Spatial tipology of forest and land fire characteristics: case study in Central Kalimantan Province

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Spatial tipology of forest and land fire characteristics: case study in
Central Kalimantan Province
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International Seminar and Congress of Indonesian Soil Science Society 2019
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 393 (2019) 012071
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/393/1/012071
1
Spatial tipology of forest and land fire characteristics: case
study in Central Kalimantan Province
D Ernawati1.2, B Mulyanto2 and K Munibah2
1Ministry of Environment and Forestry, The Republic of Indonesia
2 Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
Email: ernaaryono@gmail.com
Abstract. Forest and land fire disasters globally has characteristics of landscape heterogeneity.
In sustainable spatial planning requires typological information on spatial characteristics. So, it
need to be known characteristics and group of forest and land fire disasters in Indonesia. This
study objectives to build the typology of spatial characteristics of the forest and land fires
vulnerability. The method was carried out using cluster analysis with Standarized Euclidean
Distance. The result shown that the socio-economic growth factor with variables i.e.
population, GDP per capita, increase the agriculture area expansion rate, deforestation rate, and
length of road related to forest and land fires occurrences, with 2 typologies. Typology 1 was
areas with high socio-economic growth along with high fire occurrences, and typology 2 was
areas with the opposite conditions. Disaster management was suggested considering the basic
characteristics of typology to determine land use zoning that based on these data variables.
1. Introduction
The phenomenon of Forest and Land Fires Disaster (FLFD) have impact on social, economic and
environmental conditions. In long-term, an economic development increases global warming and the
greenhouse effect [1, 2]. The Socio-economic development follows an inverted U-curve shape along
environmental degradation, such as an global emissions of SO2 continue to increase [3], CO2
emissions [4], and air polution [5-7]. This theory was developed from relationship between gini ratio
and per capita income, that follows inverted U-curve shape [8]. A market institution fails to create
prosperity in the long term. Thus, it’s requiring new ideas to overcome the problems [9]. Spatial
planning agenda both directly and indirectly relates to the phenomenon of FLFD. Improving of
sustainable spatial planning idea requires a preliminary study that related to the characteristics of
spatial heterogeneity in the landscape. Moreover, it defines forest - land fires typology with those
characteristics.
FLFD problems have relationship with potential trajectory of land-use change on a landscape.
Trajectory of land-use change occurred in effort to increase land value and to do land value capture
(LVC). According to Purnomo, Shantiko, Sitorus, Gunawan, Achdiawan, Kartodihardjo and Dewayani
[10] land-use change is one of the manners to increase land value through actor networks that causes
land fires. FLFD problems has a wide prespectives. The lack of clarity in understanding the context of
fire problems leads to the adoption of policies that have a negative impact on the livelihoods, the
environment, and the economy [11].
Typology model has an important role in spatial planning to understand general characteristics
of typology. Typology model development can be based on the main driving factor, furthermore the
general characteristics profile of each typology are identified [12]. The socio-economic such as GDP
has a basic typology classification of spatial FLFD in regional scale such as in North American [13]
and in Sumatera Island [14]. The research objectives was to build the typology of spatial
characteristics of the forest and land fires vulnerability. Thus, the result related to socio-economic
factors can be used as a reference in making the spatial typology of FLFD vulnerability for
environment sustainable of spatial planning considerations.

International Seminar and Congress of Indonesian Soil Science Society 2019
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 393 (2019) 012071
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/393/1/012071
2
2. Materials and Methods
The study was conducted in central Kalimantan. Geographically, Central Kalimantan is located
between latitude of 0°45’ N, 3°30’ S and longitude of 111°-116° E. It has total area of 153564 Km²
consisting of 13 districts and 1 city. The Province of Central Kalimantan was selected as the research
location because of a long history of forest and land fires experiences. Fire disaster experienced in
1982-1983 continued on 1987,1991, 1994, 1996-1998, that know as “Great Fire of Borneo” [11, 15]
and recently FLFD occured in 2015.
2.1. Materials
Socio-economic and biophysical data were collected, These data were consist of population,
population growth rate, percentage of poor people, Gini ratio, GDP per capita, GDP, the agricultural
land expansion rate, population growth rate, deforestation rate, road density and the road length as
predictor variables forming the typology of FLFD spatial characteristics (Table 1). The data obtained
from the Statistics Central Bureau of Indonesia, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ministry of
Agriculture, and Geospatial Information Agency. The study was conducted for 3 months from April
2019 to June 2019. The following map of the study site presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Study area, showing districts in Central Kalimantan Province
Tabel 1. Predictor variables forming the typology of FLFD spatial characteristics
Independent Variables
Unit
Population(X1)
People
Population growth rate(X2)
People/years
Percentage of poor people(X3)
%
Gini ratio(X4)
Ratio
GDP per capita (X5)
Million/people/years
GDP(X6)
Million /years
The agricultural land expansion rate (X7)
Hectar/years
Deforestation (X8)
Hectar/years
Road length (X9)
Km
Road Density km/km2 (X10)
Km/km2
Elevation(X11)
M Above Sea Level
Slope (X12)
%

International Seminar and Congress of Indonesian Soil Science Society 2019
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 393 (2019) 012071
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/393/1/012071
3
2.2. Methods
The spatial characteristic typology of FLFD vulnerability in Central Kalimantan Province was
built into 4 (four) stages. The first stage was to analyze hotspots data, starting from 2008 - 2018 that
they were produced by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Furthermore, digitize a map on-
screen both the hotspot data and the actual burned area from Landsat imagery (date from 2008 to
2018) with. The second stage was to identify the predictor variables of forest and land fires through
historical literacy studies of forest and land fires. The third was to determine the smallest unit of object
analysis. And the fourth stage was to conduct typology development using the standardized
hierarchical cluster method. The main objective of cluster analysis was to group districts based on the
similarity of spatial characteristic by using the variables that presented in Table 1.
3. Result & Disscussion
Correlation test predictor variables forming the typology of FLFD spatial characteristics to
FLFD
The study examined several predictor variables from socio-economic and biophysical factors
related to FLFD. Then, the results will be used as a basic of spatial typology classification. We got
five variables from 12 predictor variables, which significantly correlated to FLFD. These variables
namely population, GDP per capita, the agricultural land expansion rate, deforestation rate and road
length, as presented in Table 2. The variable relationship pattern to FLFD area was presented in Figure
2.
Table 2. Correlation Test of predictor variables with FLFD
X1
X5
X7
X9
X10
Y
0.656*
-0.682**
0.641*
0.722*
0.788**
X1: Population;
X5: GDP per capita;
X7: The agricultural land expansion rate;
X8: Deforestation/year;
X9: Road lenghth;
*: Significance level 95%;
**: Significance level 99%
The relationship between population, GDP per capita, the agricultural land expansion rate,
deforestation rate, and road length to FLFD forms specific characteristic patterns. The relationship
between populations to FLFD shows a linear pattern (Figure 2 (a)). This pattern indicates that
increasing population is one of the driving factors for the high potential of FLFD.
The trajectory land use change indicates that the deforestation process had a positive
relationship to demographic transition [12]. Furthermore, the relationship between deforestation rate
and FLFD had a logarithmic pattern with a positive correlation (Figure 2(b)). Increasing deforestation
would increase a number of combustible materials. Other driving factors such as increasing population
growth make high potential occurance of FLFD. This result showed that land fire events related to
Land Use and Land Cover Change (LULCC). It seems that the FLFD process was aims to transfer of
land use forms to improve socio-economic conditions, but the impact would be decreasing
environmental quality in the form of FLFD vulnerability.
The increasing of FLFD was related to GDP per capita that was following a logarithmic pattern
with a negative correlation(Figure 2(c)). Large burned land areas occurred in administrative region
with low GDP per capita, and the contrary.This result shown that the regions that have population
pressure with low-income conditions tend to have FLFD vulnerability. This condition was related to
the efforts of the people improve their livelihoods through agricultural cultivation. The agricultural
land expansion rate was one of the driving factors that was associated with the potential vulnerability
of FLFD. The increasing of FLFD was directly proportional to the agricultural land expansion rate
with a logarithmic pattern (Figure 2(d)). There was a land use change trajectory from the forest into

International Seminar and Congress of Indonesian Soil Science Society 2019
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 393 (2019) 012071
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/393/1/012071
4
other usages, one of others is agriculture through the slash and burn stage, that is strongly related to
the vulnerability of FLFD.
Socio-economic improvement was occurred related to accessibility improvement. The
relationship of road length to the FLFD occurrence followed a linear pattern with a direct
proportionality (Figure 2 (e)). The Areas that had a higher number of road length have a high potential
for FLFD vulnerability.
(a) Population
(b) Deforestation
(c) GDP per capita
(d) The agricultural land expansion rate
(e) Road Length
Figure 2. Relationship between five driving factors towards FLFD
Typology class of FLFD vulnerability
Further analyses of correlation test was hierarchical dendrogram of selected variables. Afterward,
ANOVA conducted to find out the significance between groups. This analyses produced 2 typology
classes, the so called typologies 1 and typology 2. Typologi 1 includes areas that have characteristics
of high FLFD vulnerability characteristics and Typology 2 comprises areas that have low FLFD
vulnerability characteristics. Typology classification based on each selected variable that has different

International Seminar and Congress of Indonesian Soil Science Society 2019
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 393 (2019) 012071
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/393/1/012071
5
levels of accuracy on the FLFD occurrences. The results recapitulation of the accuracy test of these 2
classes is presented in Table 3. From the hierarchy formed can be described the closeness of regions
based on the used characteristics as analyses variables.
Table 3. Recapitulation of predictor accuracy test of FLFD
Classified based on predictor variables
Assessement Accuracy
(%)
Population (X1)
79
GDP per capita (X5)
79
The agricultural land expansion rate (X7)
86
Deforestation rate (X8)
64
Road length (X9)
71
Population (X1)* The agricultural land expansion rate (X7)
79
The agricultural land growth rate (X7) * GDP per capita (X5)
86
The agricultural land growth rate (X7) * Deforestation rate (X8)
71
The agricultural land growth rate (X7)* Road length (X9)
86
The agricultural land expansion rate variable has the highest of test accuracy to FLFD occurrence by
86%. The regions that included typology 1 were Katingan, Kotawaringin Timur, Kotawaringin Barat,
Seruyan, Pulang Pisau, Kapuas, and Barito Selatan Regency. Furthermore, the areas included in
typology 2 were Murung Raya, Gunung Mas, Palangka Raya, Barito Utara, Barito Timur, Sukamara,
Lamandau. These area had characteristics of population, the agricultural land expansion rate,
deforestation rate and road length that tend to be low, while the tendency of GDP per capita was high.
The results of grouping 2 typology classes were compiled by the FLFD vulnerability typology profile.
This profile shown in Table 4.
Table 4. FLFD vulnerability typology profile
Characteristics
Typology 1
Typology 2
Socio-Economic Conditions
Demographic transition
High
Low
- Population (people)
(251268)
(108344)
- Population growth rate (thousand people year-1)
(5305)
(2080)
GDP per capita (million people-1 year-1)
Low (31.5)
High (42.8)
Biophysical changes
The agricultural land expansion rate (thousand Ha year-1)
High (21.9)
Low (5.7)
Fluctuations of the agricultural land expansion rate
Medium
Low
- Highest value (thousand ha year-1)
(92)
(19)
- Lowest value (thousand ha year-1)
(2.6)
(0.3)
Deforestastation rate (ha year-1)
High (9183)
Low (4816)
Accessibility
High
Low
- Road lenght (km)
(15295.5)
(6109.3)
- Road density (km/km2)
(1.2)
(0.9)
Note: the calculation listed is calculated from the average data
The typology profile was elaborated with the latest data of land cover, forest area, elevation
and distance of road (Figure 3). Elaboration between typologies class with land cover in the study site
shows that there is no significance difference land cover of each type, however areas of typology 1 are
more dominated by shrubs and agricultural land covers, whereas typology 2 was dominated by forest
cover. It indicates that in the studied area were in transition experiences. Forest transition was

International Seminar and Congress of Indonesian Soil Science Society 2019
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 393 (2019) 012071
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/393/1/012071
6
influenced by demographic transitions, biophysical changes and economic growth [12]. Then related
to fire occurrence according to [16], the fires are an indicator of land degradation that changes land
cover. Elaboration with forest area and elevation were indicated that the FLFD occurrence had no
effect on these factors. The fire will spread in all directions during FLFD occurance. However, the
potential level can be different due to the influence of anthropogenic factors. it was conducted
limitation access in a protected area which had a high vulnerability. The proximity to the road had a
different picture as compared with these two factors. The FLFD in typology 1 tends to be in areas that
were close to access to roads. So that, it could be restricted to accessibility development in protected
areas which had a high vulnerability. Furthermore, control priority was conducted to the cultivated
area with high accessibility characteristic.
(a) Land cover
(b) Forest area
(c) Topography
(d) Distance of the road
Figure 3. Elaboration of typology classes with biophysical factors and forest areas
Strategy of spatial planning
Spatial planning strategy based on fire disaster can be done through many scenarios. This paper
focused on two scenarios namely typology development; and determining right, restriction and
responsibility in spatial utilization [17]. FLFD with high intensity is an indicator of low level of
responsibility, then it can be related to arrangement of right and restriction strategy. The paper
strongly related to emphasis on restriction strategy which inline with the analysis result.
The study recommends the development of a typology model based on population, GDP per
capita, agricultural land expansion rate, deforestation rate, and road length. The variable can be used
to as variables in standing alone or interacting with the other. This have been considered by accuracy
test and the data availability. In terms of land management in regional development, disaster

International Seminar and Congress of Indonesian Soil Science Society 2019
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 393 (2019) 012071
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/393/1/012071
7
mitigation is important. The typology development facilitates the FLFD mitigation effort and has the
ultimate goals to be zero fire in each typology.
The second scenario can be done through restriction in spatial utilization and accessibility. From
the analysis, we knew that agricultural land expansion rate per year run into fluctuate. The forest
transition process to be agricultural land has a high fire vulnerability. Management control, when a
sharp increase of FLFD occurances will be relatively difficult to overcome. It will occur when the
plant rotation takes place simultaneously.
The land use efficiency and proportional land use changes per year can be a key success of
declining the FLFD. Meso spatial planning design in landscape should have similar portion of land in
each plant rotation. The design reflects sustainable natural resources management in a landscape.
Improving the technology of land clearing by minimizing burning can be one of the big support in
suppressing the FLFD.
Restriction of land expansion and accessibility in spatial planning can be a reference for areas that
have not experienced of FLFD as disaster mitigation. While, areas that have axperienced of FLFD
need to be reorganized of land management. Spatial planning plays an important role in guiding land
use change, one of which is sustainable agricultural expansion; which involves maintaining forest
cover and local food production [18]. The FLFD plays an important role in ecosystems and climate
change, which affects the structure and composition of vegetation and carbon dioxide emissions. The
FLFD are driven by climate conditions and land use effect [19, 20] and the existing policy [21].
Emerging strategies for ecosystem management and disaster risk mitigation provide hope for
betterment of human civilization.
4. Conclusions
The vulnerability FLFD typology development based on socio-economic and biophysical factors has
good accuracy in the typology class separation. Using variables such as population, GDP per capita,
agricultural land expansion rate, deforestation rate, and road length are options in the separation of the
typology class. It will be related to the availability of continuous data in supporting typology
development. The typology separation showed the potential degree of FLFD vulnerability occurrence.
The typology development model based on agricultural land expansion rate can be the best variable,
that has an accuracy of 86% on FLFD occurrence.
The development model of typology is needed to landscape clustering for early warning related to
potential FLFD. It can be also used to reference for landscapes management which have experienced
transition. Furthermore, meso spatial planning strategy can apply land use and land utilization along
with effective and efficient accessibility.
Acknowledgement
This research was partly funded by the National Development Planning Agency in the Bappenas
Scholarship Program. The author would like to thank the supervisory commission, the Ministry of
Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, and all parties who have provided much
support so that this paper can be completed and join in the ISCO-ISS International Proceedings.
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International Seminar and Congress of Indonesian Soil Science Society 2019
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 393 (2019) 012071
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/393/1/012071
8
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