Dünyada genetiği değiştirilmiş ürünler pazar yapısı ve sosyo-ekonomik değerlendirme

Abstract

Ticari üretiminin 22. yılında GD bitkiler global düzeyde 1,5 milyar hektar ekilebilir arazinin yaklaşık % 12’sinde yetiştirilmektedir. Bu bitkiler 2016 yılında özellikleri açısından; % 47 HT (herbisit toleranslı), % 12 Bt (insekt toleranslı) ve % 41 yığın özellikli ve tür açısından; soya fasulyesi (% 50), mısır (% 22), pamuk (% 12), kanola (% 5) ve diğer türler (% 11) şeklinde sınıfandırılmıştır. Genetik mühendisliği sayesinde hâlihazırdaki ürünler dışında yakın gelecekte; endüstriyel üretime daha uygun, farmasötik sanayi için önemli girdileri üretebilen, besleyici özelliği zenginleştirilmiş, kuraklık gibi zor iklim koşullarına, tuzluluk ve
uygun olmayan pH seviyesi gibi çevresel stres faktörlerine ve zararlılara karşı dayanıklılığı arttırılmış türlerin üretilmesi planlanmaktadır. Günümüzde üretilen GD bitkilerin çiftçilere ve üretici ülkelere fayda sağladığı çeşitli çalışmalarda belirtilmiştir. Sürdürülebilirlik ve sosyo-ekonomik değerlendirme çalışmalarında bu ürünlerin avantaj ve potansiyel faydaları açıklanmıştır. Ancak GD ürünlerin kamuoyu tarafından kabul gördüğünü söylemek mümkün değildir. Bunun öncelikli nedenleri, alanla ilgili bilinmezlikler, önyargılar ve olası risk unsurlarının yarattığı endişe durumu olabilir. GD bitkiler hakkında oluşturulan risk analiz raporları da bu bitkilerin insan sağlığına ve ekosisteme etkisini değerlendiren deneysel çalışmaların yapılması konusuna vurgu yapmaktadır. Gelecekte dünyayı besleme ve alternatif enerji kaynaklarının üretimi hususunda faydalı olabileceğinden bahsedilen bu ürünlerin potansiyelinden yararlanabilmek için üretim öncesinde uzman ekiplerin işbirliğiyle sağlık, biyogüvenlik ve sürdürülebilirlik yönüyle çeşitli Ar-Ge çalışmalarının yapılması önem taşımaktadır.

Full text

85
www.veteriner.org.tr/tr/dergi
Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper
Dünyada genetiği değiştirilmiş ürünler pazar yapısı
ve sosyo-ekonomik değerlendirme
Tuğba SARIHAN ŞAHİN*, Yılmaz ARAL**, Arzu GÖKDAİ*
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



    

 
   

     
   
      
      
    
   
     



    
    
    
    

     
      
    
   
    
    
    
   
    
    

Anahtar sözcükler: 
   

     
     

      




        
     

     

 

            


86 www.veteriner.org.tr/tr/dergi
       
       
     
     

     



       
     

      





       






     


Keywords:   
   


     
     






   
   
     

      
      
  

    
    
      

     
      
    

    
      
  

    

   
      

     
  

   

   
    
Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper

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www.veteriner.org.tr/tr/dergi
Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper
    
    
    
     

 
   
    
     
      
      
      
    
      

      
    




     
   
 

     
    
    
    
    
    
      
     
      
     

     
     
     


     
     
    
    

     






      

    
    

    
    
     
      
     
   
       
     
       
     
   
    
     
      

88 www.veteriner.org.tr/tr/dergi
     
     



   
  
  
    
 aşı    
 çalışmalarısürmektedir 
      
   
hücre, doku ve organların 
     
      
     
  büyüyen     
      çevre
kirletici madde içeren
    
 
    
    
    
    
     

     
 Tüm bunların kimliklendirilmesi 
Dünya

    

       

 
    
    
   
   
  
“       
     

   

  
    
    
    
    
     
     
     
      

     
    
   

     
     
    
      
    
    
   


    

Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper

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Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper
    
     
    
    
    

    
    
 
      
      
    
    
    
     
      
      
     
      

      
    
    
    
     
     
    

    


    
   
      


    
    
    
    
     
      
       
     
    
    
    
     
    
    
    

      
     

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    
    
      
      
    


   
     
       
      
    
      
     
      


90 www.veteriner.org.tr/tr/dergi
     
      
      
      
   
       
      
     
     
     
     

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     
    
      
      
     
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      

     
     


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    
       
      
    
    
       
    
       
       
    
    

   

    
    
  

   
     
    





  
       
    
    
     
      

    
     

       


     
    

      
 
    
     
Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper

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Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper

     

     
    
       


      
      

     
    
    
    
     


    
    
     
     

  
     

Global area of biotech crops, 1996-2016
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

92 www.veteriner.org.tr/tr/dergi
     
      
  
      
       
alan    

     
    



     
     
    


      
      
     
      
     

     
      
     


     
    
     



      
   

    
     
     
 
     

     
    
    


      

Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper

Distribution of biotech crops by crop, between 2015 and 2016, million hectare
      
      
    22  
      
      
      
      
      
      
      

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www.veteriner.org.tr/tr/dergi
Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper

     
     
     
    
    
    
 
   

      


Distribution of biotech crops by country between 2015 and 2016, million hectares
      
      
2      
      
  6 6 
  6 6 
6  2 2 
  2 2 
  2 2 
      
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
22       
       
       
       
26       
       
       
      

94 www.veteriner.org.tr/tr/dergi
    

     
      


 :     
    


      




   
    
      



    

    
   
   
      
     

    
     
    

  
    
   
    
       
  

    
     


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

     
     

     
      

      
      

    
       
    
      
    
   
    
   

    
  


   

    
Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper

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Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper
    
      
    
    
  
     
    
    
    
2

      

      
    
     
     
       
 

 
 
  

     

     
     
 

      
    
     
      
   

     
    
      
     
     

     
    
      
     

   
      
     
    
     
        
     
     
      
      

      
    
    
       
     
     
  
     
    
     

     
  
    

96 www.veteriner.org.tr/tr/dergi
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
     


   
    
      
       
  

     
       
     
    
      



    
    
    
    
     
      
    
    
    
      
     

    
    

     
     

   
      
      

     
      



    
     

   
 

       
      
     
     

     
    
      
      


   
    
      


    
       
       

Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper

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Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper
     
   
     

 
    

      
    
    

     

   




     
      

       
     



       
    
       
     

    
      

     
     

    
     
     

      
       

    
    

    


   




       


     
     
   
     


     
     
     
 
   
   

98 www.veteriner.org.tr/tr/dergi

     
    

    

      
    
  

       

    
     
    
      
   


      
   
    

    


     
   
    

    

     
     


     

    
     

       
      


      

       
     



   



     


     
   
     

     
    
     
   

     
     
     
     
Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper

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Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper
    
    
    
   
      
       
     
      
     
     
     
    
     

    

    
     
     
      



 
      
     
    
    
      
    

     


     
 
      
    
    
     
     
 
     
     

     
     
  
    
    
    


    
    
      


    

   
    

    
  


      
    
     


100 www.veteriner.org.tr/tr/dergi

     
      

    


Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt)     


     
     
      

    Bacillus thuringiensis
     
     

     

    
     
     


        
    Bacillus thuringiensis
    
      
    




     
    
   


     
  
   
    
     
     
Tablo 4: GD ürünlerden çilik seviyesinde elde edilen ekonomik kazanımlar ve verimlilik * (7, 21)
Table 4: Economic gains and productivity of biotech crops at farm level*
1996-2014 1996-2015 2014 2015
Ekonomik Kazanımlar
Toplam (Milyar $) 150,3 167,8 17,8 15,4
a. 
(milyar $, %) 52,6 (%35) 46,9 (%28) 2,7 (%15) 2,3 ( %15)
b. (milyar $, %) 97,7 (%65) 120,9 (%72) 15,1(%85) 13,1 (%85)
Verimlilik (Milyon ton)
Toplam 514,7 574 75 65,8
a.  158,4 180,3 20,2 21,9
b.  322,4 358,0 50,8 40,3
c.  24,7 25,2 2,9 2,2
d.  9,2 10,6 1,2 1,4
* Azalan pestisit ve işçilik maliyetlerine bağlı olarak
Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper

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Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper

      
     
     
     

     
    


      
      
   
        

      
     
    


     


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

 
     

      


      
    
     
     
     
     
     
      
    
     
        
       
    

     
     
      
     

    
    
    

       
   

    


    

    

    

    
       
     



102 www.veteriner.org.tr/tr/dergi

     

   
    
       
     
     
     

    

    
     
     
   
   
    
      
    
     
    
   
       
    
   
     
    

    
     


     
    
   
     
 


    
       
    

   

    

   
   
    
       
     
    
  
    
    

       
     
     
 



    
    
    
   
    

    
Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper

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Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper
      
     

    




    
      
     
     


    

     
    
     
     
    
    
    
     
     
  
  
      
     
     
    
    
    
   


     
     

    
    
   
     
      
     
   

     

 
     
   
   
      
    


      
    
      



     
     
     
     
     
   
    
   
      

104 www.veteriner.org.tr/tr/dergi
    


    

     


     
      
    
    




    



    
    

     
    
   
     
     
   
   

  
      
    
    
     

      
     

    
    
     
     
    
   

     
    
   
    
    
     
     

    
    
    
   

    
      
    
    
    
    
   

     
     
    
Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper

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Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper
    
    
    
    
      
     

    
    


  

   
  
    
    
     
      




    
    
   
   
      
     
     
    
  
   
   


1.     
Social and Economic Issues - Genetically
Modified Food.     

2.      
 Economic and Agronomic Impact of
Commercialized GM Crops: a Meta-Analysis. J
151
3.      Terminatör Gen
Teknolojisi ve Biyoçeşitlilik Üzerine Olan Etkileri.
J of Aari, 18
4. Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMO’s).54
5.  

6. Global Income
and Production Impacts of Using GM Crop
Technology 1996–2013.    6 

7.      GM Crops:
Global Socio-economic and Enviromental Impacts
1996–2014. 


8.      Promise and Issues
of Genetically Modified Crops. Curr Opin Plant
Biol16
9.       
  Hayvan Beslemede Genetik Olarak
Değiştirilmiş Bitkilerin (GMO) Kullanımı, Genetik
Olarak Değiştirilmiş Yemler ve Özellikleri 
     


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10.      Genetiği
Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar.
23
11. Dünya’da GDO Mevzuatı,
Ticareti ve Uygulamalarının Kar
   




12.      
  Stop Worrying; Start
Growing.13
13. Statistical Yearbook 2012.


14. World Deforestation Slows Down
as more Forests are Better Managed.  


15.   Genetically Enginereed
Animals Consumer Q&A.  




16.     
The First Decade of Genetically Engineered
Crops in the United States.


17.    

A Meta Analysis on Farm-level Costs and
Benefits of GM Crops.3
18.      
  
      What
are the Socio-economic Impacts of Genetically
Modified Crops Worldwide? A Systematic Map
Protocol.3
19.       
  What have been the Farm-level
Economic Impacts of the Global Cultivation of
GM Crops?.   
11
20.   Executive Summary: Global
Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: Brief
49-2014 


21. Global Status of Commercialized
Biotech/GM Crops: 2016, Brief 52. 



22.      
Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Mısır
Bitkisinin Bazı Böcek Türlerine Karşı Direnci
Üzerine Değerlendirmeler.
2
23.   Soya Sektör Raporu. 


24.   ISAAA Report on Global
Status of Biotech/GM Crops 


25. 
  Assessing the potential economic
benefits to farmers from various GM crops
Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper

107
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Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper
becoming available in the European Union by
2025: Results from an expert survey. 

26.     
       
Assessment of the Economic Performance of GM
crops Worldwide.

 

27.   Cartagena Protokolü ve
Türkiye Biyogüvenlik Mevzuatı. 
20
28.       A Meta-
analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified
Crops.9
29.      
     

      
Assessment of the Safety of
Foods Derived from Genetically Modified (GM)
Crops. Food Chem Toxicol42
30.    Genetically Engineered
Plants and Foods: a Scientist’s Analysis of the
Issues (Part II). Annu Rev Plant Biol, 
31.        
  International
Workshop on Socio-economic Impacts of
Genetically Modified Crops.
 

32.   1972: First Recombinant
  

33. Biyoteknolojik
Uygulamalara ve Genetiği Değiştirilmiş
Organizmalara (GDO) İlişkin Tüketici
Davranışları.8
34. 

Tarım Teknolojilerinde Yeni Yaklaşımlar ve
Uygulamalar: Bitki Biyoteknolojisi. 




35.      Yield Eects
of Genetically Modified Crops in Developing
Countries.299
36.    Roundup Ready
Soybeans in Argentina: Farm-level and Aggregate
Welfare Eects.32
37. The Economics of Genetically
Modified Crops.1

38. The Impact
of Bt Cotton on Poor Households in Rural India
46
39.    Türkiye’de GDO Mevzuatı.
 
   

40.     



41.     Gdo’lu Yemler.




108 www.veteriner.org.tr/tr/dergi
42.   2016 Yılı Hububat Sektör
Raporu,
  

43.   Genetik.   

44.    The Impact of Genetic
Modification of Human Foods in the 21st Century:
A Review. 18
45. 
The Cost of Delaying Approval of Golden Rice.
17
46.    Tarımsal ve Hayvansal
Ürünlerde Modern Biyoteknoloji ve Organik
Üretim.23

47.    Bitkisel Üretimde Genetiği
Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar ve Ürünleri ile
Biyogüvenlik.  


  





    


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Vet Hekim Der Derg 89(2): 85-108,2018 Çağrılı Makale / Invited Paper