Artificial Intelligence, between Opportunity and Challenge

Abstract

As part of the 4th Industrial Revolution, the emergence of Artificial Intelligence will change almost all economic activities, and it will create enormous social and economic opportunities. It will also pose major challenges, accompanied by ethical dilemmas.

The present study focuses on the perceptions of current employees predominantly from the IT area, on the development of AI. The aim is to capture the attitudes they have towards the emergence and the development of AI, the impact that it might have on certain sectors of social life and people in general. We sought for the 280 online surveyed subjects to have been employed for at least 6 months, assuming that being already anchored in their professional lives might reduce their biasness. The working methodology allowed us to process and interpret data both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results of the study could be used to predict possible changes that could occur in the future as an effect of the development of Artificial Intelligence, but also to reduce the negative impact that it could have.

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BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience
ISSN: 2068-0473 | e-ISSN: 2067-3957
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2019, Volume 10, Issue 4, pages: 40-55 | doi:10.18662/brain/04
Artificial
Intelligence,
between
Opportunity and
Challenge
Liliana CISMARIU¹,
Vasile GHERHEŞ2
1 Politehnica University of Timisoara,
Romania, Piaţa Victoriei 2, Timişoara
300006, Tel: +40-256 404014,
liliana.cismariu@upt.ro
2 Politehnica University of Timisoara,
Romania, Piaţa Victoriei 2, Timişoara
300006, Tel: +40-256 404014,
vasile.gherheș@upt.ro
Abstract: As part of the 4th Industrial Revolution, the emergence of
Artificial Intelligence will change almost all economic activities, and it
will create enormous social and economic opportunities. It will also pose
major challenges, accompanied by ethical dilemmas. The present study
focuses on the perceptions of current employees predominantly from the IT
area, on the development of AI. The aim is to capture the attitudes they
have towards the emergence and the development of AI, the impact that it
might have on certain sectors of social life and people in general. We
sought for the 280 online surveyed subjects to have been employed for at
least 6 months, assuming that being already anchored in their
professional lives might reduce their biasness. The working methodology
allowed us to process and interpret data both quantitatively and
qualitatively. The results of the study could be used to predict possible
changes that could occur in the future as an effect of the development of
Artificial Intelligence, but also to reduce the negative impact that it could
have.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; impact; social life; employed.
How to cite: Cismariu, L., & Gherheş, V. (2019). Artificial
Intelligence, between Opportunity and Challenge. BRAIN.
Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 10(4), 40-
55. doi:10.18662/brain/04

Artificial Intelligence, between Opportunity and Challenge
Liliana CISMARIU, Vasile GHERHEŞ
41
Introduction
At the moment, Artificial Intelligence may be one of the most
attractive subjects for researchers from almost all fields. We find ourselves at
the stage in which digital evolution is enhancing human abilities and slowly
replacing people in many activities. We still do not know yet what humanity
will look like in the age of artificial intelligence and what changes it will
effect on the structure of society. The development of AI poses certain
existential questions to which we still do not have an answer. There are
many fields in which AI applications are expected to have a positive impact
on society: transportation (autonomous, electric vehicles, predicting and
avoiding traffic jams, etc.), medicine (disease monitorization and treatment,
reducing faulty diagnoses, etc.), economy, environment protection (reducing
pollution), citizen safety, etc.
Nevertheless, there are also fears connected to AI development,
such as intelligent weapons, human replacement, cyber-attacks etc.
(Nadimpalli, 2017; Osoba & Welser IV, 2017; Scharre, 2016). Stephen
Hawking, Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak, or Bill Gates (Musk, 2014; Gates,
2008) are just some of the personalities that have openly shared their
concerns about super-intelligent AI systems. Even if at the moment we find
ourselves at the stage in which we can only talk about narrow AI (Kurzweil,
2005), we are moving fast towards the development of artificial general
intelligence (AGI), namely AI machines which could be as intelligent as
humans, and could carry out any intellectual task (Pennachin & Goertzel,
2007). Elon Musk together with Microsoft are currently investing a billion
dollars in this business.
The way in which AI is perceived by the public may very well
influence the way in which AI is developed, implemented, and regulated.
During the Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humans study, carried out in
2018, 979 pioneers of technology, innovators, developers, business and
political leaders, researchers, and activists answered questions regarding the
challenges and fears they had about the development of AI. They also put
forth a number of suggestions about a better future.
“The five most-often mentioned concerns were: 1) the use of AI
reduces individuals’ control over their lives; 2) surveillance and data systems
designed primarily for efficiency, profit and control are inherently
dangerous; 3) displacement of human jobs by AI will widen economic and
digital divides, possibly leading to social upheaval; 4) individuals’ cognitive,
social and survival skills will be diminished as they become dependent on

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AI; and 5) citizens will face increased vulnerabilities, such as exposure to
cybercrime and cyberwarfare that spin out of control and the possibility that
essential organizations are endangered by weaponized information. A few
also worried about the wholesale destruction of humanity.” (Anderson &
Rainie, 2018).
During a study on AI carried out in Romania (Gherheş & Obrad,
2018), we noticed that there is a positive attitude towards the emergence of
AI, since it is considered as having a positive influence on society. Most
respondents describe themselves as optimistic when thinking about what
might happen in the future due to the development of AI. However, another
study reveals the opposite sentiment: that devices equipped with AI will
affect interpersonal relationships, that there will be fewer jobs for people,
that economic crises will emerge, that it will be used to manufacture
intelligent weapons, increase military conflicts, take control of humanity and,
last but not least, destroy mankind. (Gherheș, 2018a). Another likely
scenario is that the development of AI devices will lead to the advent of
sophisticated robots, and new jobs. The participants believe that, in the
future, AI development will lead to better medical care and that human
health will improve. The respondents also believe that human comfort will
increase and that entities / devices equipped with AI will exceed human
intelligence, becoming independent and capable of thinking and acting by
themselves. (Gherheș, 2018b).
In the Eurobarometer on Attitudes towards the Impact of Digitisation and
Automation on Daily Life (n.d.), 68% of respondents agree that robots and
artificial intelligence are good for society because they help in day to day
tasks.
Starting from the ideas above and the conclusions of the
aforementioned studies, we set ourselves the goal of eliciting a number of
reactions and answers from those who will be the main beneficiaries of AI
development: the people employed in IT.
Methodology
Building our work tool started from a number of questions: is there
enough information about AI and its applications among the target
population? What are the attitudes of employees in the IT sector regarding
the emergence and development of AI? What are the opportunities and
challenges that AI can bring in the future?
The tool that we used in order to gather the data was the
anonymous, online questionnaire, posted on the Isondaje.ro platform (an

Artificial Intelligence, between Opportunity and Challenge
Liliana CISMARIU, Vasile GHERHEŞ
43
online survey service). We opted for the online questionnaire due to it being
fast, inexpensive, and the easy access to the database it provides. 280 people
answered our questionnaire, which is not a representative sample for the
studied population, but due to this being a pilot study, the answers might
help sketch certain tendencies vis-à-vis the phenomenon.
One first goal of our survey was to identify the associations that the
respondents make when they think of the term “artificial intelligence.” Most
respondents (51.8%) envisage robots and computers, first and foremost,
categories which are then followed by those associated with science (31.1%).
Figure 1. The degree to which the respondents considered themselves
informed about AI
As can be noticed in Figure 1, most respondents (47%) consider
themselves to be relatively informed about the subject of artificial
intelligence. When it comes to the other answer variants, we notice a
mirrored distribution, in that the percentage of those who consider
themselves very well informed (4%) is almost the same as they one of those
who consider themselves uninformed (3%).
We come across a similar situation in the case of those respondents
who declare themselves to be sufficiently informed (21%), and those who
claim to be insufficiently informed (25%) when it comes to artificial
intelligence. The topic has grown in popularity recently, which is why most
interviewees declared that they heard about it during the current week
(39.3%), and month (29.6%). These categories are followed by those who
well informed
4%
sufficinetly
informed
21%
relatively
informed
47%
insufficiently
informed
25%
infromed very
little /
uninformed
3%
How informed do you consider yourself to be in relation to the
subject of "artificial intelligence"?

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say they heard people talking about AI during the past few months (14.3%),
and during this year (9.6%).
The perception of the manner in which the topic of AI was
presented to them was positive for more than half of those questioned
(54.6%). The following category is made up of those who considered that
the manner in which the information was presented to them was neutral
(40.4%). It seems that only 5% of our respondents consider that AI was
presented negatively to them.
Generally, the respondents manifested a positive attitude towards the
accelerated development of AI. By cumulating the answer variants a good thing
and a relatively good thing to the question aimed at uncovering the respondents’
attitude (In your opinion, the accelerated development of artificial intelligence is…) we
obtain a total score of 65.6%, which demonstrates that more than half of the
interviewees view the development of AI positively. There is also the category
of those people who believe that the accelerated development of AI is a rather
bad thing, but their percentage stands at only 7.2.
Closely connected to this subject is the fact that for more than half
of the respondents (67.9%) the accelerated development of AI does not
represent a reason for concern (Are you worried about the rapid development of
artificial intelligence?). There is, however, a category of people who claim to be
concerned about the development of AI (24.3%), to which we can add the
category of those who are undecided (7.9%).
A confirmation of the respondents’ positive attitude towards the
emergence and development of AI devices results from their answers to the
question Do you believe that the development of artificial intelligence will influence
society’s evolution positively? By analyzing the results, we find that 65.4% of
respondents are optimistic about AI’s influence on society. The pessimists
register only a score of 20.7%.
As you can see in the figure below, the year when most respondents
think that AI will exceed human intellectual performance is 2030 (21.4%). A
more long-term perspective, the year 2100, is taken into consideration by
15% of the respondents, whereas 11.8% believe 2050 to be the watershed
moment. We can’t afford to neglect the category of those who don’t
know/won’t answer, representing almost a third of all answers (33.2%).

Artificial Intelligence, between Opportunity and Challenge
Liliana CISMARIU, Vasile GHERHEŞ
45
Figure 2. The estimated moment when AI will exceed the intellectual
performance
When they had to answer in what fields they believe AI will
outperform humans, as we can notice in the table below (Table 1), more
than half of the participants consider that, in the future, artificial intelligence
will overtake humans first and foremost in the automotive industry,
followed by agriculture, banking, fire-fighting, and public transport. At the
other end, the fields where more than 50% of people believe that AI will not
be superior to humans are: artistic creation, education, citizen safety.
Medicine/surgery also registered a high score (46.1%). Surprisingly, when it
comes to the military field, only 41.8% of participants consider that AI will
be superior to humans, even though it is well known that the military
industry is investing heavily in AI. The military is the field with where most
interviewees opted for the don’t know/won’t answer variant.
Table 1 The fields in which AI is believed to become superior to humans
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
now until 2020 until 2030 until 2040 until 2050 until 2100 DK, NA
When will artificial intelligence exceed human intellectual
performace?
Yes
No
DK/NA
In which of the
following field
do you believe
that artificial
intelligence will
exceed humans?
the automotive industry
87.1%
6.8%
6.1%
courier and package delivery services
62.5%
28.2%
9.3%
public transport
53.6%
34.6%
11.8%
medicine/surgery
35.7%
46.1%
18.2%
the military
41.8%
36.1%
22.1%
agriculture
66.1%
20.0%
13.9%

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Another important detail highlighted by the study was that 56.1% of
the respondents totally agree that AI should replace humans in certain jobs
and activities. Only 19.6% disagreed with this idea, while only 12.5%
declared themselves indifferent. The respondents’ confidence in AI carrying
out certain tasks is very high (34.6%), or total (in 29% of the answers)
especially when it comes to administrative work in public institutions. When
it comes to AI performing surgery on a relative, the scores were 10.4% for
total trust, and 22.9% for the a lot of trust answer variant. 8.6% of the
respondents trust AI completely to give a medical diagnosis, whereas 33.6%
declare themselves as having a lot of trust in AI to do this. AI piloting a
passenger airplane scored 13.9% for the total trust answer variant, and
30,4% for the a lot of trust answer. For these two answer variants, AI
driving a vehicle scored 16.1% and 33.9%, respectively.
Closely connected to this, another question posed to the
questionnaire respondents was whether they would agree with their family
using an autonomous (i.e. self-driving) car, if they knew that the accident risk
was lower for these types of cars than for those with a driver. By adding up
the number of answers for a very high degree and a high degree answer variants,
we can observe a preponderantly positive attitude towards this idea. The
category of skeptical answers scored 29% of the total, by cumulating the
answer variants to a small degree and to a very small degree.
the banking system
65.7%
21.4%
12.9%
citizen safety
29.6%
52.5%
17.9%
fire-fighting
55.7%
30.4%
13.9%
education
21.8%
63.6%
14.6%
artistic creation
13.9%
76.1%
10.0%

Artificial Intelligence, between Opportunity and Challenge
Liliana CISMARIU, Vasile GHERHEŞ
47
Figure 3. Permission to use an autonomous car by your family members
What are the most likely consequences of AI development in the
future? How will the new technologies change our lives? Will new jobs
appear? Will we learn how to use material resources more efficiently? Will
human comfort increase? Will human life expectancy increase? These were
the questions that the respondents were asked, with emphasis on the most
probable results of AI development and its benefits in the future. The
probability of building sophisticated robots garnered most answers by
cumulating the quite likely and very likely answer categories (87.1%). Another
positive consequence of AI development is the emergence of new jobs, as
illustrated by the figure below. The high percentages scored by the quite likely
(33.6%) and very likely (48.9%) answer variants lead us to the conclusion that
in the respondents’ opinion this is a very probable outcome. There are
studies (The Future Laboratory and Microsoft, n.d.) which foresee that 65%
of today’s pupils are likely to have jobs that are not yet in existence.
to a very high
degree
[PERCENTAGE]
to a high degree
[PERCENTAGE] to a small degree
[PERCENTAGE]
to a very small
degree
[PERCENTAGE]
don't know/won't
answer
[PERCENTAGE]
To what degree would you agree with your family using an
autonomous car if you knew that its accident rates are lower than
those of drivers?

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Figure 4. Estimating the chances of emerging new jobs in the labor market
Enhancing human comfort is also considered to be a possible
consequence of AI development. 38.6% of our respondents consider this
very likely, while 43.9% believe the outcome is quite likely.
Table 2. Perception of AI development on healthcare and the use of
material resources
What do you believe will be the
most likely consequences of AI
development?
Medical services will
improve
We will use natural
resources more
efficiently
Very unlikely
3.9%
5%
Unlikely
3.6%
7.9%
Neutral
9.3%
11.8%
Quite likely
45.7%
37.9%
Very likely
33.6%
32.1%
Don’t know / Won’t answer
3.9%
5.4%
Total
100.0%
100.0%
In our participants’ opinion, using material resources more efficiently
(Table 2) is a possible consequence of AI development (as you can in the
table above, more than two thirds of those interviewed believe this is likely).
In close connection to this, the decrease of pollution is another scenario that
our respondents were asked to consider. However, the numbers are not that
high. Each of the answer variants, very likely and likely, scored 23.2%. The
skeptics represent 27.5%, which tells us that almost one third of all the
Very
unlikely: 3.2
Unlikely:
3.2
Neutral: 7.9
Quite likely:
33.6
Very Likely:
48.9
Don't
know/Won't
answer: 3.2
There will be new jobs

Artificial Intelligence, between Opportunity and Challenge
Liliana CISMARIU, Vasile GHERHEŞ
49
respondents are reluctant to believe that pollution will decrease in the future
as a result of AI development.
Table 3. Perception regarding AI development and its effects on human
abilities and health
What do you believe will be the
most likely consequences of AI
development?
Human health
will improve
significantly
It will lead to the appearance
of humans who enhance
themselves with the help of
technology
Very unlikely
4.3%
7.9%
Unlikely
10.4%
7.1%
Neutral
12.5%
16.8%
Quite likely
35.7%
31.8%
Very likely
32.9%
27.9%
Don’t know / Won’t answer
4.3%
8.6%
Total
100.0%
100.0%
A high degree of confidence in the scenario that human health will
improve significantly due to AI also registered high scores. Observing the
data in Table 3, we can see that almost two thirds of our participants see this
as a likely outcome. Similarly, more than half of our interviewees believe that
the development of AI will lead to the appearance of individuals who will
enhance their abilities with the help of AI.
Table 4. Perception of AI development on people's longevity
What do you believe will be the most
likely consequences of AI
development??
Human life-
expectancy will
increase
People will become
immortal
Very unlikely
6.8%
63.9%
Unlikely
17.1%
12.1%
Neutral
20.7%
10.7%
Quite likely
25.7%
3.2%
Very likely
22.1%
2.9%
Don’t know / Won’t answer
7.9%
7.1%
Total
100.0%
100.0%
Besides the fact that the future will see substantial improvements in
human health as a result of AI development, about 50% of our respondents
consider that human life-expectancy will also increase (Table 4). The same
thing cannot be said about the assertion that people will become immortal,

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where all answer variants garnered only 6.1%. Moreover, almost two thirds
of the participants believe it is very unlikely to happen in the future.
Table 5. Perception about the development of AI regarding social equity
and work performance
What do you believe will be the
most likely consequences of AI
development??
There will be
more social
equity
People will no longer have
to work. Robots will do the
work for them
Very unlikely
15.4%
16.1%
Unlikely
28.9%
28.8%
Neutral
27.5%
22.1%
Quite likely
10.7%
21.1%
Very likely
8.6%
9.8%
Don’t know / Won’t answer
8.9%
4.3%
Total
100.0%
100.0%
There is not a lot of optimism regarding social equity (Table 5), most
respondents declaring themselves neutral towards this idea (27.5%). By
cumulating the numbers for the quite unlikely and very unlikely answer variants,
we obtain a score that corroborates the statement above. The idea that in the
future robots will do most jobs so people no longer have to work is also a
scenario that most respondents do not agree with. Although there are many
studies foreshadowing the replacement of humans with robots, it seems that
our research participants are not that convinced by these predictions. Only
30.9% of them believe this will happen, 34.9% are skeptical, whereas 22.1%
declare themselves neutral.
The list of scenarios that we put forth to our respondents included a
set of possible negative consequences that might come about in the future as
a result of AI development. The most believable scenario to our participants
is that AI will be used to create intelligent weapons (Figure 5), as shown by
the high scores registered on both very likely (45.7%) and quite likely (31.1%)
answer variants.

Artificial Intelligence, between Opportunity and Challenge
Liliana CISMARIU, Vasile GHERHEŞ
51
Figure 5. Consequences of AI development
Another situation that our respondents consider likely in the future
is that there will be fewer jobs for people. Cumulating the numbers for those
who declared that this outcome is quite likely and very likely yields a score of
72.8%. The third scenario for which the quite likely and very likely answer
variants scored high was the one in which international cyber-attacks were
going to take place. In this case, the two answer variants mentioned before
cumulated 69.3%. In the respondents’ opinion, it is very probable that in the
future intelligent weapons will be controlled by people (cumulating the quite
likely and very likely answer variants yielded 64.7%). This is connected to the
conviction that AI will be used to create intelligent weapons.
For the statement that artificial intelligence will lead to the escalation of
military conflicts, we notice that the respondents’ opinion believe this, too, is a
likely scenario in the future (very likely – 15%, quite likely – 26.1%). These
categories are followed by those who are undecided (21.8%). Cumulatively,
29.2% of our interviewees consider that the development of artificial
intelligence will aggravate military conflicts.
Table 6. Perception about AI development and interpersonal relationships
What do you believe will be the most
likely consequences of AI
development??
AI devices and entities
will impact inter-human
relationships negatively
Losing control
over personal
information is a
risk
Very unlikely
7.9%
7.9%
Unlikely
15.7%
17.5%
Neutral
20.4%
16.4%
Very
unlikely: 2.1
Unlikely:
4.3
Neutral: 9.6
Quite likely:
31.1
Very likely:
45.7
Don't know
/ Won't
answer:7.1
Artificial intelligence will be used to create
intelligent weapons

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Quite likely
21.4%
27.9%
Very likely
29.6%
25.0%
Don’t know / Won’t answer
5.0%
5.4%
Total
100.0%
100.0%
The risk of losing personal information and the fact that AI devices
and entities will have a negative impact on inter-human relationships are
other two scenarios that more than half of the participants see as likely in the
future (Table 6). The number of respondents who do not believe that in the
future inter-human relationships will be impacted negatively by AI
devices/entities is relatively small (very unlikely – 7.9%, and unlikely – 15.7%),
which is a somewhat similar situation with the answer variants for those who
do not believe that there is a risk of losing personal information (very unlikely
– 7.9%, and unlikely – 17.5%).
Table 7. Possible consequences of AI development
What do you believe will be the most
likely consequences of AI
development?
Artificial intelligence will
consider humans to be a
threat
Humanity will
be destroyed by
AI
Very unlikely
27.5%
23.6%
Unlikely
27.9%
26.4%
Neutral
16,1%
19.3%
Quite likely
11.1%
11.4%
Very likely
7.1%
8.6%
Don’t know / Won’t answer
10.4%
10.7%
Total
100.0%
100.0%
As you can see in the table above (Table 7), the responses for the
scenario in which artificial intelligence will start to believe that humans are a
threat embodies a reversal of the attitudes above: 27.9% of the participants
consider this scenario very unlikely, whereas 27.5% are in the unlikely category.
These are the answer variants with the highest scores, 55.4%, of all the
responses to this question.
The last scenario in our questionnaire was whether humanity will be
destroyed by artificial intelligence. Most participants consider the apocalyptic
situation as unlikely (26.4%) and very unlikely (23.6%). At the opposite end, we
see a 19.3% score obtained by cumulating the quite likely (11.4%) and very
likely (8.6%) answer variants.

Artificial Intelligence, between Opportunity and Challenge
Liliana CISMARIU, Vasile GHERHEŞ
53
Conclusions
The results show that most participants associate the notion of AI
with robots and computers. They also consider themselves as being
moderately well informed about AI. Almost 40% of them heard people talk
about the subject this week, whereas approximately 30%, this month. In
other words, at the moment, AI represents an interesting topic of
conversation. More than half of those questioned (54.6%) declared that the
information reaching them about AI was positive. It is possible that this
positivity has influenced the respondents’ positive attitude towards the fast-
moving development of AI, since they believe it will have a positive impact
on society. The general belief is that AI will surpass humans in the
automotive industry, followed by agriculture, the banking system, fire-
fighting, and public transportation.
Most respondents who work in IT would agree that AI should
replace people in certain jobs and activities. The highest percentages were in
favor of AI replacing people in doing all administrative work in public
institutions (the respondents’ confidence in AI carrying out this task is very
high – 34.6% - or total, in 29% of the cases). They also manifested a
predominantly positive attitude (68%) towards the idea of their family using
a driverless car if they knew that such cars presented a lower risk of
accidents.
Regarding the benefits that the development of AI would bring,
most interviewees believe that we would have sophisticated robots, new
jobs, greater human comfort, more efficient use of material resources, less
pollution, and that human health would improve. At the other hand, the
greatest fears connected to AI development take the shape of intelligent
weapons, fewer jobs, cyber-attacks, losing personal information, and AI
devices / entities negatively affecting inter-human relationships, etc.
As we can see, AI elicits both positive reactions towards its
development, as well as fears. The manner in which the information about
its impact on society will be introduced, will influence the way opinions and
behaviors are formed, but also the way in which the population will either
accept or reject AI technologies.
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Artificial Intelligence, between Opportunity and Challenge
Liliana CISMARIU, Vasile GHERHEŞ
55
Biodata
Liliana CISMARIU (b. Nov 5, 1970) received his BSc in
Psychology (1997), PhD in Organizational Psychology
(2014) and now she is currently a PhD student in
Communication Sciences from "Babes-Bolyai" University
of Cluj-Napoca. She is associate professor of Department
of Communication and Foreign Languages from
Politehnica University of Timişoara. Her current research
interests include different aspects of Artifcial Intelligence and how the new
technologies influence the communication process. She participated in many
national and international conferences and she wrote many articles related to
Open Learning, Entrepreneurial aspects, Social Media and MOOCs.
Vasile GHERHEŞ (b. November 17, 1973) received his
PhD in sociology at the University of Bucharest, with a
thesis on the virtual communities. Currently he is associate
professor of communication and Department chair in the
Department of Communication and Foreign Languages at
Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania. He wrote 6
books as an author, co-author and coordinator, numerous
papers and carried out local, regional and national surveys on a variety of
topics, ranging from the impact of the new technologies on society and the
influence of the Social Media on users to Artificial Intelligence.