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Objectives: Massage therapy has been used since ancient times for many diseases. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of massage therapy on the symptoms and complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: Three electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched from January 1, 2000 to May 13, 2018 using relevant keywords, followed by identifying all relevant randomized controlled trials. The study design, interventions, controls, primary outcome measures, follow-up, and main results were extracted and methodological quality was evaluated using the Jadad Scale by two authors independently. Results: Significant results were obtained, including a decrease in blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels while an improvement in neuropathic pain and diabetic foot ulcer in the related articles. Conclusions: From this review, massage therapy can affect the clinical and laboratory symptoms and complications of the DM. However, various conditions such as the quality and quantity of pressure and duration, as well as the number of sessions, the type of massage, and the psychophysical state of patients can change the results of massage therapy. Keywords: Dalk, Diabetes, Massage, Persian traditional medicine, Ziabites
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The Effect of Massage on Diabetes and its Complications: A
Systematic Review
Introduction
According to the report of the World Health Organization,
although diabetes mellitus (DM) has been known
from 3000 years ago and various therapies have been
experienced in this respect, it was the fourth cause of
death in non-communicable diseases in 2016 (1,2).
Many countries have used massage therapy from
ancient times, including Babylonia, Assyria, Iran, India,
China, Egypt, Syria, Greece, America, Australia, Africa,
and Europe. It can be found in Egyptian papyrus (1700
BC), Chinese medical book (2700 BC), the writings
of Hippocrates (357-460 BC), as well as Avicenna and
Ambroise Paré in the 10th century and 16th century AD
(3-5).
Some studies (6, 7) about diabetes and Iranian traditional
medicine reported that Ziabites (DM in Iranian traditional
medicine) is treated by herbal therapy and sometimes
with moderate Dalk (massage).
Over the last few decades, the non-drug treatment
of diabetes has received special attention (8,9). For
example, 80% of people in developing countries use
complementary/alternative medicine. This trend in
diabetics is 2.5 times more than non-diabetics (10,11).
In recent years, the beneficial effect of massage therapy
has been confirmed for some diseases such as arthritis,
fibromyalgia, hypertension, asthma, multiple sclerosis,
and breast cancer (12) while the effect of massage on DM
has been categorized in the lowest documented group in
the review article by Ng and Cohen (13). There is only
one systematic review for the effectiveness of massage on
the DM in the latest two decades which has unclarified
conclusions (14). After 2 decades, the role of massage
therapy on DM remains unknown. Accordingly, this
systematic review sought to find if a massage has any effect
on the treatment and complications of the DM compared
to current treatments.
Methods
Two independent researchers searched PubMed, Google
Scholar, and Scopus databases from January 1, 2000, to
May 13, 2018.
The search terms were “massage”, “Dalak”, and “Dalk,
that were combined with other terms including “diabetes
mellitus”, “ziabites, “blood glucose”, “DM complications”,
“hyperglycemia, “T2DM”, and “T1DM” by using Boolean
operators in the title and abstract based on the MESH/
Abstract
Objectives: Massage therapy has been used since ancient times for many diseases. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the
effectiveness of massage therapy on the symptoms and complications of diabetes mellitus (DM).
Methods: Three electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched from January 1, 2000 to May
13, 2018 using relevant keywords, followed by identifying all relevant randomized controlled trials. The study design, interventions,
controls, primary outcome measures, follow-up, and main results were extracted and methodological quality was evaluated using
the Jadad Scale by two authors independently.
Results: Significant results were obtained, including a decrease in blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels while an
improvement in neuropathic pain and diabetic foot ulcer in the related articles.
Conclusions: From this review, massage therapy can affect the clinical and laboratory symptoms and complications of the DM.
However, various conditions such as the quality and quantity of pressure and duration, as well as the number of sessions, the type
of massage, and the psychophysical state of patients can change the results of massage therapy.
Keywords: Dalk, Diabetes, Massage, Persian traditional medicine, Ziabites
Open Access Review Article
Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences
Received 16 November 2018, Accepted 20 March 2019, Available online 5 April 2019
1Student of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Traditional Persian Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
2Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of health, Qom University of Medical Sciences,
Qom, Iran. 3Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. 4Department of Information
Science & Knowledge Studies, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. 5Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of
Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. 6Department of History of Medicine, School of Traditional Persian
Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 7School of Traditional Persian Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences,
Qom, Iran.
*Corresponding Author: Majid Asghari, Tel: +989126452669, Email: Asghari.rall@gmail.com
http://www.cjmb.org
eISSN 2148-9696
Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2020, 22–28
Davood Bayat1
ID
, Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi2, Mahmoud Parham3, Akram Mehrandasht4, Mamak Hashemi5,
Kamran Mahlooji6, Majid Asghari7*
ID
Bayat and Asghari
Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2020 23
subject. The English and Persian articles were used in
this study and the methodological quality of all included
randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was assessed by
using the Jadad Scale. In addition, the studies were
independently selected and assessed by two investigators
(D.B. and M.A) using the Jadad scale. Duplicate studies
were excluded using Mendeley software as well. Further,
irrelevant studies were excluded after accessing the title and
abstract, followed by excluding some other studies after
accessing to all contents of the studies. According to PICO
( patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome) criteria,
the included literature must be an RCT that evaluates the
effect of any type of massage on signs, symptoms, or the
complications of the DM (type 1 or type 2) compared with
placebo or standard treatment with Jadad scale ranging
from 3 to 5. The outcomes compromise clinical changes,
laboratory tests, and the quality of life evaluation.
In the present study, the exclusion criteria were studies
with uncertain statistical information and vague results, as
well as the irrelevant outcome of trials with DM signs and
symptoms or its complications and other manipulations
such as reflexology, acupressure, Yumeiho therapy, and
chiropractic.
The key data (i.e., patients, interventions, controls,
outcomes, aims, and Jadad scale) were extracted from all
included RCTs (Table 1). The protocol of this systematic
review was according to the PRISMA-P (Preferred
Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Protocols) 2015 checklist.
Results
A total of 1086 records were retrieved from the search
strategy, including data from PubMed (n = 820), Google
Scholar (198), and Scopus (68). Duplicate records were
removed (237 titles) by Mendeley software, followed by
excluding irrelevant studies (823 titles), and finally, a total
of 26 articles were selected for full-text review. Eventually,
the quality evaluation was conducted on 12 articles that
met the inclusion criteria. Figure 1 is a flowchart of the
study selection process.
Interventions and Controls
All studies included two massage and control groups and
only one study had massage, relaxation, and cont rol groups
(15). Different types of massages were done in intervention
groups, including tactile (superficial) massage (TM),
Table 1. Study Characteristics
Author Aim Massage/Control Variables Jadad
Scale
Wändell et al18 Effect of TM on metabolic control (T2DM) TM/music CD
FPG (FBS), HbA1c, insulin, CRP, TNF-alpha,
Interleukin- 6, Adiponectin, Leptin, Ghrelin
Catecholamine's, cortisol HOMA2, and BMI
5
Wändell et al19 Effect of TM on HRQoL in T2DM TM/music CD SF-36 questionnaire (Swedish version) and BMI 5
Sajedi et al21 Effect of Swedish massage on blood glucose
level in T1DM children
Swedish massage/
conventional therapy FBS and BMI 3
Wändella and
Ärnlöv17 Effects of TM on T2DM laboratory tests TM/music CD
BMI, WC, W, H, FPG, HbA1c, IGF, insulin,
adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin, HOMA2–IR glucose /
insulin, adiponectin/leptin, adiponectin/HOMA–IR,
adiponectin/WC, and adiponectin/HbA1c
3
Ghazavi et al15 Effects of massage therapy and PMR on
HbA1c level in T1DM children
Massage/PMR/conventional
therapy HbA1c 3
Castro-Sánchez
et al22
Effects of CTM on blood circulation and
intermittent claudication in T2DM
CTM and exercise
(flexion, extension)/sham
magnetotherapy
SAP, HR, ST, OS, SBF, and BMI 3
Mars et al23 Effect of CAM on diabetic foot ulcers CAM/conventional therapy Ulcer size, vascular status, sensory changes, and
co-morbidities 3
Joseph et al23 Effect of CTM in diabetic foot ulcer (T2DM) CTM/conventional therapy PWAR BCC 3
Gok Metin et
al25
Effect of AM on neuropathic pain severity
and quality of life
Aromatherapy massage/
conventional therapy
NePIQoL, the VAS and neuropathic pain impact on
quality of life questionnaire 5
Yu et al26 Effect of traditional massage on FBS and
sugar tolerance of T2DM
Traditional massage+
Jiangtangling/Jiangtangling
(herbal drug)
FBS and insulin thirsty, debilitation, obesity, lose of
body mass, backache, and range of spinal 3
Ghasemipoor
et al16
Effect of TM on FBS, HBA1C in T2DM
women TM/ conventional therapy HbA1C and FBS 5
Boghrabadi
et al20
Effect of SM on some physiological factors
in T2DM women
Swedish massage/
conventional therapy
Glucose test, insulin resistance, HOMA-IR, Cortisol,
BP, PR, Adrenaline, weight, and height 3
Note. BCC, bacterial colonization count; BF, blood flow; BP, blood pressure; BSPP, blood sugar post prandial; CAM, compressed air massage; CM, Contact (tactile)
massage; CRF, cortico-releasing hormone; CTM, connective tissue manipulation; HR, heart rate; OS, oxygen saturation; PMR, progressive muscle relaxation;
PWAR, PWAR is the percentage difference in wound surface area (WSA) from baseline to the end of intervention and is calculated by Baseline WSA-final
WSA*100, Final WSA; SAP, segmental arterial pressure; SBF, skin blood flow; ST, skin temperature; TM, tactile massage; VAS, visual analog scale; WAR, wound
area reduction; BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FBS, fasting blood sugar; T1DM, type 1 diabetes; T2DM, type 2 diabetes; HbAlc, glycated
hemoglobin A1c; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; NePIQoL, Douleur neuropathique questionnaire.
Bayat and Asghari
Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2020
24
Swedish massage (SM), connective tissue massage (CTM),
compressed air massage (CAM), aromatherapy massage
(AM), and Chinese (Tui-Na) massage (CM). The TM (16-
19), SM (15,20,21), and CTM (22,23) were used more than
the CAM (24), AM (25), and CM (26).
Comparatively, the routine conventional therapies were
the most commonly used type of therapy in control groups
(15,16,20,21,23-25) and the other therapies encompassed
music (17-19), progressive muscle relaxation (15),
traditional herbal therapy (26), and silent magneto
therapy (22). No article reported the quantity pressure of
massage on the surface.
All RCTs were done in adults except for 2 RCTs of T1DM
children (15,21). There was no gender predominance in
the RCTs except for two RCTs that were done in type 2
diabetic women (16,20).
The RCT contained 48 people in control or intervention
groups (22), and there were two RCTs with low sample
sizes including 10 and 12 people in each group,
respectively (20,23) whereas most of the included RCTs
had extremely average sample sizes (18-27 people in
control or intervention groups).
The body mass index (BMI) of the patients were not
specified in six articles (15,16,23-26). These studies
investigated the effect of massage on uncomplicated
diabetic patients (15-21,26), diabetic foot ulcer (23,
24), vascular and neurological complications (22), and
neuropathic pain (25), but no massage had an effect on the
other complications of the DM (e.g., cardiac, ocular, and
renal complications). In addition, T2DM was evaluated in
all RCTs except for two cases that completely had T1DM
(15, 21).
The retrieved outcomes can be divided into 2 groups
including the significantly changed variables and
non-significant, each of which has three subgroups of
laboratory, clinical, and quality of life (QoL) changes.
Further, the findings can be assessed according to the type
of massage.
The significant results presented in eight (15,16,19,21,23-
26) and four RCTs (17,18,20,22) had significant and non-
significant results. The significant results were fasting
plasma glucose (fasting blood sugar, FBS), BS2HPP (blood
sugar 2 hour post prandial), HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin
A1c), insulin, adiponectin, cortisol, adrenaline, waist
circumference, ankle-brachial index difference, changes
in segmental arterial pressure in the limbs, changes in
blood flow to the skin of the toe, as well as the reduced
duration of treatment for diabetic foot ulcer wound area
reduction (WAR), decreased neuropathic pain score, the
decreased index of the symptoms of thirst, disability,
obesity, decreased BMI, the recovery of back pain, and
spinal motor range (15-26). Finally, non-significant results
included HbA1c, FBS, serum insulin, insulin resistance,
heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and the QoL
(17,18,20,22). More details are listed in Tables 1 and 2.
Presentation of the Outcomes According to Laboratory,
Clinical, and the Quality of Life Changes
1. Laboratory Changes
There was a significant decrease (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, and
P < 0.001) in the FBS after SM, CM, and TM (16, 21, 26)
while unchanged FBS was reported after the SM (20).
There was a significant decrease in serum insulin (P <
0.01), and BS2HPP (P < 0.05) after CM (26), whereas after
SM serum insulin was not changed (20).
According to Ghasemipoor et al study (16), a significant
decrease was also observed in the HbA1c (P < 0.05) after
the SM and TM (P < 0.001) but HbA1c revealed no
Records identified through database searching
(PubMed, n =820; Scopus, n= 68; Google
Scholar, n=820)
Retrieved records of 3 databases: 1086 records
Screening
Included
Eligibility
Identification
Records after duplicates removed
(n = 237)
Records screened
(n = 849)
Records excluded
(n = 823)
Full-text articles assessed
for eligibility
(n = 26)
Jadad scale < 3: 2
Other manipulations:
Acupressure (5),
Reflexology (7)
Studies included
(n = 12)
Figure 1. Study Flow Diagram.
Bayat and Asghari
Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2020 25
change after the TM in two studies.
Based on the results of other studies (17,18), increased
adiponectin (P < 0.01) and non-significant increasing of
adiponectin/leptin ratio after the TM compared to the
control group. There was a significant decrease in cortisol
and adrenaline (P < 0.05) after SM as well (20).
2. Clinical Changes
Similarly, there were decreased symptom index (i.e.,
thirsty, debilitation, obesity or losing of body mass,
backache, and the range of spinal motion) after the CM (P
< 0.01), decreased treatment duration of foot ulcers (P =
0.001) after CAM, and a reduction in neuropathic pain (P
< 0.001) after AM (24-26).
In another studies, significant changes were detected
in differential segmental arterial pressure (P < 0.05) and
skin blood flow (P < 0.05) (22) and a significant decrease
was observed in the WAR, bacterial colonization count
(BCC), and medium chain triglyceride (MCT, P < 0.05)
after CTM (23). On the other hand, CTM and SM failed
to change HR (22), and BP (20), respectively.
3. Quality of Life Changes
The QoL was evaluated in two RCTs (19, 25), which
improved significantly after TM (P = 0.02) and AM (P
< 0.04). These improved scales included the emotional
and physical scale of the QoL. The other RCTs failed to
evaluate the QoL.
Presentation of the Outcomes According to the Type of
Massages
TM: It was used in 4 RCTs for T2DM. One study
indicated a decrease in FBS and HbA1C (16) and 2 studies
demonstrated non-significant changes in HbA1C (17,
18). Moreover, TM caused decreased waist circumference,
improved adiponectin and adiponectin/leptin ratio (17,
18), and QoL improvement (19).
SM: It caused reduced FBS (21) and decreased HbA1C
(15) in 2 RCTs of T1DM. Additionally, it caused reduced
cortisol, pulse rate, and adrenaline in one RCT of T2DM
that had non-significant changes on BP, FBS, and the
serum level of insulin (20).
CTM: It was used in 2 RCTs of T2DM for DM
complications (i.e., claudication and diabetic ulcer),
leading to caused significant changes in differential
segmental arterial pressure and improvement of skin
blood flow (22) while a significant decrease in WAR, BCC,
and MCT (23). However, HR represented no change (22).
CM, AM, and CAM: Each of these massages had an
study. These studies indicated a significant improvement
in FBS, insulin, BS2HP, symptoms index (26), as well as
decreased neuropathic pain, QoL improvement (25), and
decreased treatment duration (24).
Discussion
Only one systematic review has previously evaluated the
effect of massage on diabetes in the two latest decades (14).
In their systematic review including 6 studies, Ezzo et al
(14) found that injected insulin absorption increased after
the massage, but they failed to clarify the effect of massage
on blood glucose and symptoms of diabetic neuropathy.
Similarly, Ng and Cohen in evidenced-based research
categorized the effect of massage on diseases from A to
E groups. In this category, diabetes was in
E group” and
had insufficient or no evidence (13) while new findings of
studies in the two latest decades help the presentation of
further documentation.
In this systematic review, 12 RCTs were studied
Table 2. Comparison of Findings of Included RCTs
Type of
Massage
Numbers of
RCTs
Sample Size:
Massage/Control Type of DM Significant Findings Non- significant Finding Reference
TM 4
23/24 T2DM HbA1C, FBS - (16)
21/25 T2DM Waist circumference HbA1C, adiponectin/
leptin (17)
22/23 T2DM Quality of life: Scale of role functioning, physical - (19)
26/27 T2DM Waist circumference, Adiponectin HbA1C (18)
SM 3
12/12 T2DM Cortisol, PR, Adrenaline BP, FBS, insulin (20)
25/25/25 T1DM HbA1C - (15)
18/18 T1DM FBS - (21)
CTM 2 10/10 T2DM WAR, BCC, MCT- (23)
48/46 T2DM SAP, SBF + HR (22)
CM 1 19/19* T2DM Insulin, FBS , BS2HPP, Symptoms index- (26)
AM 1 21/25 T2DM Neuropathic pain, quality of life - (25)
CAM 1 28/29 (T1DM, T2DM) Treatment duration (foot ulcer) - (24)
Note. TM, Tactile Massage; SM, Swedish massage; CTM, Connective tissue massage; CM, Chinese massage; AM, Aromatherapy massage; CAm, Compressed air
massage; RCT, randomized controlled trial; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbAlc, glycated hemoglobin A1c; FBS, fasting blood sugar; T1DM, Type 1 diabetes; T2DM,
Type 2 diabetes; WAR, wound area reduction; BCC: bacterial colonization count; MCT: medium chain triglyceride; PR: pulse rate; SAP, segmental arterial pressure;
SBF, skin blood flow; BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate; BS2HPP, Blood sugar 2 hour post prandial.
Bayat and Asghari
Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2020
26
to evaluate the effect of massage on diabetes and its
complications. Although there was a plethora of significant
results, few unchanged variables or non-significant results
were reported in TM and SM. One RCT of TM decreased
HbA1C and FBS (16) while it failed to change HbA1c in 2
other RCTs (17,18). Likewise, 1 RCT of SM in T2DM failed
to change FBS and insulin (20) while FBS (21), and HbA1c
(15) in 2 other RCTs in T1DM demonstrated a decrease.
These discrepancies may arise from the different factors
such as the type of massages, the quality and quantity of
pressure in massages, the involved tissues in addition to
the duration and frequency of the massage session and
lubricant.
Superficial massage or TM is a light and gentle massage
through which only the skin is touched with low pressure
(27) whereas in SM muscles and connective tissues in
addition to skin are manipulated by five stages including
effleurage, petrissage, friction, tapotement, and vibration
(28).
The quantity and quality of pressure affect the results of a
massage. Significant differences and occasionally opposite
results are observed regarding moderate and light massage
in recent studies (29-32). The moderate and light pressures
of massage can reduce anxiety and moderate massage
can increase the delta wave in electroencephalogram
and parasympathetic activity whereas light massage can
reduce the delta wave and heighten the sympathetic
activity (29,30,33,34).
There are different types of Dalk (massage) in traditional
Persian medicine such as layen (flexible), solb (rigid),
amlas (soft), khashen (rough), and motadel (temperate)
which are used according to the temperament and physical
conditions of the patients (7,35-37). These types of Dalk
arise by combining three quality variables including
pressure, duration, and velocity as lightly, moderately, or
highly (3 qualities) in different forms (7,35). The Dalk is
a subgroup of movement and exercise that helps prevent
diseases and treat patients. In addition, it animates
instinctive heat which helps the reperfusion and the
elimination of waste materials. According to Avicenna
s
view, it is possible to achieve the opposite results of obesity
or slimming, as well as the stiffness or softness of the
organs by different types of Dalk. In other words, different
types of massage have different or opposite results (7).
The mechanoreceptors of the skin can be stimulated
by the light pressure of every strike in the TM. This
stimulation is transferred to different parts of cortex,
hypothalamus, and medulla by afferent sensory nerves
and C-fibers that can lead to hedonic feeling, autonomic
nervous system modulation, and some hormonal changes
such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol (27,30,33,
38,39). These changes depend on the quality and quantity
of stimulations that arise the skin touch.
Other organs such as the muscles, tendons, vessels,
and nerves, along with the skin can be involved by light
to moderate pressure in the SM. Therefore, the range of
stimulations and their outcomes in the SM can be broader
compared to the TM such as its effectiveness in circulation,
removing venous return, and lymph drainage (40).
However, skin involvement in these two methods can
imply some similarities in their findings and the difference
in pressure and involved organs can reveal differences in
their outcomes. Contrarily, this hypothesis is correctly
insufficient to explain the discrepancies of findings in the
same massage in different studies.
CTM is done in the presence of skin-connective
tissue adhesion and limited on central areas such as the
sacrum, lower back, hip, chest, and ribs. Deep pressure
is recommended by detachment methods of skin and
connective tissue as well (41,42).
The method, quality of pressure, involved organs, and
the indication of the CTM differ from those of the SM and
TM. Further, the detachment of adhesion may be painful
and lead to analgesic system activation and the releasing of
endorphins in the nervous system (43). Furthermore, the
method of detachment, the stimulation of the autonomic
nervous system, and deep organ involvements in the
CTM may need moderate to high pressure. Moreover, the
endorphins and histamines releasing affect circulation and
immunity that accompanies therapeutic results (41,42).
According to positive findings, the CTM seems to be
suitable for diabetic complications such as diabetic foot
ulcer and intermittent claudication (22,23). Comparing the
effect of the CTM with the other massages was impossible
because infection and circulation status were evaluated
in the CTM while hormones, FBS, and its relative tests
were accessed in the others. There was only one RCT of
Chinese massage that succeeded in lowering insulin, FBS,
BS2HPP, and symptom index in T2DM. Chinese massage
or Tui-Na includes shaking, twisting, grasping, rubbing,
scrubbing, rotating, rolling, and vibrating which make
the Qi and the blood move and remove stagnation (44).
Similarly, stimulated acupoints on meridian canals during
the Chinese massage may be the other cause of its positive
findings that are neglected in the other types of massages.
It implies the importance of the involved tissue in massage
as well.
CAM was effective on diabetic complications (DM foot
ulcers), implying that skin stimulation (even by air) may
be an effective modality. This outcome may be insufficient
because it was reported only in one RCT (24).
One RCT of aromatherapy massage had 2 prominent
findings including decreased neuropathic pain and
improved quality of life. In this massage, Effleurage and
petrissage maneuvers were performed on hands and
feet with mixture oils like coconut, rosemary, geranium,
lavender, eucalyptus, and chamomile. The findings of the
AM may not be comprehensive due to the same reasons
that were previously mentioned for the CAM. Aromatic
oils may change the findings as well. In other words, the
lubricants or various oils used in massages can be absorbed
and alter the results (38,39,45-48).
Bayat and Asghari
Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2020 27
Compared to the systematic review of Ezzo et al, there
are more articles in our study that reported decreased FBS
and HbA1c with TM and SM (14). In addition, 2 other
articles showed the lowering effect of FBS (21) and HbA1c
(15) in T1DM by the SM. Diabetic neuropathy and foot
ulcer were improved and there was no report of massage
side effect.
It should be mentioned that there were other factors
which could affect the results, including the personality
of the masseur and the recipients, their communication
(49), the patient
s temperament, as well as the season,
and the time of receiving massage (5) although none of
the above-mentioned parameters were evaluated in the
present study. On the other hand, diabetes is caused by
various pathogens (50) that may differ in response to
massage. These modulators require further investigation
in the future.
There were some limitations in our systematic review
such as the low sample size of the RCTs, the undefined
pressure and velocity of strikes, undefined lubricants,
and ethnic differences. Finally, the outcome of massage
therapy depends on many variables that may alter the
findings. However, further study is recommended in this
regard.
Conclusions
Massage has received special attention as a non-drug,
safe, and feasible method of therapy from ancient times,
which can be a way to health although various message
methods have different effectiveness. Many modalities
can influence massage efficacy. An appropriate method
may have a major role in relieving the symptoms of DM
if it is matched with DM pathogenesis and the patient
s
condition. However, more studies are required to clarify
the efficacy of different types of massage on the DM.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical Issues
This study was a part of Dr. Bayat’s thesis with the ethical
code of IR.MUQ.REC.1395.147.
Financial Support
This study was supported by Qom University of Medical
Sciences, Qom, Iran.
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... The evidence of the effectiveness and safety of massage therapy for diabetes varies depending on the type of quality dosage preparation and duration of use of the massage techniques. Some studies have shown positive results of massage therapy on glycaemic control or diabetic complications compared to placebo sham massage or conventional treatment as mentioned in table 4 [51,52]. However, some studies have shown no significant difference or inconsistent results of massage therapy on diabetes outcomes. ...
... Moreover, some serious adverse events may occur rarely such as infection bleeding nerve damage or organ injury. Therefore, it is important to consult with a qualified health care provider before receiving massage therapy for diabetes [51]. ...
... Swedish massage Lower blood glucose levels [53] Connective tissue massage Improve circulation in the lower limbs and slow the progression of the peripheral arterial disease [51] Thai foot massage Improve range of motion, ability to stand up, and foot sensation [53] Other types of foot massage Increase balance and mobility [53] 12 ...
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Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder that is persistent in nature, is identified by an elevated concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. The disease has become a major public health problem, affecting millions of people globally, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The increasing prevalence of diabetes and the lack of effective therapeutic interventions have led to the exploration of alternative and complementary forms of therapy, including ethnomedicine. Ethnomedicine is the study of traditional medical systems and the medicinal plants used by Indigenous communities. In other words, Ethnomedicine refers to the traditional medical practices and beliefs of a particular cultural or ethnic group. The most popular example of traditional medicine is the use of Aloe vera for the treatment of various diseases such as sunburn, cuts, burns, hypertension, diabetes, and jaundice for thousands of years [1]. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the potential role of ethnomedicine in the management of diabetes, given its widespread use in many communities and its potential to offer cost-effective and culturally acceptable treatment options. It encompasses a range of traditional healing practices, including herbalism, acupuncture, and massage therapy. Despite the inconsistencies, there is growing evidence to suggest that certain ethnomedical practices may be effective in the management of diabetes [2,3]. For example, several studies have shown that certain herbal remedies, such as cinnamon, ginseng, and bitter melon, may have potential benefits in terms of improving glucose control and reducing the risk of complications associated with diabetes. Evidence-based ethnomedicine is an approach that applies scientific principles and methods to evaluate the efficacy and safety of traditional medical practices. This approach is crucial in the development of effective and safe ways to treat diabetes. To date, there have been numerous studies conducted to examine the efficacy and safety of various ethnomedical interventions for diabetes, including herbal remedies, dietary changes, and physical activity [4]. However, it is important to note that not all ethnomedical interventions for diabetes have been thoroughly evaluated, and many remain unproven. Furthermore, some interventions may be associated with significant risks, particularly in terms of drug interactions and adverse effects. As such, it is crucial that any ethnomedical interventions for diabetes be carefully evaluated using rigorous scientific methods and that patients be advised to consult with their healthcare provider before using any such interventions. It is important to note that the results of these studies have been mixed, with some showing promising results, while others have failed to demonstrate significant benefits. In this chapter, the evidence-based current state of ethnomedicine for diabetes was reviewed. We first provide an overview of diabetes and its pathophysiology, followed by a discussion of traditional medicinal practices used to treat the disease. We then present a systematic review of the scientific literature on the use of ethnomedicine for diabetes, focusing on herbal remedies and dietary interventions. Our review found that several medicinal plants offered promising results to treat all types of diabetes. For example, Gymnema sylvestre, a traditional Indian herb, has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity [5]. Additionally, the use of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) has been shown to reduce fasting blood glucose levels and improve glucose tolerance in individuals with type 2 diabetes [6]. Another important aspect of ethnomedicine for diabetes is the use of dietary interventions [7]. Traditional diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, have been shown to have beneficial particularly in terms of improving glycaemic control, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, and insulin sensitivity [8]. Additionally, the use of low-carbohydrate diets, such as the ketogenic diet, has been shown to improve glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes [9]. Traditional medicine has a long history of treating the symptoms and managing the condition. However, the efficacy and safety of these traditional practices have not always been scientifically tested, and there is a lack of standardization and regulation in the production and use of traditional remedies for diabetes. This creates a challenge for healthcare providers and patients, who need to ensure that the treatments they use are safe and effective. Additionally, there is a need for further research to understand the mechanisms by which traditional remedies may be effective in managing diabetes and to determine the optimal dosage and administration methods [9]. Finally, it is also important to understand that the use of traditional remedies may interact with conventional medications, leading to adverse effects; for example, the use of Chinese traditional medicine, known as “herb ginseng,” for the treatment of various health conditions, including diabetes sometimes cause the side effect such as dizziness, confusion, and fainting while interacting with the anti-diabetic medications [10]. Therefore, it is important to approach the use of ethnomedicine for diabetes with caution and under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional. In conclusion, evidence-based ethnomedicine offers a promising approach to the treatment of diabetes. While further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and safety of these interventions, the results to date suggest that traditional remedies and dietary interventions have the potential to be effective in the management of this disease. However, it is important to approach the use of ethnomedicine for diabetes with caution and under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional and to continue to conduct rigorous scientific research to fully understand the benefits and risks associated with these interventions.
... Massage may help reduce stress-related high blood glucose levels in individuals with very high stress levels (Wändell et al. 2010). In addition, the frequency, type of massage, and pressure applied could play a role (Bayat et al. 2019). So far, it has not been conclusively clarified which characteristics a massage must have to be effective as a complementary treatment for diabetes mellitus. ...
Chapter
A wide variety of physiological processes can be set in motion through interpersonal touch or massage. For example, relaxation massages can reduce depression, anxiety, and fatigue, improve sleep, reduce stress, regulate blood sugar, blood pressure, and the immune system. These effects are in line with extensive research showing that psychological factors such as anxiety or relaxation influence the nervous system, the immune system, and the endocrine system. Accordingly, relaxation induced by interpersonal touch and massage has the potential to be used as a complementary therapy in medicine for both physical and mental disorders. The chapter also contains information on the effects of weighted blankets and vests and on contraindications and adverse side effects of massage.
... The cause of the disease is the filling of the vein "Ergh al-Nessa" with undesirable humor (akhlat) (9). Massage is used in many therapeutic methods in Persian medicine, back pain being one of the rather prominent ones (10)(11)(12). Guidelines for approaching lumbar radiculopathy in conventional medicine, favor an initial trial of conservative management, including patient education, staying active/exercise, manual therapy (such as McKenzie exercises), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as firstline treatments. (13) In Persian medicine, material dystemperaments, regardless of the type of humor causing the disease, the general steps of treatment include cleansing the organ from abnormal humor through evacuation (Estefrgh), correcting the dystemperaments, and strengthening the organ and sciatalgia is a material dystemperaments in lower extremety (8). ...
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Massage is one of the most extensively employed therapeutic methods in Persian medicine for the treatment of back pain and its complications. To study the effectiveness of Kermanshahi Style massage in reducing lumbar radiculopathy disability this Quasi-experimental study was performed. The current research is a quasi-experimental clinical trial. The intervention group (traditional massage) was sampled from Ostad Kermanshahi traditional massage clinic, while the control group (common treatment) was sampled from the neurosurgery clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital. Using convenience sampling, 26 individuals who had referred to each of the aforementioned centers were selected until achieving the required sample size. Patients with radicular pain for at least 8 weeks before visiting either of the clinics were included in the study. The degree of disability was measured using the "Roland-Morris Low Back Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)" in three sessions; at first visit, one month and three months after starting the treatment. The results established that the mean of RMDQ score decreased during the follow-up period, and that considering the statistical value for repeated-measures analysis of variance (92.06) and p-value <0.001, the mean difference between the disability caused by lumbar radiculopathy in two measurements (end of the first month and end of the third month) is statistically significant. Massage is more effective in reducing the disability caused by back pain compared to conventional treatment. In patients treated with this massage style, the disability caused by lumbar radiculopathy decreased to greater effects than the conventional treatment method.
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Background: Diabetes Mellitus is the most common disease that has spread worldwide among the population. Approximately 425 million individuals in the global population had diabetes in 2017. Moreover, Diabetes Mellitus leads to two major problems in the body that can affect mainly the foot. They are diabetic neuropathy and Peripheral vascular disease. Also, the diabetic foot can go through many complications starting from the stage of infection and ends with amputation of the foot or more sometimes. Aim: A product development that aims to prevent diabetic foot from taking place among diabetic patients. Objectives: 1) To provide a massage feature to improve circulation. 2) To use warm water with salt to maintain sterilization. 3) To provide a drying feature to keep foot dry to prevent infection. 4) To entertain the client while using the device. Methods: The project design is a further development of an existing foot massage device. The device function is a disinfectant & multi-features foot device. The target population can be all diabetic patients, but at this initial stage the product may be tested only on diabetic patients of North AL-Batinah Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman. Conclusion: The device developed provided timely solution for the diabetic patients to prevent the occurrence of diabetic foot that can led to amputation because it has many features like massage to improve circulation, sterilization by using warm water with salt, drying feature to keep foot dry to prevent infection. It is recommended to develop this device further to be lighter in weight and less in size so it will be more feasible to use for diabetic patient. Also, this device can be affordable for all diabetic patients as it price is can be less than 20 OMR.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) on the insulin resistance parameter (HOMA-IR), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), C-peptide, insulin, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2h-post-loadglucose (2h-PG) and the concentration of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in patients with abnormal body mass index. The study involved 30 patients, including patients with normal body weight (as a control group; group I; n = 14), overweight patients (group II; n = 9) and obese patients (group III; n = 7). Each patient underwent 10 sessions of MLD therapy, 3 times a week for 30 min. In addition, we measured body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and performed body composition analysis as well as biochemical tests before MLD therapy (stage 0′) and after MLD therapy (stage 1′). A statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between the concentration of C-peptide, BMI, the amount of visceral adipose tissue (r = 0.87, p = 0.003; r = 0.76, p = 0.003, respectively), and the HOMA-IR index, BMI and the amount of visceral adipose tissue (r = 0.86, p = 0.005; r = 0.84, p = 0.042, respectively), before and after MLD therapy. In overweight patients (group II), a statistically significant (p = 0.041) decrease in the hsCRP level by 2.9 mg/L and a significant (p = 0.050) decrease in the 2h-PG level by 12 mg/dL after the MLD therapy was detected. Moreover, in the group of obese patients (group III), a statistically significant (p = 0.013) decrease in HbA1c level by 0.2% after MLD therapy was demonstrated. Our results indicate that MLD may have a positive effect on selected biochemical parameters, with the most favorable changes in overweight patients. Further studies in a larger number of patients are warranted to confirm our findings, to test in-depth their mechanism, and to investigate clinical benefits of this alternative therapy in patients with abnormal body mass index.
Chapter
Durch zwischenmenschliche Berührungen u. a. in Form von Massagen können verschiedenste physiologische Prozesse in Gang gesetzt werden. Zum Beispiel können Entspannungsmassagen Depression, Angst und Fatigue reduzieren, Schlaf verbessern, Stress abbauen, Blutzucker und Blutdruck senken und das Immunsystem regulieren. Die Befunde sind im Einklang mit Erkenntnissen der Psychoneuroimmunologie und Psychoneuroendokrinologie. Aus diesen Fachgebieten ist bekannt, dass Psyche und Nervensystem sowohl mit dem Immunsystem als auch dem Hormonsystem in Wechselwirkung stehen. Kurz gesagt bedeutet das, dass Veränderungen in einem der Systeme, Veränderungen in allen anderen Systemen nach sich ziehen. Daraus ergeben sich vielfältige Einsatzmöglichkeiten von zwischenmenschlichen Berührungen und Massagen als unterstützende Therapiemethode im Krankheitsfall. Außerdem in diesem Kapitel: Gewichtsdecken/ Sandwesten; Kontraindikationen und Nebenwirkungen von Massagen
Article
Objective This study aimed to determine the effect of acupressure on stress, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1C) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods In this randomized controlled clinical trial, sixty-six diabetic patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into intervention and sham groups. The intervention group applied self-acupressure to the desired points for a month. The sham group were asked to slightly touch the same points. The DASS-21 and FBG were measured before intervention, 24 hours after the intervention for both groups. In addition, HBA1C was measured for both groups before intervention and three months after the beginning of the intervention. Data were analyzed with SPSS 15. Results Statistical data analysis of 60 patients showed that the mean FBG and the mean stress score of the intervention group reduced significantly after the intervention (p <0.001) but the mean rate of HBA1C in the intervention group did not differ significantly after the intervention (p = 0.21). Conclusion Acupressure should be considered for diabetic patients to reduce their stress and FBG.
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Diabetes is one of the top killer diseases of mankind. Although it affects all the sects of society, its impact is mainly on affluent society. Today’s description of diabetes has almost stabilized, which mainly revolves around the role of the pancreas, insulin, and its peripheral resistance along with other causes, to a lesser extent; however, this description needs reconsideration. The accelerating burden of the disease reveals that even the recent remarkable advancement in medical sciences does not have a justifiable answer to tackle and cease its ever-increasing load; therefore, there is a need for time to rethink the preventive strategies, line of treatment, management, and all aspects of diabetes. However, various complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapy claiming attractive concepts and lines of management are in vogue. Unani system of medicine (USM) is the oldest among CAM, which has an entirely different and promising concept to understanding all aspects of diabetes and offers a range of drugs to counter this disease. Unani physicians and philosophers have an entirely different insight into this disease. Jalinus (Galen/131-201 AD) was familiar with both kinds of diabetes, and he described both forms in his two different writings. In this paper, the authors tried to put forth an understanding of diabetes through the history and concept of diabetes described in USM.
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Massage is one of those terms, which are easily understood then expressed. Throughout the history massage has been used not only by sick but also by the healthy people for therapeutic, restorative as well as preventive purposes. Massage is probably one of the oldest healing therapies known to mankind. The message of massage is universal: you can use your hand to help literally anyone. One of the many reasons for its increased popularity is that massage allows us to reach out and touch each other. It is a formalized touch; giving us a licence to touch within clearly defined boundaries1. In the Unani system of medicine, (USM) massage is called “Dalk” and has been frequently used for preventive, curative and rehabilitative purposes for centuries. Here we will discuss the indication of massage for musculoskeletal disorders.
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Background: Diabetes is known as one of the most common diseases in the world and its treatment is one of the most important healthcare issues. Consequently, different treatment methods of complementary medicine and recent medicine have been used by scientific communities to control and predict the disease. This article considered the effects of dry cupping and wet cupping, based on traditional medicine and recent studies. Methods: At first, the benefits of dry cupping and wet cupping were taken from some original books of Iranian traditional medicine, such as Canon of Medicine, Kholasat-al-hekma, Tib-e-Akbari and Exir-e-Azam. Then, the information about scientific articles was obtained by studying some of the Iranian traditional medicine journals and searching through PubMed, SID and Google Scholar. Results: In traditional medicine, Hijama is divided into two kinds, namely wet cupping (with sharat, with incision, and blood giving) and dry cupping (without sharat, without incision). Dry cupping causes organ blood absorption, organ warming, and loss of organ humidity. The texts of Iranian traditional medicine refer to the Ziabites disease that its symptoms are like diabetes. This disease is divided into two types including warm and cold ziabetes. The treatments that are recommended for both types are dry cupping for cold ziabetes and wet cupping for warm ziabetes. In addition, according to scientific studies, dry cupping and wet cupping have been recommended for diabetes treatment. Conclusion: Dry cupping and wet cupping can be introduced as the complementary treatment methods beside other treatment methods.
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Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of aromatherapy massage on neuropathic pain severity and quality of life (QoL) in patients suffering from painful diabetic neuropathy. Design and methods: This open-label randomized controlled clinical study was conducted in a university hospital endocrine outpatient clinic in Turkey. The study sample consisted of 46 patients, randomly allocated to an intervention group (n = 21) and a control group (n = 25). The intervention group received aromatherapy massage three times per week for a period of 4 weeks. The control group received only routine care. Data were collected from patients using the Douleur Neuropathique questionnaire, the visual analog scale, and the Neuropathic Pain Impact on Quality of Life questionnaire. Findings: Neuropathic pain scores significantly decreased in the intervention group compared with the control group in the fourth week of the study. Similarly, QoL scores significantly improved in the intervention group in the fourth week of the study. Conclusions: Aromatherapy massage is a simple and effective nonpharmacological nursing intervention that can be used to manage neuropathic pain and improve QoL in patients with painful neuropathy. Clinical relevance: Aromatherapy massage is a well-tolerated, feasible, and safe nonpharmacological method that can be readily integrated into clinical settings by nursing staff. The essential oils rosemary, geranium, lavender, eucalyptus, and chamomile can be safely used by nurses in the clinical setting, if applicable. However, training and experience of nurses in aromatherapy massage is critical to achieving positive results.
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This study investigated the therapeutic effects of connective tissue manipulation (CTM) in diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). A total of 20 participants (10 in CTM group and 10 in conventional treatment group (CG)) with DFU underwent the conventional DFU treatment. In addition, the CTM group received CTM twice per week for 6 weeks. The percentage wound area reduction (PWAR) and bacterial colonization count (BCC) in log10 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml wound fluid was evaluated at baseline and six weeks. Results showed a significant change in PWAR in CTM (p<0.05, t = 3.82, Df = 9, CI L= 0.98 U=3.81) and CG (p<0.05, t = 2.97, Df = 9,CI L= 0.26 U=1.98). Mean reduction of BCC showed a significant reduction (p<0.05), with percentage of BCC reduction higher in CTM group (6.45%) than CG (3.55%). The findings suggest CTM as an effective adjunct therapy for DFU to enhance conventional treatments.
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Neonatal period is very crucial phase of life. One has to provide systematic, luxurious and sophisticated neonatal care. Ayurveda mentioned very scientific approach toward newborn care as Jatamatra Paricharya; means a protocol. Abhyanga is one of these care protocols. Neonatal massage with lubricant is in practice around the world and resembles with Ayurveda Abhyanga process. In vitally stable neonates Abhyanga can be done with particular precaution considering the indications and contraindications. Abhyanga and massage are not totally identical. Abhyanga increases the strength, nourishes body, improves skin texture and accelerates the healthy growth and development of newborn. Increased weight gain, reduced pain, enhanced attentiveness, reduced depression and enhanced immune function (increased natural killer cells and natural killer cell activity) are some advantages of newborn massage. During Abhyanga prevent harmful and painful practices and social taboos, like stretching of limbs, pulling of ear and nasal cartilages etc should not be practiced. Oil which is suitable for baby according to local conditions should be use. Bala Taila is one of the best oil among the all oil preparations in Ayurveda. Hence though Abhyanga is consider as complimentary and traditional ancient practice, it is very useful for the healthy newborn and contribution to modern health society. The present article is a systematic review of the neonatal massage across the world to establish the role of Ayurveda newborn care protocols having potential to contribute neonatal health, as key message to modern health world.
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Diabetes mellitus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a prevalence of 347 million in 2013. Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAM) are a group of remedies that is fast gaining acceptance among individuals. Cinnamon, Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) are 3 widely used CAMs used worldwide for the treatment of diabetes. Data on safety and efficacy is limited, but the consumption is wide. Crepe ginger (Costus speciosus) and Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis) are 2 plants used widely in the Asian region for their presumed hypoglycaemic properties. In this review, we analyzed the available evidence for the 5 CAMs mentioned above in terms of in-vitro studies, animal studies sand clinical trials. We also describe the mechanisms of hypoglycaemia and safety concerns where there is available evidence. Results and conclusions Clinical trials that studied the hypoglycaemic effects of Cinnamon, bitter gourd, fenugreek and ivy gourd showed conflicting results. Direct comparison between studies remains a challenge in view of the baseline heterogeneity of subjects, differences in substrate preparation, variable end points and poor trial design. Short durations of study and small number of subjects studied is universal. Crepe ginger has not been studied adequately in humans to draw conclusions. In view of the high prevalence of use and safety and efficacy issues, there is an urgent need to study their hypoglycaemic and adverse effects in well-designed long-term clinical trials.
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Background: According to WHO estimation, the number of diabetic patients would reach about 591.9 million people in 2035. The tendency towards other kinds of treatment is increasing because of the high therapeutic expenditures and current medical complications. Positive results of massage in recent articles and the prominent role of dalk in Iranian traditional medicine led us to the present study review. Methods: Studying Iranian traditional medicine textbooks, such as Canon of Ibn Sina, Kholasat Al Hekma of Aghili, Zakhireh-ye Khwarazm shahi of Jorjani, Alhavi of Razes and Kamel-al-sanaat of Ibn Abas were done on the topic of dalk discussion. Additionally, a search on "massage and diabetes mellitus" articles was done in motor search engines of PubMed, Google Scholars and the site of "Farhangestane Oloume Pezeshki". The data were eventually compared and evaluated. Results: In Iranian traditional medicine, dalk means kneading or massage of the body. Depending on the quality and quantity of the performance, it was divided into different kinds. The mechanism of dalk is to increase the blood supply in organs and subsequently increasing organ's warmness and metabolism that lead to increased residues expulsion. Therefore, it could be advised to healthcare system as a means of treatment. On the other hand, for different diseases such as asthma, arthritis, insomnia, paralysis, DM, and constipation the effect of massage was evaluated and its positive results were confirmed. For example, in DM, its effects in decreasing FBS and HBA1C are shown. Conclusion: According to Iranian traditional medicine and latest articles, dalk as a non-drug therapy and prevention manner is recommended.
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In this review, massage therapy has been shown to have beneficial effects on varying conditions including prenatal depression, preterm infants, full-term infants, autism, skin conditions, pain syndromes including arthritis and fibromyalgia, hypertension, autoimmune conditions including asthma and multiple sclerosis, immune conditions including HIV and breast cancer and aging problems including Parkinson's and dementia. Although many of the studies have involved comparisons between massage therapy and standard treatment control groups, several have compared different forms of massage (e.g. Swedish versus Thai massage), and different active therapies such as massage versus exercise. Typically, the massage therapy groups have experienced more positive effects than the control or comparison groups. This may relate to the massage therapy providing more stimulation of pressure receptors, in turn enhancing vagal activity and reducing cortisol levels. Some of the researchers have assessed physical, physiological and biochemical effects, although most have relied exclusively on self-report measures. Despite these methodological problems and the dearth of research from the U.S., the massage therapy profession has grown significantly and massage therapy is increasingly practiced in traditional medical settings, highlighting the need for more rigorous research.
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Aim: To investigate the effect of traditional massage on fasting blood glucose and sugar tolerance of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Thirty-eight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected from the Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital Affiliated to the Medical College of Qingdao University between March 2000 and March 2003, and all enrolled subjects were in accordance with the diagnostic standard for diabetes carried out by the Ministry of Public Health as well as the diagnostic criteria of diabetes published by American Diabetes Association, including 19 males and 19 females with the average age of 45.6 years as well as an average course of disease of 2.6 years with the fasting plasma glucose ranged from 8.2 to 21.0 mmol/L, accompanied by the backache of different degree. The patients were randomly divided into treatment group and control group with 19 cases in each group. Patients with other serious diseases in organs or older than 70 years as well as those who were too weak to accept massage therapy were excluded. Patients in the treatment group orally took compound Jiangtangling for one week and then received traditional massage therapy for 30 days. Patients in the control group orally took Jiangtangling for 30 days three times a day with 1-2 tablets each time. The indexes were designed as follows by imitating Lu's report on lumbodorsal pain indexes according to the clinical symptoms: thirsty, debilitation, obesity or losing of body mass, backache, range of spinal motion as well as the fasting blood sugar, which were designed as 1:2:3:4:5. The fasting blood sugar, the blood sugar at 2 hours after meal and the insulin releasing were determined and statistically analyzed according to the standard statistical curative effect designed in 1997 on State Diabetes Meeting. Effective: Most of the symptoms disappeared after the treatment with the fasting blood glucose decreased to the normal level. Efficacy: The symptoms were significantly ameliorated after the treatment, and the fasting blood glucose decreased below 7.3 mmol. Improved: The symptoms were ameliorated much after the treatment than that before the treatment, and the fasting blood sugar decreased below 8.1 mmol. Invalid: There were no significant difference in the symptoms before and after the treatment, and the fasting blood sugar was about 8.1 mmol. Results: A total of 38 patients were involved in the analysis of results. 1 There were 13 patients with efficacy, 3 patients with validity, 2 patients being improved and one patient without efficacy in the treatment group after the treatment, and the efficient rate was 94.7%, while those in the control group were 1, 6, 4 and 8 respectively with the efficient rate of 42.1%. There were significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.01). 2 The insulin release in the treatment group was significantly different before and after the treatment [Average insulin release was (29.0±8.0), (26.0±8.0) IU/L, P < 0.01), and the indexes of sugar tolerances at each time point after the treatment were remarkably lower than those before the treatment [fasting blood sugar. (8.1 ±1.1),(5.6±1.1) mmol/L; the blood sugar at 2 hours after the meal: (9.8±1.1),(6.1±10.1) mmol/L, P all < 0.05, while those in the control group after the treatment were markedly lower than those before the treatment [fasting blood sugar: (8.2 ±1.2), (6.1±1.0) mmol/L;the blood sugar at 2 hours after the meal: (11.6±1.3),(8.5±1.2) mmol/L,P < 0.05). 3 The symptom index in the treatment group after the treatment was 57.0±0.0, while it was 83.7±0.0 in the control group, and there were significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Traditional massage has great efficacy on type 2 diabetes mellitus, and its short-term efficacy is significantly superior to that of Jiangtangling.