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When is prime-time in streaming media platforms and video-on-demands services? New media consumption patterns and real-time economy
Abstract
Traditional media are being surpassed by Internet media content, which can be accessed by multiple Internet-enabled devices, when and where ever, often even during night-time. The constant availability and widespread use of these streaming media or video-on-demand services have led to changes in media consumption and usage patterns and video viewing behaviour. This study explores the temporal media consumption patterns of different video-on-demand services in Finland by analysing search engine queries, with the aim to investigate when prime-time for these services occurs. The data for this study were obtained from Google Trends, between 30 September and 1 December 2017. Results show that there are clear and recurring temporal patterns for video-on-demand service interest and media consumption in Finland. Popularity in Google searches for the different video-on-demand services start to rise in the evening and peak during night-time and clear troughs are visible during the morning hours and during the day. These strong diurnal characteristics point to a strong media behaviour and makes it easy to predict trends. It is evident that peaks in primetime for streaming media services are visible at night-time and have replaced the television set prime-time. These findings on behavioural patterns and habits might have new and disruptive implications in the post-television era, both on an individual and societal level.
... On the one hand, the popularity of streaming services has led to significant changes in audience behavioral patterns. Studies have found that the audience of streaming platforms is not limited to traditional TV viewers but covers a broader group, including young people and late-night users, whose viewing patterns tend to revolve around nighttime, which makes the "prime time" of streaming platforms different from that of traditional TV (Tana et al., 2019). ...
This work investigates the international communication effects of Chinese variety shows on the YouTube platform from the perspective of cross-cultural communication using data analysis, text analysis, and communication strategy research. It is found that program genre, linguistic adaptability, presentation of universal values, and program guest selection influence cross-cultural communication to some extent. Accordingly, the effective ways to enhance the cross-cultural communication effect of Chinese variety shows include strengthening the innovation of program genres, improving the language adaptability and universal values of programs, and optimizing the selection of program guests. In cross-cultural communication, Chinese variety shows should also transform “cultural discount” into “cultural premium,” improve the operation ability of international platforms, and promote accurate global communication through localization.
... The study suggested that Netflix-type paid-for streaming services were a more serious competitor to traditional television (Budzinski et al., 2021). In a study utilizing data from Google Trends, Tana et al. (Tana et al., 2019), suggest that Google searches for Video-on-Demand (VoD) services in Finland tend to peak at night time and that they have replaced traditional television viewing during night time. ...
A data-driven survey on print media readership is important in that the publishing
houses, media agencies, and advertisers need to correctly assess audience trends
to design their own near-future roadmaps and align their business trajectories. A
joint survey was therefore designed and conducted to gauge a couple of
important behavioral aspects among print media consumers with a view to
providing a comprehensive understanding of print media readership in Sri Lanka.
Thus, the study focuses on current consumption patterns, reader demographics,
factors influencing print media engagement and consumption of news
disseminated in printed form.
Broadly speaking, this study report presents findings related to the discourse of
willingness to purchase, weekday and weekend favorites, and motivation behind
classified ads and supplements. In Sri Lanka, niche markets for print media can
be segmented based on several demographics such as townships, ethnicity,
gender, age, education level, employment status, marital status, type of
household, language preference and travel. It is found that print media readership
is notably high among older Sri Lankans, particularly those aged 50 and above.
This demographic remains the most consistent consumer of newspapers and
magazines. Urban areas show higher print media consumption rates compared to
rural regions, though local print media still influences rural communities.
Regarding the types of print media consumed, the study revealed that weekend
newspapers are the most frequently consumed print medium valued for their
wider news coverage and in-depth reporting. Specialty magazines focusing on
hobbies, lifestyles, and professional interests are popular for their detailed
content and visual appeal. Print tabloids, particularly non-fiction, are also read,
reflecting a continued interest in short-form content.
As mentioned, demographic trends show that print media remains a staple for
certain segments of the population, particularly older, more educated, and urban
individuals. Publishers may need to focus their efforts on these groups while
exploring strategies to attract younger readers, possibly through contents tailored
to their interests as appropriate. On the other hand, the motivational aspects are
crucial for the survival of print media as an industry. The physicality of print
media is appreciated for its sensory and relaxing qualities, offering a contrast to
screen-based reading. For many, print media consumption is a deeply ingrained habit among those who have grown up with print as the primary source of
information.
Subscription costs are a barrier for some readers, impacting their ability to access
print media regularly. There is growing awareness and concern about the
environmental impact of print media, which may influence consumer attitudes.
The opportunities are not necessarily unavailable for growth, however. There is
interest in hybrid models that combine print and digital content, suggesting a
potential pathway for media companies to engage readers across multiple
platforms. The demand for localized news and community-focused content
present an opportunity for print media to strengthen its relevance. Readers show
a preference for personalized content, indicating that customized print media
offerings could attract and retain a broader audience. The enduring trust in print
media and the value placed on the physical reading experience do suggest that
these are critical factors in its ongoing appeal. Publishers could therefore
leverage these strengths by emphasizing the reliability of their content and the
unique sensory experience of the print itself. However, there is also an
opportunity to bridge the gap between print and digital, perhaps by offering
complementary digital content that aligns with the trust and depth provided by
print.
Print media's ability to provide focused, high-quality content appears to be a key
factor in maintaining readership, especially in many new niche markets.
Publishers might consider expanding these offerings or developing new ones to
capture a broader audience towards a target readership of 20% of the country’s
population in the next few years. The survey underscores that while print media
in Sri Lanka continues to be a significant and valued medium, especially among
older and more educated demographics, the industry faces challenges from
declining younger readership and environmental concerns. Newspapers and
specialty magazines remain popular, with readers citing trust, credibility and the
tactile experience as key reasons for their preference for print over digital media.
The study concludes that while print media faces an evolving media landscape,
it retains unique strengths that, if leveraged effectively, can sustain its relevance
and appeal even in the digital era. The findings offer valuable insights for
publishers, advertisers, and policymakers aiming to successfully navigate the
vacillations inevitable in the print media industry.
Keywords;
Consumption Patterns, Content Preferences, Mass Media, Media Consumption,
Media Trends, Newspaper Readership, Print Media, Public Opinion, Trends
and Patterns
... In 2013, Netflix created a new way of consuming television programs that allowed viewers to choose from a vast and diverse selection of content and watch as many episodes of a TV series as they wanted, and binge-watching began to gain popularity with the development of various on-demand streaming platforms such as Netflix, Hulu, HBO GO, Amazon Prime, Disney+, Crunchyroll, and Apple TV [18,19]. It is known that binge-watching behavior on OTT occurs mostly during nighttime hours, including the evening [20][21][22]. When visualizing the percentage of OTT choices by day of the week and time of day, the time-of-day effect is more pronounced than the day-of-the-week effect. ...
The objective of this manuscript is to investigate the determinants influencing the selection of over-the-top (OTT) platforms as opposed to traditional television mediums—cable, Internet protocol television (IPTV), and satellite broadcasting—for the consumption of content such as television shows and films. Employing data extracted from the 2020 Media Panel comprising 423,851 observations garnered from personal media diaries, this study scrutinizes the impacts of individual attributes, environmental conditions, and temporal factors on platform choice. The findings reveal a temporal influence characterized by a “Friday effect” and a heightened preference for OTT platforms during early afternoon (12:00–16:00) and late-night hours (00:00–04:00). Notably, the likelihood of selecting OTT platforms is significantly augmented during the late-night period in comparison to other time frames. In relation to individual characteristics, variables such as male gender, younger age, higher educational attainment, and elevated income levels were positively correlated with a predilection for OTT platforms. Additionally, environmental variables such as possession of an unlimited data plan and ownership of a tablet personal computer also emerged as significant predictors for OTT preference. Furthermore, the presence of a beam projector during late-night hours and residing in a household with multiple occupants during afternoon hours also served as contributing factors for OTT utilization. In conclusion, the study offers critical insights for stakeholders in both traditional television and burgeoning OTT markets, providing data-driven recommendations for the strategic allocation of resources in consideration of day-of-week and time-of-day variables.
... Studies have revealed that 80 percent of video viewing sessions terminate in an early exit, and roughly 60 percent of videos have seeks (Chen et al., 2013). The peak in viewership begins in the evening and lasts until late at night (Tana et al., 2020). ...
Over-the-top (OTT) is the name of media entertainment services delivered over the internet, bypassing traditional mediums. The consumer preference for OTT entertainment platforms is increasing at a fast rate and is showing promising signs for the future, so it is important to understand the extent of existing literature. This study is a thematic literature review undertaken to identify and highlight key themes related to the adoption and usage of OTT entertainment services. It includes a thorough literature review of 94 research articles sampled systematically. This study will highlight the widely researched themes and the lesser-focused areas of study within the realm of over-the-top entertainment adoption and usage. Adoption and usage of OTT entertainment services, the shift in the medium of consumption, and the impact of OTT entertainment services on related technologies are some of the primary themes identified in the study. This study will provide critical insights and valuable knowledge to industry players and guide academicians for future research opportunities.
... Coming to the digital interfaces, there are various means by which popular service providers connect to the target audience (Table 1). The aggressiveness shown by these companies have resulted in traditional broadcast viewership being surpassed by online video consumption (Tana et al., 2020). ...
... Coming to the digital interfaces, there are various means by which popular service providers connect to the target audience (Table 1). The aggressiveness shown by these companies have resulted in traditional broadcast viewership being surpassed by online video consumption (Tana et al., 2020). ...
The present era of rapid technological changes and the rising rate of internet penetration has created a stride for an individual’s entertainment preferences. The rise of Over-the-Top (OTT) media services has made strides by altering the media space during the pandemic caused by COVID. Smart phones and access to broad band made OTT acceptable by a large part of the population worldwide. The handheld device OTT is becoming the preferred mode of content consumption by the viewers in India as well. However, there are certain shortcomings of this emerging mode of media mostly in terms of socio-economic as well as technological issues. In addition to finding the growing demands of OTT, present study emphasized on the challenges posed for the adoption of this rapidly preferred media platform. On the analysis of the data collected from the respondents in the twin city of Odisha (Cuttack and Bhubaneswar), the findings revealed three prime factors such as ‘user behaviour’, ‘technological flexibility’ and ‘customer-centric content’ to be the significant influencers of OTT content. The insights of this study can help the regulatory authorities as well as OTT media players in promotion and strategy formulation.
... Similarly, the predictive power of forecasting models for the box office revenue of a new movie improves when web search data are employed [2]. A recent analysis of Google Trends search data in Finland showed that the peaks in prime time for streaming media services have replaced television primetime [13]. On the other hand, other researchers investigated the distinctive characteristics of web searchers. ...
Prior research on consumers’ web searches primarily examined the effect of web searches on product sales or the characteristics of the web searchers. Differing from prior research, we investigate the effect of marketing activities on web search volume. We selected 314 movies released in China whose box office revenues were greater than RMB 10,000. Then, we collected data points on web search volume and marketing activities from the Baidu, Sina Weibo, and Douban platforms from the 3 weeks prior to the release of each movie. Marketing activity data points were derived from three sources: news media, social network marketing, and film stars. Our data analysis of 6594 observations revealed two major findings. First, news media, social network marketing, and the effect of film stars increased the web search volumes of the films. In particular, social network marketing had the strongest impact on the web search volume. Second, the previous-day web search volume increased the present-day web search volume without marketing activities, suggesting a spillover effect. We discuss the academic contributions and managerial implications of our findings in the context of online marketing and new product launches.
... The Internet and social networks have allowed for younger people to create their own universe in which new patterns of consumption, creation and spreading of audiovisual content have been established [6]. Traditional media have been overtaken in this process by multiple devices with internet connection by virtue of their availability to adapt and learn from users [7]. At present, these consumer demands of young people are being adequately served by automated platforms, which show greater competition, to the extent that they have strategies that are closer to the way they interact and their way to express themselves. ...
There are many studies focused on analyzing, the level of disinformation generated by social networks, whether there is a deeper discussion on public issues that, in general terms, impacts the participation in contemporary societies. In order to add value to this ongoing debate, it was proposed to carry out a qualitative study on the perceptions of this phenomenon by key actors who have observed this transition from the classroom: university professors. To do this, interviews are conducted with teachers from two emblematic Ibero-American nations: Mexico and Spain. Both countries have different systems but have been at the forefront of digital interaction by digital media. The results found that, despite the differences between the two countries, the perceptions of the Mexican and Spanish teachers have more coincidences than differences.
A través del desarrollo conjunto de las teorías de la propaganda y de las teorías de la comunicación, así como por los hallazgos de las ciencias informáticas, ha surgido el concepto de comunicación política algorítmica. Este es un campo que genera resultados que amplifican y extienden a la comunicación política, como son la microsegmentación o la difusión automatizada de contenidos; de igual forma, provoca algunos efectos adversos que dificultan la participación ciudadana en la ciberesfera. En este artículo se realiza una revisión de los trabajos publicados en tres países latinoamericanos –Colombia, Ecuador y México–, alrededor de la inteligencia artificial, la comunicación y la democracia como sus elementos constitutivos. Los datos provienen de un total de 206 documentos entre informes realizados por organismos supranacionales, asociaciones y publicaciones en revistas científicas indexadas en bases de datos como Google Scholar y Scopus entre los años 2011 y el 2021. El criterio de selección se basó en la aparición total o parcial de ciertas palabras clave, filtrados por factores de relevancia e impacto. Esta revisión sistematizada se estructura en función de los cuatro ejes que explican la democracia de acuerdo con Landman et al. (2009): la participación electoral, la participación de la sociedad civil, la integridad mediática y la administración imparcial. Como principales conclusiones, en los citados países muchas de las prácticas se encuentran aún en una fase incipiente o experimental, con un uso de la comunicación política algorítmica sobre todo en los periplos electorales. De igual forma, se empieza a detectar una creciente resistencia a las influencias de las redes sociales por parte de la sociedad civil.
This research studies the offer and consumption on YouTube in Spain of videos from the three main media groups on free-to-air TV. Firstly, a study of the offer of these channels’ onset platforms was conducted. Later, the audience data gathered by YouTube Data API and Comscore between February and May 2020 was analyzed to ascertain the traditional broadcasters’ strategy regarding new viewing windows. The results indicate that this window display is used mainly as a promotional strategy and the channels do not consider it to be a key element in their digital strategy, with practical nonexistence of crossmedia initiatives and exclusive content. The consumer analysis permits definition of the TV content, its success and user patterns.
This article aims to unravel modes of audiovisual consumption of teenagers (13–17-year-olds) in the era of connected viewing. Based on a mixed-method design the research seeks to unpack the complex interplay between four increasingly varying articulations that each shape the overall meaning and nature of audiovisual consumption: platform, screen, content and context. In the era of almost infinite media choice, the results demonstrate that teenagers select a fluid combination of platforms, screens and content within a certain context to form a personal audiovisual repertoire that satisfies their needs and matches their gratifications.
Publikácia reflektuje výskum nových médií vo svete počas posledných desiatich rokov, vychádzajúc pritom z odborných štúdií, ktoré sa objavili v plnotextových vedeckých databázach. Nasleduje priblíženie súčasného stavu ich skúmania s uvedením najčastejších oblastí výskumu. Prinášame ďalej výsledky vlastného výskumu zameraného na lojalitu recipientov k spravodajským portálom na Slovensku a predstavujeme metodiku adaptovanú zo zahraničných výskumov. V tejto súvislosti poukázujeme na dôveru, resp. nedôveru recipientov k informačným zdrojom. Vychádzame tiež zo situácie počas koronakrízy, kedy preukázateľne stúpala návštevnosť viacerým dezinformačným webom, webom s problematickým obsahom, či súkromným portálom, ktoré sa stavajú do pozície spravodajských, no bez dodržiavania etických princípov a bez zodpovednosti za zverejňované obsahy. Ukazuje sa, že recipienti obsahov v online prostredí často nerozlišujú medzi novinárskymi textami a ostatnými online textami. To zdôrazňuje potrebu výučby mediálnej výchovy a kritického myslenia, ako uvádzame v samostatnej časti.
Adolescents spend a substantial and increasing amount of time using digital media (smartphones, computers, social media, gaming, Internet), but existing studies do not agree on whether time spent on digital media is associated with lower psychological well-being (including happiness, general well-being, and indicators of low well-being such as depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts). Across three large surveys of adolescents in two countries (n = 221,096), light users (<1 h a day) of digital media reported substantially higher psychological well-being than heavy users (5+ hours a day). Datasets initially presented as supporting opposite conclusions produced similar effect sizes when analyzed using the same strategy. Heavy users (vs. light) of digital media were 48% to 171% more likely to be unhappy, to be in low in well-being, or to have suicide risk factors such as depression, suicidal ideation, or past suicide attempts. Heavy users (vs. light) were twice as likely to report having attempted suicide. Light users (rather than non- or moderate users) were highest in well-being, and for most digital media use the largest drop in well-being occurred between moderate use and heavy use. The limitations of using percent variance explained as a gauge of practical impact are discussed.
This article focuses on the emergence of a nascent streaming industry. The media industry studies conceptualization of “industry lore” can be read during times of transition for media industries. Streaming lore is a re-articulation of existing industry lore accompanying the advent of streaming technology and distribution. Contemporary streaming acts as a site of rupture, wherein industry discourses related to digital media are rendered visible. The article proposes three categories of emergent streaming lore and analyzes their relation to a growing streaming media industry. These categories include (a) Netflix as “quality” streams, (b) the algorithmic audience, and (c) cord-cutters and cord-nevers.
Recent research suggests that search volumes of the most popular search engine worldwide, Google, provided via Google Trends, could be associated with national suicide rates in the USA, UK, and some Asian countries. However, search volumes have mostly been studied in an ad hoc fashion, without controls for spurious associations. This study evaluated the validity and utility of Google Trends search volumes for behavioral forecasting of suicide rates in the USA, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Suicide-related search terms were systematically collected and respective Google Trends search volumes evaluated for availability. Time spans covered 2004 to 2010 (USA, Switzerland) and 2004 to 2012 (Germany, Austria). Temporal associations of search volumes and suicide rates were investigated with time-series analyses that rigorously controlled for spurious associations. The number and reliability of analyzable search volume data increased with country size. Search volumes showed various temporal associations with suicide rates. However, associations differed both across and within countries and mostly followed no discernable patterns. The total number of significant associations roughly matched the number of expected Type I errors. These results suggest that the validity of Google Trends search volumes for behavioral forecasting of national suicide rates is low. The utility and validity of search volumes for the forecasting of suicide rates depend on two key assumptions (“the population that conducts searches consists mostly of individuals with suicidal ideation”, “suicide-related search behavior is strongly linked with suicidal behavior”). We discuss strands of evidence that these two assumptions are likely not met. Implications for future research with Google Trends in the context of suicide research are also discussed.
Study objectives:
To investigate the prevalence of binge viewing, its association with sleep and examine arousal as an underlying mechanism of this association.
Methods:
Four hundred twenty-three adults (aged 18-25 years old, 61.9% female) completed an online survey assessing regular television viewing, binge viewing, sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), fatigue (Fatigue Assessment Scale), insomnia (Bergen Insomnia Scale), and pre-sleep arousal (Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale). Regression analyses were conducted. Mediation analysis was performed using PROCESS Macro.
Results:
There were 80.6% who identified themselves as a binge viewer. Among those who binge viewed (n = 341), 20.2% had binge viewed at least a few times a week during the past month. Among poor sleepers (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index > 5), 32.6% had a poor sleep quality associated with being a binge viewer. Higher binge viewing frequency was associated with a poorer sleep quality, increased fatigue and more symptoms of insomnia, whereas regular television viewing was not. Cognitive pre-sleep arousal fully mediated these relationships.
Conclusions:
New viewing styles such as binge viewing are increasingly prevalent and may pose a threat to sleep. Increased cognitive arousal functions as the mechanism explaining these effects. Measures of media exposure should take into account the user's level of engagement with media. Interventions aimed at (1) alerting viewers about excessive viewing duration and (2) reducing arousal before sleep may be useful ways to tackle sleep problems in binge viewers.
Using time diary evidence on change in the frequency and distribution of activities from UK time diary data over the 15 years from the turn of the 21st century, we assess whether the thesis of ‘the speed-up society’ is manifested in an increase in time intensity in people’s daily lives. Comparing indictors like time fragmentation, multitasking and ICT use, to respondents’ reports of how rushed they normally feel, we find no evidence that time pressure is increasing, or that ICT use is associated with greater feelings of time pressure. Rather, we find consistent cross-sectional differentials in our measures of time intensity by gender and occupational status, supporting the idea of relative stasis in the underlying social inequalities of time. These findings are consistent with previous research based on time use data, and we pose them as a challenge to theories of societal speed-up.
The convergence of communications, information, entertainment, commerce and computing, combined with a rising number of new services has caused changes in the way people access and consume media. In recent months, the phenomena of viewing audiences shifting wholly or partially from cable TV providers to OTT media, also known as cord cutting or cord shaving respectively, have gained much attention. Despite anecdotal evidence of cord cutting and cord shaving presented in the trade press and industry conferences, there has been little rigorous examination of the true effect that cord cutting or cord shaving may have on TV networks and the media industry at large. In this paper we use behavioral data from a leading cable operator in the US to identify and describe the key viewer segments. We also conduct simulations to examine the effects and implications of cord cutting and cord shaving from a CLV perspective for content providers, content distributors and advertisers.
Introduction
Electronic devices in the bedroom are broadly linked with poor sleep in adolescents. This study investigated whether there is a dose-response relationship between use of electronic devices (computers, cellphones, televisions and radios) in bed prior to sleep and adolescent sleep patterns.
Methods
Adolescents aged 11–17 yrs (n = 1,184; 67.6% female) completed an Australia-wide internet survey that examined sleep patterns, sleepiness, sleep disorders, the presence of electronic devices in the bedroom and frequency of use in bed at night.
Results
Over 70% of adolescents reported 2 or more electronic devices in their bedroom at night. Use of devices in bed a few nights per week or more was 46.8% cellphone, 38.5% computer, 23.2% TV, and 15.8% radio. Device use had dose-dependent associations with later sleep onset on weekdays (highest-dose computer adjOR = 3.75: 99% CI = 2.17–6.46; cellphone 2.29: 1.22–4.30) and weekends (computer 3.68: 2.14–6.32; cellphone 3.24: 1.70–6.19; TV 2.32: 1.30–4.14), and later waking on weekdays (computer 2.08: 1.25–3.44; TV 2.31: 1.33–4.02) and weekends (computer 1.99: 1.21–3.26; cellphone 2.33: 1.33–4.08; TV 2.04: 1.18–3.55). Only ‘almost every night’ computer use (: 2.43: 1.45–4.08) was associated with short weekday sleep duration, and only ‘almost every night’ cellphone use (2.23: 1.26–3.94) was associated with wake lag (waking later on weekends).
Conclusions
Use of computers, cell-phones and televisions at higher doses was associated with delayed sleep/wake schedules and wake lag, potentially impairing health and educational outcomes.
Academic research tends to overlook what happens when night falls. This special issue aims to bring the space–time of the urban night to the fore by asking how nocturnal cities are produced, used, experienced and regulated in different geographical contexts. Despite local variations and specificities important similarities and ongoing transformations are identified regarding the long-term trends in the formation of the space–times of the urban night. We have structured this special issue on the basis of four important focal points of research for studying the night: (1) changing meanings and experiences of urban darkness and nights; (2) the evolution of the night-time economy; (3) the intensification of regulation; and (4) dynamics in practices of going out. By bringing different sets of literature and theoretical perspectives together this special issue provides a relational perspective on the urban night.
There are several theoretical reasons to believe that media use might be related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or ADHD-related behaviors (i.e., attention problems, hyperactivity, and impulsivity). Although studies into the media-ADHD relationship have accumulated, they have yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, we still do not know whether children's media use and ADHD-related behaviors are related and, if so, under which conditions. To fill this gap in the literature, we first identified 6 different hypotheses that may explain why media use in general and viewing fast-paced or violent media content might be related to 1 or more ADHD-related behaviors. Subsequently, we conducted a meta-analysis of 45 empirical studies investigating the relationship between media use and ADHD-related behaviors in children and adolescents. Our results indicated a small significant relationship between media use and ADHD-related behaviors (r+ = .12). Finally, we identified several specific gaps in the existing literature and presented 5 crucial directions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
Corresponding Author: John W. Ayers, PhD, MA, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 9245 Sky Park Ct, Ste 230, San Diego, CA 92123 (ayers.john.w@gmail.com).
Published Online: October 28, 2013. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.11933.
Author Contributions: Dr Ayers had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study concept and design: Ayers, Althouse, Johnson, Cohen.
Acquisition of data: Ayers, Althouse.
Analysis and interpretation of data: Ayers, Althouse, Cohen.
Drafting of the manuscript: Ayers, Althouse.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Ayers, Althouse, Johnson, Cohen.
Statistical analysis: Ayers, Althouse.
Obtained funding: Cohen.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Althouse, Johnson.
Study supervision: Cohen.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Drs Ayers and Althouse share an equity stake in a consulting group, Directing Medicine LLC, that helps public health investigators implement some of the ideas embodied in this work. The data generation procedures, however, rely on public archives. There are no other reported conflicts of interest.
Funding/Support: This work was supported through a cooperative agreement between the Monday Campaigns and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr Ayers also acknowledges the support of the National Cancer Institute (RCA173299A).
Role of the Sponsors: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Additional Contributions: We thank Andy Keller, BS, and Rachel Althouse, BA, for help with translation. We thank Keith Schnakenberg, MA, and Mauricio Santilliana, PhD, MSc, for advice on data modeling.
To quantitatively describe the effects of sleep loss, we used meta-analysis, a technique relatively new to the sleep research field, to mathematically summarize data from 19 original research studies. Results of our analysis of 143 study coefficients and a total sample size of 1.932 suggest that overall sleep deprivation strongly impairs human functioning. Moreover, we found that mood is more affected by sleep deprivation than either cognitive or motor performance and that partial sleep deprivation has a more profound effect on functioning than either long-term or short-term sleep deprivation. In general, these results indicate that the effects of sleep deprivation may be underestimated in some narrative reviews, particularly those concerning the effects of partial sleep deprivation.
Despite claims of Mobile TV's mainstream arrival in 2010, it took until 2017 for watching professionally-produced television content on mobile phones to truly become a mass-market phenomenon in America, with half of all TV content expected to be watched on mobile phones by 2020. But what professionally produced content are people watching on their phones and when are they watching it? Are there any clusters of behavior that emerge in the broader population when it comes to watching TV on the phone? We set out to answer these questions through two surveys deployed to representative samples of online Americans. We discuss our findings on the mass-market arrival of mobile TV viewing and differences from how the HCI community has previously envisioned mobile video. We conclude with implications for the design of future mobile TV systems.
This study uses Grounded Theory to analyze interviews with a dozen individuals who media marathoned while going through a health struggle. The analysis addresses five major themes: engaging in escapism that enables emotional and avoidance coping, regulating cognitive expenditure by embracing challenging or comforting content, being still to heal the body, reducing emotional and cognitive strain by engaging a continuous narrative, and tapering from the marathon when feeling better. Findings suggest that media marathoning can offer beneficial cognitive, emotional, and physical regulatory opportunities for those dealing with health struggles. Furthermore, media marathoning when dealing with a health concern is a strategic and active coping strategy that has potential health benefits.
On-demand video services allow viewers to access media wherever and whenever they like, on a wide variety of devices. These services have become extremely popular in recent years, but exactly how people interact with these services has not been studied in detail. We conducted a diary study with nine households to investigate this, and present the preliminary results in this paper. Participants took advantage of the freedom and choice these services provided, watching on different devices, in different locations, and for extended periods of time. However, the majority of viewing conformed to traditional patterns, occurring in the evening on large screens, though viewing on a laptop was slightly more popular than the television. We found that usage of on-demand services was influenced by situational factors such as location and the devices that are available.
Understanding tobacco- and alcohol-related behavioral patterns is critical for uncovering risk factors and potentially designing targeted social computing intervention systems. Given that we make choices multiple times per day, hourly and daily patterns are critical for better understanding behaviors. Here, we combine natural language processing, machine learning and time series analyses to assess Twitter activity specifically related to alcohol and tobacco consumption and their sub-daily, daily and weekly cycles. Twitter self-reports of alcohol and tobacco use are compared to other data streams available at similar temporal resolution. We assess if discussion of drinking by inferred underage versus legal age people or discussion of use of different types of tobacco products can be differentiated using these temporal patterns. We find that time and frequency domain representations of behaviors on social media can provide meaningful and unique insights, and we discuss the types of behaviors for which the approach may be most useful.
Along with the other materials and rituals of urban life, media have played a role in structuring the transition from day to night in cities. This essay examines a variety of ways in which the appearance and consumption of media have been interwoven with the 24-hour cycle of day and night. The rhythms of media availability have shifted throughout the past hundred years, in ways which have altered the experience of day and night. Similarly, media have devised a variety of forms, genres and styles with which to capture and express characteristics of the urban night. © 2015, Articulo - Journal of Urban Research. All rights reserved.
In February 2011 the Egyptian political activist and regional marketing manager for Google, Wael Ghonim, was interviewed on CNN about the success of the revolutionary uprising in Egypt and the subsequent removal of president Hosni Mubharak from power
In the late 2000s, television no longer referred to an object to be watched; it had transformed into content to be streamed, downloaded, and shared. Tens of millions of viewers have “cut the cord,” abandoned cable television, tuned into online services like Netflix, Hulu, and YouTube, and also watch pirated movies and programmes at an unprecedented rate. The idea that the Internet will devastate the television and film industry in the same way that it gutted the music industry no longer seems farfetched. The television industry, however, remains driven by outmoded market-based business models that ignore audience behaviour and preferences.In Post-TV, Michael Strangelove explores the viewing habits and values of the post-television generation, one that finds new ways to exploit technology to find its entertainment for free, rather than for a fee. Challenging the notion that the audience is constrained by regulatory and industrial regimes, Strangelove argues that cord-cutting, digital piracy, increased competition, and new modes of production and distribution are making audiences and content more difficult to control, opening up the possibility of a freer, more democratic, media environment.A follow-up to the award-winning Watching YouTube, Post-TV is a lively examination of the social and economic implications of a world where people can watch what they want, when they want, wherever they want.
What does it mean to write a history of the night? Evening's Empire is a fascinating study of the myriad ways in which early modern people understood, experienced, and transformed the night. Using diaries, letters, and legal records together with representations of the night in early modern religion, literature and art, Craig Koslofsky opens up an entirely new perspective on early modern Europe. He shows how princes, courtiers, burghers and common people 'nocturnalized' political expression, the public sphere and the use of daily time. Fear of the night was now mingled with improved opportunities for labour and leisure: the modern night was beginning to assume its characteristic shape. Evening's Empire takes the evocative history of the night into early modern politics, culture and society, revealing its importance to key themes from witchcraft, piety, and gender to colonization, race, and the Enlightenment.
Media technologies are structuring time and space in crucial ways. Especially the temporal aspect has been of interest lately, which is expressed in a growing commentary on media-related time in terms of speed and acceleration. Taking this discussion as a starting point, I problematize the consequences of temporal structuring by media technologies for civic participation and more specifically protest movements. Drawing on two case studies - the unemployed workers’ movements of the 1930s and the Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011/2012 - I explore the changing regimes of time that are related to dominant media technologies. The main aim is to disentangle the relationship between temporal regimes suggested by media technologies and their appropriation by protest movements that emerged in major economic crises. Combing archival materials with in-depth interviews, I discuss the importance of media practices for the two movements and uncover a shift from mechanical speed to digital immediacy having crucial implications for democracy and civic participation.
We systematically examined and updated the scientific literature on the association between screen time (e.g., television, computers, video games, and mobile devices) and sleep outcomes among school-aged children and adolescents. We reviewed 67 studies published from 1999 to early 2014. We found that screen time is adversely associated with sleep outcomes (primarily shortened duration and delayed timing) in 90% of studies. Some of the results varied by type of screen exposure, age of participant, gender, and day of the week. While the evidence regarding the association between screen time and sleep is consistent, we discuss limitations of the current studies: 1.) causal association not confirmed; 2.) measurement error (of both screen time exposure and sleep measures); 3.) limited data on simultaneous use of multiple screens, characteristics and content of screens used. Youth should be advised to limit or reduce screen time exposure, especially before or during bedtime hours to minimize any harmful effects of screen time on sleep and well-being. Future research should better account for the methodological limitations of the extant studies, and seek to better understand the magnitude and mechanisms of the association. These steps will help the development and implementation of policies or interventions related to screen time among youth.
Associations between economic conditions and health are usually derived from cost-intensive surveys that are intermittently collected with nonspecific measures (i.e., self-rated health).
This study identified how precise health concerns changed during the U.S. Great Recession analyzing Google search queries to identify the concern by the query content and their prevalence by the query volume.
Excess health concerns were estimated during the Great Recession (December 2008 through 2011) by comparing the cumulative difference between observed and expected (based on linear projections from pre-existing trends) query volume for hundreds of individual terms. As performed in 2013, the 100 queries with the greatest excess were ranked and then clustered into themes based on query content.
The specific queries with the greatest relative excess were stomach ulcer symptoms and headache symptoms, respectively, 228% (95% CI=35, 363) and 193% (95% CI=60, 275) greater than expected. Queries typically involved symptomology (i.e., gas symptoms) and diagnostics (i.e., heart monitor) naturally coalescing into themes. Among top themes, headache queries were 41% (95% CI=3, 148); hernia 37% (95% CI=16, 142); chest pain 35% (95% CI=6, 313); and arrhythmia 32% (95% CI=3, 149) greater than expected. Pain was common with back, gastric, joint, and tooth foci, with the latter 19% (95% CI=4, 46) higher. Among just the top 100, there were roughly 205 million excess health concern queries during the Great Recession.
Google queries indicate that the Great Recession coincided with substantial increases in health concerns, hinting at how population health specifically changed during that time.
In this new and brilliantly organized book of essays, Anthony Giddens discusses three main theoretical traditions in social science that cut across the division between Marxist and non-Marxist sociology: interpretive sociology, functionalism, and structuralism.
Beginning with a critical examination of the importance of structuralism for contemporary sociology, the author develops a comprehensive account of what he calls "the theory of structuration." One of the main themes is that social theory must recognize, as it has not done hitherto, that all social actors are knowledgeable about the social systems they produce and reproduce in their conduct. In order to grasp the significance of this, he argues, we have to reconsider some of the most basic concepts in sociology.
In particular, Giddens argues, it is essential to recognize the significance of time-space relations in social theory. He rejects the distinction between synchrony and diachrony, or statics and dynamics, involved in both structuralism and functionalism, and offers extensive critical commentary on the latter as an approach to sociology.
The book, which can be described as a "non-functionalist manifesto," breaks with the three main theoretical traditions in the social sciences today while retaining the significant contributions each contains. In so doing Giddens discusses a range of fundamental problem areas in the social sciences: power and domination, conflict and contradiction, and social transformation. He concludes with an overall appraisal of the key problems in social theory today.
The dramatic growth of social media in recent years has not gone unnoticed in the health sector. Media such as Facebook and Twitter are increasingly being used to disseminate information among health professionals and patients but, more recently, are being seen as a source of data for surveillance and research, for example by tracking public concerns or capturing discourses taking place outside traditional media outlets. This raises ethical issues, in particular the extent to which postings are considered public or private and the right to anonymity of those posting on social media. These issues are not clear cut as social media, by their nature, blur the boundary between public and private. There is a need for further research on the beliefs and expectations of those using social media in relation to how their material might be used in research. In contrast, there are areas where the ethical issues are more clear cut, such as when individuals are active participants in research, where traditional considerations apply.
Electrical lighting and increasing capital intensiveness have helped undermine the importance that society previously placed on obtaining adequate sleep. Even modest amounts of daily sleep loss accumulate as sleep debt. Sleep debt manifests in a myriad of ways, the most common being an increasing tendency to fall asleep, increased risk of accidental injury, impaired mood, and reduced psychomotor performance. Sleep debt can have far reaching consequences, both to an individual in terms of increased cardiovascular risk and to society at large, because of sleepiness-related fatigue and errors. Sleep specialists need to further their understanding of the physiologic and behavioral consequences of total, partial, and selective sleep stage deprivation, because they affect many organ systems. Studies of selective sleep stage deprivation also provide insights into the function of sleep. Evaluating the effects of sleep deprivation must take into account the following factors: (1) the duration of prior sleep, (2) circadian time frame, (3) arousal influences, and (4) subject and test characteristics. Sleep deprivation has been extensively studied in the acute experimental setting. Under extreme conditions, sleep deprivation is associated with mortality in laboratory animals. In the natural human environment, the behavioral consequence of chronic sleep debt in shift work intolerance is well described. The link between electrophysiological sleep disturbance and pathogenesis of disease is less well understood in both acute and chronic states. Additional investigation into the relationship between sleep deprivation and disease mechanisms, such as impaired glucose tolerance, hormonal dysregulation, and cytokine imbalance, will enhance our comprehension of this link.
While the prevalence of childhood obesity and access to and use of electronic entertainment and communication devices (EECDs) have increased in the past decades, no earlier study has examined their interrelationship.
To examine whether night-time access to and use of EECDs are associated with sleep duration, body weights, diet quality, and physical activity of Canadian children.
A representative sample of 3398 grade 5 children in Alberta, Canada, was surveyed. The survey included questions on children's lifestyles and health behaviours, the Harvard Youth/Adolescent Food Frequency questionnaire, a validated questionnaire on physical activity, and measurements of heights and weights. Random effect models were used to assess the associations of night-time access to and use of EECDs with sleep, diet quality, physical activity, and body weights.
Sixty-four percent of parents reported that their child had access to one or more EECDs in their bedroom. Access to and night-time use of EECDs were associated with shortened sleep duration, excess body weight, poorer diet quality, and lower physical activity levels in a statistically significant manner.
Limiting the availability of EECDs in children's bedrooms and discouraging their night-time use may be considered as a strategy to promote sleep and reduce childhood obesity.
Online content exhibits rich temporal dynamics, and diverse realtime user generated content further intensifies this process. However, temporal patterns by which online content grows and fades over time, and by which different pieces of content compete for attention remain largely unexplored. We study temporal patterns associated with online content and how the content's popularity grows and fades over time. The attention that content receives on the Web varies depending on many factors and occurs on very different time scales and at different resolutions. In order to uncover the temporal dynamics of online content we formulate a time series clustering problem using a similarity metric that is invariant to scaling and shifting. We develop the K-Spectral Centroid (K-SC) clustering algorithm that effectively finds cluster centroids with our similarity measure. By applying an adaptive wavelet-based incremental approach to clustering, we scale K-SC to large data sets. We demonstrate our approach on two massive datasets: a set of 580 million Tweets, and a set of 170 million blog posts and news media articles. We find that K-SC outperforms the K-means clustering algorithm in finding distinct shapes of time series. Our analysis shows that there are six main temporal shapes of attention of online content. We also present a simple model that reliably predicts the shape of attention by using information about only a small number of participants. Our analyses offer insight into common temporal patterns of the content on theWeb and broaden the understanding of the dynamics of human attention.
Circaseptan (weekly) rhythms in smoking cessation considerations
- J W Ayers
- Althouse
- Bm
- M Johnson
Understanding internet video viewing behavior in the wild
- A Balachandran
- V Sekar
- A Akella
Adolescents’ sleep in a 24/7 society: Epidemiology and prevention. Doctoral dissertation, School of Law
- S Bauducco
Predicting the present with Google Trends
- H Choi
- H Varian
Impact on excessive media exposure on sleep and memory in children and adolescents
- M Dworak
- A Wiater