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Young Farmers' Motivation and Participation in Horticultural Organic Farming in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Abstract
This research aims at analyzing how to further young farmers' motivation and participation and the impact of influencing factors of relevance. Prominent among the goals of this research is to enhance youth psychological characteristics so as to arrange the best strategy to promote horticultural organic farming. Eighty young farmers were selected by means of simple random sampling method. Path analysis was employed to decide the fit model. It was found that agricultural extension workers changed young farmers' motivations and that they had an impact on participation by enhancing perception. The role of agricultural extension workers should be improved; and they should help control the communication between local leaders and farmers. Hopefully, this research can be used as the basis of agricultural policy in developing countries.
... Based on literature review studies, apart from Indonesia, the phenomenon of farmer aging also occurs in countries in the Americas and Europe (Carbone & Subioli, 2011;Coopmans et al., 2021;Garcia-Alvarez-Coque & Piñeiro, 2022;Leonard et al., 2017;Liontakis et al., 2021;May et al., 2019;Nipers & Pilvere, 2020;Sroka et al., 2019;Zagata & Sutherland, 2015;Żmija et al., 2020), Africa (Ariyo & Mortimore, 2012;Kadzamira & Kazembe, 2015), and Asia (Chuang et al., 2020;Jansuwan & Zander, 2021;Mucharam et al., 2019;Nandi et al., 2022;Palacios, 2005;Phiboon et al., 2019;Rigg et al., 2020;Widhiningsih, 2020). ...
The design of a policy or program evaluation study is both descriptive and analytical. On the one hand, evaluators try to describe what has happened, and on the other hand, try to explain why it happened. To do this, evaluators need to observe what happens before and after the policy or program is implemented. This research aims to describe phenomena related to the agricultural sector in West Java Province before the millennial farmer program was implemented in 2021. Such knowledge will be useful as baseline indicator when assessing the program's performance and impact. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study design and a literature study review. The data source used is secondary data in the form of previous study and statistical data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The results showed that there were six empirical phenomena that described the condition of the West Java agricultural sector before the millennial farmer program was implemented, namely the percentage of young farmers that continued to decline, the low average wage of agricultural workers, the deficit exchange rate of farmers (NTP), the structure of the agricultural sector workforce that shifted towards non-agriculture, the contribution of the agricultural sector to GRDP that decreased, and the position of agriculture as a lagging business sector according to the results of Klassen analysis. These six phenomena can be used as baseline indicators to assess program performance and impact in the next five or ten years.
... The selection of farmer groups as the study population was based on their significant involvement in agricultural activities within the area (Muharam et al. 2020). The sampling technique employed was simple random sampling (Hariadi and Widhiningsih 2020). A total of 90 respondents were selected, with 30 chosen from each village. ...
The lack of community involvement poses a significant obstacle that may impede the achievement of success in the conservation partnership program between the Mount Merbabu National Park (MMNP) authority and the local community. This study serves a purpose and presents a new approach by investigating the impact of human and social capital on community engagement in the conservation partnership program, with the mediation of the extension worker’s role. This location was determined using a purposive method, focusing primarily on three villages surrounding MMNP, Indonesia. The sampling technique employed was simple random sampling, where 30 respondents were chosen from each village, resulting in a total sample size of 90 respondents. This study examines the variables using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) - Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach. Social capital has a positive and significant impact on community engagement through forestry extension workers, while human capital does not affect community conservation partnership involvement through the same workers. This study recommends enhancing social capital to increase community participation in conservation initiatives. Forestry extension officers should improve communication, social networks, and environmental competency to encourage greater community involvement in environmental protection.
... Indonesia. (Muntoro et al., 2020;Prasetyaningtyas, Maarif, et al., 2019b;Widhiningsih, 2020 (Nurhidayati et al., 2017). Selain itu aplikasi meningkatkan kualitas hasil tanaman sawi Pak-coi dan kubis (Nurhidayati et al, 2015;Nurhidayati et al., 2016 ...
The campaign of organic agricultural literacy in Indonesia is a strategic issue today. Awareness to pursue organic farming in Indonesia has not been followed by adequate organic farming literacy campaigns. This dedication examines the preparation of vermicompost narrative infographic designs for organic farming for Torongrejo farmers. A total of 34 farmers were respondents to find out how the right vermicompost narrative infographic design to support organic farming was structured. Respondents were accompanied directly to apply vermicompost, then respondents were asked to answer 17 questions in a questionnaire related to how vermicompost narrative infographics are made so that farmers get maximum information about vermicompost that supports organic farming. The results of the initial questionnaire showed that narrative infographics were needed by Torongrejo farmers to support organic farming, using vermicompost with a percentage of 94.12%. The readability of the vermicompost narrative infographic of Torongrejo farmers is 93.38%. The design of the vermicompost narrative infographic facilitates and guides Torongrejo village farmers to implement land fertilization independently and sustainably, because they stay connected to the contact person and access tutorials on using vermicompost on the youtube link available in the infographic
... On the other hand, age was negatively correlated with the level of involvement at a 10% level which means that the older the farmer, the lesser they will participate in these kinds of activities. It is worth noting that farming is exhausting work, hence most of the farmers are young and motivated [10]. <0.001 R-squared 0.160 Note: ns-not significant; * -significant at 10%; ** -significant at 5% *** -highly significant at 1%. ...
Participatory Coconut Planting Project (PCPP) is one of the programs implemented by the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) that aims to achieve the increasing productivity and income of coconut farmers. The study was conducted to find out the level of involvement of 145 coconut farmers, from the three selected municipalities of Northwestern Leyte, in the PCPP and determine the factors that influenced their participation. Descriptive statistics like percentages, frequency counts, means, and ranges were employed. Moreover, regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between the socio-demographic/economic characteristics and other factors that influenced farmers' involvement in PCPP. Findings revealed that most of the respondents were middle-aged, males, and married. They had low educational levels and annual income and the majority of them did not attend pieces of training. They were land owners cultivating an average area of 1.5 hectares. Moreover, the majority of the respondents had fully taken part in the overall activities of PCPP which indicates genuine participation. Factors that have a high level of significance to the level of involvement were the following: educational attainment, number of training attended, benefit satisfaction, and perceived satisfaction towards the project. Other significantly related factors were sex, age, benefits awareness, and effectiveness of the Coconut Development Officer (CDO) in the delivery of services. Apparently, the most common problem encountered by the farmers was coconut pest infestation. Hence, regular monitoring from the CDO staff and provision by PCA of sufficient pesticides to control infestations are hoped to prove the productivity of coconut farms.
... The declining number of young people in the agricultural sector creates issues in the regeneration and raises concerns about losing valuable skills and knowledge when the older and experienced people leave this sector (Koppert et al., 2015). The children of Indonesia's farming household are reluctant to be involved in agricultural activities (Hariadi & Widhiningsih, 2020;Santoso et al., 2017;Widiyanti et al., 2020). Indeed, the farm owners' children will inherit the farmland, yet it does not guarantee them also to become farm owners. ...
Malang Municipality, the second-largest municipality in East Java Province, has a role as an education and business growth pole. The increasing housing and public service demands in the area correspond with the population growth. It then triggers agricultural conversion, which is predicted to be fully converted in 2024 without any control measurement. Therefore, farm owners have an essential role in agricultural land use. The present study aimed to identify the factors that affect farm owners’ decisions in converting their lands. This study employed correlation analysis to determine the factors influencing the degree of intention to convert farmers’ farmland to settlement. This present study addressed farmland conversion intention, socio-economic factors of farm owner, land use condition, and spatial regulation based on farm owners’ perception. The results showed that the degree of farmland conversion corresponded with the importance of the variable to land conversion. This study demonstrated that farm owners’ perceptions were important and had an essential role in farmland conversion. Moreover, the upcoming regulation should address farm owners’ perception along with tangible variables, such as total income.
... The lack of social infrastructure to support small-scale farmers becomes paramount as they contend with dilemmas of engaging in pluriactivity, securing reliable labor, and navigating relationship building with consumers and peers for both short-term profits and long-term social capital [26]. This is consistent with a study in india which shows that without government support, the adoption of organic agriculture seems to be a highly challenging task in a situation, where majority of the farmers fall under the small and marginal category [27]. So the government needs to spread awareness about organic farming through proper policy making [28]. ...
Organic rice innovation has several advantages, such as a higher selling price, better health aspect, and environmentally friendly, and more and more farmers are interested in innovating. There is a government policy to develop it. Farmers plant organic rice because they have motivation. This motivation study utilized Maslow’s needs theory, intending to describe the motivation of farmers in organic rice farming in Gempol Village, Karanganom, Klaten. The data were analyzed descriptively using scoring techniques, obtained through the census research method, namely interviewing 37 organic rice farmers in Gempol Village. The results revealed that the average score regarding the motivation of organic rice farmers in Gempol Village was 92.39 (67.39%) from a score range of 25 - 125, categorized as “high”. In more detail, the motivation needs of physiological, social, appreciation, and self-actualization were all in the high category, while the safety needs belonged to the moderate category. To meet the needs for a sense of security, farmers should invest some of their organic rice income in livestock activities, whether large or small livestock, or poultry.
Purpose. This research aims to examine the factors that influence the rationality and income of soybean farmers, especially in rain fed field agroecosystems. Methodology / approach. The research was designed quantitatively with a type of survey on 263 soybean farmers from a total population of 768 farmers spread across Jatiwaras and Pancatengah subdistricts, Tasikmalaya Regency, which is one of the centres for soybean development in West Java, Indonesia. The determination of the farmer sample was carried out proportionally randomly using the Slovin formula with an error rate of 5 %. The data analysed is primary data obtained directly from farmers using a questionnaire with a Likert scale consisting of 5 answer choices. The analytical tool used is Structural Equation Model (SEM) with AMOS to determine the influence between variables. Results. The research results show that: (1) Farmer characteristics have a significant positive relationship with farmer motivation. These characteristics are a strong driving force to increase their motivation in soybean farming to be even better in an effort to increase their income; (2) Farmer characteristics have a significant positive effect on farmer rationality. The older the age, the higher the education, and the greater the burden of responsibility borne by the farmers’ family, the more rational they consider soybean cultivation to be, which means that they will be more cautious in growing soybeans to minimise the risk of losses they may incur; (3) Farmer motivation has a significant positive effect on farmer rationality. The stronger farmers’ motivation in soybeans farming, the more rational it makes them in thinking about farming as well as possible; (4) Farmer rationality has a significant positive effect on income. The more rational the thinking of farmers in soybean farming, in the sense that they can effectively use social networks, efficiently grow soybeans and adopt technology, the more they can increase production, which ultimately increases income. Originality / scientific novelty. This study focuses more on the rationality of smallholder farmers in Indonesia, who have many structural disadvantages, such as limited land ownership, average age of farmers, low education level and many family responsibilities, which are constraints to soybean farming; how smallholder farmers are related to motivation in soybean farming and whether this farmers’ rationality can increase their income, while several previous studies only discussed farmers’ rationality without considering socioeconomic factors, especially smallholder farmers. Practical value / implications. This research provides evidence that there is a relationship between farmer characteristics and motivation which has a significant effect on farmer rationality so that in the end it can increase income. The results of this research have implications for government policies in efforts to increase farmers’ income by increasing their capacity through intensive and sustainable agricultural extension activities. The existence of more intensive and sustainable agricultural extension activities can increase the knowledge and insight of small farmers in soybean farming, which in turn can motivate farmers to think and act more rationally so that they can better optimise all the resources they have.
Uttarakhand, a critical part of India's Himalayan system, is most vulnerable to climatically mediated risks. Most of the population in this state is based on the agriculture sector for their livelihoods and with continuous rises in global average temperature, those dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods are expected to face changes in local weather patterns beyond their present ability to cope. Therefore, this study is an attempt to understand the issues & challenges facing agriculture due to climate change in the Uttarakhand-A Himalayan State of India and to discuss the measures to develop a climate-resilient and sustainable supply chain for agriculture in the state. This research highlights numerous remarkable innovations in various flows of the supply chain i.e. product flow, information flow, and financial flow with reference to agriculture and allied sector worldwide and particularly in Uttarakhand, which could be replicated on a broader scale to develop and encourage the Uttarakhand agricultural ecosystem.
The future of food value chains has increasingly been reliant on the wider adoption of sustainable farming practices that include organic agriculture. Organic farming in developed countries is standardized and occupies a niche in agro-food systems. However, such a standard model, when transferred to developing countries, faces difficulty in implementation. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the expansion of organic agriculture in Lebanon, a Middle Eastern context, and analyzes the economic performance of organic tomato among smallholder farmers. Accordingly, the study was able to determine the production costs, map the organic value chain and assess the profitability of organic tomato by comparing it with the conventional tomato in the same value chain. The study finds organic farming being increasingly expensive primarily due to the inherently high cost of production in Lebanon and the inefficient organization of the organic value chain. As a result, we suggest a blended approach of organic farming with other models, in particular agro-tourism, as a local solution to the sustainability of organic farming in developing countries with limited resources (land and labor) and characterized by long marketing channels. In countries such as Lebanon, a country endowed with rich cultural heritage and natural and beautiful landscapes, the agro-tourism model can harness organic farming and tourism activities. We also propose the adoption of local collective guarantee systems for organic production as a way to alleviate the costs of third-party auditing in Lebanon.
This study aims to determine the motivation of farmers in tobacco farming in Sleman District, Sleman Regency. The research location was chosen because people who cultivate tobacco have the highest productivity (2.4883 tons/ha) in 2019 in Sleman Regency. The tobacco farmers in Sleman District are members of the PAC Farmer Group (Branch Management) of the Indonesian Tobacco Farmers Association, Sleman District. Respondents were determined by census, namely 34 farmers. The analysis used in this research is descriptive analysis with scoring technique. This study uses ERG motivation theory. The results showed that the existence motivation indicator obtained an average score of 3.83 (including the high category), the relatedness motivation indicator obtained an average score of 3.69 (including the high category), as well as the growth motivation indicator obtained a score of 3.74. (Also included in the high category). So it can be concluded that farmers in Sleman District in tobacco farming can be said to have high motivation, both in fulfilling daily needs (existence), interacting with other people (relatedness) and in the need to develop (growth).
This study aims to determine the motivation of rice farmers toward organic rice farming and the factors of their motivation in organic farming. The research was conducted in Sleman Regency as it has applied the principles of organic rice, although not completely. The sample in this study amounted to 91 farmers. This study employed descriptive analysis with scoring technique and motivation model using the ERG theory. The results uncovered that the motivation of rice farmers in Sleman Regency toward organic rice farming, especially on the needs for existence, belonged to the high category with an average score of 3.78, the relatedness needs was included in the high category with an average score of 4.15, and the growth needs was also in the high category with an average score of 3.43. Therefore, the motivation of rice farmers toward organic rice farming in Sleman Regency, particularly in fulfilling primary, interaction, and developing needs, was high.
Senior farmers in Panjatan, Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta, have succeeded in making sandy land a horticultural center. However, this success does not motivate young farmers to continue farming. The declining interest of the agricultural sector of youth occurs because they realize the high risk in agricultural entrepreneurship. This study analyzed young farmers' motivation and roles in horticultural entrepreneurship in the coastal sandy land. A sample of 120 respondents from four farmer groups was taken using simple random sampling. Percentage, mean score, and Spearman's rank correlation at p ≤ 0.05 were employed to analyze the data. There was a significant relationship (p ≤ 0.05) between groups' roles as a vehicle for learning and motivation (rs = 0.25). The role of groups in collaboration and networking was insignificant. Therefore, to motivate young coastal sandy farmers, it is necessary to optimize groups' role as a vehicle for learning. Thus, the government needs to implement a strategy to encourage young farmers' motivation by strengthening their roles by improving their knowledge of horticulture business, including training, internships, and discussions on technological developments by regularly utilizing young farmer group meetings.
This paper proposes a framework for rethinking the conservation and appropriation of biological diversity from the perspective of social movements. It argues that biodiversity, although with concrete biophysical referents, is a discourse of recent origin. This discourse fosters a complex network of diverse actors, from international organizations and NGOs to local communities and social movements. Four views of biodiversity produced by this network (centered on global resource management, national sovereignity, biodemocracy, and cultural autonomy, respectively) are discussed in the first part of the paper. The second part focuses on the cultural autonomy perspective developed by social movements. It examines in detail the rise and development of the social movement of black communities in the Pacific rainforest region of Colombia. This movement, it is argued, articulates through their practice an entire political ecology of sustainability and conservation. The main elements of this political ecology are discussed and presented as a viable alternative to dominant frameworks.
Key words: political ecology, social movements, rainforest, biodiversity,
afrocolombians, global networks.
The village administration is the smallest unit in the structures of local government, the village government has its own duties and authorities as stipulated by Law. The main substance that has not changed is that the village government as the government administration at the village level. The purpose of this study to see how the duties and functions of the village head and village in improving performance at the village office Namo Binang Pancur Batu Subdistrict of Deli Serdang. This type of research is qualitative descriptive method. Source of data derived from interviews san documentation. The results showed under the implementation of the basic tasks and functions of the village and the village is conducted in accordance with the provisions of the legislation in force. On the implementation side than the basic tasks and functions in each village needs to be supported with human resources (HR) and adequate infrastructure in order to achieve the tasks and services to the public.
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