Current Waste Management Practices & Issues in Uttara (Sector 10), Dhaka City (N)

Abstract

Solid waste management is considered as one of the most immediate and serious environmental problems confronting municipal authorities in developing Asian Countries. Rapid growth of population and industrialization degrades the urban environment and places serious stress on natural resources, which undermines equitable and sustainable development. Inefficient management and disposal of solid waste is an obvious cause of degradation of the environment in most cities like Dhaka. Although Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) acknowledges the importance of adequate solid waste collection and disposal as well as resource recovery and recycling, it is mostly beyond their resource to deal effectively with the growing amount of solid waste generated by the expanding cities. Consequently solid waste is indiscriminate by dumped on roads and into open drains thus leading to serious health risk and degradation of living environment for millions of urban people. In the last decade, however, importance of community involvement in solid waste management and use of adapted technologies were recognized for improving the solid waste management system. There exist a few studies that deal with the estimation of solid waste generation in Dhaka city. However, these studies, which are mostly based on the naive forecasting approaches, cannot predict the amount of waste correctly as evident from a considerable mismatch between predicted and actual waste generation reported by Uttara (Sector 10). In the present study, regression analysis is employed to estimate the generation of waste in Dhaka city that shows considerable agreement between the predicted and actual amounts of waste generation. In this study primary data was obtained from interviews with 100 families in Dhaka City (Uttara sector 10) and secondary data were collected from various sources (internet, publications, etc.) to estimate total quantity of household waste generated in Dhaka. The present study develops managing the waste in an effective way so that the adverse effect of generated waste on environment can be minimized...

Full text

Current Waste Management Practices & Issues in
Uttara (Sector 10), Dhaka City (N)
Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering and Technology (CEAT)
IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
4 Embankment Drive Road, Sector 10,
Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230.
Bangladesh

i
Current Waste Management Practices & Issues in
Uttara (Sector 10), Dhaka City (N)
Thesis (Report) Prepared By
Serial No
Name
ID
1
Md. Robiul Islam
13206100
2
JoynalAbedin
13206030
3
Md. AtaulMostafa
13306133
4
Md. Reajul Islam
13306074
5
Md. Radwan Or Rashid Bhuiyan
14106096
Submitted To
Engr. Md. Anisur Rahman (Titu), FIEB Prof. Dr. Md. Monirul Islam
Thesis Supervisor Ph.D in Engg (Japan) MSc in Civil Engg (Japan)
M.Engg in Transportation Engg (BUET) B.Sc. in Civil Engg (BUET)
M.Sc. in Env. Engg (FIU,USA) JSPS-Post Doctoral Fellow (Japan)
B.Sc. in Civil Engg (BUET) Post Doctoral Research Fellow (Singapore)
Associate Professor I Professor& Chair,
Faculty Dean
Dept of Civil Engineering, CEAT Dept of Civil Engineering, CEAT
Mobile No:88-01813636545. Mobile No:88-01716583558
E-mail: anisur.rahman@iubat.edu E-mail: mmislam@iubat.edu
Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering and Technology (CEAT)
IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

ii
Statement of the Supervisor
I, Engr. Md. Anisur Rahman Titu, M.Sc.(2nd), FIEB , Associate Professor I, Department of
iness Agriculture and Technology,
as supervisor, hereby declare that the thesis written by Md. Robiul Islam, ID: 13206100, Joynal
Abedin, ID: 13206030, Md. Ataul Mostafa, ID: 13306133, Md. Reajul Islam, ID: 13306074,
Md. Radwan or Rashid Bhuiyan, ID: 14106096 titled " Current Waste Management Practices
& Issues in Uttara (Sector 10), Dhaka City (N)" is their own writing prepared under my
supervision. I also declare that the thesis meets the formal and professional requirements of the
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering, thus I approve its submission.
_____________________
Supervisor
Engr. Md. Anisur Rahman (Titu), M.Sc.(2nd)., FIEB (MIEB22063)
Associate Professor I
Department of Civil Engineering,
IUBAT  International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

iii
Approval
The dissertation entitled " Current Waste Management Practices & Issues in Uttara (Sector
10), Dhaka City (N)", by Md. Robiul Islam (ID: 13206100), Joynal Abedin (ID: 13206030),
Md. Ataul Mostafa (ID: 13306133), Md. Reajul Islam (ID: 13306074), Md. Radwan Or Rashid
Bhuiyan (ID: 14106096) has been approved partial fulfilling the partial requirements for the
Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering.
_________________________
Supervisor
Engr. Md. Anisur Rahman (Titu), M.Sc.(2nd)., FIEB (MIEB22063)
Associate Professor I
Department of Civil Engineering, CEAT
IUBAT  International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
______________________________
External
Prof. Dr. M. A. Hannan
Professor
College of Agricultural Science, CAS
IUBAT International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
______________________________
Chair
Prof. Dr. Md. Monirul Islam
Professor & Chair, Department of Civil Engineering,
College of Engineering and Technology, CEAT
IUBAT International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

iv
Student’s Declaration
We, the undersigned, hereby declare that this submission is entirely our own work, in our own
words, and that all sources used in researching it are fully acknowledged and all quotations
properly identified. It has not been submitted, in whole or in part, by us or another person, for
the purpose of obtaining any other credit / grade. We understand the ethical implications of my
research, and this work meets the requirements of the Department of Civil Engineering College
of Engineering and Technology (CEAT).
Sl
Student Name
Student ID
1
Md. Robiul Islam
13206100
2
JoynalAbedin
13206030
3
Md. AtaulMostafa
13306133
4
Md. Reajul Islam
13306074
5
Md. Radwan Or Rashid Bhuiyan
14106096
Signed:
Chapter-1: Introduction
Sl.
No:
I.D.
Name
Sign
01.
02.
03.
04.
05

v
Acknowledgement
We are grateful to the God for the good health and wellbeing that were necessary to complete
this book/report.
We wish to express my sincere thanks to Engr. Md. Anisur Rahman (Titu), M.Sc., FIEB
(MIEB22063), Thesis (CEN 488) Supervisor for providing us with all the necessary facilities for
this thesis.
We place on record, my sincere thank you to Prof. Dr. Md. Monirul Islam, Dean of the CEAT,
for the continuation of encouragement. We are extremely thankful and indebted to him for
sharing expertise, and sincere and valuable guidance and encouragement extended to us.
We take this opportunity to express gratitude to all of the Department faculty members for their
help and support. We also thank our parents for the unceasing encouragement, support and
attention.
We also place on record, my (our) sense of gratitude to one and all, which directly or indirectly,
have let their hand in this venture within the Society of Uttara sector 10 and Kallayan Shomity
of sector 10.
Our heartfull gratitude to our Vice Chancellor, IUBAT Prof. Dr. Abdur Rob and spirit of
Founder and Ex-Vice Chancellor, IUBAT Late Prof. Dr. M. A. Miyan.

vi
Abstract
Solid waste management is considered as one of the most immediate and serious environmental
problems confronting municipal authorities in developing Asian Countries. Rapid growth of
population and industrialization degrades the urban environment and places serious stress on
natural resources, which undermines equitable and sustainable development. Inefficient
management and disposal of solid waste is an obvious cause of degradation of the environment
in most cities like Dhaka. Although Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) acknowledges the
importance of adequate solid waste collection and disposal as well as resource recovery and
recycling, it is mostly beyond their resource to deal effectively with the growing amount of solid
waste generated by the expanding cities. Consequently solid waste is indiscriminate by dumped
on roads and into open drains thus leading to serious health risk and degradation of living
environment for millions of urban people. In the last decade, however, importance of community
involvement in solid waste management and use of adapted technologies were recognized for
improving the solid waste management system.
There exist a few studies that deal with the estimation of solid waste generation in Dhaka city.
However, these studies, which are mostly based on the naive forecasting approaches, cannot
predict the amount of waste correctly as evident from a considerable mismatch between
predicted and actual waste generation reported by Uttara (Sector 10). In the present study,
regression analysis is employed to estimate the generation of waste in Dhaka city that shows
considerable agreement between the predicted and actual amounts of waste generation. In this
study primary data was obtained from interviews with 100 families in Dhaka City (Uttara sector
10) and secondary data were collected from various sources (internet, publications, etc.) to
estimate total quantity of household waste generated in Dhaka. The present study develops
managing the waste in an effective way so that the adverse effect of generated waste on
environment can be minimized.

vii
Table of Contents
Introductory (Cover Page) …………………………………………………………………………….….i
Statement of the Supervisor ............................................................................................................ ii
Approval ........................................................................................................................................ iii
 Declaration ..................................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... v
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... vi
Table 
Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................. 2
1.1General ....................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2Objectives of the Study .............................................................................................................. 2
1.3Significance................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4Theory ........................................................................................................................................ 2
1.5Research Questions & Methodology ......................................................................................... 3
1.5.1Research Questions ................................................................................................................. 3
Chapter: 2 Literature Review/Theoretical Knowledge ................................................................... 5
2.1 Solid Waste Definitions ............................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management System ...................................................... 7
2.3 Benefits of Sustainable Solid Waste Management System  8
2.4 Challenges (overall) to Delivering Sustainable Waste Management Systems9
2.5 Good Practices For A Successful Waste Management System10
2.6 Solid Waste Management in Asian Developing Countries2
Chapter: 3 Research Methodology................................................................................................ 14
3.1 Study Area .............................................................................................................................. 14
3.2 Procedure Followed for Thesis/Project Accomplishment and Data Collection: .................... 14
3.3 Primary Data Collection Through Questionnaire Survey and Site Inspection ....................... 15
3.4 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 16

viii
3.5 Sources of Data ....................................................................................................................... 18
Chapter 4: Data Collection............................................................................................................ 19
4.1Data Collection System............................................................................................................ 19
4.2aOn Site Storage ...................................................................................................................... 22
4.2b ........................................................................ 22
4.3Constituents of Solid Waste (SW) ......................................................................................... 223
4.4a Educational Qualification of survey area .............................................................................. 24
Table 4: Educational Qualification of People in Survey Area ...................................................... 24
4.4b Waste (Solid) Quantity Generated From Each Building Per Week
Table 5: Amount of waste in a week from each building [having 10-12 units (average)] ........... 24
4.5Transfer and Transport ............................................................................................................. 25
4.6Final Disposal (Aminbazar Landfill) ....................................................................................... 26
4.7Survey Questions on Waste Management Practices (Study Area) .......................................... 27
Chapter 5: Data Analysis and Discussion ..................................................................................... 35
5.1Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 35
5.2
5.3Environmental Violation .......................................................................................................... 40
5.4Future Plan of Waste Sorting (Recovery Options).
5.4.1Bad Effect on Soil by Plastic.5
5.5Waste-to-Energy Technologies [based on applied conversion process].6
5.6Materials (Municipal Solid Waste) Recovery Facilities (MRFs).9
Chapter 6: Recommending Household Practices to Deal the SWM at Generation (Source)

Chapter 7: SMART Solid Waste Management Resource Recovery Planning Tool5
...57
8.1Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 57
8.2Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 588
References ..................................................................................................................................... 59

ix
List of Figure
Figure 01: Waste management hierarchy......................................................................4
Figure 02: Composition of global municipal solid waste (MSW)6
Figure 03: Management value chain for MSW........8
Figure 04: Integrated sustainable solid waste management...9
Figure 05: Integrated MSWM and conventional MSWM.
Figure 06: Map of Sector 10, Uttara, Dhaka City (N), Post-1230...14
Figure 07: (Community) at Sector 10, Uttara, DNCC..17
Figure 08: Collecting waste9
Figure 09: Pouring waste in the van..
Figure 10: Waste carried by van .......19
Figure 11: Deposit to secondary storage ...........19
Figure 12: Separated from garbage.......20
Figure 13: ...
Figure 14: Di.
Figure 15: Carrying bottle to recycle
Figure 16: Fee collection receipt for waste (solid) collection from building, shop & restaurant at
sector 10, Uttara and transport to secondary storage (depo)
Figure 17 (a & b): Secondary storage (depo)[inside view]
Figure 18: Amount of waste (kgs) in a week from each building [having10-12units(average)]...24
Figure 19 (a & b): Waste transfer from depo (secondary storage) to truck by using mechanical
loader at sector 10 (Uttara) for disposal (landfill)

Figure 21 (a): Landfill site at Aminbazar
Figure 21 (b): Special Truck with Waste from DSCC at Aminbazar Landfill site



x
Figure 24: 






Figure .41
Figure 32: Current practices on material recovery from municipal solid waste (garbage/trash)...42
Figure 33: 43

Figure 35: Waste paper processing (recycling) at Uttara sector10(EmbankmentDrive_Rd-13)..44
Figure 36 : Biodegradable trash/garbage bag (recyclable)5
Figure 37: Waste-to-Energy technologies based on applied conversion.......................................46
Figure 38: Waste-to-Energy in the WM hierarchy....46
Figure 39.7
Figure 407
Figure 41: Technologies in waste-to-energy8
Figure 4248
Figure 43: Material recovery from garbage...49
Figure 44: Waste dealing options..50
Figure 45: Best practices for household to handle solid waste51
Figure 46: 21 Ways to reduce waste in the home..52
Figure 47: Uttara sector 10 
Figure 48: Animal waste at the time of Eid-ul-

xi
Figure 
Figure 50: SMART 6
List of Tables
Table 01: Different types of waste ......5
Table 02: Sources of different types of waste generation.....2
Table 03: SW generation and composition in cities of Asian developing countries.....13
Table 04: Primary data collection method....15
Table 05: Constituents (composition) of solid waste in a week.23
.24
Table 07: Amount of waste in a week from each building [having 10-12 units (average)]
List of Flow Charts
Flow chart 01: MSW Management system in Uttara Sector 10, DNCC..
Flow chart 02: Flow Chart of Research Methodology..
Flow chart 03: Solid waste management (SWM) system8

- 1 -
Current Waste Management Practices & Issues in
Uttara (Sector 10), Dhaka City (N)

2
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1General
Solid waste management is a vital responsibility of the municipal government and one of the greatest
challenges facing urban authorities today, with the amount of waste generated exceeding their capacity
both technical and financial to collect and dispose of in environmentally friendly way. Solid waste can
also have significant negative externalities, with impacts on the environment and health.
Uncollected and mismanaged solid waste provides breeding ground for vermin and insects that
proliferate and contribute to air and water-borne diseases. Unsanitary disposal often leads to escaping
leachate causing further contamination of ground water and soil resources, while open burning leads to
release of toxins and particulates such as black carbon.[9]
1.2Objectives of the Study
The specific objectives of this report are included
 To investigate the possibilities for a sustainable municipal solid waste management in Dhaka
City North (Uttara, Sector 10).
 To formulate an action plan for reaching a sustainable development within the waste sector in
Dhaka City (DNCC & DSCC).
 Governing issues relates to solid waste management at Uttara sector 10 and way out.
1.3Significance
 Less in landfills and treatments, more green environment and healthy surroundings.
 Promote recycling and reuse option [and more recovery (materials and energy)].
 Keeping our community safe from rotten waste dump and consequences.
 Save energy and our natural resources.
 Keep us free from epidemics.
 An environmental friendly healthy hygienic surroundings at sector 10.
1.4Theory
The proper definition of waste is crucial to construct a sustainable agenda of waste management. It is
largely the case that current legislation attends to existing waste. Definitions emerging from this
condition may, however, conflict with the goals of waste prevention, because something that already

3
exists cannot be prevented from arising. When mate         
treated as such; consequently, despite its explicit wish of waste prevention, implicitly, legislation
essentially amasses waste. The theory of solid waste management represents a more in-depth account
of the domain and contains conceptual analyses of waste, the activity upon waste, and a holistic view
of the goals of waste management. Waste Management Theory is founded on the expectation that
waste management is to prevent waste causing harm to human health and the environment. A radically
new approach, based on an object-oriented modeling language (program), is presented to define the
key concepts of waste management.
1.5Research Questions & Methodology
1.5.1 Research Questions
Formal Interview (household: waste producer or waste generation)
1. What is your opinion on current waste management at sector 10, Uttara?
2. Whether the current waste collection is environmentally friendly and hassle-free or not.
3. Have you used a single bin to keep all the waste in your house/unit of a building?
4. Do you want to use different bins for your home to dispose of the waste to the collection point?
5. If they collect waste every day from your home, is there any possibility that the environment
will be good?
6. Do you want to cover the waste collection van for protecting your environment and
surroundings?
7. What are the effects to your community (environment) while waste carried by lidless/coverless
van?
8. How many lid/covered vans do they (waste collector) need to use to protect your environment
(clean and hygienic)?
9. Have you faced any problem by the secondary storage (depo) of solid wastes at sector 10?
10. Do you face any problem in the house or from the street while collecting wastes from primary
collection point and secondary storage (depo)?
11. When wastes are transported by van on street, do you get any bad smell, nuisance or air
pollution?
12. When the van driver collects waste, is there any problem/misbehave with you & surroundings?

4
Formal Interview [Waste management personnel (waste collector and depo-worker
_caretaker)]
1. How many times in a day/week do you (van driver) collect wastes from each the household /
building?
2. What are the different types of materials (solid-waste composition) you (waste collector) have
found?
3. Do you face any hazardous problem with your (van driver, depo person) health as a result of
long time working at site with/without safety precautions?
The research goal and objectives have been achieved through:
 Review of available literature, data and relevant information on waste management projects
and policies both national and international.
 Formal and informal interviews with community leaders, family members.
 Formal and informal interviews with solid waste management officials and personnel.
 Administration/Justification through questionnaires to households and institutions (personnel)
to assess public participation in programs, satisfaction, policies and various waste management
practices.
Figure 01: Waste management hierarchy
Household/User
or authorized group
Recycling Facilities
/ MRF
Waste to Energy
conversion process
(technology based)
Treatment,
Composting and
Landfill Disposal

5
Chapter: 2 Literature Review/Theoretical Knowledge
2.1 Solid Waste Definitions
The term solid waste may be used to refer to municipal waste and falls under seven categories:
residential (household or domestic waste), commercial, institutional, street sweeping, construction and
demolition, sanitation and industrial. Likewise, municipal solid waste refers to solid wastes from
houses, streets and public places, shops, offices, and hospitals, which are very often the responsibility
of municipal or other governmental authorities. Solid waste from industrial processes is generally not
considered as municipal. However, because this waste finally ends up in the municipal waste stream, it
should be taken into account when dealing with solid waste
Table 01: Different types of waste
Definition of waste relating to
their types Waste Type
Definition
Construction debris
Detritus minerals from construction and
demolition
Organic waste
Biodegradable component of municipal waste
(e.g. food and yard waste)
Household
Waste from private households
Household-commercial waste
Waste from commercial establishments,
businesses, the service sector, public
institutions, and industries that possess similar
characteristics than household waste
Commercial Waste
Waste with characteristics similar to household
waste.
E-waste
Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded
electrical or electronic devices. Used electronics
which are destined for refurbishment, reuse,
resale, salvage recycling through material
recovery, or disposal are also considered e-
waste.

6
Types of Solid Waste:
Solid wastes are usually one of three types,
 Municipal wastes,
 Industrial wastes and
 Hazardous wastes.
Municipal waste:
The definitions of terms and the classifications used to describe the components of solid wastes vary
greatly in practice as well as in the literature. The definitions presented in (Table: 1) are intended to
serve as guide for municipal solid wastes.
Industrial wastes
Industrial wastes are waste arising from industrial activities. They include rubbish (associated with the
support personnel), process wastes, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, special wastes and
hazardous wastes.
https://en.ppt-online.org342042/Waste to energy a redeemer for investors, ecologists & environmentalists
Figure 02: Composition of global municipal solid waste (MSW) [10]

7
Hazardous wastes
Hazardous waste are classified as wastes that pose a substantial danger, either immediately or over a
period of time, to human, plant or animal life. A waste is classified hazardous based on the fact that it
exhibits any of the following characteristics: ignitability, corrosively, reactivity or toxicity.
2.2 Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management System
The activities associated with management of SWM from the point of generation to final disposal are
grouped into the following functional elements:
 Waste generation;
 Waste handling and sorting, storage, and processing at the source;
 Collection;
 Sorting, processing and transformation;
 Transfer and transport; and
 Final disposal.
Functional elements are closely interconnected but they are not necessarily presented in every
municipal solid waste management system.
In most low and middle income area/countries, the system is limited to
 Waste generation,
 Handling at the source
 Collection and
 Disposal at landfills.

8
2.3 Benefits of Sustainable Solid Waste Management System [7]
Good waste management system aim to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to
generate the minimum amount of waste. Effective waste management systems products and generate
the minimum amount of waste. Effective waste management systems can provide significant co-
benefits beyond addressing emission, which might serve as the main drivers for action in waste
management. Some of co-benefits include:
Public health:
Unmanaged waste often ends up in the streets or water drains, attracting pests and vermin. Waste
disposed in unsanitary landfills or dumps can pollute underground water with toxic leach ate.
Improving waste collection and disposal practices can have a direct impact on public health, access to
clean water and a cleaner city environment.
Air quality:
The open burning on waste is a persistent practice in many regions of the world and a major source of
black carbon. Lack of planning of waste collection routes or the use of old vehicles for waste collection
also increase vehicles emission, negatively affecting air quality
Poverty reduction:
https://en.ppt-online.org342042/Waste to energy a redeemer for investors, ecologists & environmentalists
Figure 03: Management value chain for MSW [10]

9
In many cities, waste is an important source of income for a significant part of the population and of
raw materials for many sectors of the economy. Waste collection in many cities operate on the street
and dumps, collecting, sorting, cleaning, recycling and selling materials thrown away by others. Cities
action can have a profound impact on the economic condition and quality of life of those sectors of
society involved in waste management. For example by utilizing proper sanitary landfill disposal
techniques, cities can avoid the health hazards of the open dump scavenging.
2.4 Challenges (overall) to Delivering Sustainable Waste Management Systems [7]
Solid waste management is a challenge for city authorities, primarily due to the increasing generation
of waste, the burden it places on municipal budgets, the lack of understanding of a diversity of factors
that affect waste management and of the necessary linkages to enable effective function of the entire
handling system. The basic challenges that must be overcome for implementation of a successful solid
waste management system include:
Figure 04: Integrated sustainable solid waste management [11]

10
Complexity of waste management: Solid waste management is a multi-dimensional issue that
engages multiple stakeholders. Municipalities in general seek equipment to find solutions to the
diversity of problems they face. But a successful waste management system must consider
technological solutions along with environmental, socio-cultural, legal, institutional and economic
linkages. It also needs to address syndromes like NIMBY (not-in-my-backyard) that can be prevalent
amongst the public.
Involvement of multiple stakeholders: Waste management involves many stakeholders with different
and sometimes conflicting interest. A detailed understanding of whom the stakeholders are and the
responsibilities they have in the waste management structure is required to establish an efficient and
effective system. Effective communication amongst the different stakeholders is important for
establishing a well-functioning waste management system, particularly in developing country cities.
Institutional challenges: Many municipalities, particularly the solid waste departments, are
understaffed and lack the relevant skills to manage waste. This limited capacity to handle solid waste
often leads to unconventional methods of disposal, which include open dumping and burning. There is
a significant need for municipalities to invest in capacity building, both in terms of number and quality
of staff resources and skills.
Difficulty in recovering costs: Solid waste services have an associated cost that is difficult for
municipal governments to recover. Financial resources are required to obtain the skilled personnel,
infrastructure, and equipment needed to implement waste management plans.
Implications beyond municipal boundaries: it is critical to produce reliable data to create proper
information channels within and between municipalities about waste management.
2.5 Good Practices For A Successful Waste Management System
In order to address the challenges mentioned and reap the multiple benefits of a sound waste
management system, a number of key good practice approaches have been identified within the C40
[C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group: www.C40.org] sustainable solid waste system network. [7]
These include:
 Expand sanitary waste disposal and landfill management
 Develop infrastructure for waste utilization
 Integrate waste management and social inclusion
 Promote innovation in waste collection service
 Support development of market economy for waste recycling
 Use digital mapping to mange solid waste
 Ensure and implement integrated waste management system

11
 It is urgent to have good or perfect practices on waste (solid) management system in successful ways. Municipal solid waste and
wastewater systems contribute about 3 to 5 percent to current global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, but the sector has great
potential to avoid emissions throughout the economy thanks to prevention and waste recovery (as recyclables or energy). Solid waste
disposal and management activities generate emissions of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and black
carbon. Landfills are the third largest anthropogenic source of methane, accounting for approximately 11% of estimated global
methane emissions, or nearly 800 MtCO2 emissions. One forecast suggests that this figure could
double by 2020 and quadruple by 2050 without mitigation. [C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group: Good Practice Guide “Sustainable Solid Waste
Systems”]
Figure 05: Integrated municipal solid waste management (MSWM) and conventional MSWM [11]

12
2.6 Solid Waste Management in Asian Developing Countries
Asian developing countries have increased their population, urbanization and industrialization which
contribute to solid waste (SW) generation. The amount of MSW generated per capita is estimated to
increase at a rate of 11.33% annually (Pappu et al., 2007; Shekdar, 1999; Bhide and Shekdar, 1998).
A host of researchers (Siddiqui et al., 2006; Sharholy et al., 2005; CPCB, 2004; Kansal, 2002; Singh
and Singh, 1998; Kansal et al., 1998; Bhide and Shekdar, 1998; Dayal, 1994; Khan, 1994; Rao and
Shantaram, 1993) have reported that the MSW generation rates in small towns are lower than those of
metro-cities, and the per capita generation rate of MSW in India ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 kg/ day. It is
also estimated that the total MSW generated by 217 million people living in urban areas was 23.86
million t/yr in 1991, and more than 39 million ton in 2001.[7] Asian developing countries are
experiencing in increasing population, income and urban growth. This situation contributes to the
increase of SW volume and type. Most of municipal solid wastes come from residential areas,
commerce and other sources.
Table 02: Sources of different types of waste generation
Sources
Typical waste generation
Types of solid waste
Domestics
Single houses and apartment
Food scraps, corrugated
boxes, plastics, clothing,
glass, metals, ashes, and
domestic hazardous
Shopping and
commercial
areas
Shopping centers, hotels, restaurants, market,
offices
Paper, corrugated boxes,
plastics, wood, food scraps,
glass, metals, special wastes,
hazardous waste
Institutional
School, governments offices, medical care
centers, prisons
As mentioned above in
shopping and commercial
areas
Public
facilities
Street cleaning, landscaping, park, beaches,
recreation areas
Street cleaning, landscape and
yard trimming, general waste
from recreation areas
SW generation and its composition in some Asian developing countries are shown in Table 03.
Solid waste generation rate in Dhaka (Bangladesh) is 5340 Ton/day where as it is high in Bangkok
(Thailand) 8778 Ton/day and low in Yala (Thailand) 80 Ton/Day. And waste generation rates as
Kg/Cap/Day are 0.485 in Dhaka, 2.17 in Puket-Thailand (high) and 0.4 in Allahabad-India (low). In
Dhaka,Bangladesh 68.3% decomposable, 10.7% paper, 4.3% plastic, 2.2% textile, 0.7% glass, 2.0%
metal, 1.4% rubber, 0.09% (wood & ash) and 10.3% others constituents are present in solid waste
(composition) with a less percentages of recoverable (energy), recyclable and reusable practiced.

13
Table 03: SW Generation and Composition in Cities of Asian Developing Countries. [7]
Country
Waste
generation
Composition
Ton/day
Kg/cap/
day
Decom-
posable
Paper
Plastic
Textile
Glass
Metal
Rubber
Wood
Ash
Others
Surabaya(Indonesia)
2160
0.8
72.41
7.26
10.09
2.68
1.7
1.41
.46
2.39
1.48
.12
Jakarta(Indonesia)
6000
0.65
68.12
10.11
11.08
2.45
1.63
1.90
.55
NA
NA
4.12
Allahabad(India)
500
0.4
45.3
3.6
2.86
2.22
.73
2.54
41.66
-
-
-
Pondicherry(India)
370
0.59
42
30
10.4
4.5
5
4.1
2.5
1.5
NA
NA
Kathmandu(Nepal)
523.8
0.66
71
7.5
12
.9
1.3
.5
.3
NA
NA
6.7
Bangkok(Thailand)
8778
1.54
42.68
12.09
10.88
4.68
6.63
3.54
2.57
6.9
NA
10.04
Phuket(Thailand)
364
2.17
49.39
14.74
15.08
2.07
9.67
3.44
2.28
NA
NA
3.33
Yala (Thailand)
80
1.049
49.3
14.5
19.9
-
10.08
.4
-
5.1
NA
NA
K. lumpur(Malaysia)
3798
1.62
61.5
16.5
15.3
1.3
1.2
.25
.6
.4
.7
NA
Rashat(Iran)
420
0.8
80.2
8.7
9
.4
.2
.7
-
.4
NA
.4
Dhaka
(Bangladesh)
5340
0.485
68.3
10.7
4.3
2.2
0.7
2
1.4
-
NA
10.4

14
Chapter: 3 Research Methodology
3.1 Study Area
The study uses both primary and secondary data. The study was conducted from 10 September 2018 to
25April 2019. This study mainly focused on the present status of solid waste management practice in
Uttara sector 10. Data collection included solid waste collection, transportation, and storage and disposal
system in selected area. These studies identify the lacking steps and of waste management
practice and the authority future management plan.
.
Figure 06: Map of Sector 10, Uttara, Dhaka City (N), Post-1230.
3.2 Procedure Followed for Thesis/Project Accomplishment and Data Collection:
This study mainly focused on the present status of solid waste management practice in Uttara Sector 10.
Data collection included solid waste collection, transportation, and storage and disposal system available
IUBAT
Road-13
Road-12
Secondary storage
Main Road Number 19
Sub Roar Number 3
(8/A,12/A,12/B)
Future plan of waste sorting

15
within study area. These studies identify the lacking of waste management and the future management
plan of authority and also known fact (ignorance/violation) about it. Both qualitative and quantities data
were collected about household waste collection and direct field observation, focus group discussions,
information on waste types (composition) for proper documentation, studying different documents like
research articles, environment books (author Howard S. Peavy), online publications & slide shows and
periodicals. Both primary and secondary sources were used to gather data as fulfillment of our study to
obtain real time solution (on waste management) as remedial action like treatment.
3.3 Primary Data Collection Through Questionnaire Survey and Site Inspection
To find out the solid waste management practice at Uttara Sector-10, the primary data was collected from
various types of household and The primary data was collected through questionnaire survey from day
labor, and van puller, house security to assess the exact situation of solid waste management with direct
field observation. Primary data was also collected by visiting the waste collection process and the selected
dumping area.
Table 04: Primary data collection method
Study Object
Method
Household Structure:
Employment (Service/Job holder), education
(teacher & student), Business (Business-owner,
employee, supplier), Property ownership
(Landlord), household (tenant & homeowner),
Garments (worker), Market-shopkeepers, tea-
stall, etc.
- Household Survey questionnaire
- Observation
- Photograph
Household SWM practices:
Storage, resource recovery, recycling (selling
wastage), collection and transporting, disposal
- Questionnaire
- Interviews
- Observation
Secondary data collection: Secondary data about population (demographic features), household size,
types, income level, volume of waste generation, activities existing on solid waste management at Uttara
Sector-10 in Dhaka. Data available for Sector 10: Total plot (land) 3,700 approx., total family 15,000
approx., total household members (population) 85,000 with house security, guards(security), driver and
guests of population 12,000. Economic level or social status or educational background of the people (in
this region) is higher in mid-class population (citizen) of Dhaka, Bangladesh. And total member

16
(population) in this sector 10 (Uttara) is 97,000 people are generating solid waste at regular basis by
consumption and daily activities (negligible amount of industrial activities). Housing structures are mostly
buildup apartment building (each building containing 10-12 units/flats); few semi-storied and tin-shed
housing colony. Road networks are well qualified and other wastes like sewerage, waste-water, storm
water systems are in conventional approach.
3.4 Methodology
The study uses both primary and secondary data. The study was conducted from 10
September 2018 to 25 August 2019. This study mainly focused on the present status of
solid waste management practice at Uttara Sector 10 in Dhaka. Data collection included solid waste
collection from household, transportation, and storage and disposal system to Aminbajar, Savar. These
studies identify the lacking/leakage and violation (environmental & social) in waste management
practices and the future management (development) plan of authority/ community/local governments.
And here at this report (study), we are identifying / evaluating about waste management system (current
situation) for Uttara Sector 10 in Dhaka-1230.
Flow Chart 01: MSW Management system in Uttara Sector 10, DNCC
DNCC
Sector 10 Kalyan Society
Contractor
Collection By Van Driver
On Site Storage
Final Disposal

17
Flow chart 02: Flow Chart of Research Methodology
Primary Data
Collection
 Practical Field Observation
 Field based data collection
-solid waste generation and
collection
-transport and disposal of waste
 Questionnaire survey
-structured
-non structured
Secondary data
 Published source
 internet
Data Analysis
Conclusion and recommendation
Figure 07: (Community) at Sector 10, Uttara, DNCC.
Waste collector
human-driven
vehicle (Van)
Secondary MSW
storage (depo)

18
Flow chart 3: Solid waste management (SWM) system
3.5 Sources of Data
Data were collected from primary and secondary sources: Sources of primary data: data were collected
from the study area and valuable  were gathered by interviewing of DNCC officials and
workers in this study.
Waste Generation
Storage
Collection
Transfer and Transport Processing and Recovery
Disposal

19
Chapter 4: Data Collection
4.1Data Collection System
 Solid wastes are collected from 3700 units at regular basis in sector10, Uttara, Dhaka-1230.
 Auto/Van drivers those are collecting waste (solid) from households primary collection point (and
in some case door-to-door).
 Dimension and type of a typical van [Size: 56"X30"X30" and human drive (coverless /lidless:
manually operated)]
 Capacity of 01(one) van is 600 Kg [carried to the secondary storage/depo].
 No specific badge, tag and uniform (Dress, musk, etc.) to the waste collecting people.
Figure 08: Collecting waste
Figure 09: Pouring waste in the van
Figure 10: Waste carried by van
Figure 11: Deposit to secondary storage

20
Van driver(s) has collected waste from households/primary collection (storage) points and transferred
waste to the secondary storage/deposit (depo) via depo maintenance guy. Roads are used for transporting
(Van) wastes are 12/B and 13 for households in sector 10. And few people (household) in sector 10 are
carrying their own waste to the depo by hand or by rickshaw (living in backward position).
Waste Sort-Out (material recovery) by Homeless People at depo (Uttara, Sector-10):
Figure 12: Separated from garbage
Figure 13: Collecting plastic bottle
Figure 14: Different types of bottle
(collected from waste)
Figure 15: Carrying bottle to recycle

21
They are collecting recyclable materials like glass, paper, cardboard, metal, plastic, tires, textiles,
batteries, and electronics for earn some money by selling these materials and its help to their family. By
collecting this material they get benefits and also benefit for our good environment. Somehow we can
help them such as bottle or plastic materials put different bin. We have seen that they are collecting these
types of materials from garbage station or where they found in sector 10, Road -13. I have asked them,
why do they collect it? They answered that they have collected it for sell in vungary (waste products for
secondary use) shop/market to earn livelihood.
Comments:
a) We should not store any harmful/radioactive/explosive substances in the dustbin.
b) DNCC can provide some organized assistance to collect material from garbage by homeless/poor
people routine-wise.
c)  & collection instruments can be arranged to keep the environment good.
d) If DNCC and local community can create waste pickers list so that some benefits can be provided
to them.
e) If we are creating a collection center to sell their materials (which can be reused and recycled),
waste pickers can get a fair price.
Figure 16: Fee collection
receipt for waste (solid)
collection from building, shop
& restaurant at sector 10,
Uttara and transport to
secondary storage (depo).

22
4.2a On Site Storage
These activities associated with the handling, storage and processing of waste near the point of
generation. Figure 10 (a & b) showing inside view of depo (sector 10, Uttara) as secondary storage.
(a)
(b)
Figure 17 (a & b): Secondary storage (depo) [inside view]
4.2b Collected Waste’s Volume and Composition
Table 2: Amount of Waste Collection
No
Nos. of van
Nos. of
units
Nos. of
trip
(average)
Actual van
nos.
Amount of
waste each
van
Total
amount
1
16
3700
2
32
600kg
19200kg

23
4.3Constituents of Solid Waste (SW)
Table 05: Constituents (composition) of solid waste in a week
Saturday
Total
waste
Plastic
Polythene
Paper
Food waste
Building-1
25kg
500gm
800gm
23.7kg
Building-2
15kg
400gm
1.5kg
13.1kg
Building-3
10kg
.5kg
9.5kg
Building-4
5kg
250gm
Sunday
Building-1
16kg
500gm
500gm
15kg
Building-2
18kg
1.5kg
1kg
15.5kg
Monday
Building-1
20kg
1kg
19kg
Building-2
18kg
.5kg
15.5kg
Building-3
10kg
.5kg
9.5kg
Tuesday
Building-1
10kg
.5kg
9.5kg
Wednesday
Building-1
38kg
3kg
2kg
1kg
32kg
Building-2
19kg
1.5kg
2kg
.5kg
15kg
Building-3
18kg
2kg
1.3kg
14.7kg
Thursday
Building-1
25kg
.5kg
1.2kg
23.3kg
Building-2
24kg
1.4kg
1kg
21.6kg
Building-3
20kg
1.3kg
18.7kg
Friday
Building-1
24kg
2.5kg
1kg
.5kg
20kg
Building-2
30kg
3kg
1.2kg
25.8kg
Building-3
28kg
2.5kg
.8kg
.4kg
3.7kg

24
4.4a Educational Qualification of Survey (Study) Area
Table 06: Educational qualification of people in survey (study) area
SL
Educational Qualification
Percentage (%)
1
Graduate/ B.Sc./ Masters/ PhD
40
2
H.S.C
25
3
S.S.C
20
4
Bellow S.S.C
15
4.4b Waste (Solid) Quantity Generated From Each Building Per Week
Table 07: Amount of waste in a week from each building [having 10-12 units (average)]
SL
Day
Amount (kgs)
1
Saturday
55
2
Sunday
34
3
Monday
48
4
Tuesday
25
5
Wednesday
75
6
Thursday
69
7
Friday
82
55
34
48
25
75
69
82
Saturday
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Figure 18: Amount of wastes (kg) in a week from each building
[having 10-12 units (average)]
Amount

25
4.5 Transfer and Transport
 Waste from secondary storage (Depo) has been collected via special truck (drivers) twice in every
week. Mostly in the morning and afternoon time, trucks are carrying loads (waste) covered by
tarpaulin in near empty road condition. Mechanical loader is used to fill the truck with with from
secondary storage (depo).
 Road used Abdullahpur (Ashulia road) to Aminbazar (via Mirpur) where dumping station
(site_landfill) situated for final disposal.
 Carrying capacity of each truck is 10 ton.
 It takes couple of hours to loading waste from several depos in different places and finally reach to
landfill site at Aminbazar without creating any nuisance on the street.
 Sometime truck is releasing waste to roadside or any down to fill (with permission and requires
treatment before dumping).
(a)
(b)
Figure 19 (a & b): Waste transfer from depo (secondary storage) to truck by using
mechanical loader at sector 10 (Uttara) for disposal (landfill)

26
4.6 Final Disposal (Aminbazar Landfill)
(a)
(b)
Figure 20 (a &b):Transporting and reaching at landfill site at Aminbazar
Those activities with ultimate disposal (not proper scientific way) of solid wastes including those waste
collected and transported directly to a landfill. It has bad impact of Solid Waste Disposal on Environment
 Open air dumping creates unhygienic and poses enormous threat on people health.
 Promotes spreading of diseases.
 The situation further increased violation (environmental) by the indiscriminate disposal of
Hospital and Clinical Waste.
 Pollute water bodies (underground water reservoir/flow).
 Carbon-di-oxide and Methane produced from solid waste are extremely harmful to the
environment.
 Gases are produced in the landfills through aerobic and anaerobic
 Decomposition of organic compounds, which are threat to the environment

27
(a)
(b)
Figure 21 (a): Landfill site at Aminbazar Figure 21 (b): Special Truck with Waste from
DSCC at Aminbazar Landfill site.
4.7 Survey Questions on Waste Management Practices (Study Area)
1. What is your opinion on current waste management at sector 10, Uttara?
Name
Educational
Qualification
Comments
Excellent
Good
Bad
Vary bad
Sharif Hasan
B.Sc

Shirazul Islam
H.S.C

Ashik
H.S.C

AnisurRahman
Honours

Shahidul Islam
S.S.C

JumanBhuiyan
S.S.C

Siraj
Bellow S.S.C

Hashem
Honours

Billal
Diploma

Dolly
Bellow S.S.C


Kohinur
S.S.C

Akter
H.S.C


28
2. Whether the current waste collection is environmentally friendly and hassle-free or not.
Name
Educational
Qualification
Comments
Yes
No
Sharif Hasan
B.Sc


properly
Shirazul Islam
H.S.C

Lidless van
Ashik
H.S.C

Lidless van
AnisurRahman
Honours

Collecting van stay
more time
Shahidul Islam
S.S.C

Lidless van
JumanBhuiyan
S.S.C

Lidless van
Siraj
Bellow S.S.C


properly
Hashem
Honours

Collecting van stay
more time
Billal
Diploma

Lidless van
Dolly
Bellow S.S.C

Lidless van
Kohinur
S.S.C


properly
Akter
H.S.C

Occurrence (less)
3. Have you used a single bin to keep all the waste in your house/unit of a building?
Name
Educational
Qualification
Comments
Yes
No
Sharif Hasan
B.Sc

Shirazul Islam
H.S.C

Ashik
H.S.C

AnisurRahman
Honours

Shahidul Islam
S.S.C

JumanBhuiyan
S.S.C

Siraj
Bellow S.S.C

More expensive buy
bin/container
Hashem
Honours

Lack of space

29
Billal
Diploma

Dolly
Bellow S.S.C

Kohinur
S.S.C

Akter
H.S.C

4. Do you want to use different bins for your home to dispose of the waste to the collection point?
Name
Educational
Qualification
Comments
Yes
No
Sharif Hasan
B.Sc

Recyclable & others
Shirazul Islam
H.S.C

Separate bins
Ashik
H.S.C

AnisurRahman
Honours

Shahidul Islam
S.S.C

Lack of space
JumanBhuiyan
S.S.C

More expensive require
to buy drum
Siraj
Bellow S.S.C

More expensive buying
drum
Hashem
Honours

Billal
Diploma

Dolly
Bellow S.S.C

Lack of space
Kohinur
S.S.C

More expenses to buy
containers
Akter
H.S.C

Lack of space
5. If they collect waste every day from your home, Is there any possibility that the environment will
be good?
Name
Educational
Qualification
Comments
Yes
No
Sharif Hasan
B.Sc

Shirazul Islam
H.S.C

Ashik
H.S.C

AnisurRahman
Honours


30
Shahidul Islam
S.S.C

JumanBhuiyan
S.S.C

Siraj
Bellow S.S.C

Hashem
Honours

Billal
Diploma

Dolly
Bellow S.S.C

Kohinur
S.S.C

Akter
H.S.C

6. Do you want to cover the waste collection van for protecting your environment and surroundings?
Name
Educational
Qualification
Comments
Yes
No
Sharif Hasan
B.Sc

Shirazul Islam
H.S.C

Ashik
H.S.C

AnisurRahman
Honours

Shahidul Islam
S.S.C

JumanBhuiyan
S.S.C

Siraj
Bellow S.S.C

Hashem
Honours

Billal
Diploma

Dolly
Bellow S.S.C

Kohinur
S.S.C

Akter
H.S.C


31
7. What are the effects to your community (environment) while waste carried by lidless/coverless
van?
Name
Educational
Qualification
Comments
Sharif Hasan
B.Sc
Spread odor, different microbe of
diseases
Shirazul Islam
H.S.C
Environment bad effects
Ashik
H.S.C
80% effect (dangerous)
AnisurRahman
Honours
ill effects to our environment
Shahidul Islam
S.S.C
Cause pollutions to our environment
by the lidless van with rotten waste
JumanBhuiyan
S.S.C
Pollution our natural air
Siraj
Bellow S.S.C
Air pollution
Hashem
Honours
Inhalation problem
Billal
Diploma
Inhalation problem
Dolly
Bellow S.S.C
Air pollution
Kohinur
S.S.C
Hygienic problem
Akter
H.S.C
8. How many lid/covered vans do they (waste collector) need to use to protect your environment
(clean and hygienic)?
Name
Educational
Qualification
Comments
Sharif Hasan
B.Sc
100% yes
Shirazul Islam
H.S.C
80% yes
Ashik
H.S.C
80% yes
AnisurRahman
Honours
90% yes
Shahidul Islam
S.S.C
70% yes
JumanBhuiyan
S.S.C
70% yes
Siraj
Bellow S.S.C
60% yes

32
Hashem
Honours
85% yes
Billal
Diploma
85% yes
Dolly
Bellow S.S.C
70% yes
Kohinur
S.S.C
65% yes
Akter
H.S.C
65% yes
9. Have you faced any problem by the secondary storage (depo) of solid wastes at sector 10?
Name
Educational
Qualification
Comments
Yes
No
Sharif Hasan
B.Sc

Shirazul Islam
H.S.C

Ashik
H.S.C

AnisurRahman
Honours

Shahidul Islam
S.S.C

JumanBhuiyan
S.S.C

Siraj
Bellow S.S.C

Hashem
Honours

Billal
Diploma

Dolly
Bellow S.S.C

Kohinur
S.S.C

Akter
H.S.C

10. Do you face any problem in the house or from the street while collecting wastes from primary
collection point and secondary storage (depo)?
Name
Educational
Qualification
Comments
Yes
No
Specific
Sharif Hasan
B.Sc

Shirazul Islam
H.S.C

Looks odd (van)
Ashik
H.S.C


33
AnisurRahman
Honours

Bad smell from
depo area
Shahidul Islam
S.S.C

JumanBhuiyan
S.S.C

Siraj
Bellow S.S.C

Coverless van
Hashem
Honours

Primary
collection point
not clean
Billal
Diploma

Dolly
Bellow S.S.C

Mixed waste
(rotten)
Kohinur
S.S.C

Not every day
(collection)
Akter
H.S.C

Overall not
hygienic
11. Do you (waste collector/worker) face any problem with your health as a result of long time
working?
Name
Educational
Qualification
Comments
Yes
No
Details
Akbar
Bellow S.S.C

Less pay
Gofur
H.S.C

Skin problem
Shah alom
Bellow S.S.C

Vomiting symptom
Monir
Bellow S.S.C

Headache by odor
Rashed
Bellow S.S.C

Low income
Jahid
Bellow S.S.C

Inhalation problem
Siraj
Bellow S.S.C

Inhalation problem
Kuddus
Bellow S.S.C

Dirty job
Hashem
Bellow S.S.C

Skin problem
Rahima
Bellow S.S.C

Skin problem
Tara banu
Bellow S.S.C

Headache by odor

34
Nasir
Bellow S.S.C

Disturbed by rain
12. How many times in a day/week do you (van driver) collect wastes from each the household /
building?
Name
Educational
Qualification
Comments
Yes
No
Details
Akbar
Bellow S.S.C

Twice in a week
Gofur
H.S.C

Once in a week (Offices)
Shah alom
Bellow S.S.C

Two/three days per week
Monir
Bellow S.S.C

Every day (market,
restaurant, etc.)
Rashed
Bellow S.S.C

Twice in a week
Jahid
Bellow S.S.C

Twice in a week
Siraj
Bellow S.S.C

Everyday (special)
Kuddus
Bellow S.S.C

Two/three days per week
Hashem
Bellow S.S.C

Twice in a week
Rahima
Bellow S.S.C

Everyday (special)
Tara banu
Bellow S.S.C

Twice in a week
Nasir
Bellow S.S.C

Twice in a week

35
Chapter 5: Data Analysis and Discussion
5.1 Introduction
We started our survey and observation at Uttara sector-10 according to the waste management system
produce. Though the weather was sometimes rough, we did not stop our work to reach the goal at the time
of survey. When we did the survey, we faced some difficulties. Some people were not cooperative to us.
Some people took it positively and sometimes negatively and they told that it has no benefit the result
will be zero. Those who were not concern about this they took it negatively. A fresh group people helped
us in our work and whatever we asked by answering our question and giving some suggestion they co-
operated us. Then some old citizen has brought us to the concern authority for making easy survey. Some
higher educated person at this locality communicated and consulted with us and they agreed with us
whatever we did about solid waste management system. They told us waste collection van should be
lided/covered. They no longer say that after collecting waste from every household, van driver would lid-
off/covered the van and took waste away to the secondary storage (depo). So that odour will not come out
to the open air and will not pollute our environment. Children and pedestrians will be relaxed from this
air-nuisance & unaesthetic problem by solid waste handling. Overall, it can be said that the awareness and
participation (both financial and active engagement) in solid waste management program is that level of
satisfactory and updated. Recycling issues and use of individual bin for each type (not or less amount of
mixed waste) at household (at the point of origin) and at the location of primary deposit (or collection)
point are still in a dark situation or not acknowledged or few active practitioners in the society (Sector 10,
Uttara). By ignorance, a group of house-caretaker or maid is still dumping/pouring kitchen wastes to the
sanitary/sewerage line (system). A easy method to deal the regular household waste should be
introduced/practiced to avoid clogging in sewerage system (specially in high-rise building). Chute system
in tall structure (building) to deliver the waste (solid and other) wrapped/bagged in garbage bag/container
can be introduced and practiced with monitoring, as appropriate.
5.2 Result
Uttara sector 10 was our thesis/project study area. We surveyed our study area (people from different
aspects and existing situation) and we know that they all are united and agreed to protect their
environment except few people. Yet we came to know that, if they use van with lid for waste collection

36
and transportation by the permission of Dhaka North City Corporation, we hope that we can keep our
environment safe from air pollution and the environment of the sector 10 will be environmentally
friendly. Currently a conventional approach without MRF and energy-recovery option for solid waste
ractices can improve
the overall performance in dealing sustainable waste (solid) management.
0
5
10
15
20
25
Building-1
Building-2
Building-3
Building-4
Quantity
Building Number
Figure 22: Quantity of waste (kg) on saturday
Plastic
Polythene
Paper
Food waste
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Building-1
Building-2
Quantity
Building Number
Figure 23: Quantity of waste (kg) on sunday
Plastic
Polythene
Paper
Food waste

37
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Building-1
Building-2
Building-3
Quantity
Building Number
Figure 24: Quantity of waste (kg) on monday
Plastic
Polythene
Paper
Food waste
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Building-1
Quanity
Building Number
Figure 25: Quantity of waste (kg) on tuesday
Plastic
Polythene
Paper
Food waste

38
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Building-1
Building-2
Building-3
Quantity
Building Number
Figure 26: Quantity of waste (kg) on wednesday
Plastic
Polythene
Paper
Food waste
0
5
10
15
20
25
Building-1
Building-2
Building-3
Quantity
Building Number
Figure 27: Quantity of waste (kg) on thursday
Plastic
Polythene
Paper
Food waste

39
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Building-1
Building-2
Building-3
Quantity
Building Number
Figure 28: Quantity of waste (kg) on friday
Plastic
Polythene
Paper
Food waste
Saturday, 55
Sunday, 34
Monday, 48
Tuesday, 10
Wednesday, 75
Thursday, 69
Friday, 82
Figure 29: Amount of waste(kg) in a week of a (total) building
(having 10 units average)

40
5.3 Environmental Violation
An environmental violation occurs when an activity or an existing condition does not comply with
any environmental law or regulation. Environmental violations can include smoke or any other emissions
from local industrial facilities;
 Tampering with emission control or air conditioning systems in automobiles
 Improper (broken) treatment process (plant), storage facilities, or disposal of hazardous wastes
without care (treatment) to any media (land, air and waterbody/wetland).
 Exceedence of pollutant limits at publicly-owned wastewater treatment plants
 Unpermitted dredging or filling of waters and wetlands
 Any unpermitted industrial activity
 Late night dumping or any criminal activity including falsifying reports or other documents.
An environmental violation is something that violates environmental law or regulation. It could include
for example: improper emissions, the improper treatment of hazardous waste, or the improper dredging of
wetlands. While the cumulative effects of environmental violations can be significant and hazardous to
the environment or public health, it is unlikely that an individual breach will cause an immediate threat to
public safety. In solid waste management system, dustbin (preliminary storage) has been used in open
format and taking long time to clear (carrying to disposal site) or never cleared (dumped/rotten) in old
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Honours/ B.Sc/
Masters/ PhD
H.S.C
S.S.C
Bellow S.S.C
Percentage
Educational Qualification
Figure 30: Educational qualification in survey (study)area
Percentage

41
part of the city/town. Floating people in barred condition are looking for items that can have some values
(unhygienic and misery situation). Bad smell, insects, parasites, leachate/plume to the underground water
reservoir, blocking regular activity are prevalent while wastes are not being handled in a scientific way
(manner). Throwing wastes (solid) to the nearest canal or ditch and road-side dump are a common offense
type phenomenon, happen many places.
Sluice-gate
canal at
sector 10
(very rough
& full of
dumping
waste
without
treatment)
Roadside
dump of
waste
(solid)
without
prior
treatment
(arrangem
ent)
E-waste
and
coconut
residue
(waste)
Figure 31: Violation in waste (solid) handling at sector 10
coconut residue
(waste)

42
5.4 Future Plan of Waste Sorting (Recovery Options)
At first van driver will collect the waste from the household. Then it will be taken to secondary storage
and then it being separated by workers there by inspection as quick possible. For example: polyethylene,
plastic and other materials separately. Sorted materials with initial cleaning (washing) have gone to
secondary facilities for further use (as material). Then the remaining portion (majority) food waste will be
transferred by the truck quickly. Then clean the polythene, and the plastic, if used, otherwise the
polythene and the plastic can damage the soil. And the polythene, the plastic harmful to the environment.
If we sort-out the materials, it benefits for us. And environment will blameless or not harmful. Well
established MRFs (municipal waste material recovery facilities) in selected places capable to contribute
efficiently in reuse and recycle (mainly) options. Currently we have material recovery option from
garbage in a disorganized way in different places named as vungary” spot, shop (secondary market) and
tokai” (a group of homeless people, orphan & underage).
Figure 32:
Current
practices
on
material
recovery
from
municipal
solid
waste
(and
garbage /
trash).

43
Near Sector 10, there exists a material (plastic bottle, container, tin-can, glass) processing industry
(manual operation). People are engaged to recycle the materials which are gathered from vungary (metal
waste product for recycle) store or from tokai (a person collecting recyclable products from waste). These
are sent to different recycle industry by truck for processing (and further use).
Figure 33: Recyclable materials (from garbage) processing near Uttara sector 10.

44
Inside views of waste plastic, cardboard, plastic toys (recyclable) processing industry near Uttara sector
10 (Kamapara-Ashulia roadside) are given below:
Papers and paper carton boxes are processed for recycling in several places within Uttara sector 10.
Households are selling these materials by weight to hawkers. Things are gathered, separated based on
types, bind (compacting into bails/rolls). Different uses of recyclable papers (as new products) are
currently available.
Figure 35: Waste paper processing for recycling at Uttara sector10(Embankment drive_Road-13)
Figure 34:
Inside view of
waste plastic
recycling
process
(industry)
near sector 10

45
5.4.1 Bad Effect on Soil by Plastic
 When plastic bags are thrown on land it makes soil less fertile, a blockade to drainage system and
water clogging.
 Plastic bags do not dissolve; they break into tiny pieces and remain for up to 100+ years
contaminating soil waterways.
 Plastic bags slowly release toxic chemicals that certain animals use as a resource.
 When plastic is burned they release toxic chemicals that are deposited in soil and surface water
and on plants.
 Biodegradable plastics are plastics that can be decomposed by the action of living organisms,
usually microbes, into water, carbon dioxide, and biomass. Biodegradable plastics are commonly
produced with renewable raw materials, micro-organisms, petrochemicals, or combinations of all
three.
 Bangladesh invented bio-plastic jute poly bag and having international market potentials in
recent time with success. [“SONALI BAG”]
Garbage /
trash full
of
polythene
Bio-plastic jute
poly bag
“Sonali Bag”
Figure 36:
Biodegradable
trash/garbage bag
(recyclable)

46
5.5 Waste-to-Energy Technologies [based on applied conversion process]
Figure 37: Waste-to-Energy technologies based on applied conversion
process [8]
Figure 38: Waste-to-Energy in the WM hierarchy [8]

47
3 R’s
Practices
In SWM
Figure 40: Sustainability concept in MSWM systems
Figure 39: 3R’s practices in solid waste management (SWM)

48
Technologies on waste-to-energy as recovery option in WM
Figure 41: Technologies in waste-to-energy [10]
Figure 42: Favourite options for SWM

49
5.6 Materials (Municipal Solid Waste) Recovery Facilities (MRFs)
In Uttara sector 10, no material recovery facility for municipal solid waste has been established.
And in DNCC has no such facility for material recovery from solid waste as disposed from
household been created yet. But in Uttara sector 10 and most of the area in DNCC, a small
fraction of material such as bottle, container, metal scrap, batteries, etc are collected (recovered)
by a group of volunteer (like beggar) from secondary storage depo unscheduled (disorganized
way). For Dhaka city (DNCC & DSCC), MRFs can bring some sort of material recoverable
option from disposed solid waste (household and commercial).
Manual material recovery
(collection) by Tokai (a
volunteer collecting material
fro
Uttara sector 10, Dhaka.
Inside view of a typical MRF as
material recovery option
Figure 43: Material recovery
from garbage.

50
Chapter 6: Recommending Household Practices to Deal the SWM at
Generation (Source)
In Uttara sector 10, majority of the households are at higher-middle class educated job-holder,
business-owner, students (workers) are not aware of dealing the solid waste in a efficient way
that start with reduce the waste in quantity (source reduction at the point of generation) and to
have good practice of reuse (organized way_ a secondary market where reusable materials be
dealt with). And it is mostly urgent using recyclable containers based on types and placing at the
origin (within the house/unit) and separate bins/containers (for recyclable and transferrable for
processing) at the primary collection point. A list containing materials identifiable those are
radioactive, extreme hazardous to deliver special WM group. Expenditure to maintain a good
practice on MSW management be confirmed (practiced at a regular basis). Currently Uttara
sector 10 is practicing conventional approach of solid waste management with least opportunity
to reuse, recyle, composting and energy recovery like other regions within Dhaka city (N & S),
but an integrated sustainable solid waste management system should be preferred in recent time.
Preferred √
Avoided X
Figure 44: Waste
dealing options

51
No single bin
for mixed-
waste at
origin
Separate bins
and
containers
for
recyclable
solid wastes
and others
Figure 45:
Best
practices for
household to
handle solid
waste.
√

52
Figure 46: 21 Ways to reduce waste in the home. [12]

53
Figure 47:
Uttara
sector 10
graveyard.
At the time of Eid-ul-Azha, nearly 500 animals (Cattle, goat, sheep,
etc.) are sacrificed and processed in open area within sector 10,
Uttara. Special teams with experts are working in collaboration with
DNCC personnel to clean-up the mess in short notice.
[Animal waste removal within 24 hrs: DNCC mayor]
Figure 48: Animal waste at the time of Eid-ul-Azha

54
6.1 Hazardous situation (surrounding at sector 10 Uttara)
There exist slum area, rickshaw and auto garage, open ditch, open sanitary and dustbin at the
periphery or boundary (within sector 11Masterer garage” ). These activities are uncontrolled
and not health hygienic. In direct way it pollutes the environment of sector 10 (air pollution,
underground water reservoir, bad smell, etc.).
Figure 49: Environmental violation near Uttara Sector 10 Masterer garage” at sector 11)
Drain waste on Road
Slum area and
open drain

55
Chapter 7: Solid Waste Management Resource Recovery Planning
Tool (SMART) [13]
The Solid Waste Management Resource Recovery Planning Tool (SMART) offers easy to use
tool for integrated solid waste management planning, cost-effective and environmental friendly
solution for waste utilization system comprise of waste-to-product and waste-to-energy. This is a
vital tool to ensure sustainability and security in waste management with cost competitive. This
innovative tool is the first software [by UTM (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia), Process Systems
Engineering Center (PROSPECT), Block N29, Chemical & Energy Engineering, 81310 Johor
Bahru, Johor MALAYSIA; e-mail- prospect@utm.my] to assist in design of the solid waste
management with multi-period approach for long term effective planning and scheduling of solid
waste. This is an easy-to-use tool to analyze the trade-offs between technical, economic, and
environmental concerns at the national, regional, state or province, or community level.
SMART could be applied worldwide to determine the best possible solid waste management
planning for various sector such as residential, commercial, industrial or even larger scale energy
planning for a nation. SMART indicates that the introduction of alternative waste treatment
technologies including incineration, landfill, composting and recycling give economic benefits
and renewable energy options as compared to existing municipal solid waste management
(MSWM) system.
The unique features of SMART include multi-period planning with time-dependent parameters
such as, forecast waste generation, forecast electricity demand, fuel price variability,
construction lead time, financial incentive, and increase in fixed operational and maintenance
costs over time.
Rapid urbanization, population growth, urbanization development and industrialization are
contributing to the large scale increase in Malaysia’s total waste generation and changed the
characteristics and composition of solid waste generated. This issue gives pressure for effective
management of municipal solid waste (MSW) to take place in Malaysia due to the increased
cost of landfill. In response to this concern, UTM developed an integrated and sustainable waste
management system [SMART software] with satisfactory both economic and environmental
efficiency could solve the problem of complexity, uncertainty, multi-objective and subjectivity
of solid waste management.

56
Figure 50: SMART solid waste management resource recovery tool [13]
(an advance software application on SWM in Malaysia)

57
Chapter 8: Conclusion and Recommendation
6.1 Conclusions
Population in Uttara sector 10 as well in Dhaka is rapidly increasing and waste generation is also
increasing. It is found that none of the families has segregation/separation (recycle & reuse)
practices at the initial level of waste management in houses and also waste pickers do not have
any different designated place to dump different waste in separate space (now dumping
altogether in a rotten state). Source-segregated waste is essential for better management, so
households should be motivated accordingly. Segregation practice at initial level in houses can
increase the effectiveness of waste management and can make it easy to waste picker to manage
the wastes (different bins option as recycled marking). It is also not possible for the waste picker
to collect all the waste from the houses because some portion of household waste is been
regularly dumped into open nearby space. Those decrease the effectiveness of waste
management. General practice of waste management in the study area is some open dumping and
others are lid/covered dumping. Segregation of different types of waste is not practiced during
open dumping of the waste by the waste picker. For this reason non degradable waste remains
for a longer period and causes more environmental pollution (bad smell, epidemics spread out
and unaesthetic). Household key player need to have perfect knowledge about waste
management and willingness to train-up other members sothat waste (solid) not to mishandle and
creating pollution.
All the waste collection, waste dumping, man power management in study area are controlled by
DNCC needs to accommodate the inclusion of NGOs, micro enterprises into the main stream of
Solid Waste Management. Capable and practical personnel have to assign. Waste collection,
disposal and treatment may be privatized with the monitoring options by regulatory agencies
(both government and non-government like co-operative or societies). Society, authority, local
representative can impose fine, penalty, liability for those ignoring/violating waste management
programs.

58
6.2 Recommendations
1. Open dumping should be stopped and specific location which facilitates waste manement.
2. Lid led or Covered-van should be used and encouraged.
3. Need a complaint center for sector 10 where problem will be occurred.
4. Justified fee for each household to support waste (solid) management team and initiatives
to comply with all regulations that can support integrated sustainable waste (solid)
management system for sector 10,Uttara as well as DNCC & DSCC.
5. Emergency notification and response group for solid waste related issues should be
established and maintained.
6. For being fresh, water supply is needed for the worker near depo/secondary storage
7. A registered doctor cell/paramedics should be provided by the Dhaka North City
Corporation for the workers first aid
8. Improving the collection system (systematic way without nuisance/health hazards)
9. Position of dumping station (easy to collect and carrying to the sites)
10. Digitalize the transportation system (networking, scheduling and some siren/whistle
while collecting wastes and fees associate within it).
11. Transparent the waste collection billing system (extra fees for specialties while urgent).
12. Develop reuse criteria for special products (cloths, baskets, plastic toys, tin cans, etc.),
recycle bin (paper, plastic, glass, food container, etc.) at sites (household storage and
preliminary storage) and develop sorting system (as recovery option in secondary storage
and less in landfill) in waste generation.
13. Public awareness and motivational training for volunteers and professionals. Introducing
bags, bins, drums with recycle (logo) at specific location without disturbance,
14. Stop using single bin and mixed waste. Promote practicing separate bins for recyclable
materials and others. Day to day collection of waste and transfer it to specific location is
preferred.
15. Promotional activities for good practitioner and neighbors.

59
Chapter 9: References
1. Moushumi Zahur., Solid Waste Management of Dhaka City: Public Private Community
Partnership. BRAC University Journal, Vol. IV, No. 2, 2007. PP. 93-97.
2. Population and Housing Census 2011, Dhaka Zilla : Governm   
Republic of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics
Division, Ministry of Planning,, June 2012.
3. Faisal IbneyHai, M. Ashraf Ali., A Study on Solid Waste Management System of Dhaka
City Corporation: Effect of Composting and Landfill Location. UAP Journal of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2005.
4. Puentes C., Functional elements and human dimensions of a municipal solid waste
management system in the Amazon forest: the case of Puerto Bermudez, Peru. 2004.
5. Twardowska I., et el, Solid Waste: Assessment, Monitoring and Remediation. Waste
Management Series, 2004. pp. 3-32. ISBN: 0080443214
6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309790226_Solid_Waste_Management_System
_in_Dhaka_City_of_Bangladesh
7. Mohammad Wasiuzzaman Sohana., A case study on solid waste management in Dhaka
City., Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Bangladesh University of
Engineering and Technology, BUET Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. January 2015.
8. J. Malinauskaite, H. Jouhara, D. Czajczynska, P. Stanchev, E. Katsou, P. Rostkowski, R.J.
Thorne, J. Colon, S. Ponsa, F. Al-Mansour, L. Anguilano, R. Krzyzy _ nska, I.C. Lopez,
A.Vlasopoulos, N. Spencer., Municipal solid waste management and waste-to-energy in
the context of a circular economy and energy recycling in Europe., Energy 141 (2017)
2013-2044. Journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy
9. C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group: www.C40.org [Good Practice Guide “Sustainable Solid
Waste Systems”]
10. https://en.ppt-online.org342042/Waste to energy a redeemer for investors, ecologists &
environmentalists

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11. https://slideplayer.com/slide/6289028/
12. http://www.keeperofthehome.org/2010/03/29-ways-to-reduce-waste-in-your-home-and-
save-money-while-youre-at-home-it.html
http://grearist.com/health/how-to-ways-reduce-food-waste
13. https://prospect.utm.my/solid-waste-management-resource-recovery-tool-smart/
14. Uttara Thana  
15. Sector 10, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka - Home | Facebook

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