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Vol.23, No.6, 2019
ID No. 2984
(PP 78 - 99)
https://doi.org/10.21271/zjhs.23.6.5
Sherzad.sulaiman@su.edu.krd
0107
1609
0512
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(Walter, 2012, p. 6)(Wolfe, 2006, pp. 427-428)
(Baker, 2012, p. 158)
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(Helfand, 2011, p. 1243) (Helfand, 2011, p.
1243)
(Dasteel, 2016, p. 47)
(Dasteel, 2016, p. 47) (Dasteel, 2016, p. 47)
Beth Din peacemaker ministries
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Federal Arbitration Act, FAA Uniform Arbitration Act, UAA lobbying
(Harding., 1998)
Arbitral Awards (Helfand, 2011, p. 1257)
Fedral Arbitration Act Establishment Clouse
Supreme Court
(Sizemore, 2011, p. 1091)The US
Supreme Court
Lemon Test
(Lemon v. Kurtzman , 1977)
(Walter, 2012, p. 242)
Islamic Institute of Civil Justice Ontario
(Shachar, 2008, p. 588)(Walter, 2012, p. 538)
(WOEHRLING, ROSALIE JUKIER and JOSÉ , 2010, p. 176) “Boyd Report,”Marion BoydMarion Boyd
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(Boyd, 2004)
(Walter,
2012, p. 540) (Walter, 2012, p. 540)
(WOEHRLING, ROSALIE JUKIER and JOSÉ , 2010, p. 177)
(WOEHRLING, ROSALIE JUKIER and JOSÉ
, 2010, p. 177)
Quebec Civil Code
Assemblee Nationale of Quebec
(Walter, 2012, p. 542)
(Walter, 2012, p. 542)
)
: . .
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. :
.((
)2016 (576
.
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(Walter, 2012, pp. 513-514)
Beth din
(Bakht, 2004, p. 1)
(Walter, 2012, pp. 513-514)(Bakht, 2004, p. 1) The Rabbinical Council of America RCA)(Wolfe, 2006, p. 438) Rabbi (Bakht, 2004, p. 1)
(Wolfe, 2006, p. 438)
v. Avitzur Avitzur Ketubah(Walter, 2012, p. 537)
(Avitzur v. Avitzur, 1983)
(Avitzur v. Avitzur, 1983) The New York Court of
Appeals
(Domestic Relations Law 253)
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(Choksi, 2012, p. 812)
(Peacemaker Ministries
(Peacemaker, n.d., p. 2)
Med-Arb
(Peacemaker, n.d., p. 8)
(Wolfe,
2006, p. 440)
Prescott v. Northlake Christian School
Montana Law
(Prescott v. Northlake Christian School, 2004) Encore Productions, Inc. v. Promise Keepers
neutral
principles of law (Encore Productions, Inc. v.
Promise Keepers, 1999)neutral principles
(Encore Productions, Inc. v. Promise
Keepers, 1999)
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(Wolfe, 2006, p. 441)2010
2010
Oklahoma Preliminary Injunction(Walter, 2012, p. 517)) Qaddura Jabri v. (Jabri v.
Qaddura, 2003)
(Jabri v.
Qaddura, 2003)
Minnesota Appellate court Abd Alla V. Morssi (Abd Alla v. Mourssi, 2004).
(Abd Alla v. Mourssi, 2004)
(Sizemore, 2011, p. 1091)New Jersey Court
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(Odatalla v.
Odatalla, 2002)
(Odatalla v. Odatalla, 2002)
United States
Supreme Court(Jones v. Wolf, 1979)
New York Court of Appeal (Sizemore, 2011, p. 1092) (Aziz v. Aziz, 1985)
(Walter, 2012)
Public Policy
(Sizemore, 2011, p. 1087) Oklahoma
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(Michael J. Broyde, Ira
Bedzow, & Shlomo C. Pill , 2014, pp. 34-75)
Muslim Arbitration TribunalMAT
(Choksi,
2012)
(Arbitration Act, 1996) Halpern v. Halpern
(Halpern v. Halpern, 2007) (Choksi, 2012, pp. 816-818)
(Anon., 2019) Archbishop of
Canterbury (Choksi, 2012, pp. 816-818)
(Choksi, 2012, pp. 816-818)
2008
)
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(Shachar,
2005, p. 86)
2016
2016
jurisdictional
differentiation(Helfand, 2011, p. 1235) (Shachar, 2005, p. 86)
(Shachar, 2005, p. 86)
(Lerner,
2011, p. 832)
(Lerner, 2011, p. 832)
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)
. new multiculturalism
Autonomy and Self-Governance(Helfand, 2011, p. 1274)
(Shachar, 2005)
(Lerner, 2011, pp. 834-835)(BAKER, 1994, p. 17) 1992
Egalitarian Libralism Politics of RecognitionCharles
Taylor(Taylor, 1994. )
Equalization of rights and entitlements
(Taylor, 1994. , pp. 37-
39)Egalitarian LibralismBarry (Taylor,
2006)
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(Taylor, 2006)
(Taylor, 1994. , pp. 42-43)
(Taylor, 2006)
Halakha (Wolfe, 2006, p. 445) Beth DinSeruv Halakha
(Wolfe, 2006,
p. 427)
(Peacemaker, n.d., p. 8)
2010
(Taylor, 2006)
(Helfand, 2011, p. 1270) (Aziz v. Aziz, 1985)
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(Walter, 2012)
(Wolfe, 2006, p.
442)
(Gedicks, 2010, p. 54)
(Broyde, 2017, p. 269)
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(Broyde, 2017, p. 242) (Wolfe, 2006, p. 455)
(Broyde, 2017, p. 269)
(Broyde, 2017, p. 265) (Taylor, 2006, pp. 1-2)(Lerner, 2011, pp.
834-838). (Lerner, 2011, pp. 834-838) (Lerner, 2011, p. 838)
(Gedicks, 2010, pp. 51-54)(Brougher, 2011, pp. 2-3)
(Wolfe, 2006, p. 428)
(Taylor, 2006, p. 22) A right of exit
(Taylor, 2006, p. 22)
(Taylor, 2006, p. 22)
Denise Reaume
(Taylor, 2006, p. 24)
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Shachar
(Shachar, 2008, pp. 600-603)(Aslam, 2006, pp. 841-842)Shachar
(Shachar, 2008,
pp. 594-597)
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(Helfand, 2011)
(Wolfe,
2006, p. 441)
(Broyde, 2017, p. 242)
a gunah
problem(Broyde, 2017, p. 242) get get
(Broyde, 2017, pp. 249-254)
(Shachar, 2008, p. 586) (Broyde, 2017, p. 242) (Helfand, 2011, p. 1281)
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1- Amanda M. Baker(2012 . "A Higher Authority: Judicial Review Of Religious ArbitrationVermont Law ReviewVol. 37 Pp.157-202.
2- Ayelet Shachar. Privatizing Diversity: A Cautionary Tale from Religious Arbitration in Family Law (June 25, 2008). Theoretical
Inquiries in Law, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 573-607.
3- Ayelet Shachar2005). Religion, State, and the Problem of Gender:New Modes of Citizenship and Governancein Diverse Societies
MCGILL LAW JOURNAL / REVUE DE DROIT DE MCGILL :Pp.49-88.
4- Bilal M. Choksi.( ). Religious Arbitration In OntarioMaking The Case Based On The British Example Of The Muslim Arbitration
Tribunal33U. Pa. J. IntL L:Pp. 791-840.
5- Caryn Litt Wolfe(2006).Faith-Based Arbitration: Friend or Foe? An Evaluation of Religious Arbitration Systems and Their Interaction
with Secular Courts Fordham L. Rev Pp.427-469
6- Charles Taylor.(1994). The Politics of Recognition in Amy Gutmann, ed., Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
7- Chelsea. A. Sizemore.(2011).Enforsing Islamic mahr agreements: the American Judge's interpretational dilamaGEO.MASON L.RE
: Pp.1085-1102
8- Cynthia Brougher. (2011 Application of Religious Law in U.S. Courts: Selected Legal Issues Congressional Research Service
No. 7-5700 Available online at: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41824.pdf (Last Visited: 12/9/2019)
9- Frederick Mark Gedicks The Recurring Paradox Of Groups In The Liberal StateUtah Law Review
10- Institute for Christian Conciliation A Division of PeacemakerGuidelines for Christian Conciliation, Version 4.6.1 Available online at:
https://rw360.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Guidelines-version-4-6-1.pdf (Last Visited: 12/9/2019)
11- Jeff Dasteel(2016). "Religious Arbitration Agreements in Contracts of Adhesion. Y.B. ArbMediation: Pp.45-68
12- Jehan Aslam (2006).Note, Judicial Oversight of Islamic Family Law Arbitration in Ontario: Ensuring Meaningful Consent and
Promoting Multicultural Citizenship. Vol. N.Y.U. J. INTL LPOL :Pp.841-876.
13- Joanna Taylor. (2006). Banning faith-based arbitration: The demands, the debate, and the implications of Ontario's
decision"Electronic Theses and Dissertations. (7071). Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Available online at:
https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7071 (Last Visited: 12/9/2019).
14- JUDITH BAKER (1994).Group Rights Toronto Buffalo London : UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS
15- Margaret M. Harding(1998). The Clash Between Federal and State Arbitration Law and the Appropriateness of Arbitration as a
Dispute Resolution Process NEB. L. REV :Pp.397-430.
16- Marion Boyd(). Dispute Resolution in Family Law: Protecting Choice, Promoting Inclusion", Executive Summary Available
online at: https://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/about/pubs/boyd/executivesummary.html (Last Visited: 12/9/2019)
17- Michael J. Broyde, Ira BedzowShlomo C. Pill.(2014). The Pillars Of Successful Religious Arbitration: Models For American Islamic
Arbitration Based On The Beth Din Of America And ExperienceMuslim Arbitration Tribunal Harvard Jrnl On Racial Ethnic Justice:
Pp.34-75.
18- Michail J. Broyde. (2017) Sharia Tribunals, Rabbinical Courts and Cristian panelsreligious arbitration in America and the
west Oxford university Press.
19- Micheal A. Helfand (2011). "Religious Arbitration and the New Multiculturalism: Negotiating Conflicting Legal OrdersNew York
University Law Review. Vol. No.1 :Pp.1231-1305.
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World Journal of Human RightsCopyright c 2004 by The Berkeley Electronic Press : Pp.1-23.
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No.52: Pp. 501-569.
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International Arbitration : the United States, Europe, Africa, Middle East and AsiaTheses and Dissertations. 33.
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24- Jukier, Rosalie and Woehrling, Jose .(2010). Religion and the Secular State in Canada. RELIGION AND THE SECULAR STATE:
NATIONAL REPORTS, Javier Martinez-Torron & W. Cole Durham, eds., International Center for Law and Religious Studies : Pp. 183-
212. Available Online At: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2002271 (Last Visited: 19/1/2018)
- Civil Code Québec (1991).
1- Arbitration Act (1996) , c. 23, § 1(a)–(b) (U.K.) (restating and improving the laws pursuant to an arbitration agreement).
1- The Federal Arbitration Act (USA) Title 9, US Code, Section 1-14, was first enacted February 12, (1925) (43 Stat. 883), codified July
30, 1947 (61 Stat. 669), and amended September 3, 1954 (68 Stat. 1233). Chapter 2 was added July 31, 1970 (84 Stat. 692), two new
Sections were passed by the Congress in October of 1988 and renumbered on December 1, 1990 (PLs 669 and 702); Chapter 3 was
added on August 15, 1990 (PL 101-369); and Section 10 was amended on November 15.
- Abd Alla v. Mourssi (2004) 680 N.W.2d 569 (Minn. Ct. App. 2004)..
- Avitzur v. Avitzur (1983) 58 N.Y.2d 108; 445 N.E.2d 136; 459 N.Y.S.2d 572.
- Aziz v. Aziz (1985) 127 Misc. 2d 1013 - NY: Supreme Court, Queens.
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- Jones v. Wolf (1979) 443 U.S. 595.
- Lemon v. Kurtzman (1977) 403 U.S. 602, 612-13.
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Section: "J" (2). (E.D. La. Oct. 29, 2004).
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-
Religious Arbitration and its Impact on Community Coexistence
- An Analytical Study -
Sherzad Azeez Sulaiman
College of Islamic Sciences - Department of Sharia / Salahaddin University-Erbil
Abstract
This research highlights a vital subject for the people in a multicultural society; you may find the
followers of religions in a state of duplication between the legal rules on the one hand and religious norms on the
other. Which in consequence leads to the emergence of legal-religious problems that affect the social situation of
individuals as well, you may find someone resolved his conflict in the secular courts of the State, but he faces the
religious aspect of the incidence of sin (haraam or gunah) within his religious community because of the lack of
religious conditions for that situation. Therefore, the research aims at: finding compromises that lead to the
elimination of this duplication through the adoption of mechanisms of religious arbitration in resolving legal
disputes, and the statement of the position of Iraqi law and comparative laws of religious arbitration based on the
rules of private law. As well as clarifying the positive effects of applying the idea of religious arbitration upon
the communal coexistence.
Keywords: Religious Arbitration, Community Coexistence, Conflicts, Law, Diversity.