number of deaths in a given area or period, or from a cancer cause. Public health
Office
No. of attack with
biological chemical
or radiological
weapons
A weapon, often a bomb designed to achieve injury or contamination of a
target using by dispersing harmful radioisotopes.
Police
department
Local
Characterist
ic
Awareness of
driving compliance
The definition of compliance is encompassing efforts to ensure that
organizations are abiding by both industry regulations and government
legislation.
Police
department
Awareness of
driving safely
Safe driving means to the ability of a driver to be both physically and
mentally prepared drive
Police
department
Social cohesion Social Cohesion is defined as a cohesive society that works toward the
being of all its member
Police
department
[19]
Collective efficacy Collective efficacy refers to the ability of members of a community to
control the habit of individuals and groups in the community.
Police
department
[19]
Death from traffic
violations
A moving violation occurs whenever a traffic law is violated by a vehicle
in motion.
Police
department
[19]
Infrastructu
re security
Environment of
transport safety
Transport safety. Safety is a key concern for our road, maritime and
aviation transport activities.
Police
department
[2]
Pedestrian
friendliness
Streets that are safe and pleasant for foot traffic. Department of
Transportation
Quality of road
infrastructure
Road Infrastructure is infrastructure that is part of or related to a road. Department of
Transportation
Disaster
management /
business continuity
plan
Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and
management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all
humanitarian aspects of emergencies
Police
department
Death from natural
disasters
a natural event such as a flood, earthquake, or hurricane that causes great
damage or loss of life.
Police
department
Frequency of
pedestrian deaths
A pedestrian is someone traveling by foot. Public health
Office
Percentage living in
slums
A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of
closely packed
Environmental
services
Number of attacks
on facilities /
infrastructure
An attack on a facility was a priori defined as any form of physical
violence or obstruction that interferes with the accessibility of public
facilities
Police
department

298 Devi Mega Risdiana et al. / Procedia Computer Science 161 (2019) 291–299
8 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
5. Discussion
This study aims to make a city level security measure. Several previous studies that discussed “the safe city
measurement method is still carried out in general for all cities in the world” [2]. Whereas in the case of cities in
several countries they have their own characteristics that cannot be equal. Especially in aspects of people's daily habits
in carrying out their activities. In this study, a safe city measurement model will be proposed that fits the context in
Indonesia. Referring to the measurement of safe city in several indicators in other cities, this study proposes with
supporting indicators as follows
 Effect of health availability on safe city
 Effect of the use of the digital device of the
community towards safe city
 The influence of public security on safe city
 Effect of infrastructure on safe city
 The influence of people's habits on safe city
6. Conclusion
This study provides a systematic review of literature on the theme Safe City. A number of related themes have been
discussed to strengthen knowledge about the conceptual essence of the proposed model. Summary of the main
observations that emerged from this literature review is the aspect of Safe City technology has been investigated in
several studies in the literature but in a matter of numbers is still fairly small and new. In reviewing 19 publications
on Safe City, it was observed that many did not rely on empirical data regarding cases. Studies generally seem to base
their results on simulations and in some cases, survey data. The critical idea to provide a model reinforcement of the
characteristics of cities in Indonesia is to know the problems and habits that might occur in the city. The concept and
practice of Safe City has the potential to realize the goal of establishing smart cities, namely, to provide comfort to its
residents.
References
[1] Anuar, A. N. A., S. N. Bookhari, and N. A. Aziz. (2012) “The Effectiveness of Safe City Programme as Safety Basic in Tourism Industry:
Case Study in Putrajaya”, in Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 42 (July 2010): 477–485. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.213
[2] Murray, S. (2017) “Safe Cities Index 2017. Security in a Rapidly Urbanising World.” A Report from The Economist Intelligence Unit.
Available from: https://dkf1ato8y5dsg.cloudfront.net/uploads/5/82/safe-cities-index-eng-web.pdf.
[3] Mohanty, S. P. (2016) “Everything You Wanted to Know About Smart Cities.” doi: 10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879.
[4] Lacinák, M., and J. Ristvej. (2017) “Smart City, Safety and Security”, in Procedia Engineering 192: 522–527. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.090.
[5] Aris-Anuar, A. N., N. Jaini, H. Kamarudin, and R.A. Nasir. (2011). “Effectiveness Evaluation of Safe City Programme in Relation to The
Tourism Industry”, in Procedia Engineering 20: 407–414. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.183.
[6] Vitalij, F., A. Robnik, and T. Alexey. (2012) ““Safe City” - An Open and Reliable Solution for a Safe and Smart City.” Elektrotehniski
Vestnik/Electrotechnical Review 79 (5): 262–267.
[7] Cozens, P. M., G. Saville, and D. Hillier. (2005) “Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (Cpted): A Review and Modern
Bibliography.” Property Management 23: 328-356.
[8] Raj, Pethuru, and Anupama C. Raman. (2015) “Chapter 3: The Role and Relevance of Software-Defined Cloud Infrastructure”, in
Intelligent Cities: Enabling Tools and Technology, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, US.
[9] Berg, V. Den, P. M. J. Pol, G. Mingardo, J. M. Carolien, and A. Ashgate. (2006) “The Safe City : Safety and Urban Development in
European Cities.” By Leo, 00 (p 265).
[10] Tao, C., X. Ling, S. Guofeng, Y. Hongyong, and H. Quanyi. (2014) “Architecture for Monitoring Urban Infrastructure and Analysis
Method for a Smart-safe City.” pp. 151–154. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMTMA.2014.40.
[11] Yigitcanlar, A. T., and M. Foth. (2018) “Can Cities Become Smart Without Being Sustainable? A Systematic Review of The Literature.”
Sustainable Cities and Society. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.033.
[12] Fesenko, T., G. Fesenko, and N. Bibik. (2017) “The Safe City : Developing of GIS Tools for Gender- Oriented Monitoring (On The
Example of Kharkiv City , Ukraine).” pp. 25–32. doi: https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2017.103054.
[13] Kehoe, M., M. Cosgrove, S. De Gennaro, C. Harrison, W. Harthoorn, J. Hogan, … C. Peters. (2011) “Smarter Cities Series: Understanding
the IBM Approach to Smater Cities.” IBM Redguides for Business Leaders. pp. 1–30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1147/JRD.2010.2048257.
[14] Hedlund, J. (2012) “Smart City 2020: Technology and Society in the Modern City.” (March) 27. Available from:
http://www.microsoft.com/global/sv-se/offentlig-sektor/PublishingImages/Smart_city_2020.pdf.
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 9
[15] Ismagilova, E., L. Hughes, Y. K. Dwivedi, and K.R. Raman. (2019) “Smart Cities : Advances in Research — An Information Systems
Perspective.” International Journal of Information Management 47(January): 88–100. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.004.
[16] Cho, J. T., and J. Park. (2017) “Exploring the Effects Of CCTV Upon Fear of Crime: A Multi-Level Approach in Seoul.” International
Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 49: 35–45. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.01.005.
[17] Safe Cities The India Story. (n.d.).
[18] Cachalia, N. (2010) “Joburg City Safety Programme.” (March).
[19] Caragliu, A., C. del Bo, and P. Nijkamp. (2011) “Smart Cities in Europe.” Journal of Urban Technology 18 (2): 65–82. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117.
[20] Flint Township Police department @ flinttownshipPolice department.org. (n.d.) Available from https://flinttownshipPolice
department.org/default.aspx?MenuItemID=301&MenuGroup=Home.
[21] Approved, J. (2015) “Joburg City Safety Strategy.”

Devi Mega Risdiana et al. / Procedia Computer Science 161 (2019) 291–299 299
8 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
5. Discussion
This study aims to make a city level security measure. Several previous studies that discussed “the safe city
measurement method is still carried out in general for all cities in the world” [2]. Whereas in the case of cities in
several countries they have their own characteristics that cannot be equal. Especially in aspects of people's daily habits
in carrying out their activities. In this study, a safe city measurement model will be proposed that fits the context in
Indonesia. Referring to the measurement of safe city in several indicators in other cities, this study proposes with
supporting indicators as follows
 Effect of health availability on safe city
 Effect of the use of the digital device of the
community towards safe city
 The influence of public security on safe city
 Effect of infrastructure on safe city
 The influence of people's habits on safe city
6. Conclusion
This study provides a systematic review of literature on the theme Safe City. A number of related themes have been
discussed to strengthen knowledge about the conceptual essence of the proposed model. Summary of the main
observations that emerged from this literature review is the aspect of Safe City technology has been investigated in
several studies in the literature but in a matter of numbers is still fairly small and new. In reviewing 19 publications
on Safe City, it was observed that many did not rely on empirical data regarding cases. Studies generally seem to base
their results on simulations and in some cases, survey data. The critical idea to provide a model reinforcement of the
characteristics of cities in Indonesia is to know the problems and habits that might occur in the city. The concept and
practice of Safe City has the potential to realize the goal of establishing smart cities, namely, to provide comfort to its
residents.
References
[1] Anuar, A. N. A., S. N. Bookhari, and N. A. Aziz. (2012) “The Effectiveness of Safe City Programme as Safety Basic in Tourism Industry:
Case Study in Putrajaya”, in Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 42 (July 2010): 477–485. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.213
[2] Murray, S. (2017) “Safe Cities Index 2017. Security in a Rapidly Urbanising World.” A Report from The Economist Intelligence Unit.
Available from: https://dkf1ato8y5dsg.cloudfront.net/uploads/5/82/safe-cities-index-eng-web.pdf.
[3] Mohanty, S. P. (2016) “Everything You Wanted to Know About Smart Cities.” doi: 10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879.
[4] Lacinák, M., and J. Ristvej. (2017) “Smart City, Safety and Security”, in Procedia Engineering 192: 522–527. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.090.
[5] Aris-Anuar, A. N., N. Jaini, H. Kamarudin, and R.A. Nasir. (2011). “Effectiveness Evaluation of Safe City Programme in Relation to The
Tourism Industry”, in Procedia Engineering 20: 407–414. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.183.
[6] Vitalij, F., A. Robnik, and T. Alexey. (2012) ““Safe City” - An Open and Reliable Solution for a Safe and Smart City.” Elektrotehniski
Vestnik/Electrotechnical Review 79 (5): 262–267.
[7] Cozens, P. M., G. Saville, and D. Hillier. (2005) “Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (Cpted): A Review and Modern
Bibliography.” Property Management 23: 328-356.
[8] Raj, Pethuru, and Anupama C. Raman. (2015) “Chapter 3: The Role and Relevance of Software-Defined Cloud Infrastructure”, in
Intelligent Cities: Enabling Tools and Technology, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, US.
[9] Berg, V. Den, P. M. J. Pol, G. Mingardo, J. M. Carolien, and A. Ashgate. (2006) “The Safe City : Safety and Urban Development in
European Cities.” By Leo, 00 (p 265).
[10] Tao, C., X. Ling, S. Guofeng, Y. Hongyong, and H. Quanyi. (2014) “Architecture for Monitoring Urban Infrastructure and Analysis
Method for a Smart-safe City.” pp. 151–154. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMTMA.2014.40.
[11] Yigitcanlar, A. T., and M. Foth. (2018) “Can Cities Become Smart Without Being Sustainable? A Systematic Review of The Literature.”
Sustainable Cities and Society. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.033.
[12] Fesenko, T., G. Fesenko, and N. Bibik. (2017) “The Safe City : Developing of GIS Tools for Gender- Oriented Monitoring (On The
Example of Kharkiv City , Ukraine).” pp. 25–32. doi: https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2017.103054.
[13] Kehoe, M., M. Cosgrove, S. De Gennaro, C. Harrison, W. Harthoorn, J. Hogan, … C. Peters. (2011) “Smarter Cities Series: Understanding
the IBM Approach to Smater Cities.” IBM Redguides for Business Leaders. pp. 1–30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1147/JRD.2010.2048257.
[14] Hedlund, J. (2012) “Smart City 2020: Technology and Society in the Modern City.” (March) 27. Available from:
http://www.microsoft.com/global/sv-se/offentlig-sektor/PublishingImages/Smart_city_2020.pdf.
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 9
[15] Ismagilova, E., L. Hughes, Y. K. Dwivedi, and K.R. Raman. (2019) “Smart Cities : Advances in Research — An Information Systems
Perspective.” International Journal of Information Management 47(January): 88–100. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.004.
[16] Cho, J. T., and J. Park. (2017) “Exploring the Effects Of CCTV Upon Fear of Crime: A Multi-Level Approach in Seoul.” International
Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 49: 35–45. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.01.005.
[17] Safe Cities The India Story. (n.d.).
[18] Cachalia, N. (2010) “Joburg City Safety Programme.” (March).
[19] Caragliu, A., C. del Bo, and P. Nijkamp. (2011) “Smart Cities in Europe.” Journal of Urban Technology 18 (2): 65–82. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117.
[20] Flint Township Police department @ flinttownshipPolice department.org. (n.d.) Available from https://flinttownshipPolice
department.org/default.aspx?MenuItemID=301&MenuGroup=Home.
[21] Approved, J. (2015) “Joburg City Safety Strategy.”