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Endemic plants of Mozambique 45
The endemic plants of Mozambique:
diversity and conservation status
Iain Darbyshire1,*, Jonathan Timberlake2, *, Jo Osborne1, Saba Rokni1,
Hermenegildo Matimele3,4, Clayton Langa3, Castigo Datizua3, Camila de Sousa3,
Tereza Alves3, Alice Massingue5, Jeneen Hadj-Hammou6, Sonia Dhanda1,
Toral Shah1, Bart Wursten7
1 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (RBG Kew), Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK 2 30 Warren Lane, East Dean,
East Sussex BN20 0EW, UK 3 Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (IIAM), P.O. Box 3658,
Mavalane, Maputo, Mozambique 4 Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and
Conservation, Marlowe Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK 5 Department of Bio-
logical Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique 6 Lancaster Environment
Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK 7 Herbarium, Nieuwelaan 38, Meise 1860, Belgium
Corresponding author: Iain Darbyshire (i.darbyshire@kew.org)
Academic editor: Anthony R. Magee|Received 12 August 2019|Accepted 22 November 2019|Published 11 December2019
Citation: Darbyshire I, Timberlake J, Osborne J, Rokni S, Matimele H, Langa C, Datizua C, de Sousa C, Alves T,
Massingue A, Hadj-Hammou J, Dhanda S, Shah T, Wursten B (2019) e endemic plants of Mozambique: diversity and
conservation status. PhytoKeys 136: 45–96. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.136.39020
Abstract
An annotated checklist of the 271 strict-endemic taxa (235 species) and 387 near-endemic taxa (337 spe-
cies) of vascular plants in Mozambique is provided. Together, these taxa constitute c. 9.3% of the total
currently known ora of Mozambique and include ve strict-endemic genera (Baptorhachis, Emicocarpus,
Gyrodoma, Icuria and Micklethwaitia) and two near-endemic genera (Triceratella and Oligophyton). e
mean year of rst publication of these taxa is 1959, with a marked increase in description noted following
the onset of the two major regional oristic programmes, the “Flora of Tropical East Africa” and “Flora
Zambesiaca”, and an associated increase in botanical collecting eort. New taxa from Mozambique con-
tinue to be described at a signicant rate, with 20 novelties described in 2018. Important plant families
for endemic and near-endemic taxa include Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae s.s. ere is a high
congruence between species-rich plant families and endemism with the notable exceptions of the Poaceae,
which is the second-most species rich plant family, but outside of the top ten families in terms of end-
emism, and the Euphorbiaceae, which is the seventh-most species rich plant family, but third in terms of
endemism. A wide range of life-forms are represented in the endemic and near-endemic ora, with 49%
being herbaceous or having herbaceous forms and 55% being woody or having woody forms. Manica
* ese authors contributed equally to this work.
PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.136.39020
http://phytokeys.pensoft.net
Copyright Iain Darbyshire et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
46
Province is by far the richest locality for near-endemic taxa, highlighting the importance of the cross-border
Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) Highlands shared with Zimbabwe. A total of 69% of taxa can be assigned
to one of four cross-border Centres of Endemism: the Rovuma Centre, the Maputaland Centre sensu lato,
and the two mountain blocks, Chimanimani-Nyanga and Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue. Approximately 50%
of taxa have been assessed for their extinction risk and, of these, just over half are globally threatened (57%
for strict-endemics), with a further 10% (17% for strict-endemics) currently considered to be Data De-
cient, highlighting the urgent need for targeted conservation of Mozambique’s unique ora. is dataset
will be a key resource for ongoing eorts to identify “Important Plant Areas – IPAs” in Mozambique, and
to promote the conservation and sustainable management of these critical sites and species, thus enabling
Mozambique to meet its commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Resumo
Apresenta-se a lista das plantas vasculares de Moçambique, que compreende 271 taxa endémicos (235 espé-
cies) e 387 taxa quase-endémicos (337 espécies). Estes taxa constituem cerca de 9,3% da ora total actual-
mente conhecida em Moçambique e incluem cinco géneros estritamente endémicos (Baptorhachis, Emico-
carpus, Gyrodoma, Icuria e Micklethwaitia) e dois géneros quase-endémicos (Triceratella e Oligophyton). O
ano médio das primeiras publicações destes taxa é 1959. Um aumento signicativo na descrição de espécies
novas foi vericado, relacionado com o início de dois projectos regionais, a “Flora of Tropical East Africa”
e a “Flora Zambesiaca”, permitindo um esforço maior de colheitas botânicas. Novos taxa têm vindo a ser
descritos a um ritmo signicativo, com 20 novas espécies descritas em 2018 para a ora de Moçambique.
As famílias Fabaceae, Rubiaceae e Euphorbiaceae, incluem importantes taxa endémicos e quase-endémicos.
Existe uma estreita relação entre as famílias de plantas com elevado número de espécies e o grau de end-
emismo, excepção feita às Poaceae, que embora seja a segunda família mais rica em espécies não se posiciona
no grupo das dez principais famílias em termos de endemismo. Por outro lado a família Euphorbiaceae, que
é a sétima mais rica em espécies, posiciona-se em terceiro lugar quanto ao número de endemismo. A ora
endémica apresenta diferentes formas de vida, sendo 49% das espécies herbáceas e 55% lenhosas. A Provín-
cia de Manica é o local mais rico em taxa quase-endémicos, realçando assim a importância da área trans-
fronteiriça Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) entre Moçambique e Zimbabwe. Rera-se ainda que 69% dos
taxa encontra-se num dos quatro centros de endemismo transfronteiriços: o Centro do Rovuma, o Centro
de Maputaland sensu lato e nas regiões montanhosas de Chimanimani-Nyanga e Mulanje-Namuli-Ribáuè.
Cerca de 50% dos taxa foram avaliados quanto ao risco de extinção, estando mais da metade ameaçados
globalmente (57% de endemismos) e 10% (17% de endemismos) foram incluídos na categoria Informação
Insuciente (DD), revelando que a maioria das plantas endémicas de Moçambique necessitam de con-
servação urgente. Este estudo fornece novos dados indispensáveis à identicação das “Áreas Importantes
de Plantas – IPAs” em Moçambique, contribuindo ainda para implementar as estratégias de conservação
anteriormente estabelecidas pela Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica (CBD).
Keywords
centre of endemism, checklist, conservation, ora, herbarium, IUCN Red List, range-restricted
Introduction
Endemic species are an important component of a country’s biodiversity stewardship
and natural capital (Mapaura 2002). Narrowly restricted endemics are often amongst
the species most sensitive to environmental change and disturbance, and so at high-
est risk of extinction (Crisp et al. 2001; Işik 2011; Borokini 2014; Abdelaal et al.
Endemic plants of Mozambique 47
2018; Orsenigo et al. 2018). ese species therefore form important components for
a range of methods for identifying and conserving biodiversity priorities, such as Im-
portant Plant Areas (Darbyshire et al. 2017), Key Biodiversity Areas (IUCN 2016),
and the site criteria of the Alliance for Zero Extinction (Ricketts et al. 2005; http://
zeroextinction.org/the-alliance/about-the-alliance/). Furthermore, endemic species
can be an important consideration when applying the mitigation hierarchy in envi-
ronmental impact assessments associated with industrial or commercial development
projects, particularly at the avoidance and osetting stages. erefore, it is important
for countries to have an accurate record of their endemic ora, including how many
and which species are endemic, and where they are found. At this time of unparalleled
rates of biodiversity loss, it is essential to mobilise such information so that countries
can eectively prioritise the conservation and sustainable management of their natural
resources (Onana 2013). is paper presents the rst detailed account of the endemic
ora of Mozambique, a biodiversity-rich country in southern tropical Africa (Fig. 1).
Mozambique: species richness, phytogeography and centres of endemism
Despite its obvious diversity and interest, the ora of Mozambique has received only lim-
ited and patchy coverage, particularly when compared to the oras of neighbouring coun-
tries. Frodin (2001) estimated the total Mozambican ora as approximately 5,500 species,
but noted this was likely to be an under-estimate as “many parts of the country remain
imperfectly known” (p. 529). Da Silva et al. (2004) listed only 3,932 indigenous species
in their SABONET checklist of Mozambique, of which 177 were noted as endemic.
However, it was acknowledged that this list, compiled primarily using specimens held at
the LMA and LMU herbaria in Maputo (herbarium acronyms follow iers [continu-
ously updated]) with additional records from literature sources, was only provisional, and
it has proven to be under-representative. As a good example, da Silva et al. (2004) record
nine species of Barleria L. (Acanthaceae), but in the “Flora Zambesiaca” (F.Z.) account of
Acanthaceae, 33 species of Barleria are listed for Mozambique (Darbyshire et al. 2015). In
an independent, and more comprehensive analysis, Timberlake et al. (2006) documented
5,692 taxa and 251 endemics in Mozambique including cross-border range-restricted en-
demics, with an endemism rate of 4.4%. With F.Z. (1960–present) nearing completion,
a more accurate measure of species richness in Mozambique is now possible. As of August
2019, the “Flora of Mozambique” website (Hyde et al. 2019a) and associated database of
species records, which combine data from F.Z. with updates from relevant literature and
eld surveys, lists 6,157 native and naturalised species. is gure continues to grow at a
rapid rate as targeted botanical surveys of new and botanically interesting areas are con-
ducted, adding new records and new species to science. For example, during surveys of the
coastal dry forests in the most north-eastern part of Mozambique in Cabo Delgado Prov-
ince between 2003 and 2009, during which over 3,000 botanical collections were made,
a total of 738 plant taxa were recorded. Of these, 68 were new records for Mozambique,
and a further 36 taxa were either entirely new to science or previously known only from
fragmentary material and so undescribed (Timberlake et al. 2011).
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
48
Mozambique (Fig. 1) derives its rich and varied plant life in part from its diverse
geography, geology and climate, including the inuence of its extensive Indian Ocean
coastline. ese factors have resulted in a wide range of habitats and complex bio-
geography. irteen terrestrial ecoregions are recorded in Mozambique (https://ecore-
gions2017.appspot.com/; Olson et al. 2001; Burgess et al. 2004; Dinerstein et al.
2017). Moreover, Mozambique features several recognised Centres of Plant Endemism.
e majority of the country is included within the Zambezian Regional Centre of En-
demism (White 1983), which is widely distributed across southern tropical Africa. Of
greater signicance in terms of concentrations of range-restricted species, are four cross-
border Centres of Endemism (Fig. 2). e rst is the recently proposed Rovuma Centre
(Burrows and Timberlake 2011) of northeast Mozambique and southeast Tanzania, an
extension of the previously recognised Lindi Local Centre in Tanzania (Clarke 2001)
or a part of the wider Swahelian Centre of Endemism in coastal East Africa (Clarke
1998). e Rovuma Centre extends along the Mozambique coast through Cabo Del-
gado, Nampula and Zambézia Provinces approximately as far south as the city of Que-
limane (J. Burrows, pers. comm.). e second is the Maputaland Centre (van Wyk
1996; van Wyk and Smith 2001), shared with South Africa and eSwatini (formerly
Swaziland), which extends along the coastal lowlands of southern Mozambique to the
Limpopo River. is region has several recognised Sub-Centres including the Lebom-
bo Mountains, which straddle the border of the three countries (van Wyk and Smith
2001; Loer and Loer 2005). In a wider sense, the Maputaland Centre potentially
also extends further northwards from the mouth of the Limpopo River all the way
to the mouth of the Save River in Inhambane Province, although this has also been
proposed as a putative Centre of Endemism in its own right, the Inhambane Centre
(J. Burrows, pers. comm.; A. Massingue, unpubl. data). e third cross-border Centre
of Endemism is the Chimanimani-Nyanga (or Manica) Highlands that run along the
border with Zimbabwe and form the north-eastern-most extent of the Great Escarp-
ment of southern Africa (Clark et al. 2011). ese mountains are well known for their
rich oras and high plant endemism (Wild 1964; Mapaura 2002; Clark et al. 2017;
Wursten et al. 2017; Cheek et al. 2018). e fourth comprises the larger massifs of the
belt of inselbergs running from southern Malawi to Zambézia and Nampula Provinces
of northern Mozambique (Bayliss et al. 2014). e most signicant peaks are Mount
Mulanje (including Mount Mchese) and the Zomba Plateau in Malawi, and Mounts
Namuli, Mabu, Inago and the Ribaue Mountains in Mozambique – here shortened to
the Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue Mountains. Mount Mulanje is well established as a site of
botanical importance with high endemism (Strugnell 2002, 2006), but the botanical
importance of the Mozambique massifs and their links to Mulanje are also becoming in-
creasingly evident (Timberlake et al. 2009, 2012; Harris et al. 2011; Bayliss et al. 2014;
Downes and Darbyshire 2017). e latter two Centres form a part of the Africa-wide
Afromontane Archipelago-like Centre of Endemism of White (1983).
As these four important Centres of Plant Endemism all cross national borders, it
is clearly evident that the political boundary of Mozambique does not reect species
distributions and biogeographic patterns. When considering endemic taxa, therefore,
it is pertinent to include within this review those cross-border range-restricted taxa that
Endemic plants of Mozambique 49
Figure 1. Map of Mozambique showing the ten provinces and neighbouring countries. Provincial bor-
ders are shown in pale grey, country borders are in black.
have a globally signicant portion of their range in Mozambique, rather than restrict-
ing coverage to taxa that only occur within the political border. Hence the denition
of the endemic plants is here extended to include all such relevant near-endemic taxa.
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
50
Figure 2. Cross-border Centres of Plant Endemism in Mozambique. Note that the boundaries of these
Centres of Endemism are only intended to be indicative; further research is required to more accurately
delimit these centres. e two montane Centres (Chimanimani-Nyanga and Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue)
are drawn as continuous blocks for clarity, but in reality they are a discontinuous series of peaks.
Endemic plants of Mozambique 51
Motivation for the current study: conservation of the Mozambique flora
In order to address Mozambique’s commitments under the Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD), the “National Strategy and Action Plan of Biological Diversity of
Mozambique 2015–2035” (MITADER 2015) sets out a series of detailed national tar-
gets for documenting and conserving the biodiversity of Mozambique. Target 6 of this
strategy aims to “by 2025, have at least 30% of habitats of endemic and/or threatened
ora and fauna species with strategies and action plans for their conservation in place”
with a series of related priority actions, including:
• Action6.1:establishandimplementcoordinatedprogramsforthesystematicas-
sessment of the conservation status of endemic and endangered species;
• Action6.2:identifyanddescribetheAreasofPlantImportance;
• Action6.3:disseminatetheReddataBookonnationaloraandfauna.
To address these targets, and to enable eective conservation of Mozambique’s
plant diversity in light of increasingly severe pressure on natural resources, a number
of botanical initiatives have been launched. A plant Red Listing programme and work-
ing group was established in 2011 through the IUCN-SSC Southern African Plant
Specialist Group, with the current aim to complete at least 400 new or updated plant
species assessments in the period 2017–2020, focussing on strict-endemic and near-
endemic species of Mozambique (IUCN SSC Southern African Plant Specialist Group
2017; Matimele 2019). In 2015, the Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique
(the Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique – IIAM) and the Royal Botanic Gar-
dens, Kew (Kew), together with in-country and international collaborators, launched
the “Tropical Important Plant Areas: Mozambique" project (https://www.kew.org/sci-
ence/projects/tropical-important-plant-areas-tipas-mozambique). is project aims to
combine existing data and expertise with targeted eld survey data to identify and
document Important Plant Areas (IPAs) in Mozambique, and to promote the conser-
vation and sustainable management of these critical sites. is builds on the provision-
al identication of IPAs through the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network
(SABONET) programme (Smith 2005). Further, it draws on the series of extensive bo-
tanical surveys in sites of high biodiversity interest across Mozambique that have been
conducted by IIAM, Kew and collaborators over the past 15 years. Documentation of
the endemic taxa and where they occur is an important step in the IPA and Red Listing
programmes, and so provides the motivation for the detailed checklist presented here.
Materials and methods
Key resources for compiling the checklist
Compilation of the checklist was based primarily upon extensive reviews of literature
on the taxonomy and oristics of Mozambique and neighbouring countries, combined
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
52
with reference to relevant herbarium collections (notably at BM, BNRH, EA, K, LISC,
LMA, LMU, NH, P, PRE and SRGH; herbarium codes follow iers [continuously
updated]), and the authors’ collective knowledge of the Mozambican ora. A key source
for information on the plants of Mozambique, and the starting point for this current
work, is the “Flora Zambesiaca” series (F.Z.; 1960–present; http://apps.kew.org/eoras/
search.do). is Flora is currently c. 90% complete, with 13 volumes and 47 parts pub-
lished to date (Exell and Wild 1960, Timberlake and Martins 2015). We have also had
access to completed and partially completed accounts for the outstanding volumes: Ap-
ocynaceae (Part 2), Commelinaceae, Asteraceae (Compositae) in part, Cyperaceae, and
Hyacinthaceae. However, it should be noted that Asteraceae may be under-represented
in this checklist in view of the fact that this family has not yet been completed for F.Z.
e “Flora de Moçambique” project ran alongside F.Z. from 1969, but was discon-
tinued in 1981. e accounts in this Flora were derived from F.Z., but with some ad-
ditional specimen citations and Mozambique-relevant habitat information, thus pro-
viding useful additional information for the current work. However, Beentje (2016)
estimates that this Flora is less than 40% complete. Other key published works used
repeatedly are the recently published landmark volume “Trees and Shrubs [of ] Mo-
zambique” (T.S.M.; Burrows et al. 2018); the rst national Plant Red List for Mozam-
bique produced through the SABONET programme (S.R.D.L.; Izidine and Bandeira
2002); the eld guide to wild owers of southern Mozambique (Bandeira et al. 1997);
and reports on recent botanical surveys and checklists of key localities in Mozambique
(Timberlake et al. 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016a, 2016b; Bayliss et al. 2010;
Harris et al. 2011; Müller et al. 2012; Clark et al. 2017; Wursten et al. 2017). e
“Flora of Tropical East Africa” (1952–2012; Beentje 2012, 2016) was also an impor-
tant source of information for many northern near-endemic species. Key online sourc-
es that were widely consulted are the “Flora of Mozambique and Flora of Zimbabwe”
sites (Hyde et al. 2019a, 2019b), the African Plant Database (2019), the IUCN Red
List of reatened Species (IUCN 2019), the Botanical Database of Southern Africa
/ Plants of Southern Africa (South African National Biodiversity Institute 2019), the
Red List of South African Plants (South African National Biodiversity Institute 2017)
and Plants of the World Online (POWO 2019).
Definitions of endemism and near-endemism
e taxa treated in the checklist are either strictly endemic to Mozambique (i.e. they
only occur within its political borders – labelled E), or are “near-endemic” (NE), as
dened by one or more of the following criteria:
(a) the majority of the taxon’s range lies within Mozambique, and they are scarce and/
or highly range-restricted beyond (NE1); and/or
(b) the global range of the taxon is less than 10,000 km2 (NE2); and/or
(c) the taxon is known globally from ve or fewer localities (NE3).
Endemic plants of Mozambique 53
e aim is to include all taxa for which Mozambique has a particularly high re-
sponsibility for their global survival and protection, thus those taxa that have the
majority of their range in Mozambique, but are also widespread and/or frequent in
other parts of southeast tropical Africa are excluded. For example, Barleria repens Nees
(Acanthaceae) is widely distributed along the East African coast, but with the majority
of its distribution in Mozambique because of the vast length of the country’s coastline.
However, we do include under (b) and (c) those taxa that do not necessarily have the
majority of their range in Mozambique but, because of their highly restricted range
and/or scarcity, the Mozambique portion of the population is of global signicance to
their future survival. We acknowledge that no denition of “near-endemic” is perfect,
but we have tried to be as objective as possible when applying the criteria set out above.
We have tried to be exhaustive, but our intention is to maintain this list and publish
additions and amendments as they are uncovered.
Estimates of range size used in (b) above are based on mapping of known locality
data. An oine BRAHMS database (https://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/) of all known
collections and sight records of endemic, range-restricted and threatened species is in ad-
vanced progress at RBG Kew and IIAM, with approximately 6,000 records compiled to
date. Hence, for most of the species on the list we have an accurate measure of range size.
For others, where the data are yet to be nalised, ranges have been estimated, aided where
available by use of data available via the GeoCAT tool (http://geocat.kew.org/; Bachman
et al. 2011); this includes access to relevant GBIF data (GBIF.org 2019). In most cases,
the range size is based on the Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) method commonly
applied in the calculation of extent of occurrence (EOO) in the IUCN Red List criteria
(Joppa et al. 2016; Bachman et al. 2011; IUCN 2012). However, in a few circumstances
where species have highly disjunct distributions with unsuitable habitat in most of the in-
tervening areas, we have estimated range based on the known localities. Of particular note
are montane species that are found in the Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) Highlands
along the Mozambique-Zimbabwe border, but which also extend to Mount Gorongosa,
an isolated peak over 100 km to the east in Sofala Province. is usually results in a MCP
range of over 10,000 km2 (depending on the distribution within the Manica Highlands),
but as there is no suitable montane habitat in the intervening region, we treat this range
as being less than 10,000 km2, and include these species as near-endemics.
Taxonomy and literature sources
Plant family circumscription follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV)
classication for owering plants (Stevens 2001 onwards; Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
2016), the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG 1; 2016) classication for pteridophytes,
and Christenhusz et al. (2011) for gymnosperms. Accepted names of species and
infraspecic taxa generally follows the African Plant Database (2019; henceforth APD)
except in rare cases where the APD has not been updated to the most recent name, or
in the few cases where we disagree with the species circumscription adopted by APD,
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
54
e.g. Elaeodendronfruticosum N.Robson, which is treated as a synonym of E. matabelicum
Loes. in APD, but we follow Burrows et al. (2018) in recognising it as distinct. Where the
taxonomic concept adopted is not universally accepted, or where a taxon has been very
recently re-combined, the alternative name is given in brackets. Included on the checklist
are all published endemic and near-endemic taxa, together with eight new taxa that are
currently either in press or in the late stages of preparation (e.g. Cyanotis namuliensis Faden,
Sericanthe chimanimaniensis Wursten & de Block) such that we are condent of their
status. Only species, subspecies and varieties are included in this list; we do not include
endemic or near-endemic forms. We have additionally compiled a list of undescribed taxa
that are provisionally considered to be endemic or near-endemic to Mozambique, but that
have not yet been studied in sucient detail or are represented by incomplete specimens,
for example Dicliptera spp. B, C and E of F.Z. (Darbyshire et al. 2015). ese are not
presented in the checklist, but are available on request from the corresponding author,
and included in some of the analyses in the Results and Discussion. Highly doubtful
and imperfectly known taxa are excluded. For example, both Acacia purpurea Bolle and
Oxyanthus querimbensis Klotzsch were described from collections made in Mozambique by
Wilhelm Peters in the mid-nineteenth century (Peters 1861), and are believed to have been
destroyed during the bombing of the Berlin Herbarium in World War II. ese species
were treated in F.Z. as insuciently known, and potentially conspecic with other, more
widespread species (Brenan 1970; Bridson and Verdcourt 2003).
e date of the original publication (the protologue) is recorded for each taxon. As
the aim is to chart the discovery of Mozambique’s endemic ora, it is the date of rst
publication of the taxon that is of importance, rather than the publication date of the
currently accepted name. In many cases these are one and the same, for example Eu-
phorbia angularis Klotzsch (in Peters 1861: 92) has been the accepted name ever since
its rst publication. However, many taxa have changed genus or taxonomic rank since
they were rst published; for example, the combination for the endemic Barleria setosa
(Klotzsch) I.Darbysh. was rst published in 2015 (Darbyshire et al. 2015), but is based
on B. prionitis L. var. setosa Klotzsch, published in Peters (1861: 209), hence 1861 is
the date of rst publication of this taxon.
For each taxon, we include key references for further information on the plant
and its distribution and ecology. Wherever relevant, we include the F.Z. volume and
page number, and the page number in T.S.M. and S.R.D.L. For taxa that have been
described since the relevant F.Z. volume, we cite the protologue. For those taxa that
have changed name or taxonomic rank since F.Z. (for example, have been transferred
to a dierent genus), we cite the relevant F.Z. volume and page number for the taxon
account, but also cite the protologue for the currently accepted name.
Plant life-forms
e growth habit and life cycle of each species are recorded using a simple classication,
with six main categories: tree, shrub, liana, herb, pteridophyte and cycad. e herb
category is further subdivided into annual (a), perennial (p), succulent-perennial(s),
Endemic plants of Mozambique 55
epiphytic-perennial (e), climbing-perennial (c), geophyte (geo), graminoid (gram-a for
annual and gram-p for perennial) and seagrass. Trees and shrubs also have a succulent
subdivision. Species with variation in growth habit and/or life cycle are recorded in two
or more categories.
Distribution and phytogeography
Taxa known only from the type specimen or type locality are noted. e distribution
of each taxon within Mozambique is then recorded, rst by scoring which of the prov-
inces it is recorded in (Maputo City Province is included within Maputo Province,
hence 10 provinces, Fig. 1), and second by recording key localities in Mozambique
arranged by province. e latter are taken from the BRAHMS database noted above,
and from additional site observations from the authors. We have attempted to stand-
ardise the Mozambican place names, but have used anglicised forms where they are in
common use in the literature and/or in gazetteers (such as Mt Mabu and Ribaue Mts,
rather than Serra de Mabu and Serra do Ribáuè), and we have avoided use of Portu-
guese accents on place names, as these are often inconsistently applied. is locality
information is provided to help with future study of these species, and to assist with
the identication and demarcation of Important Plant Areas. It is not intended to be
exhaustive and should not be read as such.
For near-endemic species, the other country (or countries) in which the species oc-
curs is recorded, together with a brief note of key localities; these are not intended to be
exhaustive or specic, rather to show how far the species extends beyond Mozambique.
Finally, in order to provide phytogeographic context, the taxa are provisionally
assigned where possible to botanical Centres of Endemism (see Introduction). We ex-
clude the widespread Zambezian Regional Centre (White 1983), instead focussing
on the more restricted cross-border Centres: (1) Rovuma; (2) Maputaland sensu lato,
which we subdivide into (2a) Maputaland sensu stricto (coastal lowlands north to
Limpopo River), (2b) Lebombo Mountains (Sub-) Centre, and (2c) Inhambane (Sub-)
Centre; (3) Eastern Afromontane, which we subdivide into (3a) Chimanimani-Nyan-
ga (Manica) Highlands, and (3b) Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue Mountains.
Extinction risk using the IUCN Red List
Using the categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2012, 2019), the ex-
tinction risk is recorded if the taxon has been assessed; the Red List provides additional
information on these species, and so can be considered a further key reference. Red List
assessments in need of updating are marked with an asterisk; in most cases these were as-
sessed using an earlier version of the Red List criteria. Red List assessments that have been
nalised, but not yet published are listed in italics. Only global Red List assessments are
included; we do not list the national assessments of Izidine and Bandeira (2002), as these
were highly provisional and are in the process of being re-evaluated on a global scale.
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
56
Results
An annotated checklist of the strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa of Mozambique is
presented in Suppl. material 1, with a summary of the checklist provided in Appendix
1. It includes all taxa (species, subspecies and varieties) that have been described to
date or are in the process of being described. In total, 658 taxa (572 species) are docu-
mented, comprising 271 strict-endemic taxa (235 species) and 387 near-endemic taxa
(337 species) (Table 1, Fig. 3). In addition, 105 currently undescribed but potentially
new taxa (98 species) that are believed to be strict-endemic or near-endemic are noted,
but not included in Suppl. material 1 or Appendix 1. If the total number of native and
naturalised vascular plant species in Mozambique is taken as ± 6,157 (as per Hyde et al.
2019a), then approximately 3.8% of the species are strict-endemics, whereas the strict-
endemics and near-endemics combined account for 9.3% of the plants in Mozambique
at the species rank, discounting undescribed taxa. If undescribed taxa are included then
approximately 10% of the ora of Mozambique is endemic or near-endemic.
Mozambique currently has ve strict-endemic genera, all of which are monospecif-
ic: Baptorhachis Clayton & Renvoize (Poaceae) from the granite inselbergs of Nampula
Province; Emicocarpus K.Schum. & Schltr. (Apocynaceae) from sandy soils around
Maputo Bay; Gyrodoma Wild (Asteraceae) widespread on alluvial plains, estuaries and
margins of lagoons in coastal Mozambique from Zambézia Province southwards; and
Icuria Wieringa (Fabaceae) and Micklethwaitia G.P.Lewis & Schrire (Fabaceae), both
occurring as locally dominant trees in the coastal dry forests of northern Mozambique.
A further two potential new strict-endemic genera in Asparagaceae (former Hyacintha-
ceae) are currently under research (T. Rulkens, pers. comm.). In addition, two mono-
specic genera are near-endemic to Mozambique: Triceratella Brenan (Commelinace-
ae), occurring in moist sands in coastal Zambézia Province, but also known from one
locality in Zimbabwe; and Oligophyton H.P.Linder & G.Will. (Orchidaceae), restricted
to the Chimanimani Mountains on the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border. Two other
genera have their sole African representative in Mozambique: Dolichandrone Fenzl
(Bignoniaceae) and Eriolaena DC. (Malvaceae), both of which are predominantly
Asian genera (Diniz 1988; Dorr and Wurdack 2018).
Of the near-endemic taxa, 179 are shared with Zimbabwe, 93 with Tanzania, 79
with South Africa, 59 with Malawi, 20 with eSwatini, two with Madagascar and one
each with Kenya and Zambia.
Tables 2–6 provide further summaries of the ndings presented in Suppl. material
1, namely the most important plant families for strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa
(Table 2); the range of life forms of these taxa (Table 3); their geographic distribution by
province in Mozambique (Table 4); their distribution within recognised and proposed
Centres of Endemism (Table 5); and the extinction risk status of these taxa (Table 6).
ese tables exclude unpublished taxa. Figure 4 charts the history of publication of the
currently accepted strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa in scientic literature.
In Suppl. material 2, we provide a list of taxa that were considered for inclusion in
the checklist during its preparation but were ultimately excluded as they did not meet
the criteria set out in the Methodology.
Endemic plants of Mozambique 57
Table 1. Summary of endemic taxa in Mozambique. Note that genera are not included in the “Total taxa” row.
Taxon rank Mozambique
strict‑endemics
Mozambique
near‑endemics
Mozambique strict‑endemics
and near‑endemics
Genus 5 2 7
Species 235 337 572
Subspecies 18 28 46
Variety 18 22 40
Total taxa 271 387 658
Table 2. Important plant families for published endemic taxa in Mozambique. e 10 plant families with
the highest number of endemic taxa, with comparison to the ten most species-rich plant families for the
total Mozambican ora (derived from Hyde et al. 2019a). Numbers refer to number of taxa; where two
or more plant families share the same number of taxa, the “=” symbol is used to denote that these families
have an equal standing in the table.
Mozambique strict‑endemics Mozambique strict‑endemics and
near‑endemics
Total vascular plants of
Mozambique
1. Fabaceae 40 1. Fabaceae 84 1. Fabaceae 759
2. Euphorbiaceae 26 2. Rubiaceae 71 2. Poaceae 445
3. Rubiaceae 23 3. Euphorbiaceae 42 3. Rubiaceae 377
4. Malvaceae 12 4. Lamiaceae 30 4. Asteraceae 352
5. Apocynaceae 11 5.= Apocynaceae 27 5. Orchidaceae 232
6.= Acanthaceae 10 5.= Asteraceae 27 6. Acanthaceae 219
6.= Lamiaceae 10 7. Acanthaceae 26 7.= Euphorbiaceae 194
8. Lythraceae 9 8.= Malvaceae 21 7.= Malvaceae 194
9.= Asphodelaceae 8 8.= Orchidaceae 21 9. Lamiaceae 185
9.= Melastomataceae 8 10. Asphodelaceae 20 10. Apocynaceae 156
Table 3. Life forms (growth habits) of published endemic taxa of Mozambique. Note that species can fall
under more than one habit category or sub-category. Numbers refer to number of taxa.
Life form (growth habit) Mozambique strict‑endemics Mozambique strict‑endemics
and near‑endemics
Tre e Non-succulent 54 134
Succulent 2 9
Tree Total 56 143
Shrub Non-succulent 103 283
Succulent 19 27
Shrub Total 122 310
Liana 7 28
Woody life forms Total 144 363
Herb Annual 27 51
Perennial – non-succulent 67 175
Perennial -succulent 12 28
Perennial -epiphyte 1 4
Perennial – climber/twiner 4 12
Perennial – geophyte 14 43
Graminoid – annual 2 4
Graminoid – perennial 5 11
Seagrass 1 2
Herb Total 136 324
Pteridophyte 0 1
Cycad 4 11
Unknown 1 1
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58
Table 4. Summary of the geographic distribution of published endemic taxa in the ten provinces of Mo-
zambique. e table is ordered alphabetically by Province; numbers refer to number of taxa.
Province Mozambique strict‑
endemics
Mozambique strict‑
endemics and near‑
endemics
Provincial
endemics
Strict‑endemics and
near‑endemics restricted
to one Province
Cabo Delgado (CD) 56 125 27 54
Gaza (G) 26 62 5 7
Inhambane (I) 48 93 15 17
Manica (Mn) 22 192 20 150
Maputo (Mp) 36 119 13 50
Nampula (Na) 86 154 29 38
Niassa (Ni) 19 40 10 21
Sofala (S) 47 105 16 21
Tete (T) 7 18 2 3
Zambézia (Z) 81 159 34 56
Table 5. Number of published endemic taxa restricted to Centres and Sub-Centres of Endemism. For
the Sub-Centres under (2) Maputaland and (3) [Eastern] Afromontane, taxa are only recorded if they are
exclusive to that Sub-Centres.
Centre of
Endemism code
(Sub‑) Centre of Endemism Mozambique
strict‑endemics
Mozambique strict‑
endemics and near‑
endemics
1 Rovuma 55 110
2 Maputaland sensu lato (including Inhambane) 50 114
2a Maputaland sensu stricto 13 32
2b Lebombo Mountains (Sub-) Centre 3 17
2c Inhambane (Sub-) Centre 20 20
3 [Eastern] Afromontane sensu lato 46 229
3a Chimanimani-Nyanga (Sub-) Centre 16 158
3b Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue
(Sub-) Centre
30 59
Table 6. Summary of the extinction risk status of published endemic taxa in Mozambique. e “% of
taxa” gure for “Total taxa assessed” is given as a percentage of all the endemic (left) and endemic plus
near-endemic (right) taxa listed in Appendix 1; for each of the Red List categories (LC = Least Concern;
NT = Near reatened; VU = Vulnerable; EN = Endangered; CR = Critically Endangered; DD = Data
Decient), the “% of taxa” is given as a percentage of those taxa that have been assessed.
IUCN Red List Category
Mozambique strict‑endemics Mozambique strict‑endemics and near‑
endemics
Number of taxa % of taxa Number of taxa % of taxa
Total taxa assessed 145 53.5 332 50.5
LC 33 22.8 107 32.2
NT 4 2.8 19 5.7
VU 32 22.1 86 25.9
EN 32 22.1 69 20.8
CR 19 13.1 19 5.7
DD 25 17.2 32 9.6
Endemic plants of Mozambique 59
Figure 3. Examples of the strict-endemic and near-endemic plants of Mozambique. A Sclerochiton coer-
uleus, Maronga, Manica (I. Darbyshire) B Aloe ribauensis, Ribaue, Nampula (I. Darbyshire) C Streptocar-
pus brachynema, Mount Gorongosa, Sofala (B. Wursten) D Raphia australis, Bilene, Gaza (H. Matimele)
E Vangueria monteiroi, Bilene, Gaza (H. Matimele) F Memecylon incisilobum, Bilene, Gaza (H. Matimele)
G Jamesbrittenia carvalhoi, Tsetserra, Manica (J. Osborne) H Cryptostephanus vansonii, Mount Gorongo-
sa, Sofala (B. Wursten)
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60
Figure 3. Continued. I Orbea halipedicola, Gorongosa National Park, Sofala (B. Wursten) J Helichrysum
moorei, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) K Eriolaena rulkensii, Palma Bay, Cabo Delgado
(T. Rulkens) L Barleria torrei, Njesi Plateau, Niassa (J. Osborne) M Xylopia torrei, Licuati Forest, Maputo
(H. Matimele) N Aeschynomene grandistipulata, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) OLo-
belia cobaltica, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) P Euphorbia crebrifolia, Chimanimani
Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) Q Dissotis pulchra, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten)
RPavetta pumila, Cheringoma, Sofala (B. Wursten).
Endemic plants of Mozambique 61
Figure 4. History of publication of the endemic taxa of Mozambique. Cumulative publication dates
(basionyms) for currently accepted strict-endemic taxa (green line), and combined strict-endemic and
near-endemic taxa (red line), 1840 to present. Also highlighted are the date ranges for the three relevant
Tropical African Flora programmes: "Flora of Tropical Africa" (1868–1937), "Flora of Tropical East Af-
rica" (1952–2012) and "Flora Zambesiaca" (1960–present).
For the sake of brevity in the following Discussion, we refer to the combined strict-
endemic and near-endemic taxa as “endemics”, whilst we refer to “strict-endemics” if
referring only to those taxa unique to Mozambique; the two groups are separated out
in the accompanying tables.
Discussion
Species richness and endemism in the flora of Mozambique
Based on extrapolation from the RAINBIO mega-database – one of the most compre-
hensive datasets for plant diversity in tropical Africa, with distribution data for 25,356
native species (Dauby et al. 2016) – Sosef et al. (2017) estimated species richness in
Mozambique as between 5,220–5,309 and recorded a relatively high rate of endemism
(8.4%, equating to c. 440 spp.) compared to neighbouring countries of southern tropi-
cal Africa (Malawi 6.5%, Zambia 7.2%, Zimbabwe 7.6%), although notably lower
than Tanzania to the north (19.4%). Current evidence demonstrates that the RAIN-
BIO gure for total species richness is a signicant under-estimate, with the total vascu-
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
62
lar ora currently at 6,157 species (Hyde et al. 2019a), over 15% higher than the upper
estimate of Sosef et al. (2017). e known strict-endemism rate of 3.8% is considerably
lower than the predicted endemism of Sosef et al. (2017), but if we use the broader
denition of endemism applied here to include cross-border near-endemics, then 9.3–
10% of taxa are endemics (depending on omission or inclusion of unpublished taxa),
which is comparable with the RAINBIO estimate. is gure is considerably higher
than the 4.4% endemism rate earlier recorded by Timberlake et al. (2006).
Whilst new discoveries are likely to continue to be made in Mozambique (see be-
low), the percentage endemism of the ora is unlikely to increase, and may even decline
as the rate of new country records of non-endemic taxa outstrips the rate of new taxon
discovery. For example, in the surveys of the coastal dry forests of northeast Cabo Delga-
do in 2003–2009, the 68 records of taxa new to Mozambique (Timberlake et al. 2011)
included only six near-endemic taxa following the denition applied here. Hence, whilst
the discovery of 36 putative new, endemic taxa during these surveys was quite excep-
tional for eastern tropical Africa in the twenty-rst century, it was surpassed at the rate
of 1.7:1 by the discovery of new country records of more widespread, non-endemic taxa.
Discovery of the endemic flora of Mozambique
ere have been concerted eorts to document the tropical African ora for over a
century and a half, with the rst major sub-continental work – the “Flora of Tropi-
cal Africa” – dating back to 1868–1937 (Beentje 2016), and the rst strict-endemic
plant species described in Mozambique as early as 1849 [Fornasinia ebenifera Bertolini
(1849) = Millettia ebenifera (Bertol.) J.E.Burrows & Lötter; see Burrows et al. 2018].
Given these facts, the relatively recent discovery and/or description of many of Mo-
zambique’s endemic plants – the mean year of rst publication being 1959, or 1967 for
strict-endemics (Fig. 4) – is somewhat surprising. A marked increase in taxon descrip-
tion is observed post-1950, which coincides with the onset of the major eastern Afri-
can Flora projects – the rst fascicle of “Flora of Tropical East Africa” was published in
1952 and the rst part of “Flora Zambesiaca” in 1960 (Beentje 2016). Coupled with
these Flora projects was major regional-scale botanical exploration to collect herbarium
material on which the Flora volumes could be based, and to ll the many gaps in our
knowledge of these oristic regions. It was these combined eorts that resulted in the
major discoveries of the Mozambique ora, a clear demonstration of how important an
active Flora project can be in unlocking information on national and/or regional plant
diversity. e completed Floras have, in turn, highlighted localities of high botanical
interest, encouraging targeted collecting eorts in Mozambique particularly over the
past two decades. Mozambique remains one of the African countries with the highest
rates of new species publication. For example, in 2018, 20 new species and one new
variety of vascular plants were described from the country, including eight new woody
species in the “Trees and Shrubs [of] Mozambique” (Burrows et al. 2018), and four
new species of Memecylon L. in the Melastomataceae family (Stone et al. 2018).
Endemic plants of Mozambique 63
Of the published endemics, 60 (47 species, 3 subspecies, and 10 varieties) are
known only from the type specimen and/or the type locality. is comprises nearly one
quarter (22%) of the strict-endemics of Mozambique. A small number of these taxa
are of somewhat doubtful status, for example Teclea crenulata (Engl.) Engl. (Rutaceae)
from Zambézia Province, and some may be subsumed within other, more widespread
taxa following further research. However, most are accepted in all relevant taxonomic
and oristic works (African Plant Database 2019), and in many cases have been upheld
in multiple treatments. e fact that these taxa are so poorly known demonstrates how
limited our knowledge of the Mozambique ora remains, and reinforces the likelihood
that further discoveries of narrowly range restricted endemics in Mozambique will be
made through future botanical exploration.
Important plant families for endemic and near-endemic taxa in Mozambique
ere is generally a high congruence between total species richness per plant family in
Mozambique and those families that contain the highest number of endemics, with all
but two of the families featuring in both lists of top ten families (Table 2). Fabaceae
(Leguminosae) is the most species-rich plant family in Mozambique, and also has the
highest number of published endemics. As in most of the African continent, the Fa-
baceae have diversied signicantly in nearly all habitats and ecoregions of Mozam-
bique, and display a large variety of life-forms (Lewis et al. 2005). is, coupled with
the high rate of endemism, indicates that the Fabaceae may be considered a suitable
proxy group for the study of vascular plant distribution and diversity in Mozambique.
Other families that combine high species diversity and high rates of endemism in-
clude Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae. In total, the
ten most endemics-rich families contain over half (56%) of the total endemic taxa.
Some species-rich families do not, however, feature prominently in the endemics
list, most notably the Poaceae, which is the second largest family in Mozambique,
but falls outside the top ten families (twelfth) for endemics. is phenomenon is not
isolated to Mozambique, and high proportions of grass taxa globally are known to
have large ranges. Linder et al. (2017) noted a range of ecological adaptations that en-
able grasses to successfully colonise and dominate many ecosystems, including eective
long-distance dispersal through wind pollination and seed dispersal, ecological ex-
ibility, resilience to disturbance, and an ability to modify environments by changing
re regimes and mammalian herbivory. Many of these factors could also facilitate wide
ranges and abundance of individual grass species.
Conversely, some plant families feature more highly on the endemics list than in
terms of total species richness. Euphorbiaceae is the third highest family for endemism,
but only equal-seventh for total species richness; this is primarily a result of the high num-
ber of range-restricted Euphorbia species that occur in Mozambique, most of which are
succulents (see Plant life forms below). Furthermore, three plant families feature on the
list of families with the highest number of strict-endemics, but not amongst the most spe-
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
64
cies-rich families. e rst is Asphodelaceae, which is a result of the high number of Aloe
L. species. Aloe is the single largest genus for endemics in Mozambique with many species
being narrowly range-restricted in montane areas and inselbergs (Carter et al. 2011). is
is a general trend amongst aloes: while a few species are widespread, the majority have re-
stricted distribution ranges (Reynolds 1950; Grace et al. 2011). e second is Lythraceae,
a result of the high number of Ammannia L. (including Nesaea Comm. ex Kunth.) species
that typically occur as small herbs in seasonal wetlands and ephemeral pools. is genus
is one of the few groups of aquatic plants to support large numbers of narrowly restricted
endemics, with many species known from only one or few collections (see Fernandes
1978; Verdcourt 1994). Ammannia should be considered a priority for future study here
and elsewhere in tropical Africa with targeted eld surveys required in order to better
understand the diversity and distribution of this group. e third is Melastomataceae,
which is driven largely by the closely related genera Memecylon and Warneckea Gilg, both
of which are primarily forest taxa with high numbers of narrowly range-restricted species
throughout their global range (see Stone 2014). As an example, Burrows et al. (2018)
note that Namacubi Forest (at Quiterajo in Cabo Delgado Province) is home to seven
species in these two genera, three of which are known nowhere else, and a further three of
which are strict-endemics or near-endemics to northern Mozambique.
Plant life forms
A wide range of plant life forms are represented in the checklist (Table 3). Overall, just
under half (49%) of taxa listed are herbaceous or have herbaceous forms, whilst just over
half (55%) are woody or have woody forms – the small overlap is due to taxa that can be
either perennial herbs or shrubs/lianas. Such a range of life forms is unsurprising in view
of the wide range of habitats containing endemic and near-endemic species. As with the
endemic ora of Zimbabwe (Mapaura 2002), succulent taxa are well represented, with
58 taxa (c. 9%). is reects the importance of rock outcrops and mountain ranges as
key habitats for endemics, as these often support a specialised, drought-tolerant ora.
Geographic distribution of the endemic and near-endemic taxa of Mozambique
A detailed analysis of the geographic distribution of the endemic ora of Mozambique
is premature until the collation of all the specimen and observation data is completed.
However, some initial observations can be noted.
By far the most frequently recorded locality for endemics (see Suppl. material 1)
is the Chimanimani Mountains (Manica Province, 128 taxa), which has more than
double the number of these taxa when compared to the second-most frequently re-
corded site, Mount Namuli (Zambézia, 60 taxa). e Chimanimani Mountains were
also noted as the principal locality in Zimbabwe for strict-endemic and near-endemic
species (Mapaura 2002). Other localities rich in endemics, with over 20 taxa each,
include Quiterajo, the lower Rovuma River, Quirimbas National Park, and Palma and
Endemic plants of Mozambique 65
environs (Cabo Delgado); Pomene and Vilanculos (Inhambane); Tsetserra (Manica);
Maputo municipality and Inhaca Island (Maputo); Nampula and environs, and the
Ribaue Mountains (Nampula); Gorongosa National Park including Mount Gorongo-
sa (Sofala); and Mocuba and environs (Zambezia). All of these localities are of high
national and global importance for their assemblages of endemic and range-restricted
taxa, and are clear candidates for inclusion in the Important Plant Areas network, al-
though some have been heavily degraded by man and so are in danger of losing their
botanical value. e most notable example is the Maputo municipality, where intact
habitats are now reduced to small and isolated pockets, or have been largely destroyed
by the rapid expansion of the capital city. Such loss of habitat may have resulted in lo-
cal extinction of important taxa or, as with Emicocarpus ssifolius K.Schum. & Schltr.
(Matimele et al. 2016), potentially even global extinction.
ere is considerable variation in the number of endemics at the provincial level
(Table 4). When only strict-endemics are considered, Nampula and Zambézia prov-
inces register the highest numbers. ese two provinces are adjacent to one another
and both combine signicant stretches of coastal vegetation within the Rovuma Centre
of Endemism and inselbergs and massifs associated with the Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue
belt of mountains. e wide range of associated habitats (including coastal dry forest
and thickets, granite outcrops, submontane forest, montane grassland) are known to
support signicant numbers of endemic species. However, when near-endemics are in-
cluded in the analysis, Manica is found to surpass Nampula and Zambézia in terms of
both total numbers of taxa and taxa unique to a single province in Mozambique. is
highlights the great importance of the Chimanimani-Nyanga Highlands for cross-bor-
der endemism. is also explains the high number of near-endemic taxa shared with
Zimbabwe. e least rich province for endemics is Tete, despite being the third larg-
est province in the country. Much of Tete is characterised by a prolonged dry season
with extreme high temperatures, and with extensive stands of low-diversity mopane
[Colophospermum mopane (Benth.) Léonard] woodland. However, it is of note that
parts of Tete are amongst the least well-explored regions botanically in Mozambique,
and so numbers of endemics may be under-represented in this province.
Approximately 69% of taxa (453) can be assigned with condence to one of the
Centres or Sub-Centres of Endemism (Table 5), highlighting the importance of these
mainly cross-border regions in terms of their unique and rich oras. Further, the two
sub-centres of the [Eastern] Afromontane phytochorion – the Chimanimani-Nyanga
Highlands and the Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue Mountains – are well-dened, with most
species readily assigned to one or the other, strengthening the case for treating them as
separate Centres of Endemism. e Lebombo Mountains Sub-Centre of Maputaland is
also well-represented by endemics, with 17 of the endemics conned to that Sub-Centre.
Similarly, there is support for recognition of the Inhambane Sub-Centre with 20 strict-
endemics conned to that region, although there is also considerable overlap between
Inhambane and Maputaland sensu stricto, with 42 of the endemics shared between the
two regions. Further research may nevertheless conclude that both the Lebombo Moun-
tains and the Inhambane region should be considered as separate Centres of Endemism
in their own right. e most important Centre of Endemism for numbers of endemics is
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
66
again that of the Chimanimani-Nyanga Highlands. However, the Rovuma Centre is also
notable for its high number of strict-endemics, a reection of the high rates of species
turnover between dry coastal forest patches within this phytogeographic region (Timber-
lake et al. 2010, 2011), with many species restricted to few or even single forest blocks.
Extinction risk in the endemic flora of Mozambique
To date, the global extinction risk status has been assessed for 332 (approximately
50%) of the endemics of Mozambique using the IUCN Red List categories and cri-
teria (IUCN 2012; Table 6). Of those assessed, 52% (57% of the strict-endemics) are
considered to be globally threatened. e main causal factors behind this high rate of
extinction risk are habitat loss and degradation driven by high population growth and
resultant increasing demands for land, agricultural products and supplies of a range of
natural resources, all of which place increasing pressure on natural habitats. is high
rate of threat emphasises the urgent need for eective site-based conservation action
and sustainable management to safeguard the future of Mozambique’s unique ora.
Added to this is the fact that nearly 10% of the endemics (and over 17% of the strict-
endemics) assessed are listed as Data Decient, i.e. there is insucient information
on these taxa to provide a full assessment. is highlights how little is known about
many of these apparently rare and poorly documented taxa, and the urgent need for
targeted eld surveys to gather information on range size, population size, and threats.
It is quite possible that the percentage of threatened taxa will increase once these Data
Decient taxa are reassessed with more information to hand.
On a more positive note, approximately one third of endemics assessed are cur-
rently considered to be of Least Concern (LC) – i.e. they are not currently threat-
ened on a global scale. Some of the endemics are widespread within Mozambique
and can be locally abundant. For example, the strict-endemic Grewia transzambesica
Wild (Malvaceae) has an extent of occurrence of c. 220,000 km2 and is frequent in the
central lowlands of the country (Darbyshire et al. 2019). However, many of the LC
species are much more range-restricted, but are not under threat owing to their habitat
preferences. Many occur in rocky terrain and/or montane grasslands that are some of
the least threatened habitats in Mozambique, due to a combination of remoteness,
inaccessibility and limited agricultural value. A good example is the Chimanimani
montane quartzite endemics, the majority of which are not signicantly threatened
(Timberlake et al. 2016b).
For the Mozambique ora as a whole, as of July 2019, 1,050 plant taxa (c. 17%
of the total vascular ora) are listed on the IUCN Red List (https://www.iucnredlist.
org). A total of 812 (77%) of these taxa are listed as LC, a much higher percentage than
the equivalent for the endemics. erefore, whilst there is still a long way to go before
an exhaustive Red List can be achieved for Mozambique, the focus of the IUCN-SSC
Southern African Plant Specialist Group on the endemic ora appears to be an eec-
tive strategy in identifying the taxa in most urgent need of conservation action.
Endemic plants of Mozambique 67
Conclusion: future priorities for the study of the endemic flora of Mo-
zambique and its conservation
e checklist of endemic plants presented here provides a useful basis from which to
build the evidence-base for eective conservation of the unique ora of Mozambique,
for which the following next steps are underway:
• Completethecollationofexistingdataonendemicandnear-endemictaxa,sothat
a detailed spatial analysis can be conducted to more accurately dene Centres of
Endemism and specic localities with concentrations of endemics. ese results
will allow for identication of critical knowledge gaps, and help eectively target
sites for future eld surveys.
• CompleteaRedListofgloballythreatenedspeciesinMozambique,withtheeven-
tual aims to assess the extinction risk for all endemic and near-endemic taxa, gather
more information on species currently assessed as Data Decient, and take active
steps towards the conservation of all threatened species.
• ApplytheaccumulatedplantdistributionandRedListdata,togetherwithinformation
on critical habitats, to identify and document Important Plant Areas. ese data will
also provide the botanical component for the identication of Key Biodiversity Areas.
Critical to the success of this work is the continued development of in-country
capacity in eld botany, taxonomy and conservation science in Mozambique, so that
Mozambican practitioners are well placed to take forward the implementation of Mo-
zambique’s commitments to protecting plant diversity under the CBD.
Acknowledgments
We thank the members of the IUCN-SSC Southern African Plant Specialist Group
(SAPSG) for their valuable contributions to the plant Red Listing and species conserva-
tion eorts in Mozambique. In particular, we thank Domitilla Raimondo of the South
African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), former chair of SAPSG, who has been
a great supporter of the conservation initiatives in Mozambique, and a great advocate for
building in-country capacity in conservation planning. Lize von Staden is also thanked
as the Red List Authority Co-ordinator for SAPSG, and has played a key role in review-
ing Mozambican assessments and training Mozambican scientists in Red Listing. We are
most grateful to the curators of the following herbaria for permitting us access to their col-
lections: BM, BNRH, EA, K, LISC, LISU, LMA, LMU, P, PRE and SRGH. In particu-
lar, we thank Barbara Turpin at BNRH for kindly sharing data whenever requested, and
Maria Cristina Duarte and Maria Romeiras for hosting research visits to LISC. We thank
John Burrows (Buelskloof Nature Reserve), Ton Rulkens (independent botanist), and
Warren McCleland (ECOREX Consulting Ecologists) for sharing their expertise on the
Mozambican ora. Kew and IIAM are deeply indebted to Oppenheimer Philanthropies
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
68
and Stephen and Margaret Lansdown for their generous support of the Tropical Impor-
tant Plant Areas: Mozambique project. e GBIF Biodiversity Information for Develop-
ment (BID) fund kindly supported the project BID-AF-2017-0047-NAC (2017–2018):
“Mobilize primary biodiversity data for Mozambican species of conservation concern
(endemic and threatened) to support decision making and grow Mozambican expertise
in biodiversity information management and Red Listing”, which enabled the compila-
tion of data on endemic and near-endemic plants species held at the Maputo herbaria.
I.D. would like to thank Elizabeth Radford (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds,
formerly Plantlife), Seona Anderson (formerly Plantlife), and Ben McCarthy (National
Trust, formerly Plantlife) for generously sharing their advice and expertise on Important
Plant Areas identication and conservation. Finally, we thank Ronell R. Klopper, Mervyn
Lötter and Maria Romeiras for their review comments on an earlier draft of the manu-
script, and Anthony R. Magee as the handling Editor for this manuscript.
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Endemic plants of Mozambique 75
Appendix 1
Summary checklist of the endemic and near-endemic vascular plant taxa of Mozambique. Strict-endemic
taxa are listed in bold. “Endemism” categories are abbreviated as follows: E = strict-endemic; NE1 = ma-
jority of range in Mozambique; NE2 = global range < 10,000 km2, NE3 = taxon known from ve sites
or fewer. Under “Life form”, (a) = annual; (c) = herbaceous climbing perennial; (e) = epiphytic perennial;
(geo) = geophyte; (gram-a) = annual graminoid; (gram-p) = perennial graminoid; (p) = perennial (ter-
restrial, non-succulent); (par) = parasitic perennial; (s) = succulent. Under “Type only”, Y = known only
from the type specimen or type locality. “Provinces” of Mozambique are abbreviated as follows CD =
Cabo Delgado; G = Gaza; In = Inhambane; Mc = Manica; Mp = Maputo; Na = Nampula; Ni = Niassa; S
= Sofala; T = Tete; Z = Zambezia. Under “Other Countries”, provinces of South Africa are abbreviated as
follows: KN = KwaZulu Natal; LP = Limpopo; MP = Mpumalanga. Centres of Endemism (“CoE”) are
coded as follows: 1 = Rovuma; 2 = Maputaland sensu lato; 2a = Maputaland sensu stricto; 2b = Lebombo
Mountains (Sub-) Centre; 2c = Inhambane (Sub-) Centre; 3 = [Eastern] Afromontane sensu lato; 3a =
Chimanimani-Nyanga (Sub-) Centre; 3b = Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue (Sub-) Centre. See Materials and
methods section for further explanation.
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
PTERIDOPHYTA
Pteridaceae Adiantum mendoncae Alston NE1 fern Mc, Na, S Zimbabwe
GYMNOSPERMAE
Zamiaceae Encephalartos aplanatus Vorster NE2+3 cycad Mp eSwatini 2b
Zamiaceae Encephalartos chimanimaniensis
R.A.Dyer & I.Verd.
NE2+3 cycad Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Zamiaceae Encephalartos ferox G.Bertol
subsp. emersus P.Rousseau,
Vorster & A.E.van Wyk
Ecycad In 2c
Zamiaceae Encephalartos ferox G.Bertol subsp.
ferox
NE1 cycad G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Zamiaceae Encephalartos gratus Prain NE1 cycad ZMalawi 3b
Zamiaceae Encephalartos munchii R.A.Dyer
& I.Verd.
Ecycad Mc 3a
Zamiaceae Encephalartos ngoyanus I.Verd. NE2 cycad Mp eSwatini, South
Africa KN
2b
Zamiaceae Encephalartos pterogonus
R.A.Dyer & I.Verd.
Ecycad Mc 3a
Zamiaceae Encephalartos senticosus Vorster cycad Mp eSwatini, South
Africa KN, MP
2b
Zamiaceae Encephalartos turneri Lavranos
& D.L.Goode
Ecycad Na, Ni
Zamiaceae Encephalartos umbeluziensis
R.A.Dyer
NE2 cycad Mp eSwatini 2b
ANGIOSPERMAE: MAGNOLIIDS
Annonaceae Hexalobus mossambicensis
N.Robson
Eshrub, tree CD, Na 1
Annonaceae Huberantha mossambicensis
(Vollesen) Chaowasku
Eshrub Z 1
Annonaceae Monanthotaxis maputensis
P.H.Hoekstra
NE1 shrub,
liana
G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Annonaceae Monanthotaxis suruticosa
P.H.Hoekstra INED.
NE1+3 shrub CD, Na Tanzania 1
Annonaceae Monanthotaxis trichantha (Diels)
Verdc.
NE1 shrub CD, Na Tanzania 1
Annonaceae Monodora carolinae Couvreur NE2+3 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Annonaceae Monodora stenopetala Oliv. NE1 shrub, tree S, T Malawi
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
76
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Annonaceae Uvaria rovumae Deroin &
Lötter
Eliana CD 1
Annonaceae Xylopia lukei D.M.Johnson &
Goyder
NE2 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Annonaceae Xylopia tenuipetala
D.M.Johnson & Goyder
Eshrub, tree CD 1
Annonaceae Xylopia torrei N.Robson Eshrub G, In, Mp,
Na
2a,
2c
ANGIOSPERMAE: MONOCOTS
Amaryllidaceae Cryptostephanus vansonii I.Verd. NE1 herb (geo) Mc, S, Z Zimbabwe 3a,
3b
Amaryllidaceae Tulbaghia friesii Suess. NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Araceae Stylochaeton euryphyllum Mildbr. NE1 herb (geo) CD, Na Tanzania 1
Araceae Stylochaeton natalense Schott
subsp. maximum (Engl.) Bogner
& Haigh
NE3 herb (geo) Mp Tanzania
Araceae Stylochaeton tortispathum
Bogner & Haigh
Eherb (geo) YCD 1
Arecaceae Raphia australis Oberm. & Strey NE1 tree Mp South Africa KN 2a
Asparagaceae Asparagus chimanimanensis Sebsebe shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asparagaceae Asparagus petersianus Kunth NE1 shrub CD, S, Z Tanzania
Asparagaceae Asparagus radiatus Sebsebe NE2+3 shrub Mp eSwatini 2b
Asparagaceae Chlorophytum pygmaeum (Weim.)
Kativu subsp. rhodesianum
(Rendle) Kativu
NE2 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asparagaceae Dracaena pedicellata (la Croix)
Byng & Christenh. (=Sansevieria
pedicellata la Croix)
NE1 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asparagaceae Dracaena subspicata
(Baker) Byng & Christenh.
(=Sansevieria subspicata Baker)
Eherb (s) Mp, Na,
S, Z
Asparagaceae Eriospermum mackenii (Hook.f.)
Baker subsp. phippsii (Wild)
P.L.Perry
NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodelaceae Aloe argentifolia T.A.McCoy,
Rulkens & O.J.Baptista
Eshrub (s) CD
Asphodeleaceae Aloe ballii Reynolds var.
makurupiniensis Ellert
NE2 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodelaceae Aloe cannellii L.C.Leach Eherb (s) Mc 3a
Asphodelaceae Aloe decurva Reynolds Eherb (s) Mc 3a
Asphodeleaceae Aloe excelsa A.Berger var. breviora
L.C.Leach
NE2 tree (s) Na, Z Malawi
Asphodeleaceae Aloe hazeliana Reynolds var.
hazeliana
NE2 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodeleaceae Aloe hazeliana Reynolds var.
howmanii (Reynolds) S.Carter
NE2 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodeleaceae Aloe inyangensis Christian var.
kimberleyana S.Carter
NE2 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodeleaceae Aloe marlothii A.Berger subsp.
orientalis Glen & D.S.Hardy
NE1 tree (s) G, Mp, S eSwatini, South
Africa KN
2a,
2c
Asphodeleaceae Aloe mawii Christian NE1 tree (s) CD, Na,
Ni, Z
Malawi,
Tanzania
Asphodelaceae Aloe menyharthii Baker subsp.
ensifolia S.Carter
Eherb (s) Na, Z
Asphodelaceae Aloe mossurilensis Ellert Eherb (s) Na 1
Asphodeleaceae Aloe munchii Christian NE2 shrub (s),
tree (s)
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodeleaceae Aloe plowesii Reynolds NE2 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Endemic plants of Mozambique 77
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Asphodelaceae Aloe ribauensis T.A.McCoy,
Rulkens & O.J.Baptista
Eherb (s) CD, Na
Asphodelaceae Aloe rulkensii T.A.McCoy &
O.J.Baptista
Eherb (s) Na 3b
Asphodeleaceae Aloe suulta Reynolds NE1 herb (s) Mp Malawi,
Zimbabwe,
South Africa KN
Asphodelaceae Aloe torrei I.Verd. & Christian Eherb (s) Z3b
Asphodeleaceae Aloe wildii (Reynolds) Reynolds NE2 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asphodeleaceae Aloidendron tongaense (Van Jaarsv.)
Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. (=Aloe
tongaensis Van Jaarsv.)
NE1 tree (s) In, Mp, S South Africa KN
Commelinaceae Aneilema arenicola Faden NE2 herb (a) Mp South Africa KN 2a
Commelinaceae Aneilema mossambicense (Faden)
Faden INED. (=A. dregeanum
Kunth subsp. mossambicense
Faden)
Eherb (p) Na, Z 1
Commelinaceae Cyanotis chimanimaniensis Faden
INED.
NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Commelinaceae Cyanotis namuliensis Faden
INED.
Eherb (p) Z3b
Commelinaceae Triceratella drummondii Brenan NE3 herb (a) ZZimbabwe
Cymodoceaceae alassodendron leptocaule Maria
C.Duarte Bandeira & Romeiras
NE2 herb
(seagrass)
Mp South Africa KN
Cyperaceae Cyperus longispicula Muasya &
D.A.Simpson
NE3 herb
(gram-p)
Mc Zimbabwe
Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon infaustum N.E.Br. Eherb (a) Y Z
Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon mulanjeanum
S.M.Phillips
NE1+3 herb (a) ZMalawi 3b
Eriocaulaceae Mesanthemum africanum
Moldenke
NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Hydrocharitaceae Halophila ovalis (R.Br.) Hook.f.
subsp. linearis (Hartog) Hartog
Eherb
(seagrass)
In, Mp
Iridaceae Dierama inyangense Hilliard NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Iridaceae Dierama plowesii Hilliard NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Iridaceae Freesia grandiora (Baker) Klatt
subsp. occulta J.C.Manning &
Goldblatt
Eherb (geo) Y Z
Iridaceae Gladiolus brachyphyllus F.Bolus NE2 herb (geo) Mp eSwatini, South
Africa MP
2b
Iridaceae Gladiolus zimbabweensis Goldblatt NE1 herb (geo) Mc, Z Zimbabwe 3a
Iridaceae Hesperantha ballii Wild NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Iridaceae Moraea niassensis Goldblatt &
J.C.Manning
Eherb (geo) YNi
Iridaceae Tritonia moggii Oberm. Eherb (geo) G, In,
Mp, Z
2a,
2c
Orchidaceae Bonatea pulchella Summerh. NE1+3 herb (geo) Mp South Africa
KN, LP, MP
2a
Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum ballii P.J.Cribb NE1 herb (e) Mc, Na, Z Zimbabwe 3a,
3b
Orchidaceae Cynorkis anisoloba Summerh. NE2 herb (geo) Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Orchidaceae Cyrtorchis glaucifolia Summerh. Eherb (e) Na
Orchidaceae Disa chimanimaniensis
(H.P.Linder) H.P.Linder
NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orchidaceae Disa zimbabweensis H.P.Linder NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orchidaceae Disperis mozambicensis Schltr. Eherb (geo) Y S
Orchidaceae Eulophia biloba Schltr. Eherb
(?geo)
Y S
Orchidaceae Eulophia bisaccata Kraenzl. Eherb (geo) Y
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
78
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Orchidaceae Habenaria hirsutissima
Summerh.
Eherb (geo) Na, Ni
Orchidaceae Habenaria mosambicensis
Schltr.
Eherb
(?geo)
Y S
Orchidaceae Habenaria stylites Rchb.f. &
S.Moore subsp. johnsonii (Rolfe)
Summerh.
NE2+3 herb (geo) Ni Tanzania
Orchidaceae Liparis hemipilioides Schltr. Eherb (geo) Y S
Orchidaceae Neobolusia ciliata Summerh. NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orchidaceae Oeceoclades perrieri (Schltr.) Garay
& P.Taylor
NE3 herb (p) Mp, S Madagascar
Orchidaceae Oligophyton drummondii
H.P.Linder & G.Will.
NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orchidaceae Polystachya songaniensis G.Will. NE2 herb (e) ZMalawi 3b
Orchidaceae Polystachya subumbellata P.J.Cribb
& Podz.
NE2 herb (e) Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Orchidaceae Polystachya valentina la Croix &
P.J.Cribb
NE1 herb (p) Mc, Z Zimbabwe 3a,
3b
Orchidaceae Satyrium avum la Croix NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orchidaceae Schizochilus lepidus Summerh. NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Poaceae Alloeochaete namuliensis
Chippind.
Eherb
(gram-p)
Z3b
Poaceae Baptorhachis foliacea (Clayton)
Clayton
Eherb
(gram-a)
YNa 3b
Poaceae Brachychloa fragilis S.M.Phillips NE2 herb
(gram-a)
Mp South Africa
KN, LP
2a
Poaceae Brachychloa schiemanniana
(Schweick.) S.M.Phillips
NE1 herb
(gram-p)
G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Poaceae Danthoniopsis chimanimaniensis
(J.B.Phipps) Clayton
NE2+3 herb
(gram-p)
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Poaceae Digitaria appropinquata
Goetgh.
Eherb
(gram-a)
Y Z 3b
Poaceae Digitaria fuscopilosa Goetgh. Eherb
(gram-p)
YMc 3a
Poaceae Digitaria megasthenes Goetgh. Eherb
(gram-p)
Ni, Z
Poaceae Eragrostis desolata Launert NE2+3 herb
(gram-p)
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Poaceae Eragrostis moggii De Winter NE1 herb
(gram-p)
In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Poaceae Eragrostis sericata Cope Eherb
(gram-p)
In 2c
Poaceae Eriochloa rovumensis (Pilg.)
Clayton
NE1 herb
(gram-a)
Na, Ni, Z Tanzania
Poaceae Trichoneura schlechteri Ekman Eherb
(gram-p)
In, Mp 2a,
2c
Restionaceae Platycaulos quartziticola
(H.P.Linder) H.P.Linder &
C.R.Hardy
NE2+3 herb
(gram-p)
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Velloziaceae Xerophyta argentea (Wild) L.B.Sm.
& Ayensu
NE2+3 shrub,
herb (p)
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Velloziaceae Xerophyta kirkii (Hemsl.) L.B.Sm.
& Ayensu
NE1 shrub, tree Ni, Z Malawi 3b
Velloziaceae Xerophyta pseudopinifolia Behnke NE1 shrub Na, Ni, Z Malawi
Velloziaceae Xerophyta splendens (Rendle)
N.L.Menezes
NE2+3 shrub, tree ZMalawi 3b
Xyridaceae Xyris asterotricha Lock NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Xyridaceae Xyris makuensis N.E.Br. NE2 herb (p) ZMalawi 3b
Endemic plants of Mozambique 79
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Zingiberaceae Siphonochilus kilimanensis
(Gagnep.) B.L.Burtt
Eherb (geo) Na, S, Z
ANGIOSPERMAE: EU-DICOTS
Acanthaceae Barleria delagoensis Oberm. NE1 herb (p),
shrub
G, In,
Mp, S
South Africa KN
Acanthaceae Barleria ssimuroides I.Darbysh. NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Acanthaceae Barleria fulvostellata C.B.Clarke
subsp. mangochiensis I.Darbysh.
NE2+3 herb (p),
shrub
Ni Malawi
Acanthaceae Barleria laceratiora Lindau NE2+3 herb (p) Na Tanzania 1
Acanthaceae Barleria oxyphylla Lindau NE2 herb (p) Mp eSwatini, South
Africa MP
Acanthaceae Barleria setosa (Klotzsch)
I.Darbysh.
Eherb (p),
shrub
Na 1
Acanthaceae Barleria torrei I.Darbysh. Eshrub Ni
Acanthaceae Barleria vollesenii I.Darbysh. NE2+3 herb (p) Ni Tanzania
Acanthaceae Blepharis dunensis Vollesen Eherb (p) Na, Z 1
Acanthaceae Blepharis gazensis Vollesen Eherb (p) G, S
Acanthaceae Blepharis swaziensis Vollesen NE2 herb (p) Mp eSwatini, South
Africa KN
2b
Acanthaceae Blepharis torrei Vollesen NE2+3 herb (p) Ni Tanzania
Acanthaceae Cephalophis lukei Vollesen NE3 herb (p) SKenya
Acanthaceae Dicliptera quintasii Lindau NE2 herb (p) Mp South Africa KN 2a
Acanthaceae Duosperma dichotomum
Vollesen
Eherb (p),
shrub
CD 1
Acanthaceae Ecbolium glabratum Vollesen NE1 herb (p) G, Mp eSwatini, South
Africa KN, MP
2a,
2b
Acanthaceae Ecbolium hastatum Vollesen Eherb (p),
shrub
G, In, Mp 2a,
2c
Acanthaceae Isoglossa namuliensis I.Darbysh.
& T.Harris
Eherb (p) Y Z 3b
Acanthaceae Justicia attenuifolia Vollesen NE1 herb (p) Ni Tanzania
Acanthaceae Justicia gorongozana Vollesen Eherb (p) CD, S
Acanthaceae Justicia niassensis Vollesen Eshrub CD, Na 1
Acanthaceae Justicia subcordatifolia Vollesen &
I.Darbysh. (=J. hedrenii Vollesen)
NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Acanthaceae Lepidagathis plantaginea Mildbr. NE1 herb (p) CD, Na Tanzania 1
Acanthaceae Sclerochiton apiculatus Vollesen NE1+2 shrub Mp South Africa KN 2a
Acanthaceae Sclerochiton coeruleus (Lindau)
S.Moore
NE1 shrub G, In, Mc,
Na, Z
Zimbabwe
Acanthaceae Sclerochiton hirsutus Vollesen Eshrub Z3b
Aizoaceae Trianthema mozambiquense
H.E.K.Hartmann & Liede
Eherb YMp 2a
Amaranthaceae Caroxylon littoralis (Moq.) Akhani
& Roalson
NE2 herb (p),
shrub
In Madagascar,
Europa Is.
Amaranthaceae Celosia nervosa C.C.Towns. Eherb In, Mp, Na
Amaranthaceae Celosia pandurata Baker Eherb S, Z
Amaranthaceae Salicornia mossambicensis
(Brenan) Piirainen & G.Kadereit
Eherb (p) In 2c
Anacardiaceae Ozoroa gomesiana R.Fern. &
A.Fern.
Eshrub, tree In 2c
Anacardiaceae Ozoroa obovata (Oliv.) R.Fern. &
A.Fern. var. elliptica R.Fern. &
A.Fern.
NE1 shrub, tree G, In, Mc,
Mp, S,
T, Z
Zimbabwe
Anacardiaceae Rhus acuminatissima R.Fern. &
A.Fern. (=Searsia acuminatissima
(R.Fern. & A.Fern.) Moett)
NE1 shrub, tree Na, Z Malawi
Apiaceae Afrosciadium rhodesicum (Cannon)
P.J.D.Winter
NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
80
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Apiaceae Centella obtriangularis Cannon Eherb (p) Mc 3a
Apiaceae Pimpinella mulanjensis
C.C.Towns.
NE2+3 herb (p) ZMalawi 3b
Apocynaceae Asclepias cucullata (Schltr.) Schltr.
subsp. scabrifolia (S.Moore)
Goyder
NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Apocynaceae Asclepias graminifolia (Wild)
Goyder
NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Apocynaceae Aspidoglossum glabellum Kupicha NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Apocynaceae Aspidoglossum hirundo Kupicha NE1 herb (geo) Na, Z Zimbabwe
Apocynaceae Ceropegia aloicola M.G.Gilbert
INED.
Eherb (s) Mp 2b
Apocynaceae Ceropegia chimanimaniensis
M.G.Gilbert INED.
NE2+3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Apocynaceae Ceropegia cyperifolia Bruyns Eherb (geo) Ni
Apocynaceae Ceropegia gracilidens Bruyns Eherb (geo) CD, Na, Z
Apocynaceae Ceropegia monteiroae Hook.f. NE1 herb (s) In, Mp South Africa KN 2a, 2c
Apocynaceae Ceropegia muchevensis
M.G.Gilbert INED.
Eherb (s) S
Apocynaceae Ceropegia nutans (Bruyns)
Bruyns
Eherb (geo) Z3b
Apocynaceae Ceropegia vahrmeijeri (R.A.Dyer)
Bruyns
NE1+2 herb (geo) Mp South Africa KN 2a
Apocynaceae Cynanchum oresbium (Bruyns)
Goyder
Eherb (s) Na
Apocynaceae Emicocarpus ssifolius
K.Schum.& Schltr.
Eherb (p) Mp 2a
Apocynaceae Huernia erectiloba L.C.Leach &
Lavranos
Eshrub (s) CD, Na, Z
Apocynaceae Huernia leachii Lavranos NE1+2 herb (s) Mc Malawi
Apocynaceae Huernia verekeri Stent subsp.
pauciora (L.C.Leach) Bruyns
Eshrub (s) In, S
Apocynaceae Huernia volkartii Werderm. &
Peitsch. var. repens (Lavranos)
Lavranos
NE2+3 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe
Apocynaceae Marsdenia cynanchoides Schltr. NE1 liana CD, S, Z Tanzania,
Zimbabwe
Apocynaceae Marsdenia gazensis S.Moore NE2 liana Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Apocynaceae Orbea halipedicola L.C.Leach Eshrub (s) S
Apocynaceae Orbea longidens (N.E.Br.)
L.C.Leach
NE1+2 herb (s) Mp South Africa KN 2a
Apocynaceae Pachycarpus concolor E.Mey. subsp.
arenicola Goyder
NE2 herb (geo) Mp South Africa KN 2a
Apocynaceae Raphionacme pulchella Venter &
R.L.Verh.
NE3 herb (geo) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Apocynaceae Secamone delagoensis Schltr. NE1 liana G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Apocynaceae Stapelia unicornis C.A.Luckh. NE2 herb (s) Mp eSwatini, South
Africa KN
2b
Apocynaceae Stomatostemma pendulina
Venter & D.V.Field
(=Cryptolepis pendulina (Venter
& D.V.Field) P.I.Forst.)
Eshrub Na, Z
Araliaceae Cussonia arenicola Strey NE1 shrub In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Asteraceae Adelostigma athrixioides Steetz
[uncertain species]
Eherb In 2c
Asteraceae Anisopappus paucidentatus Wild NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Endemic plants of Mozambique 81
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Asteraceae Aster chimanimaniensis W.Lippert
(=Afroaster chimanimaniensis
(W.Lippert) J.C.Manning &
Goldblatt)
NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Bothriocline moramballae (Oliv.
& Hiern) O.Hom.
Eherb (s),
shrub (s)
Na, Z 3b
Asteraceae Bothriocline steetziana Wild &
G.V.Pope
Eherb (a) In, Na, Z
Asteraceae Chrysocoma mozambicensis Ehr.
Bayer
NE1 shrub In, Mp South Africa
KN, MP
2a,
2c
Asteraceae Cineraria pulchra Cron NE2 herb (p),
shrub
Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Distephanus inhacensis (G.V.Pope)
R.G.C.Boon & Glen
NE1 shrub,
liana
G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Asteraceae Gutenbergia westii (Wild) Wild &
G.V.Pope
NE1+2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Gyrodoma hispida (Vatke) Wild Eherb (a) G, In, Mp,
S, Z
Asteraceae Helichrysum acervatum S.Moore NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Helichrysum africanum (S.Moore)
Wild (=Calomeria africana
(S.Moore) Heine)
NE2+3 herb (p),
shrub
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Helichrysum chasei Wild NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Helichrysum lastii Engl. NE2 herb (p),
shrub
ZMalawi 3b
Asteraceae Helichrysum moggii Wild Eherb (p) Mp 2a
Asteraceae Helichrysum moorei Staner NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Helichrysum rhodellum Wild NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Helichrysum silvaticum Hilliard herb (p) G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Asteraceae Kleinia chimanimaniensis van
Jaarsv.
NE2+3 herb (s),
shrub (s)
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Lopholaena brickellioides S.Moore NE2+3 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Schistostephium oxylobum S.Moore NE2 herb (p),
shrub
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Senecio aetfatensis B.Nord. NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Senecio forbesii Oliv. & Hiern
[uncertain species]
Eherb YUnknown
Asteraceae Senecio peltophorus Brenan NE2+3 herb (p) ZMalawi 3b
Asteraceae Vernonia calvoana (Hook.f.)
Hook.f. subsp. meridionalis (Wild)
C.Jerey (=Baccharoides calvoana
(Hook.f.) Isawumi, El-Ghazaly &
B.Nord. subsp. meridionalis (Wild)
Isuwami, El-Ghazaly & B.Nord.)
NE2 herb (p),
shrub
Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Vernonia muelleri Wild subsp.
muelleri
NE2 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Asteraceae Vernonia nepetifolia Wild NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Balsaminaceae Impatiens psychadelphoides Launert NE1 herb (p) Mc, Z Zimbabwe 3a,
3b
Balsaminaceae Impatiens salpinx G.M.Schulze &
Launert
NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Balsaminaceae Impatiens wuerstenii
S.B.Janssens & Dessein
Eherb (p) S3a
Bignoniaceae Dolichandrone alba (Sim)
Sprague
Eshrub, tree G, In, Mp 2a,
2c
Boraginaceae Cordia mandimbana
E.S.Martins
Etree YNi
Boraginaceae Cordia megiae J.E.Burrows Etree S
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
82
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Boraginaceae Cordia stuhlmannii Gürke Eshrub, tree S, Z
Burseraceae Commiphora mombassensis Engl. NE3 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Burseraceae Commiphora schlechteri Engl. NE1 shrub, tree G, In, Mp South Africa
KN, ?Zimbabwe
2a,
2c
Campanulaceae Lobelia blantyrensis E.Wimm. NE2 herb (a),
herb (p)
ZMalawi 3b
Campanulaceae Lobelia cobaltica S.Moore NE2+3 herb (a),
herb (p)
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia subaphylla (Baker)
ulin subsp. scoparia (Wild)
ulin
NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Capparaceae Capparis viminea Hook.f. &
omson ex Oliv. var. orthacantha
(Gilg & Gilg-Ben.) DeWolf
NE2+3 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Capparaceae Maerua acuminata Oliv. NE1 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Capparaceae Maerua andradae Wild Eherb (p),
shrub
CD 1
Capparaceae Maerua brunnescens Wild Eshrub In, Mc,
Mp, S,
T, Z
Capparaceae Maerua scandens (Klotzsch)
Müll.Berol. ex B.D.Jacks.
Eshrub,
liana
G, Na, T, Z
Capparaceae Maerua schliebenii Gilg-Ben. NE1 shrub Na Tanzania 1
Caprifoliaceae Pterocephalus centennii
M.J.Cannon
Eshrub YMc 3a
Caryophyllaceae Dianthus chimanimaniensis
S.S.Hooper
Eherb YMc 3a
Celastraceae Crossopetalum mossambicense
I.Darbysh.
Eshrub CD 1
Celastraceae Elaeodendron fruticosum
N.Robson
Eshrub, tree G, In 2a,
2c
Celastraceae Gymnosporia arenicola Jordaan NE1 shrub, tree G, In, Mp,
S, Z
South Africa KN
Celastraceae Gymnosporia gurueensis
(N.Robson) Jordaan
Eshrub, tree Z
Celastraceae Gymnosporia markwardii Jordaan NE1 shrub In, Mp, Z South Africa KN
Celastraceae Gymnosporia oxycarpa (N.Robson)
Jordaan
NE2 shrub GSouth Africa LP
Celastraceae Maytenus chasei N.Robson NE1 shrub, tree Mc, Z Zimbabwe 3a,
3b
Celastraceae Prionostemma delagoensis
(Loes.) N.Hallé var. delagoensis
(=Hippocratea delagoensis Loes.)
NE1 shrub,
liana
G, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Celastraceae Salacia orientalis N.Robson NE1 shrub,
liana
CD Tanzania 1
Chrysobalanaceae Maranthes goetzeniana (Engl.)
Prance
NE1 tree Mc, Na,
S, Z
Zimbabwe,
Tanzania
3a,
3b
Cleomaceae Cleome bororensis (Klotzsch) Oliv.
(=Sieruela bororensis (Klotzsch)
Roalson & J.C.Hall)
NE1 herb (a) G, Mp,
S, Z
Tanzania, South
Africa KN
Clusiaceae Garcinia acutifolia N.Robson NE1 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Combretaceae Combretum andradae Exell &
J.G.García
NE1 shrub,
liana
CD, Na, Ni Tanzania
Combretaceae Combretum caudatisepalum
Exell & J.G.García
Eshrub CD, Na 1
Combretaceae Combretum lasiocarpum Engl.
& Diels
Eshrub, tree Na, T, Z
Combretaceae Combretum lindense Exell &
Mildbr.
NE2+3 shrub,
liana
CD Tanzania 1
Endemic plants of Mozambique 83
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Combretaceae Combretum stocksii Sprague Eshrub CD 1
Combretaceae Terminalia barbosae (Exell)
Gere & Boatwr. (=Pteleopsis
barbosae Exell)
Etree CD, Na 1
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea ephemera Verdc. Eherb (a) Na, Z
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea venosa (Desr.) Roem.
& Schult. subsp. stellaris (Baker)
Verdc. var. obtusifolia Verdc.
Eherb (p) YMp 2a
Convolvulaceae Turbina longiora Verdc. Eherb (c) CD, In,
Mp
Crassulaceae Crassula leachii R.Fern. Eherb (p) Mc
Crassulaceae Crassula maputensis R.Fern. NE1 herb (a),
herb (p)
Mp South Africa KN 2a
Crassulaceae Crassula morrumbalensis
R.Fern.
Eherb (p) Y Z
Crassulaceae Crassula zombensis Baker f. NE2+3 herb (p) ZMalawi 3b
Crassulaceae Kalanchoe elizae A.Berger NE1 herb (s) Na, Ni, Z Malawi
Crassulaceae Kalanchoe fernandesii Raym.‑
Hamet
Eherb (p) YNa 1
Crassulaceae Kalanchoe hametiorum Raym.‑
Hamet
Eherb (p) CD, Na, Z
Crassulaceae Kalanchoe velutina Welw. ex
Britten subsp. chimanimaniensis
(R.Fern.) R.Fern.
NE2+3 herb (s) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Cucurbitaceae Eureiandra eburnea C.Jerey NE1 herb (c) TZambia,
Zimbabwe
Cucurbitaceae Momordica henriquesii Cogn. NE1 herb (c) CD, Na Tanzania 1
Cucurbitaceae Momordica mossambica
H.Schaef.
Eliana YNa 1
Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum barbosae Torre NE1 shrub,
liana
CD, S, Z Tanzania
Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum deexum (Klotzsch)
Engl.
NE1 shrub CD, In, Na Tanzania
Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum macrocarpum Engl. NE1 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Dilleniaceae Tetracera bussei Gilg NE3 shrub Ni Tanzania
Ebenaceae Diospyros rotundifolia Hiern NE1 tree G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Ebenaceae Euclea racemosa L. subsp. sinuata
F.White
NE1 shrub, tree In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Ericaceae Erica lanceolifera S.Moore NE2 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Ericaceae Erica pleiotricha S.Moore var.
blaerioides (Wild) R.Ross
NE2 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Ericaceae Erica pleiotricha S.Moore var.
pleiotricha
NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Ericaceae Erica wildii Brenan NE2+3 herb (p),
shrub
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Erythroxylaceae Nectaropetalum carvalhoi Engl. NE1+2 shrub, tree CD, Na Tanzania? - see
note in F.T.E.A.
Erythroxylaceae:
8 (1984)
1
Euphorbiaceae Croton aceroides Radcl.‑Sm. Etree In 2c
Euphorbiaceae Croton inhambanensis Radcl.‑
Sm.
Eshrub, tree In 2c
Euphorbiaceae Croton kilwae Radcl.-Sm. NE1 shrub CD, Na Tanzania 1
Euphorbiaceae Croton leuconeurus Pax subsp.
mossambicensis Radcl.‑Sm.
Eshrub, tree S, Z
Euphorbiaceae Crotonogynopsis australis Kenfack
& Gereau
NE2 tree ZTanzania
Euphorbiaceae Erythrococca zambesiaca Prain NE2 shrub SMalawi
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
84
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia ambroseae L.C.Leach
var. ambrosae
Eshrub (s) In, S, Z
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia ambroseae L.C.Leach
var. spinosa L.C.Leach
NE1 shrub (s) In, S, T Malawi
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia angularis Klotzsch Eshrub (s) CD, Na 1
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia baylissii L.C.Leach Eshrub (s) G, In, Mp 2a,
2c
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia bougheyi L.C.Leach Etree (s) CD, In,
S, Z
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia citrina S.Carter NE2 shrub Mc, S Zimbabwe 3b
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia contorta L.C.Leach Eshrub (s) Na, Ni, Z
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia corniculata R.A.Dyer Eshrub (s) CD, Na, Ni
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia crebrifolia S.Carter NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia crenata (N.E.Br.)
Bruyns (=Monadenium
crenatum N.E.Br.)
Eherb (p) YMc
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia decliviticola L.C.Leach NE1+2+3 shrub (s),
tree (s)
Na, Z Malawi 3b
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia depauperata A.Rich. var.
tsetserrensis S.Carter
NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia grandicornis Blanc
subsp. grandicornis
NE1 shrub (s) G, Mc, Mp eSwatini, South
Africa KN
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia grandicornis Blanc
subsp. sejuncta L.C.Leach
Eshrub (s) Na
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia graniticola L.C.Leach Eshrub (s),
tree (s)
Mc 3a
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia keithii R.A.Dyer NE2+3 shrub (s),
tree (s)
Mp eSwatini 2b
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia knuthii Pax subsp.
johnsonii (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach
Eshrub (s) Mp, S
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia knuthii Pax subsp.
knuthii
NE1 shrub (s) Mp eSwatini, South
Africa KN, MP
2a,
2b
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia marrupana Bruyns Eshrub (s) Ni
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia mlanjeana L.C.Leach NE1+3 shrub (s) Na, Ni, Z Malawi
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia namuliensis Bruyns Eshrub (s) Z3b
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia neohalipedicola
Bruyns (=Synadenium
halipedicola L.C.Leach)
Eshrub Y S
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia neorugosa Bruyns nom.
inval. (=Monadenium rugosum
S.Carter)
NE2+3 herb (p) CD Tanzania 1
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia plenispina S.Carter Eshrub (s) Mc
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia ramulosa L.C.Leach Eshrub (s) Na, Ni, Z
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia schlechteri Pax Eherb (p) G, Mp 2a
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia stenocaulis Bruyns Eshrub (s) Y Z
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia torrei (L.C.Leach)
Bruyns
NE1 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia unicornis R.A.Dyer Eshrub (s) CD
Euphorbiaceae Jatropha latifolia Pax var.
subeglandulosa Radcl.‑Sm.
Eherb (p) YMp 2b
Euphorbiaceae Jatropha scaposa Radcl.‑Sm. Eherb (p) Mp, Na, S
Euphorbiaceae Jatropha subaequiloba Radcl.‑
Sm.
Eshrub In 2c
Euphorbiaceae Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler)
Müll.Arg. var. lindicus (Radcl.-
Sm.) Radcl.-Sm.
NE1 tree CD, Na Tanzania 1
Euphorbiaceae Tragia glabrata (Müll.Arg.)
Pax & K.Hom. var. hispida
Radcl.‑Sm.
Eherb (c) YMp 2a
Endemic plants of Mozambique 85
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Euphorbiaceae Tragia shirensis Prain var.
glabriuscula Radcl.‑Sm.
Eherb (p) YNa
Euphorbiaceae Tragia shirensis Prain var. shirensis NE1 herb (p) ZMalawi
Fabaceae Acacia latispina J.E.Burrows
& S.M.Burrows (=Vachellia
latispina (J.E.Burrows &
S.M.Burrows) Kyal. & Boatwr.)
Etree CD 1
Fabaceae Acacia latistipulata Harms
(=Senegalia latistipulata (Harms)
Kyal. & Boatwr.)
NE1 shrub CD, Na, T Tanzania
Fabaceae Acacia quiterajoensis Timberlake
& Lötter
Eshrub, tree CD 1
Fabaceae Acacia torrei Brenan (=Vachellia
torrei (Brenan) Kyal. & Boatwr.)
Eshrub S
Fabaceae Adenopodia schlechteri (Harms)
Brenan
Eliana,
shrub
G, Mp 2a
Fabaceae Aeschynomene aphylla Wild NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Aeschynomene chimanimaniensis
Verdc.
NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Aeschynomene grandistipulata
Harms
NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Aeschynomene inyangensis Wild NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Aeschynomene minutiora Taub.
subsp. grandiora Verdc.
Eherb (a) Na, Z
Fabaceae Aeschynomene mossambicensis
Verdc. subsp. mossambicensis
Eherb (a),
herb (p)
Na, Z
Fabaceae Aeschynomene pawekiae Verdc. NE2+3 herb (p) Ni Malawi
Fabaceae Baphia macrocalyx Harms NE1 tree CD Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Baphia massaiensis Taub. subsp.
gomesii (Baker f.) Brummitt
Eshrub, tree CD, In,
Na, Ni
Tanzania?
Fabaceae Baphia ovata Sim (=Baphia
kirkii Baker subsp. ovata (Sim)
Soladoye)
Eshrub, tree G, In 2c
Fabaceae Baphia punctulata Harms
subsp. palmensis Soladoye
Eshrub, tree YCD 1
Fabaceae Bauhinia burrowsii
E.J.D.Schmidt
Eshrub In 2c
Fabaceae Berlinia orientalis Brenan NE1 tree CD Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Brachystegia oblonga Sim Etree Na, Z 1
Fabaceae Bussea xylocarpa (Sprague)
Sprague & Craib
Etree Mc
Fabaceae Chamaecrista paralias (Brenan)
Lock
Eherb (p),
shrub,
tree
In, Na
Fabaceae Crotalaria assurgens Polhill NE3 herb (p) Ni Tanzania
Fabaceae Crotalaria dura J.M.Wood &
M.S.Evans subsp. mozambica
Polhill
NE1 herb (p),
shrub
G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Fabaceae Crotalaria insignis Polhill NE2 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Crotalaria lanceolata E.Mey. subsp.
exigua Polhill
NE1 herb (a),
herb (p)
Na, Z Malawi
Fabaceae Crotalaria misella Polhill Eherb (a) CD Tanzania? 1
Fabaceae Crotalaria mocubensis Polhill Eherb (a) S, T, Z
Fabaceae Crotalaria namuliensis Polhill
& T.Harris
Eherb (a),
herb (p)
Z3b
Fabaceae Crotalaria paraspartea Polhill Eherb (a) Na
Fabaceae Crotalaria phylicoides Wild NE2+3 herb (p),
shrub
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Crotalaria schlechteri Baker f. NE1+2 herb (p) G, Mp South Africa MP 2a
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
86
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Fabaceae Crotalaria schliebenii Polhill NE1+2+3 herb (a),
herb (p)
Na Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Crotalaria torrei Polhill Eshrub Z3b
Fabaceae Dialium schlechteri Harms NE1 tree G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Fabaceae Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight
& Arn. subsp. africana Brenan &
Brummitt var. pubescens Brenan &
Brummitt
NE1 shrub, tree G, Mc, S Zimbabwe
Fabaceae Entada mossambicensis Torre Eshrub Na
Fabaceae Entada stuhlmannii (Taub.) Harms NE1 liana CD, Na, Z Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Gelrebia rostrata (N.E.Br.) Gagnon
& G.P.Lewis (=Caesalpinia rostrata
N.E.Br.)
NE2+3 shrub,
liana
Mp South Africa MP 2a,
2b
Fabaceae Guibourtia sousae J.Leonard Etree YIn 2c
Fabaceae Icuria dunensis Wieringa Etree Na, Z 1
Fabaceae Indigofera cecilii N.E.Br. NE1 herb (p),
shrub
Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Indigofera concinna Baker NE1 herb (a) CD, Na Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Indigofera emarginella A.Rich.
var. marrupaënsis Schrire
Eshrub YNi
Fabaceae Indigofera erythrogramma Baker
subsp. nampulensis Schrire
NE1+3 herb (a) Na Malawi
Fabaceae Indigofera gobensis Schrire Eherb (p) Mp 2b
Fabaceae Indigofera graniticola J.B.Gillett NE2+3 herb (a) Na Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Indigofera mendoncae J.B.Gillett Eherb (p) G, In 2c
Fabaceae Indigofera namuliensis Schrire Eherb (a) Z3b
Fabaceae Indigofera nyassica Gilli var. brevior
(J.B.Gillett) J.B.Gillett
NE3 herb (a),
herb (p)
Ni Tanzania
Fabaceae Indigofera podophylla H arv. NE1 herb (p) G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Fabaceae Indigofera pseudomoniliformis
Schrire
Eshrub Na, Ni, Z
Fabaceae Indigofera torrei J.B.Gillett Eherb (p),
shrub
G
Fabaceae Indigofera vicioides Jaub. & Spach
subsp. excelsa Schrire
NE2+3 herb (p),
shrub
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Lotus wildii J.B.Gillett NE2 herb (p),
shrub
SZimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Macrotyloma decipiens Verdc. Eherb YNa 1
Fabaceae Micklethwaitia carvalhoi
(Harms) G.P.Lewis & Schrire
Etree CD, Na 1
Fabaceae Millettia ebenifera (Bertol.)
J.E.Burrows & Lötter
Eshrub, tree G, In 2c
Fabaceae Millettia makondensis Harms NE1 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Millettia mossambicensis
J.B.Gillett
Etree Na, S
Fabaceae Mimosa mossambicensis Brenan NE1 shrub,
liana
S, T Malawi
Fabaceae Ormocarpum schliebenii Harms NE1 shrub CD, Na Tanzania 1
Fabaceae Otholobium foliosum (Oliv.)
C.H.Stirt. subsp. gazense (Baker
f.) Verdc.
NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Pearsonia mesopontica Polhill NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Rhynchosia chimanimaniensis
Verdc.
NE2+3 herb (p),
shrub
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Rhynchosia clivorum S.Moore
subsp. gurueensis Verdc.
Eherb (p),
shrub
Y Z 3b
Fabaceae Rhynchosia genistoides Burtt Davy NE2+3 shrub Mp South Africa MP 2b
Endemic plants of Mozambique 87
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Fabaceae Rhynchosia stipata Meikle NE2+3 herb (c),
herb (p)
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Rhynchosia swynnertonii Baker f. NE2 herb (c),
liana
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Rhynchosia torrei Verdc. Eshrub Z3b
Fabaceae Scorodophloeus torrei Lock Eshrub, tree Na, Z 1
Fabaceae Sphenostylis zimbabweensis Mithen NE3 herb (c),
herb (p)
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Tephrosia chimanimaniana
Brummitt
NE1+2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Tephrosia faulknerae Brummitt Eshrub Na, Z
Fabaceae Tephrosia forbesii Baker subsp.
forbesii
NE1 herb (p) G, Mp South Africa KN 2a
Fabaceae Tephrosia forbesii Baker subsp.
inhacensis Brummitt
Eherb (p) Mp 2a
Fabaceae Tephrosia gobensis Brummitt NE2+3 shrub Mp eSwatini 2b
Fabaceae Tephrosia longipes Meisn. var.
drummondii (Brummitt)
Brummitt
NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Tephrosia longipes Meisn. var.
swynnertonii (Baker f.) Brummitt
NE2 herb (p),
shrub
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Tephrosia miranda Brummitt Eshrub Na
Fabaceae Tephrosia montana Brummitt NE2 shrub Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Tephrosia praecana Brummitt NE2 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Fabaceae Tephrosia reptans Baker var.
microfoliata (Pires da Lima)
Brummitt
Eherb (a) CD, Na, Z 1
Fabaceae Tephrosia whyteana Baker f.
subsp. gemina Brummitt
Eshrub Z3b
Fabaceae Xylia mendoncae Torre Eshrub, tree In 2c
Gentianaceae Exacum zombense N.E.Br. NE1 herb (a) Mc, Na,
Ni, Z
Malawi 3a,
3b
Gentianaceae Faroa involucrata (Klotzsch)
Knobl.
Eherb (a) Na, Z
Geraniaceae Geranium exellii J.R.Laundon NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Geraniaceae Pelargonium mossambicense Engl. NE2 herb (p) SZimbabwe 3a
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus acicularis
I.Darbysh. & Massingue
Eherb (p) YMc 3a
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus brachynema
Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Eherb S3a
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus erubescens Hilliard &
B.L.Burtt
NE2 herb Ni Malawi 3b
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus grandis N.E.Br.
subsp. septentrionalis Hilliard &
B.L.Burtt
NE2 herb Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus hirticapsa B.L.Burtt NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus leptopus Hilliard &
B.L.Burtt
NE2 herb (p) ZMalawi 3b
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus michelmorei
B.L.Burtt
NE2 herb (p) Mc, S? Zimbabwe 3a
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus milanjianus Hilliard
& B.L.Burtt
NE2+3 herb (p) ZMalawi 3b
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus montis-bingae
Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Eherb (p) YMc 3a
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus myoporoides
Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Eherb (p) Na 3b
Gesneriaceae Streptocarpus umtaliensis B.L.Burtt NE2 herb Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Acrotome mozambiquensis
G.Taylor
Eherb (p) Mp 2a
Lamiaceae Aeollanthus viscosus Ryding NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
88
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Lamiaceae Clerodendrum abilioi R.Fern. Eherb (p) YNa 1
Lamiaceae Clerodendrum cephalanthum
Oliv. subsp. cephalanthum var.
torrei R.Fern.
Eliana,
shrub
Y? CD 1
Lamiaceae Clerodendrum lutambense Verdc. NE1+3 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Lamiaceae Clerodendrum robustum
Klotzsch var. macrocalyx R.Fern.
Eherb (p) YMc
Lamiaceae Coleus caudatus (S.Moore)
E.Downes & I.Darbysh.
(=Plectranthus caudatus S.Moore)
NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Coleus cucullatus (A.J.Paton)
A.J.Paton (=Plectranthus
cucullatus A.J.Paton)
Eherb (p),
shrub
Na 3b
Lamiaceae Coleus namuliensis E.Downes &
I.Darbysh.
Eherb (p) Z3b
Lamiaceae Coleus psammophilus (Codd)
A.J.Paton (=Plectranthus
psammophilus Codd)
NE1 herb (p) In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Lamiaceae Coleus sessilifolius (A.J.Paton)
A.J.Paton (=Plectranthus sessilifolius
A.J.Paton)
NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Leucas nyassae Gürke var.
velutina (C.H.Wright ex Baker)
Sebald
Eherb (p) Ni
Lamiaceae Ocimum natalense Ayob. ex A.J.
Paton
NE2 herb (p),
shrub
G, Mp South Africa KN 2a
Lamiaceae Ocimum reclinatum (S.D.Will. &
K.Balkwill) A.J.Paton
NE2 herb (p) Mp South Africa KN 2a
Lamiaceae Orthosiphon scedastophyllus
A.J.Paton
NE2+3 herb (p) CD Tanzania 1
Lamiaceae Plectranthus chimanimanensis
S.Moore
NE1 herb (p),
shrub
Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Plectranthus guruensis A.J.Paton Eherb (p) Z3b
Lamiaceae Plectranthus mandalensis Baker NE2 herb (a),
herb (p)
ZMalawi 3b
Lamiaceae Premna hans-joachimii Verdc. NE2 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Lamiaceae Premna tanganyikensis Moldenke NE1 shrub, tree CD, Na Tanzania 1
Lamiaceae Rotheca luembensis (De Wild.)
R.Fern. subsp. niassensis
(R.Fern.) R.Fern.
Eherb (p) Ni
Lamiaceae Rotheca sansibarensis (Gürke)
Steane & Mabb. subsp.
sansibarensis var. eratensis
(R.Fern.) R.Fern.
Eshrub YNa
Lamiaceae Rotheca teaguei (Hutch.) R.Fern. NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe
Lamiaceae Rotheca verdcourtii (R.Fern.)
R.Fern.
NE2 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Stachys didymantha Brenan NE2 herb (p) ZMalawi 3b
Lamiaceae Syncolostemon abellifolius
(S.Moore) A.J.Paton
NE2+3 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Syncolostemon namapaensis
D.F.Otieno
NE2+3 herb (p) Na Tanzania
Lamiaceae Syncolostemon oritrephes (Wild)
D.F.Otieno
NE2+3 herb (p),
shrub
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Lamiaceae Vitex carvalhi Gürke NE1 shrub, tree CD, Na Tanzania 1
Lamiaceae Vitex mossambicensis Gürke NE1 tree CD, Na Tanzania 1
Lentibulariaceae Utricularia podadena P.Taylor NE2+3 herb (p) Ni Malawi
Linaceae Hugonia elliptica N.Robson Eshrub,
liana
Z 1
Endemic plants of Mozambique 89
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Linaceae Hugonia grandiora N.Robson NE3 shrub,
tree, liana
CD Tanzania 1
Linderniaceae Crepidorhopalon avus (S.Moore)
I.Darbysh. & Eb.Fisch.
(=Lindernia ava S.Moore)
NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Linderniaceae Crepidorhopalon namuliensis
I.Darbysh. & Eb.Fisch.
Eherb (p) Z3b
Loranthaceae Agelanthus deltae (Baker &
Sprague) Polhill & Wiens
Eshrub
(par)
S, T, Z
Loranthaceae Agelanthus igneus (Danser) Polhill
& Wiens
NE1+3 shrub
(par)
CD, S, T, Z Tanzania
Loranthaceae Agelanthus patelii Polhill &
Timberlake INED.
NE2+3 shrub
(par)
ZMalawi 3b
Loranthaceae Englerina oedostemon (Danser)
Polhill & Wiens
NE2 shrub
(par)
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Loranthaceae Englerina schlechteri (Engl.)
Polhill & Wiens
Eshrub
(par)
G, In, Mp 2a,
2c
Loranthaceae Englerina swynnertonii (Sprague)
Polhill & Wiens
NE2+3 shrub
(par)
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Loranthaceae Englerina triplinervia (Baker &
Sprague) Polhill & Wiens
NE3 shrub
(par)
CD, Na Tanzania 1
Loranthaceae Helixanthera schizocalyx
T.Harris, I.Darbysh. & Polhill
Eshrub
(par)
Z3b
Lythraceae Ammannia elata R.Fern. Eherb (a) Y Z
Lythraceae Ammannia fernandesiana
S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Eherb (p) In, S
Lythraceae Ammannia gazensis (A.Fern.)
S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Eherb (a) Y G
Lythraceae Ammannia linearis (Hiern)
S.A.Graham & Gandhi
NE1 herb (a) Na, S, Z Tanzania
Lythraceae Ammannia moggii (A.Fern.)
S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Eherb (p) YNa 1
Lythraceae Ammannia mossambicensis (A.Fern.
& Diniz) S.A.Graham & Gandhi
NE3 herb (a),
herb (p)
Na Tanzania,
Zimbabwe
Lythraceae Ammannia parvula S.A.Graham
& Gandhi
Eherb (a) Na
Lythraceae Ammannia pedroi (A.Fern. &
Diniz) S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Eherb (a) CD, Na 1
Lythraceae Ammannia polycephala (Peter)
S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Eherb (p) S
Lythraceae Ammannia ramosissima (A.Fern.
& Diniz) S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Eherb (a) YNi ?Malawi
Lythraceae Ammannia spathulata (A.Fern.)
S.A.Graham & Gandhi
Eherb (p) Y S
Malpighiaceae Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. var.
linearifolius Launert
NE1 shrub,
tree, liana
In, Mp eSwatini, South
Africa KN
2a
Malpighiaceae Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch.
subsp. canescens (Engl.) Immelman
NE2 shrub Mp South Africa MP 2b
Malpighiaceae Triaspis suulta Launert Eliana In 2c
Malvaceae Cola cheringoma Cheek Etree S
Malvaceae Cola clavata Mast. Etree S, Z
Malvaceae Cola mossambicensis Wild NE1 tree Mc, Na,
S, Z
Malawi,
Tanzania
Malvaceae Corchorus velutinus Wild NE1 shrub G, In Zimbabwe,
South Africa LP
Malvaceae Dombeya lastii K.Schum. Eshrub Z3b
Malvaceae Dombeya leachii Wild Eshrub Na 3b
Malvaceae Eriolaena rulkensii Dorr Eshrub, tree CD 1
Malvaceae Glyphaea tomentosa Mast. NE1 shrub, tree Na, S, Z Malawi
Malvaceae Grewia lipes Burret NE2+3 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
90
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Malvaceae Grewia hornbyi Wild NE1 shrub G, In, Mc,
Mp, S, T
Zimbabwe,
South Africa KN
Malvaceae Grewia limae Wild Eshrub, tree CD 1
Malvaceae Grewia occidentalis L. var.
littoralis Wild
Eshrub G, In, Mp 2a,
2c
Malvaceae Grewia transzambesica Wild Eshrub, tree CD, Na,
S, Z
Malvaceae Hermannia micropetala Harv. NE1 herb (p),
shrub
G, In,
Mp, S
South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Malvaceae Hermannia torrei Wild Eherb (p),
shrub
Y G 2c
Malvaceae Hibiscus burtt-davyi Dunkley NE3 shrub, tree Mc Malawi,
Zimbabwe
3a,
3b
Malvaceae Hibiscus rupicola Exell Eherb (p),
shrub
Y T ?Malawi
Malvaceae Hibiscus torrei Baker f. Eherb (p),
shrub
YNi
Malvaceae Microcos microthyrsa (K.Schum.
ex Burret) Burret (=Grewia
microthyrsa K.Schum. ex Burret)
NE1 shrub G, In, Mp South Africa
KN, LP
2a,
2b,
2c
Malvaceae espesia mossambicensis (Exell
& Hillc.) Fryxell
Eshrub, tree CD 1
Malvaceae Triumfetta kirkii Mast. NE1 herb (a) CD, Na, S Tanzania
Melastomataceae Antherotoma angustifolia
(A.Fern. & R.Fern.) Jacq.‑Fél.
Eherb (p),
shrub
CD, Na 1
Melastomataceae Dissotis johnstoniana Baker f. var.
johnstoniana (=Dissotidendron
johnstonianum (Baker f.) Ver,-Lib.
& G.Kadereit var. johnstonianum)
NE2+3 shrub ZMalawi 3b
Melastomataceae Dissotis pulchra A.Fern. & R.Fern. NE2+3 herb (p),
shrub
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Melastomataceae Dissotis swynnertonii (Baker f.)
A.Fern. & R.Fern. (=Pseudosbeckia
swynnertonii (Baker f.) A. Fern. &
R.Fern.)
NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Melastomataceae Memecylon aenigmaticum
R.D.Stone
Eshrub YCD 1
Melastomataceae Memecylon incisilobum
R.D.Stone & I.G.Mona
Etree G2a
Melastomataceae Memecylon insulare A.Fern. &
R.Fern.
Eshrub In 2c
Melastomataceae Memecylon nubigenum R.D.Stone
& I.G.Mona
NE1+2+3 tree Na, Z Malawi 3b
Melastomataceae Memecylon rovumense R.D.Stone
& I.G.Mona
NE2+3 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Melastomataceae Memecylon torrei A.Fern. &
R.Fern.
Eshrub, tree CD, Na 1
Melastomataceae Warneckea albiora R.D.Stone
& N.P.Tenza
Etree CD 1
Melastomataceae Warneckea cordiformis
R.D.Stone
Eshrub, tree CD 1
Melastomataceae Warneckea parvifolia R.D.Stone
& Ntetha
NE2+3 shrub, tree Mp South Africa KN 2a
Melastomataceae Warneckea sessilicarpa (A.Fern.
& R.Fern.) Jacq.‑Fel.
Eshrub, tree Na 1
Melastomataceae Warneckea sousae (A.Fern. &
R.Fern.) A.E.van Wyk
NE1 shrub, tree CD, Na,
S, Z
Tanzania
Melianthaceae Bersama swynnertonii Baker f. NE2 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Menispermaceae Albertisia delagoensis (N.E.Br.)
Forman
NE1 shrub,
liana
In, Mp, Na,
S, Z
South Africa KN
Endemic plants of Mozambique 91
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Menispermaceae Cissampelos hirta Klotzsch NE1 liana G, In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Menispermaceae Tinospora mossambicensis Engl. NE3 liana Unknown Tanzania
Moraceae Bosqueiopsis carvalhoana Engl. shrub CD, Na Tanzania 1
Moraceae Dorstenia zambesiaca Hijman Eherb (p) Na, S
Moraceae Ficus muelleriana C.C.Berg Eshrub Mc 3a
Myricaceae Myrica chimanimaniana (Verdc.
& Polhill) Christenh. & Byng
(=Morella chimanimaniana
Verdc.& Polhill )
NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Myrtaceae Syzygium komatiense Byng &
Pahlad.
NE2+3 tree Mp South Africa MP 2b
Myrtaceae Syzygium niassense Byng &
J.E.Burrows
NE1 tree CD, Na,
Ni, S, Z
Tanzania?
Ochnaceae Ochna angustata N.Robson Eshrub, tree CD, Na,
S, Z
Ochnaceae Ochna beirensis N.Robson Eshrub, tree S
Ochnaceae Ochna dolicharthros
F.M.Crawford & I.Darbysh.
Eshrub CD 1
Oleaceae Olea chimanimani Kupicha NE2+3 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orobanchaceae Buchnera chimanimaniensis Philcox NE2 herb (a),
herb (p)
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orobanchaceae Buchnera namuliensis Skan Eherb (a) S, Z
Orobanchaceae Buchnera subglabra Philcox NE2+3 herb (a) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Orobanchaceae Buchnera wildii Philcox NE2 herb (a),
herb (p)
Mc Zimbabwe,
?Malawi
3a
Orobanchaceae Striga diversifolia Pires de Lima Eherb (a) YCD 1
Orobanchaceae Striga junodii Schinz NE1 herb (p) In, Mp South Africa
KN, MP
2a,
2c
Passioraceae Adenia dolichosiphon Harms NE1 herb (c) CD, Mc,
S, Z
Tanzania
Passioraceae Adenia mossambicensis W.J.de
Wilde
Eherb (c) YNa
Passioraceae Adenia zambesiensis R.Fern. &
A.Fern.
Eherb (c) Y Z
Passioraceae Tricliceras auriculatum (A.Fern.
& R.Fern.) R.Fern.
Eherb (a) Na
Passioraceae Tricliceras elatum (A.Fern. &
R.Fern.) R.Fern.
Eherb (a) Na
Passioraceae Tricliceras lanceolatum (A.Fern.
& R.Fern.) R.Fern.
Eherb (a) Na, S
Passioraceae Tricliceras longepedunculatum
(Mast.) R.Fern. var. eratense
R.Fern.
Eherb (p) Na
Penaeaceae Olinia chimanimani T.Shah &
I.Darbysh.
NE2+3 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Peraceae Clutia sessilifolia Radcl.-Sm. NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus bernierianus Müll.Arg.
var. glaber Radcl.-Sm.
NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus manicaensis Jean
F.Brunel ex Radcl.‑Sm.
Eherb (p) Mc ?Zimbabwe 3a
Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. var.
orae-solis Radcl.‑Sm.
Eshrub, tree Mp 2a
Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus tsetserrae Jean
F.Brunel ex Radcl.‑Sm.
Eherb (p) YMc 3a
Podostemaceae Inversodicraea torrei (C.Cusset)
Cheek
Eherb (p) Z3b
Polygalaceae Carpolobia suaveolens Meikle Eshrub, tree CD, In,
Na, S, Z
Polygalaceae Polygala adamsonii Exell NE2+3 herb (a) Na, Z Malawi 3b
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
92
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Polygalaceae Polygala francisci Exell Eherb (p),
shrub
In, Mp ?Zimbabwe 2a,
2c
Polygalaceae Polygala limae Exell Eherb (a) YCD 1
Polygalaceae Polygala torrei Exell Eherb (p) YMp 2a
Polygalaceae Polygala zambesiaca Paiva NE2 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Primulaceae Lysimachia gracilipes (P.Taylor)
U.Manns & Anderb.
NE2+3 herb (p) SZimbabwe 3a
Proteaceae Faurea racemosa Farmar NE1+3 tree ZMalawi 3b
Proteaceae Faurea rubriora Marner NE2 tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Proteaceae Leucospermum saxosum S.Moore NE3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe,
South Africa LP
MP
3
Proteaceae Protea cara Meisn. subsp. gazensis
(Beard) Chisumpa & Brummitt
NE2 shrub, tree Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Proteaceae Protea enervis Wild NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Putranjivaceae Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. var.
angustifolia Radcl.‑Sm.
Eshrub, tree YMc
Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea mossambicensis
(Brehmer) Alston
NE1 shrub, tree CD, In,
Mp
Tanzania,
eSwatini, South
Africa KN
Rubiaceae Afrocanthium ngonii (Bridson)
Lantz
NE2 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Afrocanthium racemulosum
(S.Moore) Lantz var. nanguanum
(Tennant) Bridson
NE1 shrub, tree CD, Z Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Afrocanthium vollesenii (Bridson)
Lantz
NE3 shrub, tree CD, Na Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Anthospermum ammanioides
S.Moore
NE1 shrub Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Anthospermum vallicola S.Moore NE1 shrub Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Anthospermum zimbabwense Pu NE2 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Canthium oligocarpum Hiern
subsp. angustifolium Bridson
NE1 tree Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Catunaregam stenocarpa Bridson NE1 shrub, tree CD, Na,
Ni, Z
Tanzania
Rubiaceae Catunaregam swynnertonii
(S.Moore) Bridson
NE1 shrub, tree CD, G,
Mc, Na, S,
T, Z
Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae Chassalia colorata J.E.Burrows Eshrub CD 1
Rubiaceae Coea salvatrix Swynn. &
Phillipson
NE1 shrub, tree Mc, Z Tanzania,
Malawi,
Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae Coea schliebenii Bridson NE2 shrub, tree CD Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Conostomium gazense Verdc. Eherb (p) Y G 2c
Rubiaceae Cuviera schliebenii Verdc. NE1 shrub, tree CD, Na, Z Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Didymosalpinx callianthus
J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows
NE1+2+3 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Empogona jenniferae Cheek NE2+3 tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Empogona maputensis (Bridson &
A.E.van Wyk) Tosh & Robbr.
NE2+3 shrub Mp South Africa KN 2a
Rubiaceae Heinsia mozambicensis (Verdc.)
J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows
Eshrub Na 1
Rubiaceae Hymenodictyon austro-africanum
J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows
NE2 shrub, tree GSouth Africa LP
Rubiaceae Hyperacanthus microphyllus
(K.Schum.) Bridson
NE1 shrub, tree G, Mp,
Na, S
South Africa
KN, ?Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae Leptactina papyrophloea Verdc. NE1+3 tree CD Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Oldenlandia cana Bremek. NE2 herb (a) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Oldenlandia verrucitesta Verdc. Eherb (a),
herb (p)
Y Z
Endemic plants of Mozambique 93
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Rubiaceae Otiophora inyangana N.E.Br.
subsp. inyangana
NE1+2 herb (p),
shrub
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Otiophora inyangana N.E.Br.
subsp. parvifolia (Verdc.) Pu
NE1+2 herb (p),
shrub
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Otiophora lanceolata Verdc. NE1+2 herb (p),
shrub
Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Oxyanthus biorus J.E.Burrows &
S.M.Burrows
NE1+2+3 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Oxyanthus latifolius Sond. NE1 tree G, In, Mp,
S, Z
South Africa KN
Rubiaceae Oxyanthus strigosus Bridson &
J.E.Burrows
NE1+2 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta chapmanii Bridson NE2 shrub, tree ZMalawi 3b
Rubiaceae Pavetta comostyla S.Moore
subsp. comostyla var. inyangensis
(Bremek.) Bridson
NE1+2 shrub, tree Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Pavetta curalicola J.E.Burrows Eshrub CD, Na 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta decumbens K.Schum. &
K.Krause
NE1 shrub CD, Na,
S, Z
Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta dianeae J.E.Burrows &
S.M.Burrows
Eshrub CD, Na, Z 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta gardeniifolia A.Rich.
var. appendiculata (De Wild.)
Bridson
Eshrub, tree Ni, Z
Rubiaceae Pavetta gracillima S.Moore NE1 shrub In, Mc, S Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae Pavetta gurueensis Bridson Eshrub Z3b
Rubiaceae Pavetta incana Klotzsch Eshrub T
Rubiaceae Pavetta klotzschiana K.Schum. NE1 shrub CD, In,
Mc, Na, S,
T, Z
Malawi,
Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae Pavetta lindina Bremek. NE1+2 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta micropunctata Bridson NE1+2 shrub Na Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta mocambicensis Bremek. Eshrub CD, Na 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta pumila N.E.Br. Eshrub S
Rubiaceae Pavetta tendagurensis Bremek. NE1 shrub CD, Na Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Pavetta umtalensis Bremek. NE1+2 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Pavetta vanwykiana Bridson NE2 shrub Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2b
Rubiaceae Pentas zanzibarica (Klotzsch)
Vatke subsp. milangiana (Verdc.)
Verdc.
NE1 herb (p),
shrub
Na, Z Malawi 3b
Rubiaceae Polysphaeria harrisii I.Darbysh.
& C.Langa
Eshrub Z3b
Rubiaceae Polysphaeria ribauensis I.
Darbysh. & C.Langa
Eshrub Na 3b
Rubiaceae Psychotria amboniana
K.Schum. subsp. mosambicensis
(E.M.A.Petit) Verdc.
Eshrub G, In, Mp 2a,
2c
Rubiaceae Psychotria angustibracteata (Verdc.)
J.E.Burrows
NE1 shrub, tree Mc, Na,
S, Z
Zimbabwe 3a,
3b
Rubiaceae Psydrax fragrantissimus (K.Schum.)
Bridson
NE1 shrub, tree Mp South Africa KN 2a
Rubiaceae Psydrax micans (Bullock) Bridson NE1 tree, liana CD, Na, S Tanzania
Rubiaceae Psydrax moggii Bridson Eshrub, tree CD, G, In,
Mp, Na, S
Rubiaceae Pyrostria chapmanii Bridson NE1+2+3 shrub, tree Na, Z Malawi 3b
Rubiaceae Rothmannia scheri (K.Schum.)
Bullock subsp. moramballae
(Hiern) Bridson
NE1 tree CD, In,
Mc, Mp,
S, Z
South Africa
KN; Zimbabwe
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
94
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Rubiaceae Rytigynia celastroides (Baill.) Verdc.
var australis Verdc.
NE1 shrub In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Rubiaceae Rytigynia torrei Verdc. Eshrub CD, Na
Rubiaceae Sericanthe chimanimaniensis
Wursten & De Block INED.
NE1+2 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Spermacoce kirkii (Hiern.)
Verdc.
Eherb (a),
herb (p)
G, In, S, Z
Rubiaceae Spermacoce schlechteri K.Schum.
ex Verdc.
Eherb (p) In, Na, S, Z ?Tanzania
Rubiaceae Tarenna longipedicellata
(J.G.García) Bridson
Eshrub S, Z
Rubiaceae Tarenna pembensis J.E.Burrows Etree CD, Na 1
Rubiaceae Triainolepis sancta Verdc. Eshrub In 2c
Rubiaceae Tricalysia coriacea (Benth.) Hiern
subsp. angustifolia (J.G.Garcia)
Robbr.
NE1 shrub, tree Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Rubiaceae Tricalysia ignota Bridson NE2+3 shrub, tree Mc Malawi;
Zimbabwe
3a,
3b
Rubiaceae Tricalysia jasminiora
(Klotzsch) Benth. & Hook.f. ex
Hiern var. hypotephros Brenan
Eshrub, tree Z
Rubiaceae Tricalysia schliebenii Robbr. NE1 shrub CD, Na, Z Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Tricalysia semidecidua Bridson NE1 shrub CD Tanzania 1
Rubiaceae Vangueria domatiosa
J.E.Burrows
Etree CD 1
Rubiaceae Vangueria monteiroi (Oliv.) Lantz
(=Lagynias monteiroi (Oliv.)
Bridson)
NE1 shrub, tree G, Mp eSwatini, South
Africa KN
2a,
2c
Rutaceae Teclea crenulata (Engl.) Engl.
(=Todallia crenulata Engl.)
Eunknown Y Z
Rutaceae Vepris allenii I.Verd. Eshrub, tree CD Possibly
Tanzania
1
Rutaceae Vepris carringtoniana Mendonça NE1 shrub In, Mp eSwatini, South
Africa KN, LP,
MP
2a,
2b,
2c
Rutaceae Vepris drummondii Mendonça NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Rutaceae Vepris macedoi (Exell &
Mendonça) Mziray
Etree Na 3b
Rutaceae Vepris myrei (Exell & Mendonça)
Mziray
NE1 shrub, tree In, S, T Malawi,
Zimbabwe
Rutaceae Zanthoxylum delagoense
P.G.Waterman
Eshrub, tree G, In,
Mp, S
2a,
2c
Rutaceae Zanthoxylum tenuipedicellatum
(Kokwaro) Vollesen
NE2+3 shrub, tree Na Tanzania 1
Santalaceae esium chimanimaniense Brenan NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Santalaceae esium dolichomeres Brenan NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Santalaceae esium inhambanense Hilliard Eherb (p) YIn Possibly Malawi 2c
Santalaceae esium pygmaeum Hilliard NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Santalaceae esium vahrmeijeri Brenan NE1 herb (a) In, Mp South Africa KN 2a,
2c
Santalaceae Viscum littorum Polhill & Wiens Eshrub CD 1
Sapindaceae Allophylus mossambicensis Exell Eshrub G, In 2a,
2c
Sapindaceae Allophylus torrei Exell &
Mendonça
Eshrub, tree CD, Na
Sapotaceae Synsepalum chimanimani S.Rokni
& I.Darbysh.
NE2+3 shrub, tree Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Sapotaceae Synsepalum muelleri (Kupicha)
T.D.Penn.
NE1 shrub, tree Na, Z Malawi 3b
Endemic plants of Mozambique 95
Family Taxon Endemism Life form Type
only
Provinces Other countries CoE
Scrophulariaceae Jamesbrittenia carvalhoi (Engl.)
Hilliard
NE2 herb (p),
shrub
Mc, S Zimbabwe 3a
Scrophulariaceae Selago anatrichota Hilliard NE2+3 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Scrophulariaceae Selago swynnertonii (S.Moore)
Eyles var. leiophylla (Brenan)
Hilliard
NE2 herb (p) Mc Zimbabwe 3a
Solanaceae Solanum litoraneum A.E.Gonç. Eshrub In, Mp 2a,
2c
Solanaceae Solanum torreanum A.E.Gonç. NE1 herb (c) Mp eSwatini, South
Africa KN MP
2a
ymelaeaceae Gnidia chapmanii B.Peterson NE2+3 shrub ZMalawi 3b
ymelaeaceae Struthiola montana B.Peterson NE2+3 shrub Mc Zimbabwe 3a
ymelaeaceae Synaptolepis oliveriana Gilg NE1 shrub,
liana
CD, G, In,
Mp, Na, Z
South Africa KN
Vahliaceae Vahlia capensis (L.f.) unb.
subsp. macrantha (Klotzsch)
Bridson
Eherb (a),
herb (p)
Mc, S, Z Possibly
Madagascar
Verbenaceae Chascanum angolense Moldenke
subsp. zambesiacum (R.Fern.)
R.Fern.
NE2+3 shrub,
herb (p)
In Malawi
Verbenaceae Chascanum schlechteri (Gürke)
Moldenke var. torrei Moldenke
Eherb (p) YMp 2a
Verbenaceae Lantana swynnertonii Moldenke NE1 shrub Mc, Z Zimbabwe 3a,
3b
Vitaceae Cissus aristolochiifolia Planch. NE1 herb (c) Na, Z Malawi 3b
Vitaceae Cissus bathyrhakodes Werderm. NE1 herb (p) CD, Mc, Z Tanzania
Vitaceae Cyphostemma barbosae Wild &
R.B.Drumm.
NE1 herb (geo) Mp eSwatini, South
Africa KN, MP
2b
Supplementary material 1
Annotated checklist of the endemic and near‑endemic vascular plant taxa of
Mozambique
Authors: Iain Darbyshire, Jonathan Timberlake, Jo Osborne, Saba Rokni, Hermene-
gildo Matimele, Clayton Langa, Castigo Datizua, Camila de Sousa, Tereza Alves, Alice
Massingue, Jeneen Hadj-Hammou, Sonia Dhanda, Toral Shah, Bart Wursten
Data type: species data
Explanation note: Explanatory notes in addition to those for Appendix 1: For “Sourc-
es”, F.Z. = Flora Zambesiaca; S.R.D.L. = Southern African Plant Red Data Lists
(Izidine and Bandeira 2002); T.S.M. = Trees and Shrubs of Mozambique (Burrows
et al. 2018). For “IUCN Status”, assessments in italics are awaiting publication;
those marked with an asterisk (*) require updating.
Copyright notice: is dataset is made available under the Open Database License
(http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). e Open Database License
(ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and
use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the
original source and author(s) are credited.
Link: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.136.39020.suppl1
Iain Darbyshire et al. / PhytoKeys 136: 45–96 (2019)
96
Supplementary material 2
Taxa that were considered for their potential status as near‑endemics for Mozam‑
bique in preparation of the checklist but that do not meet the criteria set out in
the Materials and methods
Authors: Iain Darbyshire, Jonathan Timberlake, Jo Osborne, Saba Rokni, Hermene-
gildo Matimele, Clayton Langa, Castigo Datizua, Camila de Sousa, Tereza Alves, Alice
Massingue, Jeneen Hadj-Hammou, Sonia Dhanda, Toral Shah, Bart Wursten
Data type: species data
Copyright notice: is dataset is made available under the Open Database License
(http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). e Open Database License
(ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and
use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the
original source and author(s) are credited.
Link: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.136.39020.suppl2
Available via license: CC BY
Content may be subject to copyright.