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The British species of Otidea (3): taxa present in Britain
Abstract
An account of British species and taxa of Otidea is presented based on morphology and molecular data obtained from the fungarium collections, at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K) and elsewhere. Based on a phylogenetic analysis using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of the fungal nuclear rDNA, sixteen named and three unnamed taxa are recognised. Five species are being reported for the first time from Britain, which are Otidea caeruleopruinosa, O. flavidobrunneola, O. formicarum, O. nannfeldtii, and O. tuomikoskii. The presence in Britain is confirmed of O. minor, and also of O. adorniae and O. parvispora, recent segregates from O. alutacea which had been considered to be a species ‘complex’. Reliability of using only ITS phylograms for species identification in this study has been tested by comparing them with the multiple gene analyses presented in other studies. All British Otidea species are of European origin. Geographical distribution and frequency of Otidea collections within Britain are briefly discussed.
Key words: Ascomycota, British Funga, Pyronemataceae, phylogram, identification, taxonomy.
... Otidea parvispora (Parslow and Spooner) (MN627829) reported from British also closely related to Otidea bomiensis but differs due to its comparatively smaller (11-12 × 6-6.5 μm vs. 12.3-16.4 × 6.5-8.1 μm in O. bomiensis) regularily ellipsoid, sometimes slitghly inequilateral or subcylindroid ascospores (Parslow et al., 2019). Otidea aspera (L. ...
In this study, we introduce two new records of Ascomycota, viz., Otidea bomiensis and Xylaria curta from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. These specimens have been collected from district Abbottabad and district Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, respectively during the monsoon season of 2022. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribe spacer (ITS) and morpho-anatomical approaches were used to identify the accurate position of both species. The results showed that the macro and micro morphological characters of the Pakistani collections of both species coincide with their respective type specimens. Fresh photographs in their habitat, microscopic features, and detailed descriptions are provided here.
... Although there is some general information on the identification and taxonomy of Otidea species [9][10][11][12], there is insufficient data on their biological activities. According to the literature, six Otidea species have been identified in Turkey so far [13]. ...
In this study, the biological activities of Otidea onotica were investigated using two optimization methods, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA). The extracts were tested for phenolic content, antioxidant potential, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities and antiproliferative effects against A549 lung cancer cell line. The results show that the extracts obtained by ANN-GA optimization exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to RSM extracts and had higher total antioxidant status (TAS), DPPH and FRAP values. Phenolic content analysis revealed eight phenolic compounds and the compounds with the highest concentrations were caffeic acid (in RSM extract) and gallic acid (in ANN-GA extract), respectively. Both extracts showed strong cytotoxic effects against A549 cells depending on the concentration, with ANN-GA extract showing higher antiproliferative activity. Our study provides important findings on the biological activities and therapeutic potential of O. onotica and particularly reveals that the ANN-GA optimization method plays an important role in increasing biological activity. The findings show that O. onotica extracts can be used in the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases in the future and that optimization techniques offer an effective strategy for enriching phenolic contents.
Species of genus Otidea previously reported in China are mainly distributed in the northeast, northwest and southwest regions of China, but the species diversity of Otidea in north China is not very clear. In this study, newly collected Otidea specimens from northern China and some herbarium specimens deposited in three important Chinese fungus herbaria (HMAS, HKAS, HMJAU) were studied using morphological and phylogenetic methods. The internal transcribed spacers of the nrDNA (ITS), the nrRNA 28S subunit (nrLSU), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), were employed to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between Otidea species. Results identified 16 species of Otidea, of which seven new species are described, namely O. aspera, O. cupulata, O. filiformis, O. khakicolorata, O. parvula, O. plicara and O. purpureobrunnea. Otidea bicolor and O. pruinosa are synonymized as O. subpurpurea. Two species, O. mirabilis and O. nannfeldtii, are being reported for the first time in China. The occurrence of O. bufonia, O. leporina and O. onotica are confirmed by molecular data in China.
An intensive recollection of Ascomycetes was carried out within the best-known preserved Mexican tropical montane cloud forest patch dominated by Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana. This relict tree species has a fragmented and restricted distribution in the mountains of eastern Mexico. Other Mexican endemic Fagaceae species show dominance in this forest patch. Historically, records of Ascomycetes fungi in this type of forest are scarce. The present study found 170 specimens belonging to 61 species, of which 30 are new records for the state, while 10 species are cited for the first time in the country. Most of the recorded Ascomycetes species are intimately associated to Fagaceae tree species (Fagus and Quercus). From these, many are endophytes belonging to the Order Xylariales, while others grow on decaying wood, fallen branches, leaves and/or litter (possibly mycorrhizal). This interesting close relationship between fungi and Fagaceae trees must be studied and analyzed.
The Helvellaceae encompasses taxa that produce some of the most elaborate apothecial forms, as well as hypogeous ascomata, in the class Pezizomycetes (Ascomycota). While the circumscription of the Helvellaceae is clarified, evolutionary relationships and generic limits within the family are debatable. A robust phylogeny of the Helvellaceae, using an increased number of molecular characters from the LSU rDNA, RPB2 and EF-1α gene regions (4 299 bp) and a wide representative sampling, is presented here. Helvella s.lat. was shown to be polyphyletic, because Helvella aestivalis formed a distant monophyletic group with hypogeous species of Balsamia and Barssia. All other species of Helvella formed a large group with the enigmatic Pindara (/Helvella) terrestris nested within it. The ear-shaped Wynnella constitutes an independent lineage and is recognised with the earlier name Midotis. The clade of the hypogeous Balsamia and Barssia, and H. aestivalis is coherent in the three-gene phylogeny, and considering the lack of phenotypic characters to distinguish Barssia from Balsamia we combine species of Barssia, along with H. aestivalis, in Balsamia. The closed/tuberiform, sparassoid H. astieri is shown to be a synonym of H. lactea; it is merely an incidental folded form of the saddle-shaped H. lactea. Pindara is a sister group to a restricted Helvella, i.e., excluding the /leucomelaena lineage, on a notably long branch. We recognise Pindara as a separate genus and erect a new genus Dissingia for the /leucomelaena lineage, viz. H. confusa, H. crassitunicata, H. leucomelaena and H. oblongispora. Dissingia is supported by asci that arise from simple septa; all other species of Helvellaceae have asci that arise from croziers, with one exception being the /alpina-corium lineage of Helvella s.str. This suggests ascus development from croziers is the ancestral state for the Helvellaceae and that ascus development from simple septa has evolved at least twice in the family. Our phylogeny does not determine the evolutionary relationships within Helvella s.str., but it is most parsimonious to infer that the ancestor of the helvelloids produced subsessile or shortly stipitate, cup-shaped apothecia. This shape has been maintained in some lineages of Helvella s.str. The type species of Underwoodia, Underwoodia columnaris, is a sister lineage to the rest of the Helvellaceae.
This is the sixth in a series of papers where we bring collaborating mycologists together to produce a set of notes of several taxa of fungi. In this study we introduce a new family Fuscostagonosporaceae in Dothideomycetes. We also introduce the new ascomycete genera Acericola, Castellaniomyces, Dictyosporina and Longitudinalis and new species Acericola italica, Alternariaster trigonosporus, Amarenomyces dactylidis, Angustimassarina coryli, Astrocystis bambusicola, Castellaniomyces rosae, Chaetothyrina artocarpi, Chlamydotubeufia krabiensis, Colletotrichum lauri, Collodiscula chiangraiensis, Curvularia palmicola, Cytospora mali-sylvestris, Dictyocheirospora cheirospora, Dictyosporina ferruginea, Dothiora coronillae, Dothiora spartii, Dyfrolomyces phetchaburiensis, Epicoccum cedri, Epicoccum pruni, Fasciatispora calami, Fuscostagonospora cytisi, Grandibotrys hyalinus, Hermatomyces nabanheensis, Hongkongmyces thailandica, Hysterium rhizophorae, Jahnula guttulaspora, Kirschsteiniothelia rostrata, Koorchalomella salmonispora, Longitudinalis nabanheensis, Lophium zalerioides, Magnibotryascoma mali, Meliola clerodendri-infortunati, Microthyrium chinense, Neodidymelliopsis moricola, Neophaeocryptopus spartii, Nigrograna thymi, Ophiocordyceps cossidarum, Ophiocordyceps issidarum, Ophiosimulans plantaginis, Otidea pruinosa, Otidea stipitata, Paucispora kunmingense, Phaeoisaria microspora, Pleurothecium floriforme, Poaceascoma halophila, Periconia aquatica, Periconia submersa, Phaeosphaeria acaciae, Phaeopoacea muriformis, Pseudopithomyces kunmingnensis, Ramgea ozimecii, Sardiniella celtidis, Seimatosporium italicum, Setoseptoria scirpi, Torula gaodangensis and Vamsapriya breviconidiophora. We also provide an amended account of Rhytidhysteron to include apothecial ascomata and a J+ hymenium. The type species of Ascotrichella hawksworthii (Xylariales genera incertae sedis), Biciliopsis leptogiicola (Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis), Brooksia tropicalis (Micropeltidaceae), Bryochiton monascus (Teratosphaeriaceae), Bryomyces scapaniae (Pseudoperisporiaceae), Buelliella minimula (Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), Carinispora nypae (Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae), Cocciscia hammeri (Verrucariaceae), Endoxylina astroidea (Diatrypaceae), Exserohilum turcicum (Pleosporaceae), Immotthia hypoxylon (Roussoellaceae), Licopolia franciscana (Vizellaceae), Murispora rubicunda (Amniculicolaceae) and Doratospora guianensis (synonymized under Rizalia guianensis, Trichosphaeriaceae) were re-examined and descriptions, illustrations and discussion on their familial placement are given based on phylogeny and morphological data. New host records or new country reports are provided for Chlamydotubeufia huaikangplaensis, Colletotrichum fioriniae, Diaporthe subclavata, Diatrypella vulgaris, Immersidiscosia eucalypti, Leptoxyphium glochidion, Stemphylium vesicarium, Tetraploa yakushimensis and Xepicula leucotricha. Diaporthe baccae is synonymized under Diaporthe rhusicola. A reference specimen is provided for Periconia minutissima. Updated phylogenetic trees are provided for most families and genera. We introduce the new basidiomycete species Agaricus purpurlesquameus, Agaricus rufusfibrillosus, Lactifluus holophyllus, Lactifluus luteolamellatus, Lactifluus pseudohygrophoroides, Russula benwooii, Russula hypofragilis, Russula obscurozelleri, Russula parapallens, Russula phoenicea, Russula pseudopelargonia, Russula pseudotsugarum, Russula rhodocephala, Russula salishensis, Steccherinum amapaense, Tephrocybella constrictospora, Tyromyces amazonicus and Tyromyces angulatus and provide updated trees to the genera. We also introduce Mortierella formicae in Mortierellales, Mucoromycota and provide an updated phylogenetic tree.
This paper is the next one in the series of publications devoted to fungal diversity of the Tula Region. The checklist contains data on 94 species and includes data on location, habitat, substrate and voucher specimen number. 85 species are recorded for the first time for the Tula Region. The record of Otidea fiavidobrunneola is the first for Russia.
The genus Otidea is one of the more conspicuous members of the Pyronemataceae, with high species diversity in hemiboreal and boreal forests. The genus is morphologically coherent and in previous higher-level multigene analyses it formed a highly supported monophyletic group. Species delimitation within Otidea is controversial and much confusion has prevailed in the naming of taxa. To provide a phylogenetic hypothesis of Otidea, elucidate species diversity and limits we compiled a four-gene dataset including the nuclear LSU rDNA and three nuclear protein-coding genes (RPB1, RPB2 and EF-1α) for 89 specimens (total 4 877 nucleotides). These were selected from a larger sample of material studied using morphology and 146 ITS (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and 168 LSU rDNA sequences to represent the full genetic diversity. Using genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR), Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of the individual datasets resolved 25 species of Otidea. An additional eight singletons are considered to be distinct species, because they were genetically divergent from their sisters. Sequences of multiple genes were included from 13 holotypes, one neotype and three epitypes. Otidea angusta, O. myosotis and O. papillata f. pallidefurfuracea are nested within O. nannfeldtii, O. leporina and O. tuomikoskii, respectively and are considered synonyms. Otidea cantharella var. minor is shown to be a distinct species. Five new species were discovered: O. oregonensis and O. pseudoleporina for North America; and O. borealis, O. brunneoparva and O. subformicarum for Europe. The analyses of the individual four gene datasets yielded phylogenies that were highly concordant topologically, except for the RPB1 that showed supported conflict for some nodes in Bayesian analysis. Excluding the RPB1 from the combined analyses produced an identical topology to the four-gene phylogeny, but with higher support for several basal nodes and lower support for several shallow nodes. We argue to use the three-gene dataset to retrieve the maximum support for the higher-level relationships in Otidea, but still utilise the signal from the RPB1 for the delimitation and relationships of closely related species. From the four gene regions utilised, EF-1α and RPB1 have the strongest species recognition power, and with higher amplification success EF-1α may serve as the best secondary barcoding locus for Otidea (with ITS being a primary). The phylogeny from the three- and four-gene datasets is fully resolved and strongly supported in all branches but one. Two major clades, as part of six inclusive clades A–F, are identified – and ten subclades within these: A) O. platyspora and O. alutacea subclades, and B) O. papillata, O. leporina, O. tuomikoskii, O. cantharella, O. formicarum, O. unicisa, O. bufonia-onotica and O. concinna subclades. Morphological features in Otidea appear to be fast evolving and prone to shifts, and are poor indicators of higher-level relationships. Nevertheless, a conspicuous spore ornament is a synapomorphy for the O. unicisa subclade (/Otideopsis); all other species in Otidea have smooth or verruculose (in SEM) spores. Exclusively pale to bright yellow apothecia and straight to curved, broadly clavate to distinctly capitate paraphyses are synapomorphies for a restricted O. concinna subclade (/Flavoscypha). The curved to hooked apices of the paraphyses is suggested to be a symplesiomorphic trait for the genus. The reaction of resinous exudates on the outermost excipular cells that coalesce into amber drops in Melzer's reagent is likely an ancestral state for clade B. We estimate that Otidea consists of 47 species worldwide, based on all available information (including morphology, ITS or LSU sequences, and literature descriptions). Three fifths of the species occur in Europe, with 20 species recognised as endemic. At least 14 species occur in North America and 17 in Asia, with eight and ten species considered endemic to each continent, respectively. Our knowledge about Otidea in Asia is still fragmentary and the diversity likely much higher.
The easily recognised genus Otidea is subjected to numerous problems in species identification. A number of old names have undergone various interpretations, materials from different continents have not been compared and misidentifications occur commonly. In this context, Otidea is monographed, based on our multiple gene phylogenies assessing species boundaries and comparative morphological characters (see Hansen & Olariaga 2015). All names combined in or synonymised with Otidea are dealt with. Thirty-three species are treated, with full descriptions and colour illustrations provided for 25 of these. Five new species are described, viz. O. borealis, O. brunneoparva, O. oregonensis, O. pseudoleporina and O. subformicarum. Otidea cantharella var. minor and O. onotica var. brevispora are elevated to species rank. Otideopsis kaushalii is combined in the genus Otidea. A key to the species of Otidea is given. An LSU dataset containing 167 sequences (with 44 newly generated in this study) is analysed to place collections and determine whether the named Otidea sequences in GenBank were identified correctly. Fourty-nine new ITS sequences were generated in this study. The ITS region is too variable to align across Otidea, but had low intraspecific variation and it aided in species identifications. Thirty type collections were studied, and ITS and LSU sequences are provided for 12 of these. A neotype is designated for O. cantharella and epitypes for O. concinna, O. leporina and O. onotica, along with several lectotypifications. The apothecial colour and shape, and spore characters are important for species identification. We conclude that to distinguish closely related or morphologically similar species, a combination of additional features are needed, i.e. the shape of the paraphyses, ectal excipulum structure, types of ectal excipulum resinous exudates and their reactions in Melzer’s reagent and KOH, tomentum and basal mycelium colours and exudates. The KOH reaction of excipular resinous exudates and basal mycelium are introduced as novel taxonomic characters.
Phylogenies are increasingly used in all fields of medical and biological research. Moreover, because of the next generation sequencing revolution, datasets used for conducting phylogenetic analyses grow at an unprecedented pace. RAxML (Randomized Axelerated Maximum Likelihood) is a popular program for phylogenetic analyses of large datasets under maximum likelihood. Since the last RAxML paper in 2006, it has been continuously maintained and extended to accommodate the increasingly growing input datasets and to serve the needs of the user community.
I present some of the most notable new features and extensions of RAxML, such as, a substantial extension of substitution models and supported data types, the introduction of SSE3, AVX, and AVX2 vector intrinsics, techniques for reducing the memory requirements of the code and a plethora of operations for conducting post-analyses on sets of trees. In addition, an up-to-date, 50 page user manual covering all new RAxML options is available.
The code is available under GNU GPL at https://github.com/stamatak/standard-RAxML.
Alexandros.Stamatakis@h-its.org.
This is the first attempt of systematic research into Pyronemataceae family (Pezizales, Ascomycota)
in the Republic of Macedonia. The aim of this paper was to present all available data (species
diversity, brief ecology and distribution) on Pyronemataceae fungi in the country. Compiled species
list includes data from existing literature (12 publications), 128 data from the MACFUNGI database,
110 exsiccates from the Macedonian Collection of Fungi (MCF) and our own field research
trips, observations and identification. A total of 28 species belonging to 12 genera have been recorded.
The highest number of species belongs to the genera Otidea (7), Scutellinia (4) and Genea
(3 species). The most frequent species are Aleuria aurantia, Humaria hemisphaerica and Scutellinia
scutellata. The species Genea fragrans, G. hispidula, G. verrucosa, Geopora arenicola and G.
sumneriana are hypogeous fungi. Five genera (Anthracobia, Cheilymenia, Melastiza, Trichophaea,
Trichophaeopsis) and 14 species are reported as new for the mycobiota of Macedonia.
We report a major update of the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. This version has several new features, including
options for adding unaligned sequences into an existing alignment, adjustment of direction in nucleotide alignment, constrained
alignment and parallel processing, which were implemented after the previous major update. This report shows actual examples
to explain how these features work, alone and in combination. Some examples incorrectly aligned by MAFFT are also shown to
clarify its limitations. We discuss how to avoid misalignments, and our ongoing efforts to overcome such limitations.
With the increasing availability of molecular data, maximum likelihood approaches have gained a new central role in phylogenetic reconstructions. Extremely fast tree-search algorithms have been developed to handle data sets of ample size in reasonable time. In the past few years, RAxML has achieved great relevance in this field and obtained wide distribution among evolutionary biologists and taxonomists because of its high computational performance and accuracy. However, there are certain drawbacks with regard to its usability, since the program is exclusively command-line based. To overcome this problem, we developed raxmlGUI, a graphical user interface that makes the use of RAxML easier and highly intuitive, enabling the user to perform phylogenetic analyses of varying complexity. The GUI includes all main options of RAxML, and a number of functions are automated
or simplified. In addition, some features extend the standard use of RAxML, like assembling concatenated alignments with automatic partitioning. RaxmlGUI is an open source Python program, available in a cross-platform package that incorporates RAxML executables for the main operating systems. It can be downloaded from http://sourceforge.net/projects/raxmlgui/.
Keywords: Rapid bootstrap; Graphical user interface; Maximum likelihood; Phylogenetic analyses; Python; RAxML
The development of a universal approach to the identification of fungi from the environment is impeded by the limited number and narrow phylogenetic range of the named internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences available on GenBank. The goal here was to assess the potential impact of systematic DNA sequencing from a fungal herbarium collection. DNA sequences were generated from a diverse set of 279 specimens deposited at the fungal herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew (UK) and bioinformatic analyses were used to study their overlap with the public database. It is estimated that c. 70% of the herbarium taxonomic diversity is not yet represented in GenBank and that a further c. 10% of our sequences match solely to 'environmental samples' or fungi otherwise unidentified. Here it is shown that the unsampled diversity residing in fungal herbaria can substantially enlarge the coverage of GenBank's fully identified sequence pool to ameliorate the problem of environmental unknowns and to aid in the detection of truly novel fungi by molecular data.
Otidea adorniae is here proposed and described as new to science upon collections made in xe-rophilous broadleaved forests of apulia (southern italy). Color images and hand drawings illustrating its main diagnostic features are provided. its position in the complex of Otidea alutacea is discussed on the basis of morphological descriptions and phylogenetic analysis of iTs and 28s rdna data. The new combination Otidea parvispora is also proposed. The holotypes of Otidea cinerascens and O. kunmingensis are examined respectively both morphologically and phylogenetically. in addition, an updated phylogenetic study of the Otidea bufonia clade suggests that Otidea pruinosa should be regarded a synonym of Otidea subpurpurea (= O. bicolor).
Riassunto: Otidea adorniae viene qui proposta e descritta come specie nuova su raccolte effettuate nei bo-schi xerofili di latifoglie della Puglia. Vengono fornite foto a colori e disegni al tratto che ne illustrano i caratteri primari. Viene discussa la sua posizione all'interno del complesso di Otidea alutacea su basi morfologiche e attraverso l'analisi filogenetica del iTs e 28s rdna. Viene anche proposta la nuova combinazione Otidea par-vispora. gli holotypi di Otidea cinerascens e O. kunmingensis sono stati esaminati rispettivamente dal punto di vista morfologico e filogenetico. in aggiunta uno studio filogenetico aggiornato e condotto sul clado di Otidea bufonia suggerisce che Otidea pruinosa debba essere considerata sinonimo di Otidea subpurpurea (= O. bicolor).
The genus Otidea was recently monographed and studied phylogenetically, but knowledge of the diversity and distribution of Otidea species in China is fragmentary. In this study, collections from China were examined morphologically and included in phylogenetic analyses. Using LSU, TEF1-α, and RPB2 new species were placed within previously recognized clades in the genus. The results agree with both Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR) and genetic divergence as previously reported. Three new species, Otidea hanseniae, Otidea korfii and Otidea purpureogrisea are recognized based on phylogenetic reconstruction using ITS, LSU, TEF1- α and RPB2. Comments on some incompletely known species are added. With the discovery of these three new species, the genus Otidea in China proves to be more diverse than previously recognized.
An overview of the genus is provided, and an account given of two species, O. apophysata and O. platyspora which have larger spores than other British members of the genus. The latter species is here formally reported from Britain based on existing collections. Four epithets previously misapplied to the said two species are discussed, which are: O. abietina, considered a nomen ambiguum; O. cochleata also shown to be a nomen ambiguum; O. felina, confirmed as a synonym of O. alutacea; O. umbrina, confirmed as a synonym of O. bufonia. The identity of Otidea violacea is established, as a Peziza species.
Les auteurs passent en revue les espèces d 'Otidea décrites dans la littérature européenne et récoltées en France. Quelques éléments de discussion sur les limites du genre sont ajoutés. Le nouveau nom Otidea boudieri est suggéré (provisoirement) pour Otidea felina ss. Boudier.
Viene confermata l’identità di Peziza onotica a seguito della revisione del materiale conservato nel National Herbarium Nederland di Leiden (L), e viene selezionato il relativo epitypus. Una tavola micrografica e fotocolor della collezione Persoon e di raccolte fresche sono presentati e accompagnati da alcune considerazioni su taxa vicini quali Otidea onotica var. ochracea, Otidea onotica var. brevispora e Otidea subonotica.
The identity of Peziza onotica is confirmed by the revision of the original specimens, conserved in National Herbarium Nederland-Leiden (L); an epitype is selected. A microscopic plate and some colour photographs, both of Persoon’s collection and fresh specimens, are shown. Some notes about three taxa, Otidea onotica var. ochracea, Otidea onotica var. brevispora and Otidea subonotica,are added.
Recent and ongoing study of the genus Otidea in Britain has led to a reinvestigation of Otidea neglecta Massee, a synonym of Wynnella silvicola, a species which has been reported as British by several authors. The genus Wynnella Boud. {Helvellaceae), established for Elvela auricula Schaeff. ss Boud., is closely related to Helvetia and placed in synonymy with that genus by some recent authors. Wynnella silvicola was excluded from a recent account of British Helvellaceae (Spooner, 2003) as no material to substantiate its presence in Britain was known. However, the current study has located an early collection appropriately referred to this species which can now be reinstated to the British list. An account of this fungus in Britain is presented. In addition, the identity of Peziza atrofusca Berk. & Curtis is established and, due to recent changes to the delimitation of Helvellaceae, a brief note on this family in Britain is provided.
British fungi currently referred to Aleuria have been investigated. Three species are maintained in the genus; all other names are considered and redisposed with brief explanations. Two new combinations, Peziza flavida and Neobulgaria undata, are proposed.
Altitudinal gradients strongly affect the diversity of plants and animals, yet little is known about the altitudinal effects on the distribution of microorganisms, including ectomycorrhizal fungi.
By combining morphological and molecular identification methods, we addressed the relative effects of altitude, temperature, precipitation, host community and soil nutrient concentrations on species richness and community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi in one of the last remaining temperate old‐growth forests in Eurasia.
Molecular analyses revealed 367 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi along three altitudinal transects. Species richness declined monotonically with increasing altitude. Host species and altitude were the main drivers of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition at both the local and regional scales. The mean annual temperature and precipitation were strongly correlated with altitude and accounted for the observed patterns of richness and community.
The decline of ectomycorrhizal fungal richness with increasing altitude is consistent with the general altitudinal richness patterns of macroorganisms. Low environmental energy reduces the competitive ability of rare species and thus has a negative effect on the richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Because of multicollinearity with altitude, the direct effects of climatic variables and their seasonality warrant further investigation at the regional and continental scales.
To provide a robust phylogeny of Pezizaceae, partial sequences from two nuclear protein-coding genes, RPB2 (encoding the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II) and beta-tubulin, were obtained from 69 and 72 specimens, respectively, to analyze with nuclear ribosomal large subunit RNA gene sequences (LSU). The three-gene data set includes 32 species of Peziza, and 27 species from nine additional epigeous and six hypogeous (truffle) pezizaceous genera. Analyses of the combined LSU, RPB2, and beta-tubulin data set using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches identify 14 fine-scale lineages within Pezizaceae. Species of Peziza occur in eight of the lineages, spread among other genera of the family, confirming the non-monophyly of the genus. Although parsimony analyses of the three-gene data set produced a nearly completely resolved strict consensus tree, with increased confidence, relationships between the lineages are still resolved with mostly weak bootstrap support. Bayesian analyses of the three-gene data, however, show support for several more inclusive clades, mostly congruent with Bayesian analyses of RPB2. No strongly supported incongruence was found among phylogenies derived from the separate LSU, RPB2, and beta-tubulin data sets. The RPB2 region appeared to be the most informative single gene region based on resolution and clade support, and accounts for the greatest number of potentially parsimony informative characters within the combined data set, followed by the LSU and the beta-tubulin region. The results indicate that third codon positions in beta-tubulin are saturated, especially for sites that provide information about the deeper relationships. Nevertheless, almost all phylogenetic signal in beta-tubulin is due to third positions changes, with almost no signal in first and second codons, and contribute phylogenetic information at the "fine-scale" level within the Pezizaceae. The Pezizaceae is supported as monophyletic in analyses of the three-gene data set, but its sister-group relationships is not resolved with support. The results advocate the use of RPB2 as a marker for ascomycete phylogenetics at the inter-generic level, whereas the beta-tubulin gene appears less useful.
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