NEW RECORDS FOR ORCHIDS IN TERENGGANU AND KELANTAN, MALAYSIA

Abstract

The rampant logging concessions and their aftermath floods that occurred in tropical forests of Peninsular Malaysia have greatly altered the integrity of the wild orchid habitats and their species diversity. Undoing orchid's local extinction in Terengganu and Kelantan is always presented as the topmost conservation priority. Our botanical rescue mission was important to evaluate the diversity of this 'jewels of rainforest' in the disturbed forests by aiming the field collections more to saving the epiphytic orchids on fallen trees in logging sites. A total of 73 orchid species were reported as new records to Terengganu and four species are new records to Kelantan, including nine rare and eight endemic species. The results infer many orchids might have gone to extinction without being recorded owing to the years of unsustainable forest cutting in Terengganu and Kelantan. A brief checklist on the newly recorded orchid species, including information on the important attributes, were included.

Full text

Journal of Sustainability Science and Management e ISSN: 2672-7226
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NEW RECORDS FOR ORCHIDS IN TERENGGANU AND KELANTAN, MALAYSIA
EDWARD ENTALAI BESI, DOME NIKONG, MUSKHAZLI MUSTAFA AND RUSEA GO*
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang,
Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: rusea@upm.edu.my
Abstract: The rampant logging concessions and their aftermath floods that occurred in tropical
forests of Peninsular Malaysia have greatly altered the integrity of the wild orchid habitats and
their species diversity. Undoing orchid's local extinction in Terengganu and Kelantan is always
presented as the topmost conservation priority. Our botanical rescue mission was important to
evaluate the diversity of this ‘jewels of rainforest’ in the disturbed forests by aiming the field
collections more to saving the epiphytic orchids on fallen trees in logging sites. A total of 73
orchid species were reported as new records to Terengganu and four species are new records to
Kelantan, including nine rare and eight endemic species. The results infer many orchids might
have gone to extinction without being recorded owing to the years of unsustainable forest cutting
in Terengganu and Kelantan. A brief checklist on the newly recorded orchid species, including
information on the important attributes, were included.
Keywords: Orchid, disturbed forest, new record, Kelantan, Terengganu
Introduction
Over many years, the botanical collections of wild orchids have been prioritized towards their
urgent need of conservation upon saving them from extinction. Forest clearance for timber
extraction and other forms of agricultural and infrastructure developments have been seen as the
main threats to their population in the wild. A great number of them may have gone extinct even
before they are being discovered and botanised. In the past, collective records of Malaysian
orchid species have been recorded by many foreign botanists, including R. E Holttum, H. N.
Ridley, J.J. Smith, J. J. Vermeulen, I. M. Turner, G. Seidenfaden and J. J. Wood. Several studies
on the orchid diversity covering all elevation gradients in Peninsular Malaysia have included
Malaysian conservationist themselves are Yong et al. (2005), Go & Hamzah (2008), Go et al.
(2010, 2011, 2014), Kiew et al. (2010), Ng et al. (2012). The latest documentation was by Ong et
al. (2017). Overall, Orchidaceae is the most abundant flowering plant family in Peninsular
Malaysia. To date, 245 orchid species of Terengganu and 223 orchid species of Kelantan have
been listed according to the inventories provided by the Singapore Herbarium (SING) (2018,
January), Swiss Orchid Foundation (2017, July), National Herbarium of the Netherlands (NHN)
(2017, July), Turner (1995), Jaafar et al. (2007), and Md Isa et al. (2015). It is anticipated that
there are more orchid species in the Terengganu and Kelantan's vast rainforest areas yet to be
discovered. The forests harbour a variety of flora and fauna and can be viewed at a forest trail.
The verdant rainforest with lush tropical climate provides great possibilities for new species
discoveries.

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The book Wild Orchids of Terengganu: Jewel of the Rainforest by Jaafar et al. (2007) is
the first preliminary effort compiled by the local conservationist to record the diversity of orchid
species in Terengganu. The book showcases the new and endemic species to Terengganu
discovered in January 2005 such as Dendrobium terengganuensis, which has been decisively
proposed as a critically endangered species due to its limited area of distribution. The book has
also advertised the more vivid variations of several rare species, including the rare specimens of
old species recorded in the older works of literatures such as Bulbophyllum restrepia,
Galeola nudifolia and a B. membranifolium subsp. membranifolium with striking flower's
variations found in a land illegally cleared for gold mining (Jaafar et al., 2007).
This paper comprises a brief note on several doubtful records with wrong identification
listed in the book, in turn to justify the precise number of wild orchids recorded for Terengganu.
Nevertheless, an important message to be addressed here is that the disturbed localities where
these species were found have put them under imminent threat. This would lead to their
extinction if no proper conservation actions are being taken. Years of irresponsible forest
exploitations in Terengganu and Kelantan have destroyed and extremely degraded many of the
orchid habitats. The orchid's habitats were isolated into fragments which indirectly affecting the
moisture and nutrient availabilities, distribution patterns and pollination occurrence. The logging
caused soil erosion when trees and leaf litter are being removed and nutrients in the topsoil are
washed away. The stresses caused by logging-induced disturbance gradually reduced the area for
both epiphytic and terrestrial orchid’s colonization and eventually can lead to their local
extinction. Hence, this report on newly recorded orchid species is aimed to elucidate the diversity
of orchids in the disturbed forests of Terengganu and Kelantan regions in relation to climate
changes and their conservation priorities upon drafting their future conservation framework.
Materials and Methods
Botanical rescue missions within Terengganu and Kelantan were done from November 2016 until
May 2018. The convenience sampling involved choosing the known existence of disturbed
forests in Terengganu and Kelantan, and accessibility. This includes three logging sites located in
Gawi and Petuang areas adjacent to Kenyir Lake, Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu and two
accessible flood-disturbed secondary forests (DSFs) located in Kuala Koh and Tanah Merah,
Kelantan. Also, incorporated in this report are the orchid specimens from earlier botanical
collections by Dome prior to his conservation endeavour rescuing orchids at risk in the logging
sites and other unspecified disturbed forests within the Terengganu region.
All plants collected were rescued to ex-situ conservatory and cultivated for their
identification and phenological study. Herbarium specimens were processed according to the
standard preparation techniques outlined in Bridson and Forman (2000). The specimens were
deposited in the Herbarium of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Living specimens were collected
following a guideline per modified in Go et al. (2010, 2011, 2014, 2015b), Ng et al. (2012), and
Yong et al. (2005). Photographic records were also compiled prior to identification. Reliable
references were used in the identification and classification processes, such as Wood (1997, 2003,
2008, 2009, 2014), Seidenfaden and Wood (1992), Chan et al. (1994), Wood and Cribb (1994),
Turner (1995), Kruizinga et al. (1997), Comber (2001), Go and Tang (2007), Ong et al. (2017),
Ng et al. (2012) and O'byrne et al. (2018). We studied illustrations from various published works
of literature to differentiate between the subspecies or variety of a certain species. The accepted

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names of the orchids were validated through KEW World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
(WCSP) (2018, January). The expert consultations were sought in order to make an accurate
identification.
The information on the current distribution status of each species was retrieved from the
published checklists by Wood and Cribb (1994), Turner (1995), Jaafar et al. (2007), Md Isa et al.
(2015), Ong et al. (2017) and also compared to the published herbarium collections in the online
international databases, including WCSP (2018, January), National Herbarium of the Netherlands
(NHN) accessed through Browse Dutch Natural History Collections: BioPortal (Naturalis) (2017,
July), Herbarium of Singapore Botanic Gardens (SING) accessed through BRAHMS
Online managed by University of Oxford (2018, January), Swiss Orchid Foundation (2017,
January), Kew Herbarium Catalogue (2019, January), and Natural History Museum Specimen
Collection (2019, April). A visit to the Herbarium of Forest Research Institute Malaysia (KEP)
was also made possible.
Results and Discussion
A total of 109 orchid species was recorded from the disturbed forests in Kelantan and
Terengganu, belonging to 39 genera. Of these, 38 species are new records to Terengganu and four
species are new records to Kelantan. Two hundred and eighty species found and rescued by
Dome from the disturbed forests in the Terengganu region are incorporated in this report.
Conclusively, 73 species are new records to Terengganu and thus, this has increased the total of
orchid species recorded for Terengganu to 318 species in 92 genera. Meanwhile, the recorded
orchid species for Kelantan has increased to 227 species in 79 genera. Likewise, this makes a
total of nine orchid species rescued from the disturbed forests in Terengganu are rare and eight
species are endemic with one species is endemic to Malaysia and eight species are endemic to
Peninsular Malaysia; and of which 68 species are epiphytic, 14 species are terrestrial, one species
are terrestrial or lithophytic and only one species is myco-heterotroph.
Almost all the epiphytic orchids found were collected from the fallen trees in the logged
forests of the Kenyir Lake area. The fallen trees were enriched by a high diversity of orchid
species where some are endemic and rare, and a great abundance of them are listed as new
records, and importantly a few are potentially new species to science. The most interesting part is
the discovery of nine possible new species to science with three species are published in 2018:
Dendrobium ainiae R.Go et E.E. Besi (Besi et al., 2018a), Dendrobium ruseae R.Go et E.E. Besi
(Besi et al., 2018a) and Dendrobium mizanii R.Go et E.E. Besi (Besi et al., 2018b). Also, a small
number of the terrestrial orchids were also found in the forest ridges or forest remnant with tree
canopy in the logging sites. The currently on-going clear-cut logging activities in the Terengganu
and Kelantan regions might have rapidly destroyed a great number of orchid species, both
epiphyte and terrestrial, and a high number of them could be unknown species and could have
died without being botanized and further described. The microclimate temperature in the logging
sites is much extreme within 31oC to 34oC, in comparison to the local climate's, in which the
lowest is at 23.2oC and the highest is at 30.9oC. The average rainfall recorded in the current study
was between 125.6-414.9mm (Malaysian Meteorology Department, 2016, 2017). Prolonged
exposure to the severe heat and dryness in the opened canopy forests has speeded up their
degradation in the wild.

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Checklist of Orchids New Record the Disturbed Forests of Terengganu
In this checklist, listed are the newly recorded orchid species to Terengganu, which were largely
collected from the logged forests, including a brief information on their growth habit, habitat,
current distribution status and significant notes on their flowers’ variation or distinguishable
morphological characters of each variety or subspecies. The specific information on distribution
in Peninsular Malaysia of each species is not being included prior to the need to protect the wild
populations from illegal commercial collectors. Some of the newly recorded species are shown in
Figure 1 and Figure 2.

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Figure 1 : Newly recorded orchid species found in the disturbed forests of Terengganu: A, Ania
penangiana; B, Bulbophyllum ecornutum subsp. ecornutum; C, Bulbophyllum elevatopunctatum;
D, Bulbophyllum korthalsii; E, Bulbophyllum leptosepalum; F, Bulbophyllum lumbriciforme; G,
Bulbophyllum sanguineomaculatum; H, Bulbophyllum setuliferum; I, Bulbophyllum tortuosum; J,
Crepidium micranthum; K, Cylindrolobus biflorus; L, Dendrobium derryi. Photos by
DigitalDome.

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Figure 2 : Newly recorded orchid species found in the disturbed forests of Terengganu: A,
Dendrobium stuposum; B, Dendrobium x pahangense; C, Hetaeria alta; D, Lecanorchis
multiflora; E, Liparis viridiflora; F, Macropodanthus alatus; G, Pholidota articulata; H, Pinalia
bicristata, I, Pinalia clavata; J, Pinalia maingayi; K, Strongyleria pannea; L, Trichoglottis
lanceolaria. Photos by DigitalDome.

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1. Adenoncos vesiculosa Carr, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 7: 37 (1932)
General distribution: Indo-China to Peninsular Malaysia; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia:
Common in lowland forest in Pahang and Selangor; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the
fallen trees in a logging site at 211.6-244.6 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK056), 21/04/2017 (UPM).
2. Agrostophyllum glumaceum Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 824 (1890)
General distribution: Distributed in Sumatra, Philippines and Borneo; Distribution in Peninsular
Malaysia: Not uncommon in lowland and mountains in Perak and Selangor; Specimen
examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site,
Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 211.6-244.6 m a.s.l., Besi et al.
(TK032), 21/04/2017 (UPM).
3. Agrostophyllum stipulatum subsp. bicuspidatum (J.J.Sm.) Schuit., Orchid Monogr. 8: 14
(1997)
General distribution: Distributed in Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Singapore and Borneo; Distribution
in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in lowland and montane forests in Kedah, Penang and
Selangor; Notes: This species is very difficult to be distinguished from A. stipulatum subsp.
stipulatum based on its vegetative structures alone, however, the latter can be easily identified by
having semi-circular pale purplish stelid on the column part, raised obliquely on both sides of the
rostellum (Seidenfaden & Wood, 1992; Go et al., 2015a); Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu, Petuang, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to
the fallen trees in a logging site at 207.2-330.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK112), 19/06/2017 (UPM).
4. Agrostophyllum stipulatum (Griff.) Schltr. subsp. stipulatum, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni
Veg. Beih. 1: 279 (1912)
General distribution: Distributed in Java, Myanmar, Philippine, Singapore, Sumatra, Sulawesi,
Thailand and Borneo (Kalimantan); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in lowland
and montane forests in Kedah, Kelantan and Penang; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the
fallen trees in a logging site at 211.6-244.6 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK040), 21/04/2017 (UPM).
5. Ania penangiana (Hook.f.) Summerh., Bot. Mag. 161: t. 9553 (1939)
General distribution: Widespread worldwide from East India to Taiwan and New Guinea,
including Thailand; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Uncommon in grassy places in the hills,
and montane forest in Penang, Perak and Kedah; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Setiu, Wetland Bris Forest, Terrestrial, grow on dune-originated
soil at ca. 10 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW021), 01/04/2018 (UPM).
6. Appendicula uncata Ridl. subsp. uncata, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 390 (1896)
General distribution: Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia:
Commonly found in lowland forest; Notes: The flower of A. uncata looks very similar to A.
cornuta, except the stem longer and leaves well-spaced and narrowly lanceolate with almost
pointed notched apices. A. uncata subsp. sarawakensis J.J.Wood differs from A. uncata subsp.
uncata in having shorter stems (about 26 cm), smaller leaves and flowers with shorter tepals and
a narrower lip (Wood, 1984); Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,

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TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a
logging site at 98.8-119.2 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK017), 08/11/2016 (UPM).
7. Bulbophyllum biseriale Carr, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 5: 131 (1930)
General distribution: Distributed in Peninsular Thailand to Peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo;
Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in riverside montane forests in Pahang;
Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu,
Petuang, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 207.2-330.4 m
a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK118), 19/06/2017 (UPM).
8. Bulbophyllum caudatisepalum Ames & C.Schweinf., Orchidaceae 6: 166 (1920)
General distribution: Distributed in West Malesia, including Borneo recorded from Sabah and
Sarawak; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Found in lower to montane forest, including
Pahang; Notes: This species is differentiated from B. flavescens by having prominent large basal
sheaths envelops the pseudobulbs, the leaves, and inflorescences (Comber, 2001); Specimen
examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site,
Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 211.6-244.6 m a.s.l., Besi et al.
(TK038), 21/04/2017 (UPM).
9. Bulbophyllum cleistogamum Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 31: 277 (1896)
General distribution: Widespread worldwide in West and Central Malesia, including Borneo
(Sabah and Sarawak); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Rarely found in the wild in podsol
forest, lowland to montane forest in Johor, Kedah, Pahang, Perak and Selangor; Notes: The
important key to distinguish this species from another two species in Section Intervallatae found
in Peninsular Malaysia, B. lumbriciforme and B. macrochilum, on its pseudobulbs longer and
almost cylindrical; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir
Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 211.6-244.6
m a.s.l., Besi et al. (ED/DOME018), 20/03/2017 (UPM).
10. Bulbophyllum concinnum Hook.f., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 21: t. 2038a (1890)
General distribution: Distributed in Indo-China to West Malesia, Lesser Sunda Islands (Timor),
including Borneo; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in mangrove swamp and
riverine forest, including Johor; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a
logging site at ca. 233.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW005), 01/04/2018 (UPM).
11. Bulbophyllum ecornutum (J.J.Sm.) J.J.Sm. subsp. ecornutum, Bull. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg, sér. 2, 13: 32 (1914)
General distribution: Distributed in Java to Lesser Sunda Islands, and in Borneo recorded from
Kalimantan; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Rare in lowland to hill forest, the exact
localities were withheld to protect the populations and only a few populations were rescued from
the logging site to the ex-situ conservatory in this current study; Notes: This subspecies can be
distinguished from the other subspecies of B. econutum; B. ecornutum subsp. verrucatum
J.J.Verm., on its lip glabrous without verrucose or warty-like projection in the top half part
(Vermeulen, 1991). This species has been listed in Jaafar et al. (2007) without a clear separation
on the subspecies is provided. Moreover, this subspecies of B. ecornutum has also been included
in the book, Wild Orchids of Peninsular Malaysia (Ong et al., 2011), except their specimen

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shows a slight variation in its flowers yellowish-greenish with dense purple spots, whereas our
specimen has its flowers yellowish-greenish but the lateral sepals suffused purple instead of
densely purple spotted; Specimens examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU:
Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 211.6-
244.6 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK051, DOME002), 21/04/2017 (UPM).
12. Bulbophyllum elevatopunctatum J.J.Sm., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 2: 99 (1920)
General distribution: Distributed in Thailand to West Malaysia, including Sumatra and Borneo;
Distribution in Peninsular: Rare and growing in an old rubber tree trunk in Selangor and Johor;
Notes: This species was previously differentiated from B. vinaceum by not having lip warty and
toothed apically. Recently, the latter has been proposed as a synonym for B. elevatopunctatum
(WCSP, 2018). This species is recorded 'rare' with a very small distribution area. It was
previously only found in Thailand and Sumatra. It was also previously remarked as an endemic
species to Sumatra by J.J. Smith, until it was then discovered in Malaysia and Borneo (Ong et al.,
2011); Specimens examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake,
Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 98.9-119.2 m a.s.l.,
Besi et al. (TK019), 29/09/2017 (UPM).
13. Bulbophyllum gusdorfii J.J.Sm., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 2, 25: 79 (1917)
General distribution: Distributed in Philippine, Sumatra, including Borneo only known from
Sabah; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in lower montane forest in Johor,
Pahang and Selangor; Notes: This species is recognised among the species with straight lateral
sepals allied to two common species, B. lepidum and B. acuminatum from Section
Cirrhopetalum, by having a distinctively very short bristle on the tip of its dorsal sepal;
Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi,
Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at ca. 233.4 m a.s.l., Besi et
al. (ED/DOME036), 12/08/2018 (UPM).
14. Bulbophyllum korthalsii Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 3: 320 (1907)
General distribution: Distributed in West Malesia, including Borneo; Distribution in Peninsular
Malaysia: Not uncommon in montane and riverine forests in Kelantan and Pahang; Specimen
examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site,
Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at ca. 233.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW007),
01/04/2018 (UPM).
15. Bulbophyllum leptosepalum Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 767 (1890)
General distribution: An endemic species to Peninsular Malaysia; Distribution in Peninsular
Malaysia: Widespread in lowland to hill forest; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the
fallen trees in a logging site at 211.6-244.6 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (ED/DOME037), 21/04/2017
(UPM).
16. Bulbophyllum lumbriciforme J.J.Sm., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 2: 94 (1920)
General distribution: Distributed in Peninsular Malaysia to Sumatera; Distribution in Peninsular
Malaysia: Rare and previously only recorded from montane forest in Pahang; Notes: A species
from a small section of genus Bulbophyllum Section Intervallatae, with distinct form of
inflorescence bears a succession of bracts, triangular (Seidenfaden & Wood, 1992), as in

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Thrixspermum; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir
Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at ca. 233.4 m
a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW009), 01/04/2018 (UPM).
17. Bulbophyllum mucronatum (Blume) Lindl. subsp. mucronatum, Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.:
50 (1830)
General distribution: Distributed in Thailand to West and Central Malesia, including Borneo
(Sarawak); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Rare and only recorded from lower montane and
disturbed forests in Pahang; Notes: It differs from another subspecies, B. mucronatum subsp.
alagense, by having flowers greenish while the latter is yellowish; Specimens examined:
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Setiu, Mountain (details on locality are withheld
to avoid illegal collection), Epiphytic, attached to the trees in an upper hill dipterocarp forest at
ca. 800 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (DOME007), 07/04/2018 (UPM).
18. Bulbophyllum sanguineomaculatum Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 265 (1896)
General distribution: Distributed in Peninsular Malaysia to Sulawesi, including Borneo (Sabah);
Distributed in Peninsular Malaysia: Rare in hill to montane forests in Pahang and Johor; Notes:
The plant is identical to B. membranifolium, but it can be distinguished by the presence of dense
reddish circular spots which randomly scattered on its both sepals and petals, which the spots
only presence sparsely on the latter species, mostly on its dorsal sepals and lateral petals, and
arranged along the veins. It was also said to have lateral sepals open instead of united as in B.
membranifolium (anonymous), however, this key character is not persistent as our collection
shows united lateral sepals; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a
logging site at ca. 233.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW006), 01/04/2018 (UPM).
19. Bulbophyllum setuliferum J.J. Verm. & Saw, Gard. Bull. Singapore 52: 289 (2000)
General distribution: Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Rare
in montane forest; Notes: Vegetatively, this species is very similar to B. concavilabium, except
the bulb is compressed-conical instead of compressed-ovoid on the rhizome. It was first found in
a montane forest in Peninsular Malaysia. The plants were rescued from fallen trees in a logged
hill forest in the Petuang. So far, this particular species has only been found within Peninsular
Malaysia region, and this has listed B. setuliferum as another rare and endemic species collected
from the deteriorated logged forests; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu, Petuang, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees
in a logging site at 207.2-330.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK108), 19/06/2017 (UPM).
20. Bulbophyllum tortuosum (Blume) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 50 (1830)
General distribution: Distributed in Sikkim to Papuasia, including Borneo recorded from
Kalimantan and Sabah; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in dry lowland forest and
sandstone, including Pahang; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a
logging site at ca. 233.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW014), 01/04/2018 (UPM).
21. Calanthe pulchra (Blume) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 250 (1833)
General distribution: Distributed in Peninsular Thailand to West Malesia and Philippines,
including Borneo; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in wet forest, lowland and hill

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forests, widespread including Selangor, Pahang and Perak; Specimens examined:
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Forest Fragment in a
logging Site, Terrestrial, grow on soil covered by leaf litter at ca. 233.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al.
(EDW023), 01/04/2018 (UPM).
22. Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames, Philipp. J. Sci., C 2: 326 (1907)
General distribution: Distributed in Tropical and Subtropical Asia to Pacific, including Borneo
(Sabah and Sarawak); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in wet lowland and montane
forest, and freshwater swamp forest, widespread, including Perak; Specimen examined:
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Setiu, Wetland Bris Forest, Terrestrial, grow on
dune-originated soil at ca. 177 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW022), 01/04/2018 (UPM).
23. Callostylis rigida Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 340 (1825)
General distribution: Distributed in Central Himalaya to China (South Yunnan) and West
Malesia, including Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not
uncommon in heath forest, hill forest, and lower montane forest in Kedah; Specimen examined:
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic,
attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at ca. 233.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW017),
01/04/2018 (UPM).
24. Ceratostylis ampullacea Kraenzl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 487 (1893)
General distribution: Distributed in Peninsular Thailand to West Malesia, including Borneo;
Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in montane forest, widespread; Specimen
examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site,
Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at ca. 233.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW013),
01/04/2018 (UPM).
25. Ceratostylis pendula Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 826 (1890)
General distribution: Distributed in Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippine, Sulawesi, Sumatra,
Thailand and Borneo (Sabah); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in montane forest in
Perak, Pahang and Selangor; Notes: In the field, vegetatively, it is commonly mistaken as B.
mutabile by having rhizome pendulous and branching covered with sheaths. However, the latter
has leaves elliptic, blunt and basally abruptly narrowed to a very short petiole (Seidenfaden &
Wood, 1992). The latter also having small pseudobulbs but inconspicuous and entirely covered
by the sheaths; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir
Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 98.8-119.2 m
a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK010), 08/11/2016 (UPM).
26. Ceratostylis subulata Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 306 (1825)
General distribution: Distributed in Tropical Asia to Vanuatu, including Java, Sumatra, Thailand,
and Borneo (Kalimantan and Sarawak); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Widespread in
lowland and montane forests, including Pahang; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the
fallen trees in a logging site at 98.8-119.2 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK015), 08/11/2016 (UPM).

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27. Cleisostoma scortechinii (Hook.f.) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 23: 174 (1972)
General distribution: Distributed in Indo-China to West and South Malesia, including Borneo
recorded from Sabah and Sarawak; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in
lowland forest in Kelantan, Perak and Perlis; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a
logging site at 98.8-119.2 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK006), 08/11/2016 (UPM).
28. Coelogyne testacea Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 28(Misc.): 38 (1842)
General distribution: Distributed in Sumatra and Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah); Distribution in
Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in lowland and riverine forests in Pahang, Penang, Kelantan
and Johor (more frequent in the south region); Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the
fallen trees in a logging site at ca. 233.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW030), 01/04/2018 (UPM).
29. Crepidium calophyllum (Rchb.f.) Szlach., Fragm. Florist. Geobot., Suppl. 3: 125 (1995)
General distribution: Distributed in East Nepal to Hainan and Borneo (Sarawak); Distribution in
Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in hill and limestone forests in Kedah, Kelantan, Penang
and Johor (rarely encountered in the wild due to the on-going forest disturbance); Specimen
examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Setiu, Wetland Bris Forest,
Terrestrial, grow on dune-originated soil at ca. 10 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW020), 01/04/2018
(UPM).
30. Crepidium rheedei Blume subsp. rheedei, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 387 (1825)
General distribution: Distributed in West Malesia, including Borneo; Distribution in Peninsular
Malaysia: Not uncommon in montane forest in Johor, Kelantan and Perak; Specimen examined:
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Setiu, Mountain (details on locality are withheld
to avoid illegal collection), Terrestrial, grow on soil covered by leaf litter in a montane forest at
ca. 800 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (ED/DOME046), 27/02/2019 (UPM).
31. Cylindrolobus biflorus (Griff.) Rauschert, Feddes Repert. 94: 445 (1983)
General distribution: Distributed in Sikkim to West and South Malesia, including Borneo
recorded from Sabah; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in lowland and lower
montane forest in Kedah, Kelantan and Pahang; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the
fallen trees in a logging site at ca. 230.9 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (ED/DOME057), 23/02/2019 (UPM).
32. Cylindrolobus mucronatus (Lindl.) Rauschert, Feddes Repert. 94: 445 (1983)
General distribution: Thailand to West Malesia; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Commonly
found in the limestone area; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu, Petuang, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees
in a logging site at 207.2-330.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK124), 19/06/2017 (UPM).
33. Dendrobium angustifolium (Blume) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 76 (1830)
General distribution: Distributed in China (Southwest Guangxi) to West Malesia; Distribution in
Peninsular Malaysia: Common in lowland and montane forests in Johor, Kedah and Pahang;
Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi,

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Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 211.6-244.6 m a.s.l., Besi
et al. (TK045), 21/04/2017 (UPM)
34. Dendrobium connatum var. distachyon (Lindl.) P.O'Byrne, Malesian Orchid J. 10: 50
(2012)
General distribution: Distributed in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (Sabah); Distribution in
Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in lower montane forest, widespread; Specimens
examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu, Petuang, Logging
Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 207.2-330.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al.
(TK116), 19/06/2017 (UPM).
35. Dendrobium convexum (Blume) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 76 (1830)
General distribution: Distributed in Indo-China to North Queensland, including Borneo
(unspecified); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in lowland and montane forests in
Selangor, Johor and Kedah; Specimens examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a
logging site at 98.8-119.2 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK009), 08/11/2016 (UPM).
36. Dendrobium derryi Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins. 1: 52 (1907)
General distribution: Distributed in West Malesia, including Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah);
Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in primary montane forest, including Perak,
Pahang and Johor; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Setiu,
Mountain (details on locality are withheld to avoid illegal collection), Terrestrial, grow on soil
covered by leaf litter in a montane forest at ca. 800 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (ED/DOME049),
27/02/2019 (UPM).
37. Dendrobium kentrophyllum Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 725 (1890)
General distribution: Distributed in East Himalaya to West and Central Malesia, including
Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in montane forest in
Perak, Selangor and Pahang; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu, Petuang, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees
in a logging site at 207.2-330.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK110), 19/06/2017 (UPM).
38. Dendrobium lobbii Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 5: 491 (1854)
General distribution: Distributed in Indo-China to North Australia, including Borneo (Sabah,
Sarawak and Kalimantan); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in lowland
kerangas area, lower montane kerangas area, hill forest, and riverine forest, including Johor,
Melaka and Kedah; Specimens examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU:
Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at ca.
233.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW010), 01/04/2018 (UPM).
39. Dendrobium pachyglossum C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 30: 149
(1874)
General distribution: Distributed in Indo-China to Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (Sarawak);
Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in lower montane forest in several localities,
including Kedah, Perak, Langkawi island and Johor; Specimens examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Setiu, Mountain (details on locality are withheld to avoid illegal

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collection), Epiphytic, attached to the trees in an upper hill dipterocarp forest at ca. 800 m a.s.l.,
Besi et al. (DOME025, DOME045), 20/06/2017 (UPM).
40. Dendrobium pensile Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 253 (1896)
General distribution: Distributed in Nicobar Islands and West Malesia, including Borneo (Sabah
and Sarawak); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Rare in riverine, mangrove swamp forest, and
hill forest in Pahang and Johor; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a
logging site at ca. 230.9 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW047), 04/05/2018 (UPM).
41. Dendrobium × pahangense Carr, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 5: 126 (1930)
General distribution: Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia:
Previously only known to occur in montane forest in Pahang region; Notes: It is a naturally
occurring hybrid of D. rupicolum x D. connatum; Specimens examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Setiu, Mountain (details on locality are withheld to avoid illegal
collection), Epiphytic, attached to the trees in an upper hill dipterocarp forest at ca. 800 m a.s.l.,
Besi et al. (EDW018), 22/06/2017 (UPM).
42. Dendrobium salaccense (Blume) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 86 (1830)
General distribution: Distributed in South India to China (South Yunnan) and West Malesia,
including Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Commonly found in
riverine and lowland forests, widespread; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a
logging site at ca. 230.9 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW041), 01/05/2018 (UPM).
43. Dendrobium stuposum Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 24(Misc.): 52 (1838)
General distribution: Distributed in East Himalaya to China (South Yunnan) and Malesia,
including Borneo; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in lower montane forest;
Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Setiu, Mountain (details
on locality are withheld to avoid illegal collection), Epiphytic, attached to the trees in an upper
hill dipterocarp forest at ca. 800 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (ED/DOME054), 07/04/2018 (UPM).
44. Dendrobium xantholeucum Rchb.f., Xenia Orchid. 2: 73 (1865)
General distribution: Distributed Thailand to South Taiwan and West Malesia, including Borneo
(Sabah and Sarawak); Distributed in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in lowland rather open,
swampy forest, and limestone hills in Langkawi, Perak, Pahang and Johor; Specimen examined:
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu, Petuang, Logging Site,
Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 207.2-330.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al.
(ED/DOME055), 19/06/2017 (UPM).
45. Eria javanica (Sw.) Blume, Rumphia 2: 23 (1836)
General distribution: Distributed in Sikkim to Central Taiwan and New Guinea, including Borneo
(Sabah); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in the lowland forest in Pahang and
Perak; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake,
Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 211.6-244.6 m
a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK060), 21/04/2017 (UPM).

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46. Hetaeria alta Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 404 (1896)
General distribution: Distributed in South Indo-China to West Malesia, including Borneo
(Sabah); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in humus in lowland, hill and
limestone forests, including Perak and Pahang; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Forest Fragment in a logging Site,
Terrestrial, grow on soil covered by leaf litter at ca. 115 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW015),
01/04/2018 (UPM).
47. Lecanorchis multiflora J.J.Sm., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 2, 26: 8 (1918)
General distribution: Distributed in China (South Yunnan), Peninsular Thailand to West Malesia,
including Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in
lowland forest, widespread; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu, Terrestrial, Myco-heterotrop, hill dipterocarp forest, grow
on soil covered by leaf litter at ca. 500 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (ED/DOME061), 21/04/2017 (UPM).
48. Liparis maingayi (Hook.f.) Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 226 (1896)
General distribution: Distributed in Peninsular Malaysia to West Sumatera; Distribution in
Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in lowland forest, sandstone, and montane oak-laurel forest
in Perak and Selangor; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU:
Hulu Terengganu, Terrestrial, grow on soil covered by leaf litter in a hill dipterocarp forest at ca.
500 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW019), 23/02/2019 (UPM).
49. Liparis viridiflora (Blume) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 31 (1830)
General distribution: Distributed in Indian Subcontinent to South China and Malesia, including
Borneo recorded from Sabah and Sarawak; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon
in hill and lower montane forests in Penang, Perak, Perlis and Pahang; Specimen examined:
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu, Petuang, Logging Site,
Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 207.2-330.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al.
(EDW016), 01/04/2018 (UPM).
50. Ludisia discolor (Ker Gawl.) Blume, Fl. Javae Nov. Ser.: 95 (1859)
General distribution: Distributed in South China to Sumatera and Philippines, including Borneo;
Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon on the rocks in lowland, hill, and riverine
forests in Johor, Perak, Pahang, Penang and Kedah; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu, Terrestrial or lithophytic, hill dipterocarp
forest, grow on soil covered by leaf litter at ca. 500 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (ED/DOME063),
23/02/2019 (UPM).
51. Luisia curtisii Seidenf., Contr. Orchid Fl. Thailand 13: 49 (1997)
General distribution: Distributed in Indo-China to West Malesia and Philippines, including
Borneo (Sabah); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in lower montane forest in
Penang, Perak and Negeri Sembilan; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Setiu, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at
ca. 83 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (RG/DOME015), 23/02/2019 (UPM).

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52. Macropodanthus alatus (Holttum) Seidenf. & Garay, Opera Bot. 95: 261 (1988)
General distribution: Distributed in Indo-China to Peninsular Malaysia, including Thailand;
Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Rare, it was previously recorded only from Fraser's Hill,
Pahang; Notes: The fourth record found in Malaysia after the third rediscovery in 2012 from
Fraser's Hill by Farah Alia Nordin and Rusea Go (UPM). Only a single individual was collected
from the fallen trees in the logging sites and currently cultivated in the ex-situ conservatory. This
species looks much alike Pteroceras species, but the jaw-like lip is distinct (Nordin, 2012);
Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi,
Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at ca. 230.9 m a.s.l., Besi et
al. (EDW036), 30/04/2018 (UPM).
53. Oberonia brachystachys Lindl., Sert. Orchid.: t. 8 B (1838)
General distribution: Distributed in East Nepal to Peninsular Malaysia, including Borneo and
Thailand; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in lowland forest; Specimen examined:
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu, Petuang, Logging Site,
Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 207.2-330.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al.
(TK081), 19/06/2017 (UPM).
54. Oberonia insectifera Hook.f., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 21: t. 2004 (1890)
General distribution: Distributed in Peninsular Thailand to Peninsular Malaysia, including
Borneo; Distribution in Peninsular: Not uncommon in lowland forest in Johor, Terengganu, Perak
and Pahang; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Hulu
Terengganu, Petuang, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at
207.2-330.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK123), 19/06/2017 (UPM).
55. Oberonia padangensis Schltr., Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 104: 12 (1911)
General distribution: Distributed in Thailand to New Guinea, including Borneo; Distribution in
Peninsular Malaysia: Commonly found in montane forest, ericaceous forest in Pahang; Specimen
examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site,
Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at ca. 230.9 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW040),
01/05/2018 (UPM).
56. Oxystophyllum carnosum Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 336 (1825)
General distribution: Distributed in Indo-China to Malesia, including Borneo (Sabah and
Sarawak); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Widespread in lowland and montane forests,
including in Pahang, Perlis and Penang; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a
logging site at 98.8-119.2 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK013), 08/11/2016 (UPM).
57. Phaius indigoferus Hassk., Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 9: 140 (1842)
General distribution: Distributed in Peninsular Malaysia and Java; Distribution in Peninsular
Malaysia: Not uncommon in hill to montane forest; Notes: Recently, it has also been found in
Borneo region, and to be more specifically it was found in Long Banga and Tama Abu areas, but
the records have not been published; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Besut, Terrestrial, lowland dipterocarp forest, grow on soil covered by leaf
litter at ca. 500 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW049), 04/05/2018 (UPM).

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58. Phaius tankervilleae (Banks) Blume, Mus. Bot. 2: 177 (1856)
General distribution: Distributed in Tropical and Subtropical Asia to South Pacific, including
Borneo recorded from Kalimantan, Sabah and Sarawak; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia:
Common in lower montane and secondary forest, widespread; Specimen examined:
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Terrestrial, roadside, grow on soil
covered by grasses at ca. 170 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW043), 01/05/2018 (UPM).
59. Pholidota articulata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 38 (1830)
General distribution: Distributed in South Central China to Tropical Asia, including Borneo
(Kalimantan); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in hill forest in Perak and
Selangor; Notes: The terete, sometimes cylindrical, and long pseudobulbs are the distinct
vegetative characters to identify this species; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a
logging site at 98.8-119.2 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK002), 08/11/2016 (UPM).
60. Pinalia bicristata (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 678 (1891)
General distribution: Distributed in West Malesia; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not
uncommon in lowland forest in Pahang; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a
logging site at ca. 234.8 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW042), 01/05/2018 (UPM).
61. Pinalia clavata (Holttum) Schuit., Y.P. Ng & H.A.Pedersen, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 186: 196
(2018)
General distribution: Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: It
was endemic to a montane forest in Pahang; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Setiu, Mountain (details on locality are withheld to avoid illegal collection),
Epiphytic, attached to the trees in an upper hill dipterocarp forest at ca. 800 m a.s.l., Besi et al.
(ED/DOME058), 22/06/2017 (UPM).
62. Pinalia densa (Ridl.) W. Suarez & Cootes, OrchideenJ. 16: 71 (2009)
General distribution: Distributed in South Indo-China to West Malesia, including Borneo
recorded from Kalimantan and Sarawak; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in
lowland forest, Pandanus and Eugenia forest in Pahang and Kelantan; Notes: This species differs
from P. floribunda and P. pachystachya on its lateral sepals spreading slightly showing the lip
with mid lobe broad, shortly pointed and unbilobed, while the other two species are having the
lateral sepals enclosed the labellum (Smith, 1930-1934; Seidenfaden & Wood, 1992); Specimen
examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site,
Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at ca. 230.9 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW048),
04/05/2018 (UPM).
63. Pinalia maingayi (Hook.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 679 (1891)
General distribution: Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia:
Found in hill forest in Pahang, Penang and Kelantan; Specimens examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu, Petuang, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to
the fallen trees in a logging site at 207.2-330.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK082), 19/06/2017 (UPM).

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64. Pinalia pachystachya (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 678 (1891)
General distribution: Distributed in Indo-China to West Malesia, including Borneo (Sarawak);
Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in montane forest and primary forest on
sandstone in Perak, Pahang and Kelantan; Notes: It differs from P. densa on its lateral sepals
tightly closed, lip mid lobe end rounded and side curved inwards. It differs from P. floribunda by
having pedicel brown hairy, while the latter is having the pedicel greenish-white hairy with
purple stripes (Smith, 1930-1934; Seidenfaden & Wood, 1992); Specimen examined:
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic,
attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at ca. 400 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (ED/DOME069),
23/02/2019 (UPM).
65. Pinalia saccifera (Hook.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 679 (1891)
General distribution: Distributed in lowland to montane forest, swampy forest, including Borneo
(Brunei, Kalimantan, Sabah and Sarawak); Distribution in Peninsular: Not uncommon in lowland
to montane forest, swampy forest, including Perak; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Setiu, Mountain (details on locality are withheld to avoid illegal
collection), Epiphytic, attached to the trees in an upper hill dipterocarp forest at ca. 800 m a.s.l.,
Besi et al. (ED/DOME070), 07/04/2018 (UPM).
66. Pomatocalpa spicatum Breda, Gen. Sp. Orchid. Asclep. 3: t. 15 (1829)
General distribution: Distributed in East Himalaya to Hainan and Malesia, including Borneo
recorded from Kalimantan, Sabah and Sarawak; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Commonly
found in primary evergreen forest, rocky limestone or limestone bedrock, and limestone hill in
Langkawi Island, Perak, Pahang and Negeri Sembilan; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu, Petuang, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to
the fallen trees in a logging site at 207.2-330.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (EDW060), 30/09/2017
(UPM).
67. Pteroceras biserratum (Ridl.) Holttum, Kew Bull. 14: 269 (1960)
General distribution: Distributed in Sumatra, including Borneo recorded from Kalimantan and
Sabah; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in lowland forest in Pahang and
Perak; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake,
Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at ca. 233.4 m a.s.l.,
Besi et al. (ED/DOME071), 01/04/2018 (UPM).
68. Strongyleria pannea (Lindl.) Schuit., Y.P. Ng & H.A.Pedersen, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 186:
201 (2018)
General distribution: Distributed in East Himalaya to South China and West Malesia, including
Borneo (Sabah); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in lowland forest, widespread;
Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu,
Petuang, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 207.2-330.4 m
a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK105), 19/06/2017 (UPM).
69. Thecostele alata (Roxb.) C.S.P. Parish & Rchb.f., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 30: 144
(1874)
General distribution: Distributed in Bangladesh to Malesia, including Borneo (Sabah and
Sarawak); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in lowland forest; Specimen

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examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site,
Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at 211.6-244.6 m a.s.l., Besi et al.
(TK035), 21/04/2017 (UPM).
70. Thrixspermum filiforme (Hook.f.) Kuntze
General distribution: Distributed in Peninsular Thailand to Peninsular Malaysia, and North
Borneo; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in lowland forest in Johor,
Selangor, Kelantan, Perak and Pahang; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a
logging site at ca. 233.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (ED/DOME079), 01/04/2018 (UPM).
71. Thrixspermum pulchrum Carr, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 7: 48 (1932)
General distribution: Distributed in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (Sarawak); Distribution in
Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon on trees in kerangas and lowland primary forest, and on
trees in riparian forest and mixed swamp forest in Pahang; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake, Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the
fallen trees in a logging site at ca. 233.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (ED/DOME082), 01/04/2018 (UPM).
72. Trichoglottis lanceolaria Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 360 (1825)
General distribution: Distributed in Indo-China to West Malesia, including Borneo recorded from
Sabah; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in hill and montane forests in Pahang
and Johor; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Kenyir Lake,
Gawi, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to the fallen trees in a logging site at ca. 230.9 m a.s.l.,
Besi et al. (ED/DOME080), 01/05/2018 (UPM).
73. Trichotosia gracilis (Hook.f.) Kraenzl., Pflanzenr., IV, 50(50): 143 (1911)
General distribution: Distributed in Indo-China to West Malesia, including in Borneo recorded
from Sabah and Sarawak; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in lowland and montane
forests in Penang, Johor, Kelantan and Pahang; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, TERENGGANU: Hulu Terengganu, Petuang, Logging Site, Epiphytic, attached to
the fallen trees in a logging site at 207.2-330.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TK080), 19/06/2017 (UPM).
Checklist of Orchids New Record to Kelantan in the Disturbed Forests
In this checklist, listed are the newly recorded orchid species to Kelantan discovered in the
disturbed secondary forests, including brief information on their growth habit, habitat, current
distribution status and significant notes on their flowers’ variation or distinguishable
morphological characters of each variety or subspecies, except the specific information on
distribution in Peninsular Malaysia of each species prior to the need to protect the wild
populations from illegal commercial collectors. Pictures of the newly recorded species are shown
in Figure 3.

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Figure 3: Newly recorded orchid species found in the disturbed forests of Kelantan: A, Aerides
odorata; B, Micropera pallida; C, Pomatocalpa diffusum; D, Thrixspermum merapohense.
Photos A and C by Edward Entalai, Photos B and C by DigitalDome.

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1. Aerides odorata Lour., Fl. Cochinch.: 525 (1790)
General distribution: Commonly distributed in China (West Yunnan, Guangdong) to Tropical
Asia, including Borneo (Kalimantan, Sabah and Sarawak); Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia:
Common in primary submontane forest, peaty undisturbed kerangas, widespread including Johor;
Specimen examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, KELANTAN: Tanah Merah, Air Canal,
Plantation, Epiphytic, attached to the trees in a lowland Lansium plantation area at ca. 44.4 m
a.s.l., Besi et al. (TM005), 12/11/2016 (UPM).
2. Micropera pallida (Roxb.) Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 18: t. 1522 (1832)
General distribution: Distributed in East India to West Malesia, including Thailand; Distribution
in Peninsular Malaysia: Not uncommon in swamp forest, lowland to montane forest, widespread;
Specimens examined: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA, KELANTAN: Tanah Merah, Air Canal,
Plantation, Epiphytic, attached to the trees in a lowland Lansium plantation area at ca. 44.4 m
a.s.l., Besi et al. (TM003), 12/11/2016 (UPM).
3. Pomatocalpa diffusum Breda, Gen. Sp. Orchid. Asclep. 4: t. 16 (1830)
General distribution: Distributed in Peninsular Thailand to Malesia, including Borneo recorded
from Kalimantan, Sabah and Sarawak; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia: Common in mixed
lowland forest and secondary forest, widespread; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, KELANTAN: Tanah Merah, Air Canal, Plantation, Epiphytic, attached to the trees
in a lowland Lansium plantation area at ca. 44.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TM002), 12/11/2016 (UPM).
4. Thrixspermum merapohense P.O'Byrne & P.T.Ong, Malesian Orchid J. 15: 84 (2015)
General distribution: Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia; Distribution in Peninsular Malaysia:
Found growing on trees on a limestone hills in Pahang; Specimen examined: PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, KELANTAN: Tanah Merah, Air Canal, Plantation, Epiphytic, attached to the trees
in a lowland Lansium plantation area at ca. 44.4 m a.s.l., Besi et al. (TM001), 12/11/2016 (UPM).
Checklist of doubtful records listed in book Jaafar et al. (2007)
A brief list of several doubtful records with wrong identification listed in the book in turn to
justify the precise number of wild orchids recorded for Terengganu, including the page number,
and the current accepted name and correct identification for each record.
1. Bulbophyllum abbreviatum Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 33: 198 (1924)
Page number: 7; Correct identification: Bulbophyllum trigonopus (Rchb.f.) P.T.Ong, Res. Pam.
Forest Res. Inst. Federation of Malaya 136: 42 (2017)
2. Bulbophyllum curtisii var. purpureum (Ridl.) J.J.Sm., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.
32: 308 (1933)
Page number: 11; Correct identification: Bulbophyllum auratum (Lindl.) Rchb.f. in
W.G.Walpers, Ann. Bot. Syst. 6: 261 (1861)
3. Bulbophyllum membranifolium Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 756 (1890)
Page number: 22; Correct identification: Bulbophyllum sanguineomaculatum Ridl., J. Linn.
Soc., Bot. 32: 265 (1896)

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4. Cleisostoma subulatum Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 363 (1825)
Page number: 40; Correct identification: Micropera pallida (Roxb.) Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg.
18: t. 1522 (1832)
5. Coelogyne massangeana Rchb.f., Gard. Chron., n.s., 10: 684 (1878)
Page number: 42; Correct identification: Coelogyne testacea Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg.
28(Misc.): 38 (1842)
6. Dendrobium calicopis Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 39: 72 (1899)
Page number: 53; Correct identification: Dendrobium lankaviense Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy.
Asiat. Soc. 54: 49 (1910)
7. Dendrobium hymenophyllum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 86 (1830)
Page number: 59; Correct identification: Dendrobium panduriferum Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6:
186 (1890)
8. Dendrobium panduriferum Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6: 186 (1890)
Page number: 68; Correct identification: Dendrobium hymenophyllum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid.
Pl.: 86 (1830)
9. Eria pannea Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 28(Misc.): 64 (1842)
Page number: 83; Correct identification: Strongyleria pellipes (Rchb.f. ex Hook.f.) Schuit., Y.P.
Ng & H.A.Pedersen, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 186: 201 (2018)
10. Malaxis elegans (Ridl.) Ames, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc., Spec. No.: 151 (1921)
Page number: 95; Correct identification: Crepidium cf. micranthum
11. Micropera callosa (Blume) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 23: 186 (1972)
Page number: 97; Correct identification: Micropera fuscolutea (Lindl.) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl.
23: 186 (1972)
12. Tainia species
Page number: 115; Correct identification: Tainia maingayi Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 822 (1890)
Conclusion
The study showed that the logged forests accumulated a high abundance of orchid’s species and
dominated by epiphytic orchids, which were pre-determined to be strongly influenced by the high
densities of the fallen trees. The fact that 77 orchid species with new distribution records in
Terengganu and Kelantan, and a number of new, rare and endemic species were discovered from
only a small part of the total area of the disturbed forests in Terengganu and Kelantan through
only short-term botanical collections. This has inferred that a high number of these orchid
community have dealt with local extinction in the clear-cut logged forest for the past few years,
and many may have been new records or new species to science without being recorded and
rescued to ex-situ conservatory.

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Acknowledgments
Firstly, our gratefulness is extended to the Forest Department Peninsular Malaysia [Reference
No.: JH/100 Jld. 16(14)] and Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia
[Reference No.: JPHL&TN (IP): 100-6/1/14(6)] for granting us the permits to access the studied
areas. We would like to thank the UPM-KRIBB (Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and
Biotechnology) Vot. 6384300 and UPM for the research funding (Putra Grant No. 9413603), and
Yayasan Biasiswa Tunku Abdul Rahman (YBSTAR) scheme for sponsoring this MSc Degree
undertaking. We owe sincere thanks to many experts for their consultations and opinion; Jeffrey
Champion (Bedugul Tabanan, Bali), Jim Cootes (Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research in
Canberra, Australia), Roland Amsler (Schweizer Orchideen Garten and Orchideen Amsler,
Switzerland) and Dr. Farah Alia Nordin (Universiti Sains Malaysia). To Dr. Richard Chung
Cheng Kong (FRIM) and Mr. Ong Poh Teck (FRIM), thank you very much for allowing us to
examine their collections in KEP herbarium. We are also very thankful to the staffs and friends
who directly or indirectly contributed to the success of this study. The authors contributed equally
to this paper and approved the paper for release and agree with its content.
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