Hydration Effect of Gum Arabic and Guar Gum Powder on Strength Parameters of Concrete

Abstract

Hydration is a chemical reaction in which the major compounds in cement form chemical bonds with water molecules. The strength of concrete is very much dependent upon the hydration reaction; water plays a critical role, particularly amount used. Heat is evolved with cement hydration; this is due to breaking and making of chemical bonds during hydration. The hydration reaction itself consumes a specific amount of water. This effect has been increased with the use of natural hydrocolloids namely, guar gum and gum Arabic, which when mixed with concrete increased its strength and a mere percentage of 0.5% of gum Arabic & 0.75% of Guar gum powder increased its strength and reached it to its ultimate compressive strength value. Also, care has to be taken in deciding the adequacy of guar powder as if excess, it does not yield any positive results & if less will not be sufficient to suit its purpose. Guar gum and gum Arabic powder is thus effective in enhancing concrete strength, but will not be effective if added in excess. And the natural hydrocolloids are bio waste materials which do not cost any price. In this research article the effects of guar gum & gum Arabic when added with plain cement concrete is studied thoroughly.

Full text

Hydration Effect of Gum Arabic and Guar Gum
Powder on Strength Parameters of Concrete
S. Venkatraman
Research Scholar, Faculty of Civil Engineering
Anna University
Chennai, India
mailmagik@yahoo.com
Dr. V. Ramasamy
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Adhiparasakthi Engineering College
Melmaruvathur, India
ramsapec@gmail.com
Abstract— Hydration is a chemical reaction in which the major compounds in cement form chemical bonds with water molecules.
The strength of concrete is very much dependent upon the hydration reaction; water plays a critical role, particularly amount used.
Heat is evolved with cement hydration; this is due to breaking and making of chemical bonds during hydration. The hydration reaction
itself consumes a specific amount of water. This effect has been increased with the use of natural hydrocolloids namely, guar gum and
gum Arabic, which when mixed with concrete increased its strength and a mere percentage of 0.5% of gum Arabic & 0.75% of Guar
gum powder increased its strength and reached it to its ultimate compressive strength value. Also, care has to be taken in deciding the
adequacy of guar powder as if excess, it does not yield any positive results & if less will not be sufficient to suit its purpose. Guar gum
and gum Arabic powder is thus effective in enhancing concrete strength, but will not be effective if added in excess. And the natural
hydrocolloids are bio waste materials which do not cost any price. In this research article the effects of guar gum & gum Arabic when
added with plain cement concrete is studied thoroughly.
Keywords— Cement, Concrerte, Natural Hydrocolloids, Bio waste
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank the Almighty for showering his blessings for completing this thesis work successfully.
I wish to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to my Research supervisor Dr. V. Ramasamy, Professor, Department of
Civil Engineering, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College,whose technical guidance, inspiration and support were active in
accomplishing this task.
It is a great privilege to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to my doctoral committee members Dr. R. Senthil,
Professor, Depatment of Civil Engineering, Anna University Chennai and Dr. S. Nagan, Professor Department of Civil
Enfineering, Thiyagaraja Engineering College, Madurai, for their support and encouragement in all stages of my research to bring
it as successful one.
I convey my inmost gratitude to all Staff Members of the Department of Civil Engineering who encouraged me in all
circumstances when I needed support in the execution of work.
I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is composed principally of aggregates, Portland cement, and water, and many contain other cementitious materials
and/or chemical admixtures. Chemical admixtures are frequently used to accelerate, retard, improve workability, reduce mixing
water requirements, increase strength, or alter other properties of the concrete. The selection of concrete proportions involves a
balance between economy and requirements of workability, strength, durability, density, and appearance. Concrete has relatively
high compressive strength, but much lower tensile strength. For this reason it is usually reinforced with materials that are strong
in tension (often steel) [1]. The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at higher stress
levels as matrix cracking develop. Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion and shrinks as it matures. All
concrete structures crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete that is subjected to long-duration forces is prone
to creep. Concrete can be damaged by many processes, such as the expansion of corrosion products of the
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steelreinforcementbars, freezing of trapped water, fire or radiant heat, aggregate expansion, sea water effects, bacterial corrosion,
leaching, erosion by fast-flowing water, physical damage and chemical damage (from carbonation, chlorides, sulphates and
distilled water) [2] [3].
Out of many test applied to the concrete, this is the utmost important which gives an idea about all the characteristics of
concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not. This concrete is poured in the
mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids. These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7
days curing or 28 days curing
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Shetty. M. S. (2005) published a text book named “Concrete Technology” – theory and practice. This text book was followed
in the entire procedure of batching, mixing, compacting, curing and thus overall casting of specimen. And also the testing
procedure and tabulation of results were carried out with reference of the text book.
Soo Geun Kim (2010) published a paper on “Effect of heat generation from cement hydration on mass concrete placement”.
The main objective of the thesis is to study thermally-induced stresses due to the heat of hydration generated in mass concrete
dams. The study consists of two components, to verify the possibility of using Type I Portland cement with fly ash as an
alternative of Type IV cement and, to determine the proper lift thickness for dam concrete construction in order to avoid
thermally-induced cracks in a mass concrete dam. Fly ash can improve concrete workability; reduce the heat of hydration
generated by Portland cement and decrease concrete permeability. It is also cheaper than Portland cement. However, the use of fly
ash in Korean mass concrete dam construction is rare but if used, could have great economic benefits. Therefore, the objectives of
this study are to evaluate the possibility of fly ash use in mass concrete dam and to investigate the effect of fly ash on hydration.
The appropriate amount of fly ash replacement for Type I cement to produce similar heat of hydration characteristics as Type IV
cement is also studied.
Akthem Al-Manaseer and Najah Elias, published a paper on “The effects of heat of hydration of mass concrete on cast-in-
place concrete piles”. The focus of this report is primarily on the short-term perspective and how moisture profile and curing
quality effects are involved in warping behavior and ultimately delamination cracking and spalling distress. Cracking-related
displacements of concrete with respect to aggregate gradation effects are under investigation in the laboratory using the German
cracking frame. The concrete mixed with gap-grade aggregates had 0.7 of CAF, while the concrete with dense- graded aggregate
had 0.45 of CAF and 0.25 of IAF. The gap-graded concrete has indicated larger shrinkage and creep strains than dense-gradation
concrete perhaps because of its higher volume content of cement mortars in the mixture. Because of the larger shrinkage strain,
higher restraint tensile stress was developed in the gap-gradation concrete. Lower level of tensile strength of gap-gradation
concrete was developed due to its higher cement content and more extensive surface area of aggregates to be contacted to the
mortar.
Lars Wadso (1995) published a paper on “The study of Cement Hydration by isothermal Calorimetry”. Cement is a finely
ground powder of burned limestone. It reacts readily with water (hydrates) to form a solid material, known as hardened cement
paste. When cement is mixed together with rock aggregate, sand and filler materials, it forms concrete. Cement is one of the most
important base materials in general use in the construction industry. The optimisation of concrete with respect to frost resistance,
durability, chemical resistance etc. is of great importance.
Fatih Bektas (2007) published a paper on “Use of ground clay brick as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete”.
The study focuses on the use of ordinary clay brick which is used for manufacturing brick, in concrete and the results obtained
show tat addition of naturally available material can also enhance the strength of concrete to some extent.
Hassan (2006) published a paper on “The Effect of Mineral Admixtures on the Properties of High -Performance Concrete”,
Civil Engineering Materials Unit (CEMU). The paper says that certain mineral admixtures added to concrete can improve its
performance. And here the performance was studied for M100 concrete, which is a very high strength concrete.
Hosseini. P (2009) published a paper on “Investigation on composition effect of using tyre-rubber powder and silica fume to
reduce amount of cement”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. This paper emphasis on use of a waste material such as tyre
rubber powder and silica fumes with replacement for cement. Even though this paper does not have any direct relationship with
this study, but its methodology and procedure is useful un carrying out this experiment.
Other IS codes are also used in casting, handling and testing of specimens, such as IS 1199-1959 Method of sampling and
analysis of concrete, IS 2386 (Part III) – 1963 Methods of test for aggregates of concrete, IS 10262 – 2009 Recommended
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guidelines for concrete mix design, IS 383 – 1996 Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete,
IS 456-2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete, code of practice, IS 516 Methods of test for strength of concrete.
III. PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
A. Cement
Fineness, or particle size of Portland cement affects rate of hydration, which is responsible for the rate of strength gain .the
smaller the particle size, the greater the surface area-to-volume ratio, which means more area available for water-cement reaction
per unit volume.
B. Fine Aggregate
Aggregate particles have certain physical and chemical properties which make the aggregate acceptable or unacceptable for
specific uses and condition. Some aggregates have minerals that are subject to oxidation, hydration, and carbonation. These
properties are not particularly harmful, except when the aggregates are used in Portland cement concrete. Fine aggregate is sand
which is usually obtained from rivers or lakes. Sometimes beach sand is also used. In places where sand is not available or a large
quantity of sand is used crushed stone dust is used. The fineness modulus of sand should be around 2 to 3.2. The limits may be
taken as guidance. Fine sand (2.2-2.6),Medium sand(2.6-2.9),Coarse sand(2.9-3.2) [11].
TABLE 1. SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR FINE AGGREGATE (TOTAL WEIGHT OF FINE AGGREGATE = 500G)
IS sieve designation
Weight of soil retained
% of soil retained in
each sieve
4.75
6.97
1.394%
2.36
9.89
1.978%
1.18
58.72
11.744%
0.710
48.57
9.714%
0.600
84.15
16.830%
0.425
72.22
14.444%
0.300
65.25
13.050%
0.150
112.12
22.424%
0.75
17.47
3.494%
< 0.75
24.54
4.908%
C. Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate shall consist of naturally occurring materials such as gravel, or resulting from the crushing of parent rock, to
include natural rock, slag, expanded clays and shelves (lightweight aggregates) and other approved inert materials with similar
characteristics, having hard, strong, durable particles, conforming to the specific requirements of this Section. The best aggregates
to use for strength are crushed stone or crushed gravel. Crushed aggregate have irregular, angular particles that tend to interlock
when compacted or consolidated [11].
D. Gum arabic powder
Gum arabic is a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. It was historically the source of the sugars arabinose
and ribose, both of which were first discovered and isolated from it, and are named after it. Gum arabic, also known as acacia
gum, chaar gund, char goond, or meska, is a natural gum made of hardened sap taken from two species of the acacia tree;
Senegalia (Acacia) senegal and Vachellia (Acacia) seyal. The gum is harvested commercially from wild trees throughout the
Sahel from Senegal to Somania, although it has been historically cultivated in Arabia and West Asia. In addition gum Arabic has
water solubility, is insoluble in alcohols and forms colorless, tasteless solutions.
Gum Arabic is truly soluble in cold water other gums are either insoluble in cold water or from colloidal suspension, not true
solution.
FIGURE 1. GUM ARABIC POWDER
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F. Guar gum powder
The most important property of guar gum is its ability to hydrate rapidly in cold water to attain uniform and very high
viscosity at relatively low concentrations. Another advantage associated with guar gum is that it is a soluble in hot & cold water
and provides full viscosity in even cold water. It is inert in nature. It is resistant to oil, greases, and solvents.
FIGURE 2. GUAR GUM POWDER
The main properties of Guar gum are, It is soluble in hot & cold water but insoluble in most organic solvents. It has strong
hydrogen bonding properties. It has excellent thickening, Emulsion, Stabilizing and film forming properties. At very low
concentration, Guar gum has excellent settling (Flocculation) properties and it acts as a filter aid. It forms highly viscous colloidal
dispersions when hydrated in cold water. The time required for complete hydration in water and to achieve maximum viscosities
depends on various factors i.e. the pH; temperature; grade of powder used; Equipment etc. The viscosity of Guar gum solution
increases gradually by increasing the concentration of Guar gum in water. The viscosity of Guar gum is influenced by
temperature, pH, presence of salts and other solids Guar gum is economical because it has almost eight times the water-thickening
potency .only a very small quantity is needed for producing sufficient viscosity. Thus, it can be used as a stabilizer because it
helps to prevent solid particles from settling.
G. Water
The density of water is approximately one gram per cubic centimeter. It is dependent on its temperature, but the relation is not
linear and is unimodal rather than monotonic (see table at left). When cooled from room temperature liquid water becomes
increasingly dense, as with other substances, but at approximately 4 °C (39 °F), pure water reaches its maximum density. Pure
water is colourless, odourless, and tasteless. As it is cooled further, it expands to become less dense. Water also expands
significantly as the temperature increases. Water near the boiling point is about 96% as dense as water at 4 °C. In nature, water
exists in liquid, solid, and gaseous states. It is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid and gas states at standard temperature
and pressure. At room temperature, it is a tasteless and odourless liquid, nearly colourless with a hint of blue. Many substances
dissolve in water and it is commonly referred to as the universal solvent. Because of this, water in nature and in use is rarely pure
and some of its properties may vary slightly from those of the pure substance.
H. Design of Concrete Mix
Concrete is composed principally of aggregates, Portland cement, and water, and many contain other cementitious materials
and/or chemical admixtures. It will contain some amount of entrapped air and may also contain purposely entrained air obtained
by use of admixture or air-entraining cement. Chemical admixtures are frequently used to accelerate, retard, improve workability,
reduce mixing water requirements, increase strength, or alter other properties of the concrete. The selection of concrete
proportions involves a balance between economy and requirements of place ability, strength, durability, density, and appearance.
I. Requirements of a good Concrete mix desgin
The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration. The adequate workability necessary for full
compaction with the compacting equipment should be available. Maximum water-cement ratio and/or maximum cement content
to give adequate durability for the particular site conditions Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to
temperature cycle in mass concrete [10].
TABLE 2. COMPOSITION OF MATERIALS
WATER
(l)
CEMENT
(kg)
FINE
AGGREGATE
(kg)
COARSE
AGGREGATE
(kg)
191.6
445.6
538.67
1147
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IV. EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON CONCRETE
A. Casting and curing of Concrete cubes
The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the same concrete used in the field. Mix the concrete
either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer. Clean the mounds and apply oil. Fill the concrete in the moulds in layers
approximately 5cm thick Compact each layer with not less than 35strokes per layer using a tamping rod. Level the top surface and
smoothen it with a trowel. The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24hours and after this period the specimens are marked
and removed from the moulds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until taken out prior to test [12].
B. Details of Specimen
The following specimens were casted
 9 Cubes of 150x150mm size mix M25.
 Using gum Arabic powder 54 cubes.
 Using guar gum powder 54 cubes.
 Total number of cubes is 117. Concrete is prepared by mixing cement, water, and aggregate together to make a workable
paste. It is molded or placed as desired, consolidated, and then left to harden. Concrete does not need to dry out in order to
harden as commonly thought.
C. Hydration of cement
The concrete (or specifically, the cement in it) needs moisture to hydrate and cure (harden). When concrete dries, it actually
stops getting stronger. Concrete with too little water may be dry but is not fully reacted. The properties of such a concrete would
be less than that of a wet concrete. The reaction of water with the cement in concrete is extremely important to its properties and
reactions may continue for many years [4].
D. Test on harden Concrete
Compression test on concrete cubes (control specimen)
Out of many test applied to the concrete, this is the utmost important which gives an idea about all the characteristics of
concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not. For cube test two types of
specimens either cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm or 10cm X 10 cm x 10 cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For
most of the works cubical moulds of size 15 cm x 15cm x 15 cm are commonly used.
This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids. After 24 hours these moulds are
removed and test specimens are put in water for curing. The top surface of these specimen should be made even and smooth. This
is done by putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen[8]
E. Analytical Process
The general procedure for testing concrete cube specimen is analysed by the ultimate load taken by the specimen at the time of
failure to the contact area of the specimen. This is known as the ultimate compressive stress and the unit is N/mm2 or Mpa.
The formula used is as follows:
Compressive strength = Load (Ultimate load at time of failure in N)
Contact area ( in mm2 )
The load applied through the UTM (Universal Testing Machine) is measured in Newton and the contact area is measures in
millimeters or centimeters. And the ratio gives out the value. On an average, three specimens were tested and the average value is
taken for the ultimate compressive stress for the respective day(s) of curing which uis being noted earlier. The same testing
procedure us followed for the test specimens added with additives (Natural hydrocolloids)
These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days curing. Load should be applied
gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the Specimens fails.
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TABLE 3. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONTROLLED SPECIMEN
Trial no.
Ultimate
Compressive strength
(N/ mm2)
Average
Ultimate
Compressive strength
(N/ mm2)
1
29.1
31.1
2
32.1
3
32.1
F. Addition of natural hydro colloids
The natural hydrocolloids mentioned earlier viz. Gum Arabic and Guar gum are added in stipulated percentage of increase in
their quantity with fresh cement concrete and the following tests were carried out.
G. Tests on fresh concrete (added with natural hydrocolloids)
Guar Arabic and Guar gum are added individually to the fresh concrete not together, with the fresh concrete and the following
tests were performed [5] [13].
 Slump test
 Vee Bee consistometer test
 Compaction factor test
Slump test
The slump test result is a slump of the behavior of a compacted inverted cone of concrete under the action of gravity. It
measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete. The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures the workability
of fresh concrete. More specifically, it measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch. This test is performed to
check the consistency of freshly made concrete. Consistency is a term very closely related to workability. It is a term which
describes the state of fresh concrete. It refers to the ease with which the concrete flows. It is used to indicate the degree of
wetness. Workability of concrete is mainly affected by consistency i.e. wetter mixes will be more workable than drier mixes,
but concrete of the same consistency may vary in workability. It is also used to determine consistency between individual
batches.
TABLE 4. SLUMP TEST RESULT
% of addition
Height of the slump
(Gum arabic)
(mm)
Height of the slump
(Guar gum)
(mm)
0
26
26
0.15
26
26
0.25
27
28
0.50
28
30
0.75
30
28
1
28
27
Vee bee consistometer test
This is a good laboratory test to measure indirectly the workability of concrete. This test consists of a vibrating table, a metal
pot, a sheet metal cone, a standard iron rod. The glass disc attached the swivel arm. The electrical vibrator is then switched on
and simultaneously a stop watch started .the vibration is continued till such a time as the conical shape of the concrete
disappears to a cylindrical shape. The time required for the shape of concrete to change from the slump cone to cylindrical
shape in seconds is known as Vee Bee degree.
TABLE 5. VEE BEE CONSISTOMETER TEST RESULT
% of addition
Consistency (Gum arabic)
(sec)
Consistency (Guar gum)
(sec)
0
48
48
0.15
94
54
0.25
58
45
0.50
89
52
0.75
37
47
1
42
62
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Compaction factor test
It is one of the most efficient tests for measuring the workability of concrete. This test works on the principle of determining
the degree of compaction achieved by standard amount of work done by allowing the concrete to fall through a standard
height. The degree of compaction, called the compaction factor is measured by the density ratio i.e., the ratio of the density
achieved in the test to density of same concrete fully compacted. It is more precise and sensitive than the slump test and is
particularly useful for concrete mixes of very low workability as are normally used when concrete is to be compacted by
vibration.
TABLE 6. COMPACTION FACTOR TEST RESULT
% of addition
Compaction factor
(Gum arabic)
Compaction factor
(Guar gum)
0
0.84
0.84
0.15
0.94
0.88
0.25
0.86
0.91
0.50
0.98
0.94
0.75
0.94
0.98
1
0.98
0.96
The following test results with fresh mix infer that the natural hydro colloidal additives can be used for further investigation over
hardened concrete cube and cylinder.
H. Test on hardened concrete (added with natural hydrocolloids)
Compression test on hardened concrete
Compression test was carried out using Universal Compression Testing Machine of 2000kN and the results obtained were
shown in the table [6] [7].
Compressive of concrete added with gum arabic
The fresh concrete is prepared under normal conditions and the Gum Arabic powder is added in 0.15%, 0.25%, 0.50%,
0.75% and 1% individually to fresh concrete. The gum Arabic powder was added to fresh concrete mix gradually as per
formulation and for every specified quantum of addition 9 cubes were casted and three cubes were tested for a specified day
(7, 14 and 28 days). Totally 54 cubes were casted for Gum Arabic category. The hardened specimen was cured in water bath
and three cubes were tested for 7th day test and the average value was taken. The pattern was followed for 14th day and 28th
day tests also.
FIGURE 3. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ON 7TH DAY ADDED WITH GUM ARABIc
The 7th day test results show that the strength on concrete increases gradually with increase in quantity of the Gum
Arabic powder, but after 0.75% the strength starts decreasing.
FIGURE 4. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ON 14TH DAY ADDED WITH GUM ARABIC
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The 14th day test results also show that the strength on concrete increases gradually with increase in quantity of the Gum
Arabic powder, but after 0.75% the strength starts decreasing.
FIGURE 5. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ON 28TH DAY ADDED WITH GUM ARABIC
Even the 28th day test results go in concurrence with 7th and 14th day test results.
I. Compressive of concrete added with guar gum
The same procedure is repeated for Guar gum addition also. The fresh concrete is prepared under normal conditions and the
Guar gum powder is added in 0.15%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1% individually to fresh concrete. The gum Arabic powder was
added to fresh concrete mix gradually as per formulation and for every specified quantum of addition 9 cubes were casted and
three cubes were tested for a specified day (7, 14 and 21 days). Totally 54 cubes were casted for Gum Arabic category. The
hardened specimen was cured in water bath and three cubes were tested for 7th day test and the average value was taken. The
procedure was followed for 14th day and 28th day tests also.
FIGURE 6. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ON 7TH DAY ADDED WITH GUAR GUM
The 7th day test results show that the strength on concrete increases gradually with increase in quantity of the Guar gum
powder, but after 0.50 % the strength starts decreasing.
FIGURE 7. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ON 14TH DAY ADDED WITH GUAR GUM
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The 14th day test results also show that the strength on concrete increases gradually with increase in quantity of the Guar gum
powder, but after 0.50% the strength starts decreasing as same as 7th day test results.
FIGURE 8. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ON 28TH DAY ADDED WITH GUAR GUM
Even the 28th day test results obey with 7th and 14th day test results and the strength of the concrete stars decreasing above
0.50% of addition.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The above mentioned test was carried out on hardened concrete specimens and the results observed are tabulated. The gum
Arabic powder was added to fresh concrete mix gradually as per formulation and for every specified quantum of addition 9 cubes
were casted and three cubes were tested for a specified day (7, 14 and 21 days). The hardened specimen was cured in water bath
and three cubes were tested for 7th day test and the average value was taken. The pattern was followed for 14th day and 28th day
tests also.
The final results show that the strength of concrete increases gradually with increase in quantity of the hydrocolloid (Gum
Arabic) but after 0.75% the strength starts decreasing.
The same methodology was followed for Guar gum powder also. Same procedure was repeated and but the results differed. In
case of Guar gum powder, the strength of concrete increases gradually with increase in quantity of the hydrocolloid but after
0.50% the strength showed to fall in value.
This may be due to the alteration in reaction of C-S-H gel formation. Further studies shall be envisaged to reveal the exact
factor behind this.
VI. CONCLUSION
Guar gum powder & Gum Arabic powder is thus effective in enhancing concrete strength, but will not be effective if added in
excess. Likewise, lesser quantity will also not fulfill its purpose. Thus it is recommended to use it to a maximum of 1%
percentage to the total weight of cement. When added in excess it increases water tightness, which is undesirable. All concrete
works, experience hydration effect which considerably affects the strength of concrete. This effect can be managed with the use of
Gum Arabic and Guar gum powder, which when mixed with concrete increases its strength and a mere percentage of 0.75 of gum
Arabic & 0.50% of Guar gum powder increases the strength at low cost when compared to other chemical admixtures. And thus
0.75% of gum Arabic & 0.50% of Guar gum powder shall be recommended as effective natural additives to increase strength on
cement concrete.
And more the cost spent over plasticizers and super plasticizers, which are added to concrete to increase the strength and
performance shall be cut down by adding this naturally available materials which is available free of cost. Thus this paper
emphasis on waste to wealth concept too. This concept is applied all disciplines of engineering and can be fit in to civil
engineering also. And all the tests are carried out standard laboratory conditions and the results are guaranteed for use.
References
[1] Shetty. M. S “Concrete Technology – Theory and Practice.” (2005)
[2] Soo Geun Kim (2010) published a paper on “Effect of heat generation from cement hydration on mass concrete placement”. Iowa State University Digital
Repository.
[3] Akthem Al-Manaseer, Najah Elias (2007) published a paper on “The effects of heat of hydration of mass concrete for cast-in-place concrete piles”.Report
SJSU ALM – 115 published by the San Jose State University.
[4] Lars Wadso (1995) published a paper on “The study of Cement Hydration by isothermal Calorimetry”. The latest research in modern science: experience,
traditions and innovations Proceedings of the V International Scientific Conference North Charleston, SC, USA
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[5] Fatih Bektas (2007), Use of ground claybrick as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete -hydration characteristics, mechanical properties, and
ASR durability, Major: Civil Engineering (Civil Engineering Materials)
[6] Hassan (2006), The Effect Of Mineral Admixtures On The Properties Of High-Performance Concrete, Civil Engineering Materials Unit (CEMU).
[7] Hosseini. P (2009), Investigation on composition effect of using tire-rubber powder and silica fume to reduce amount of cement, Journal of Materials in
Civil Engineering.
[8] IS 1199-1959, Method of sampling and analysis of concrete.
[9] IS 2386 (Part III) – 1963, Methods of test for aggregates of concrete.
[10] IS 10262 – 2009, Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design.
[11] IS 383 – 1996; Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete.
[12] IS 456-2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete, code of practice.
[13] IS 516; Methods of test for strength of concrete.
Volume 53, ISSUE 2 (MAY - AUG), 2019
Caribbean Journal of Science
ISSN: 0008-6452
1733