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Impact of Psychological Comfort on the Interior Design of Patients’ Rooms in Hospitals The General Hospitals in Sulaimani City as a Case Study

Authors:
Fouad Jalal Mahmood at University of Sulaimani
Fouad Jalal Mahmood
Y. A. Tayeb at University of Benghazi
Y. A. Tayeb
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Abstract

The aim of the research is to clarify the effect of internal design indicators on improving the efficiency of patients' rooms, to deploy these indicators to be integrated into the curing contexts in achieving healing in a compatible way with the psychological comfort of patients in five public hospitals in Sulaimani city. The contemporary trends in the interior design of hospitals depend on the strong link between the healing environment, which differs from the curing environment by envolving the psychological dimension in the treatment process (curing), and the efficiency of the indoor environment that directly affects the psychological comfort of the patients . The research has adopted a descriptive analytical approach compatible with the nature of the research, using a quantitative measure of the 43-items questionnaire, encompassing six items of psychological comfort including: (Privacy, Views, Comfort & control, Interior appearance, Family support, and Facilities). A total of 240 questionnaires were distributed on the study samples, and then 198 questionnaire forms were retrieved after being completed by the respondents. The percentage of valid questionnaires was 82.5%. The findings of the study showed a positive correlation between internal design indicators and psychological comfort of patients in the patients’ rooms with the possibility of providing a supportive environment for psychological comfort through these indicators. The findings revealed the patients’ satisfaction with the items that support the psychological comfort in the selected hospitals in general and the newly built especially. Also, the findings show a negative correlation between some demographic characteristics of the patients (age, educational attainment, and duration of stay) and psychological comfort in the patients’ rooms in public hospitals.
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Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 4 – 2019
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fouad.mahmood@univsul.edu.iq, abdullah.tayib@u nivsul.edu.iq
: 14/01/2019 /: 28/08/2019: 22/12/2019
DOI Link: https://sites.google.com/a/univsul.edu.iq/sjes/issue s/vol6no4/sjes-10117
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      
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










© The Authors, published by University of Sulaimani, college of engineering.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 1 – 2019
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
       





  
      
 
 .

 
       
      







Post Occupancy Evaluation





1.2





201225


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


199754












Kamaruzzaman et al., P.717, 2018
2.2 

     
 
      
200853
      

     
     

     



Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 4 – 2019
15
     
      
       


       
       

3.2
    
    
    
  
     
       
     
        
    
     
     201751
4














201384
5.2







20024330






(Dilani, 2001, P.34)




(Marc, 2013, P.68)






20166162

1(DH Estates and
Facilities, 2008)





Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 1 – 2019
16
201151

 

 

 
 
 Deasy, 1985, P.97







Thurber & malinouski, 1999, P.498


  
        
      
Ulrich & Roger
       

      
       

(Ulrich & Roger, 1991, P.99)


      


  

201654




(Escobar, 2014, P.21)






  (Dellinger, 2010, P.62)









Jeong, 2005, P.22




(Zhao, 2012, P.32)
3 
       
  
       
       
Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 4 – 2019
17
      

        







 






1.3
     

  


       2
      ﯾ 

       


1
Ghazali
et al., 2013

NHS

A Staff and
Patient Environment Calibration Tool
ASPECT
600



 (DH Estates and Facilities, 2008)




(Pearson)

3
  InternalConsistency 
Cronbach’s Alpha
(SPSS)
 4
Cronbach’s Alpha
0.710
0.889
0.951
Cronbach’s Alpha01


0.600


SlovenKanire, P.97, 2013
nNe
0.1
     
240
198
5
82.5
Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 1 – 2019
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2.3



Privacy


Views

Comfort & Control 

Interior Appearance

Family Support 

Facilities 

2








IBM SPSS Statistics 24

Mean
Standard Deviation





6
3.3 

 
789101112131415

1.3.3 


712
(%54)
(%46)
18-30
(%42.2)(39.9%)
3145(%13.1)
4659
60
(%4.5)
(%25.3)


(%39.4)
(%29.3)(%6.1)

3
(%63.1)
47
(%27.3)8
 (%9.6)
2.3.3





Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 4 – 2019
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89101112131415
345678

Privacy




3.67
8
3


4.554.424.32
2.90
2.15




Views



2.85


94

4.11



2.14
 2.26
2.44



 

3.27



Comfort & Control




3.64

105


4.36
4.02
3.74
3.63
2.46









Interior Appearance


Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 1 – 2019
20
368




116

4.55



4.17
26



3.593.49







Family
Support





3.60

127


4.54.26
3.97

2.4
2.85









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Facilities

 


2.44

138


3.96
2.83

1.961.8

1.66




3.3.3
Pearson Correlation
Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 4 – 2019
21

1415

Pearson Correlation

Chi-Square Tests

sig0.05




14



Chi-Square Tests
63.26sig0.00
0.05

182.29
sig0.00


668.36sig0.00


243.02
0.00sig

15
Pearson Correlation
0.3900.01



0.645000






Pearson Correlation
0.015
0.83


63.13
7
4 

1   
       
       
      
     

2 




3     


4 

      
      
      

5    

     
      
Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 1 – 2019
22
      

6 
       

7        
  


8 
      
      

9        
      

10 



5 

1 
      

2    
      

3      

      

4      

     

5  
      
       


6       
      



1 
  
 

2016
2 
       
 1997
3 

 2011
4 

 
2013
5 
  
 2002
6         

 2012
7 

 44 49632017
8 
        
 2016
9 

2008
10- Deasy, C.M  Lasswell, Thomas E.,” Designing Places
For People: A Handbook on Human Behavior for
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HAELTHCARE FACILITIE, Edwards Brothers, Inc., USA,
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Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 4 – 2019
23
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Ph.D. thesis, University of Loughborough, UK, 2012.
Impact of Psychological Comfort on the Interior
Design of Patients’ Rooms in Hospitals
The General Hospitals in Sulaimani
City as a Case Study
Fouad Jalal Mahmood1 –
Assist. Lecturer
Dr. Abdullah Y. Tayib2 – Professor
1Architecture Department – University of Sulaimani
fouad.mahmood@univsul.edu.iq, abdullah.tayib@u nivsul.edu.iq
Abstract
The aim of the research is to clarify the effect of internal
design indicators on improving the efficiency of patients'
rooms, to deploy these indicators to be integrated into the
curing contexts in achieving healing in a compatible way
with the psychological comfort of patients in five public
hospitals in Sulaimani city. The contemporary trends in
the interior design of hospitals depend on the strong link
between the healing environment, which differs from the
curing environment by envolving the psychological
dimension in the treatment process (curing), and the
efficiency of the indoor environment that directly affects
the psychological comfort of the patients
The research has adopted a descriptive analytical approach
compatible with the nature of the research, using a
quantitative measure of the 43-items questionnaire,
encompassing six items of psychological comfort
including: (Privacy, Views, Comfort & control, Interior
appearance, Family support, and Facilities). A total of 240
questionnaires were distributed on the study samples, and
then 198 questionnaire forms were retrieved after being
completed by the respondents. The percentage of valid
questionnaires was 82.5%. The findings of the study
showed a positive correlation between internal design
indicators and psychological comfort of patients in the
patients’ rooms with the possibility of providing a
supportive environment for psychological comfort through
these indicators. The findings revealed the patients’
satisfaction with the items that support the psychological
comfort in the selected hospitals in general and the newly
built especially. Also, the findings show a negative
correlation between some demographic characteristics of
the patients (age, educational attainment, and duration of
stay) and psychological comfort in the patients’ rooms in
public hospitals.
Keywords: Psychological dimension, Psychological
comfort, Interior Spaces, Healing environment, Hospital
interior design.
Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 1 – 2019
24
1


01

2011
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
     
  
02

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
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
Ulrich &
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
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
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


05
 Escobar
2014
    


06

Dellinger2010

              

2
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01
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HL01

400

2013

02

HL02

320

1974
2005

03
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
210

2014
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04
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HL04

40

2010

05
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HL05
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36
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2017
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1006
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Sig.
A
Privacy
5
.802
0.00*
B
Views
6
.832
0.00*
C
Comfort & Control
10
.917
0.00*
D
Interior Appearance
14
.938
0.00*
E
Family Support
3
.571
0.00*
F
Facilities
5
.735
0.00*
0.05
Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 4 – 2019
25
4Cronbach’s Alpha


Cronbach’s Alpha
A
Privacy
5
0.831
B
Views
6
0.867
C
Comfort & Control
10
0.889
D
Interior Appearance
14
0.836
E
Family Support
3
0.710
F
Facilities
5
0.837

43
0.951
5









01

HL01
400
347
76
65
02

HL02
320
264
72
52
03

HL03
210
124
58
48
04

HL04
40
40
30
22
05

HL05
36
27
22
11

1,006
802
258
198
6







5
4
3
2
1

   
7

















35
28
28
11
5
107
54%

30
24
20
11
6
91
46%

1830
41
17
20
3
3
84
42.4%
3145
18
21
22
15
3
79
39.9%
4659
6
10
4
2
4
26
13.1%
60
0
4
2
2
1
9
4.5%



12
8
25
0
5
50
25.3%

30
18
19
8
3
78
39.4%

18
23
3
12
2
58
29.3%


5
3
1
2
1
12
6.1%



3
41
33
20
20
11
125
63.1%
47
12
14
26
2
0
54
27.3%
8
12
5
2
0
0
19
9.6%
Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 1 – 2019
26
8
Privacy
Mean










01

4.35
1.52
3.92
4.82
4.82
3.89
02

2.35
2.65
4.50
4.73
4.64
3.77
03

2.31
2.69
4.29
4.77
4.55
3.72
04


2.80
1.94
4.58
4.50
4.82
3.73
05

2.66
1.96
4.29
3.91
3.27
3.22
A

2.90
2.15
4.32
4.55
4.42
3.67
9
Views
Mean










06

4.35
3.27
4.25
3.45
4.36
3.94
07

2.89
1.87
4.63
1.91
3.18
2.90
08

3.35
1.44
4.38
1.68
1.82
2.53
09

3.22
2.71
3.85
2.18
1.91
2.77
10

3.02
2.63
3.81
2.05
2.00
2.70
11


2.77
1.79
3.77
1.55
1.36
2.25
B

3.27
2.26
4.11
2.14
2.44
2.85
10

Comfort & Control
Mean







12

4.45
3.21
4.71
2.50
2.45
3.46
13

4.72
4.08
4.63
4.50
4.45
4.48
14

3.02
3.33
4.29
4.68
3.45
3.75
15

4.45
1.81
4.46
4.09
4.36
3.83
16

2.98
1.52
3.96
2.73
2.82
2.80
17

3.62
1.27
4.46
4.36
4.45
3.63
18

4.54
1.98
3.88
4.09
4.09
3.72
19


4.45
1.88
4.38
3.41
3.00
3.42
20


3.57
1.48
4.46
2.73
2.73
2.99
21

4.45
4.04
4.42
4.27
4.45
4.33
Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 4 – 2019
27
C

4.02
2.46
4.36
3.74
3.63
3.64
11

Interior Appearance
Mean






22

4.82
3.19
4.50
3.77
4.09
4.07
23

4.72
3.60
4.37
4.41
4.55
4.33
24

2.83
2.29
4.67
2.45
3.36
3.12
25

4.45
2.85
4.67
3.68
4.00
3.93
26

4.35
1.90
4.63
2.36
2.45
3.14
27

4.08
1.50
4.38
2.32
2.45
2.95
28

4.63
3.48
4.67
4.55
4.45
4.36
29

2.54
1.48
4.71
2.36
2.64
2.75
30

3.98
1.60
4.62
3.55
3.00
3.35
31

4.17
3.71
4.67
4.68
4.64
4.37
32

4.91
2.98
4.38
4.73
3.45
4.09
33

4.35
1.85
4.50
3.91
3.45
3.61
34

4.26
3.00
4.46
4.23
3.27
3.84
35

4.35
2.98
4.54
3.27
3.00
3.63
D

4.17
2.6
4.55
3.59
3.49
3.68
12

Family Support
Mean










36

2.78
3.79
4.13
4.77
4.73
4.04
37

2.69
1.60
4.21
4.55
3.36
3.28
38

3.08
1.81
4.46
4.18
3.82
3.47
E

2.85
2.4
4.26
4.5
3.97
3.60
Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 1 – 2019
28
13
Facilities
Mean







39


3.80
2.83
4.38
3.32
3.36
3.54
40

1.09
1.27
4.08
2.00
1.09
1.91
41

1.34
1.25
3.06
3.73
2.09
2.29
42

1.05
1.40
4.25
1.55
1.82
2.01
43

1.74
1.56
4.04
3.55
1.45
2.47
F

1.8
1.66
3.96
2.83
1.96
2.44
14



(Sig)

1


63.26
.000

2


182.29
.000

3


668.36
.000

4


243.02
.000

15


r
(Sig)

1


0.390
0.01

2


-0.645
0.00

3


0.015
0.83

Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 4 – 2019
29
    √

01



02

1830
3145
4659
60
03





04




05

3
47
8









5
4
3
2
1
A
Privac y
01

02

03

04

05

B
Views
06

07

08

09

10

11

C
Comfort & Control
12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19


20

21

D
Interior Appearance
22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

E
Family Support
36

37

38

F
Facilities
39

40

41

42

43

Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 1 – 2019
30
1
1

2

3Mean

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
 18- 30 31- 45 46- 59 
 

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
   

  
 






2
1.33
3
3
3
2.9
2.15
4.32
4.55
4.42
0 1 2 3 4 5





   


Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 4 – 2019
31
4Mean

5Mean

6Mean

2.33
1.33
3
2
2
3.27
2.26
4.11
2.14
2.44
0 1 2 3 4 5





    


2.07
1.21
2.35
1.86
2.07
4.02
2.46
4.36
3.74
3.63
0 1 2 3 4 5





    


1.83
1.41
2.5
1.58
1.91
4.17
2.6
4.55
3.59
3.49
0 1 2 3 4 5





    


Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences / Volume 6 - Number 1 – 2019
32
7Mean

8Mean

1.33
1.17
2
1.67
1.5
2.85
2.4
4.26
4.5
3.97
0 1 2 3 4 5





    


1.17
1.17
2.33
1.83
1.83
1.8
1.66
3.96
2.83
1.96
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5





   


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The impact of IEQ on occupants’ satisfaction in Malaysian buildings
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2017
This paper focuses on the importance of occupant satisfaction with indoor environmental quality in buildings as well as the effect of indoor environmental quality towards occupants’ satisfaction. This research applied post-occupancy evaluation as a method to indicate the building occupants’ needs, their satisfaction and comfort level. The research is based on a case study approach whereby a questionnaire survey was conducted among 25 organizations involved in managing office buildings. A total of 115 questionnaires were returned for evaluation of occupants’ overall satisfaction from aspects of indoor environmental quality in these buildings and to determine the occupants’ satisfaction level within these buildings. The findings revealed that indoor environment factors that could contribute to occupants’ satisfaction consists of lighting, air quality and aesthetic perception. These classifications were made based on the factor analysis done with 22 attributes of the indoor environment. The majority of occupants are satisfied with their health conditions and do not face any serious health problems. However, occupants highlighted that some environmental conditions, health effects, air movement, ventilation and air freshness are important criteria for their satisfaction and comfort. This study provides insights into how occupants perceive their indoor environment and comfort, and identify problems that could arise in buildings.
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Healing Environment in Paediatric Wards: From Research to Practice
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2013
Best practices was created to helps designers in the creation of more conducive healing environment in paediatric wards. This is benefited to designers in creating spaces not only base on their assumptions. The evaluation focuses the newer paediatric wards in the Klang Valley area. Case study is the strategy involved 3 paediatric wards. Personal on-site observation and evaluation, questionnaires, and documentations are the selected methods. This paper revealed that best practices suggested were not fully implemented. Therefore, it is best for all bodies related to should be made aware of their obligations for a better quality environment in paediatric wards.
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Effects of interior design on wellness: Theory and recent scientific research
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 1991
  • J Health Care Interior Des Proc
To summarize briefly, key general points in this presentation include the following: To promote wellness, healthcare facilities should be designed to support patients in coping with stress. As general compass points for designers, scientific research suggests that healthcare environments will support coping with stress and promote wellness if they are designed to foster: 1. Sense of control; 2. Access to social support; 3. Access to positive distractions, and lack of exposure to negative distractions; A growing amount of scientific evidence suggests that nature elements or views can be effective as stress-reducing, positive distractions that promote wellness in healthcare environments. In considering the needs of different types of users of healthcare facilities--patients, visitors, staff--it should be kept in mind that these groups sometimes have conflicting needs or orientations with respect to control, social support, and positive distractions. It is important for designers to recognize such differing orientations as potential sources of conflict and stress in health facilities (Schumaker and Pequegnat, 1989). For instance, a receptionist in a waiting area may understandably wish to control the programs on a television that he or she is continuously exposed to; however, patients in the waiting area may experience some stress if they cannot select the programs or elect to turn off the television. Some staff may prefer bright, arousing art for corridors and patient rooms where they spend much of their time; however, for many patients, such art may increase rather than reduce stress. A difficult but important challenge for designers is to be sensitive to such group differences in orientations, and try to assess the gains or losses for one group vis-a-vis the other in attempting to achieve the goal of psychologically supportive design. Designers should also consider programs or strategies that combine or mesh different stress-reducing components. For example, it seems possible that a program enabling patients to select at least some of their wall art or pictures would foster both control and access to positive distraction. As another example, the theory outlined in this paper suggests that an "artist-in-residence" program, wherein an artist with a caring, supportive disposition would work with patients, might foster social support in addition to control and access to positive distraction. Running through this presentation is the conviction that scientific research can be useful in informing the intuition, sensitivity, and creativity of designers, and thereby can help to create psychologically supportive healthcare environments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Supportive Design-Scandinvian Health Care Design”, World Hospitals and health Services: the official journal of the International Hospital Federation
  • Alan - Dilani
  • Psychosocially
Social Science Research Methodology: Concepts, Methods and Computer Application
  • G - Kanire
Evidence based design in healthcare: Integrating user perception in automated space layout
  • Y - Zhao
Evidence-Bsaed Healthcare Design: A Theoretical Approach to a substance Abuse treatment Facility Interior design
  • Cecilia - Escobar
Environmental Correlative of Negative Emotion in Children
  • C - Thurber
  • J Malinouski
Healing Environments in Children’s Care”, the Saudi forum for planning and design hospitals
  • Marc Eggert