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38-month long progression-free and symptom-free survival of a patient with recurrent
glioblastoma multiforme: A case report of the Paleolithic Ketogenic Diet (PKD) used as
a stand-alone treatment after failed standard oncotherapy
Csaba Tóth1, Andrea Dabóczi1, Madhvi Chanrai2, Mária Schimmer1, Zsófia Clemens1*
1 International Center for Medical Nutritional Intervention - Paleomedicina Hungary Ltd.,
Budapest, Hungary
2 Independent researcher
*Corresponding author: Zsófia Clemens, PhD
Keywords: glioblastoma, brain tumor, paleolithic diet, ketogenic diet, paleolithic ketogenic
diet, metabolic therapy, intestinal permeability, cancer treatment
ABSTRACT
Studies in animal models have suggested that the ketogenic diet may be effective in the
treatment of cancer. However, human cohort studies on the ketogenic diet have, thus far,
failed to show benefits in cancer survival or in any other hard clinical endpoints of the
disease. This paper presents a case report of a patient with glioblastoma multiforme. The
patient had initially been treated with standard oncotherapy including surgery, radiotherapy
and chemotherapy. Despite standard treatment, the patient experienced a recurrence of the
glioblastoma seven months later. Subsequently, the patient refused radiotherapy and
chemotherapy and opted to use the paleolithic ketogenic diet (PKD) as a stand-alone therapy.
Following the adoption of the PKD, progression of the disease has been completely halted. At
the time of writing, the patient has remained in remission for 38 months, is without side-
effects and experiences an excellent quality of life without the use of any drugs.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years there has been a surge of interest in the use of ketogenic diets as a potential
treatment for cancer (Klement, 2017). The idea that ketogenic diets may have antitumor
effects was initially put forward following the positive findings that emerged from animal
studies (Zhou et al., 2007). Clinical studies with the ketogenic diet, have however, repeatedly
failed to show benefits in any clinical hard endpoints such as progression-free survival.
The authors of this paper have adopted an evolutionary approach to health and to the
treatment of disease. Hence, we have developed and have been using the paleolithic ketogenic
diet (PKD) in the treatment of several chronic diseases in more than 5000 patients for the last
nine years. The PKD is a diet that is based on animal fat and meat and is similar to the diet
that was originally proposed by Voegtlin (1975).
2
In the classic ketogenic diet, the source of the foods is not stipulated; whereas in the PKD the
source of the fats and proteins is of the utmost importance. In practical terms this means that
the PKD excludes all dairy products, cereal grains, plant oils, nightshades, legumes and
dietary supplements; i.e. all foods that were not routinely available before the advent of
agriculture 10,000 years ago.
The classic ketogenic diet (and its variants), typically contain unrestricted amounts of dairy
products, nuts and plant oils, which are normally excluded in the PKD. In our opinion, this
difference accounts for the additional benefits conferred by the PKD as compared to the
classic ketogenic diet. We believe that excluding the non-PKD food components results in the
normalization of intestinal permeability, which is a critical factor in the mechanism of action
of the PKD in cancer (Tóth et al., 2017).
Thus far, we have published several case reports of patients who have been successfully
treated with the PKD. These include: type 2 (Tóth and Clemens, 2015a) and type 1 diabetes
(Tóth and Clemens, 2014; 2015b); Crohn’s disease (Tóth et al, 2016); Gilbert’s syndrome
(Tóth and Clemens, 2015c); epilepsy (Clemens et al., 2013, 2015); complete reversal of
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (Tóth et al., 2018); halted progression of soft palate cancer
(Tóth and Clemens, 2016) and regression of rectal cancer ((Tóth and Clemens, 2017)
Here we present a case report of a patient with glioblastoma multiforme. Initially, the patient
had been treated with standard oncotherapy including surgery, radiotherapy and
chemotherapy. Despite standard treatment, the patient experienced a recurrence of the
glioblastoma seven months later. Subsequently, the patient refused standard oncotherapy and
opted to use the PKD as a stand-alone therapy. Since initiating the PKD, progression of the
disease has been completely halted. At the time of writing, the patient has remained in
remission for more than 3 years, and that too without the use of any drugs. Furthermore,
besides being progression-free, the patient has also been symptom-free.
CASE REPORT
The medical history of the patient included bladder cancer operated in 2012. He also had
hypertension treated with antihypertensives. The patient presented with severe headache in
late January 2016. A subsequent MRI on the 28th of January 2016 showed a cystic lesion of
44 x 60 x 55 mm in the right parieto-temporo-occipital region. Subtotal surgery was
performed the next day. Histopathology indicated glioblastoma multiforme. A follow-up CT
scan on 02 Mar 2016 showed a cystic mass of 49 x 29.9 mm. Between March and May 2016
the patient underwent radiochemotherapy along with temozolomide treatment. An MRI in
August 2016 showed tumor recurrence, whereupon the patient decided to stop standard
treatment and contacted us for medical guidance.
Paleolithic ketogenic diet
In agreement with the patient, we started the PKD in September 2016. The PKD is an animal
fat-meat based diet with a fat:protein ratio of approximately 2:1 (in grams). The diet excludes
cereal grains, dairy products, nightshades, legumes, plant oils (including coconut oil and olive
oil), nuts, refined sugars, artificial sweeteners, food additives and all types of dietary
3
supplements. Red and fatty meats were the predominant foods in the patient’s diet, with
regular consumption of organ meat from cattle and pork as well. Although the PKD may
include some plant foods in certain cases, in this patient’s case all plant foods were excluded
in order to maximize the effectiveness of the PKD.
Follow-up
The patient was under our close control with several frequent personal visits, as well as e-mail
and phone communication.
Laboratory workup and urinary ketones
The patient was followed-up with home monitoring of urinary ketones, regular laboratory
workups and brain MRI.
Oct
2016
Feb
2017
Aug
2017
Feb
2018
Aug
2018
Jan
2019
Reference
Unit
Glucose
6.6
4.6
5.4
4.1
5
4.9
3.4-6.1
mmol/L
Cholesterol
4.6
7.6
7
6.9
6.5
5.9
3.5-6.5
mmol/L
Triglyceride
0.76
1.51
0.94
0.78
0.7
0.8
0.55-1.85
mmol/L
HDL chol.
1.63
1.79
2.08
-
-
-
0.9-1.7
mmol/L
LDL chol.
2.82
5.51
4.73
-
-
-
<3.35
mmol/L
Uric acid
-
-
254
430
393
-
180-440
umol/L
TSH
-
-
-
3.97
3.64
-
0.4-4.5
mIU/L
Table 1.
Laboratory workup: metabolic parameters. The value that can be regarded as a positive outlier
is indicated in red.
4
Oct
2016
Feb
2017
Aug
2017
Feb
2018
Aug
2018
Jan
2019
Reference
Unit
Sodium
139
140
139
144
139
140
133-145
mmol/l
Potassium
3.8
4.9
5.7
3.6
4.3
4,1
3.5-5.5
mmol/l
Chloride
101
98
98
100
99
102
97-110
mmol/l
Calcium
2.33
2.3
-
2.36
2.47
2.39
2-2.6
mmol/l
Iron
-
-
12.8
14.8
13.2
16.9
14-30
µmol/l
Magnesium
-
-
0.9
0.99
1.02
0.84
0.78-1.03
mmol/l
Folic acid
-
-
36.8
20.7
14.2
37.4
2.4-45.4
nmol/l
Vit. B12
-
-
403
>738
505
349
142-725
pmol/l
Vit. D
-
-
84.2
50.4
62.7
54.5
>75
nmol/l
Table 2
Laboratory workup: minerals, ions and vitamins. Values that can be regarded as negative
outliers are indicated in blue.
Oct
2016
Feb
2017
Aug
2017
Jan
2018
Feb
2018
Jun
2018
Aug
2018
Jan
2019
Reference
Unit
ESR
13
13
13
13
20
18
44
12
<15
mm/h
CRP
-
-
0.4
-
5.2
-
0.1
0-5
mg/l
Fibrinogen
-
-
4.25
-
1.76
-
3.41
2.05
2-4
g/l
TNF-alpha
-
-
5.9
-
1.6
6.09
6.85
-
1-12,4
pg/ml
IL-6
-
-
-
-
3
<2
4.8
-
0-3,4
pg/ml
Table 3.
Laboratory workup: inflammatory markers. Values that can be regarded as positive outliers
are indicated in red.
Glucose levels were low except for the first measurement shortly after starting the diet.
Cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol tended to be slightly elevated. Triglyceride and uric
acid were in the normal range. Mineral, ion and vitamin levels were also in the normal range
except for the iron being slightly low on two measurements and vitamin D being low upon the
last measurement (Table 2.). Inflammatory markers were generally low except for the ESR
being elevated on three measurements (Table 3.). Blood work was used to give feedback to
the patient on how to fine-tune the diet.
Adherence level
The patient showed a generally high level of adherence throughout the entire follow-up. This
was ascertained by blood work and feedback from the patient. Although the patient did not
deviate from the major rules of the PKD he tended to overeat periodically. This may explain
the TSH being closer to the upper limit of the normal range, which in our experience indicates
relative overeating (Table 1.). The patient also reported having consumed coffee from time to
time despite recommendations against drinking coffee. This was reflected in the slightly
5
decreased iron levels; coffee consumption has a known effect of lowering iron (Morck et al.,
1983).
MRI scans
During the follow-up of 38 months seven consecutive MRI scans were performed 3-6 months
apart. Each of them showed stable sizes of the tumor and the associated cyst (Figure 1.).
Figure 1.
MRI scan one month before starting the PKD and seven consecutive follow-up scans. Note
that there is no change in the size of the tumor and the associated cyst throughout the follow-
up of three years.
General condition
The patient was free of symptoms attributable to the brain tumor during the entire follow-up.
The patient did not experience epileptic seizures, nor any other neurological symptoms. The
patient's blood pressure normalized within one week of starting the diet. His antihypertensive
medication was therefore stopped and his blood pressure has remained normal without
medication. The patient retained his physical strength and full work capacity during the entire
follow-up.
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Intestinal permeability test (PEG400 challenge test)
Intestinal permeability was assessed using a polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) challenge test
based on the method of Chadwick et al (1977). PEG 400 contains a mixture of inert water-
soluble molecules of at least 11 different sizes. PEG 400 is also nontoxic, not degraded by
intestinal bacteria, not metabolized by tissues, and rapidly excreted in urine. After a 3.0-gram
oral dose of PEG, the subject makes a six-hour urine collection. Components were separated
and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The percentage of each
fraction of PEG excreted over 6 hours is calculated.
The PEG400 challenge test that was performed in January 2018 (at 17 months on the diet)
showed normal intestinal permeability for each of the molecular sizes (Figure 2). This timing
corresponded to a time period of not drinking coffee.
Figure 2.
Result of the PEG400 challenge test. The test was done on 21 Jan 2018, at 17 months on the
diet. This timing corresponds to a time period of not drinking coffee. Note that intestinal
permeability was normal for all the molecular sizes.
Patient Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report.
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DISCUSSION
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain tumor in adults with a prognosis of a
median survival of 15 months after standard therapy (Thakkar et al., 2014). Currently, the
standard of care for glioblastoma includes surgical debulking along with concurrent
chemotherapy and radiotherapy. After diagnosis, our patient was also treated with
temozolomide and concomitant radiotherapy, despite which a recurrence occurred after seven
months. The patient then stopped using standard oncotherapy and started using the PKD as a
stand-alone therapy. On this regime, the patient has been progression-free, symptom-free and
medicine-free for 38 months.
We have to emphasize that the PKD that we use in the treatment of cancer patients differs
from the classic version of the ketogenic diet that has traditionally been used in epilepsy
(Kossoff and Rho, 2009) as well as in clinical trials with cancer patients (for a review, see:
Klement et al., 2017). The main difference between the classic ketogenic diet (and its
variants) and the PKD is that while the classic ketogenic diet is based on plant oils, dairy
products and supplements, the PKD is based on animal meat, fat and organ meats.
Despite the popularity of the ketogenic diet, clinical studies with the classic ketogenic diet
repeatedly failed to provide evidence that it significantly improves cancer survival (Klement
et al., 2017). For example, the ERGO trial, a prospective trial of the ketogenic diet in
recurrent glioblastoma, failed to find a meaningful survival benefit (Rieger et al., 2014) while
in another study with the ketogenic diet in glioblastoma (van der Louw et al., 2019) overall
survival was only 12.8 months.
Currently, there are only case studies that report on long-term survival benefit in cancer due to
the ketogenic diet. One case study about two children with astrocytoma dates back to 1995
(Nebeling et al., 1995). Another study reported stable disease while the diet was sustained for
seven months (Zuccoli et al., 2010). A recent study using the ketogenic diet along with drugs
and hyperbaric oxygen therapy reported two-year survival in a glioblastoma patient (Elsakka
et al., 20l8), while another one reported complete therapeutic response in a breast cancer
patient (İyikesici et al., 2017).
Previously, we have published three cancer case reports, where the PKD resulted in regression
or stable disease. In a patient with recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, the PKD
resulted in complete reversal (Tóth et al., 2018). In another patient with an aggressive soft
palate cancer, the PKD resulted in progression-free status (Tóth and Clemens, 2016). The two
patients are still progression-free at 49 and 59 months after diet onset. In the third patient with
rectal cancer, the PKD resulted in a gradual regression while the PKD was highly adhered to
(Tóth and Clemens, 2016). We have also reported on other cancer patients with progression-
free survival beyond 2 years (Tóth et al., 2017; Clemens et al., 2019). These successful cases
share the PKD as stand-alone therapy administered to the patients (Tóth et al., 2017; Clemens
et al., 2019).
In general, ketogenic diets are thought to convey an anticancer effect through targeting the
Warburg phenomenon (Seyfried., 2012). Shifting away from a carbohydrate-based
metabolism toward a fat-based one has been shown to slow down tumor growth in animal
models although it has not been shown to stop cancer growth (Seyfried, 2012).
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As we have recently pointed out (Tóth et al., 2017), the general lack of efficacy of the classic
ketogenic diet in cancer patients may be due to the fact that the classic ketogenic diet may not
convey all the benefits that are associated with the PKD.
Most importantly, a key beneficial mechanism of the PKD over other ketogenic diets is the
normalization of intestinal permeability (Tóth et al., 2017). Besides the metabolic
improvements, it may be this amelioration of intestinal permeability that is crucial to halting
cancer progression. We have previously shown that it is the normalization of intestinal
permeability rather than the shift to ketosis that is pivotal in the PKD treatment of Crohn’s
disease and in autoimmune diseases (Tóth et al., 2017). In our experience, certain plant foods
prevent complete normalization of intestinal permeability, which is why all plant foods were
excluded from this patient’s diet.
In another patient with Hodgkin’s lymphoma, elevated intestinal permeability was shown to
normalize after switching from the classic ketogenic diet to the PKD (Clemens and Tóth,
2019).
Intestinal permeability is a membrane-related phenomenon that prevails at several levels of
the organization of the body. Membrane permeability is crucial in defining cell-to-cell
communication and in ensuring physiological contact inhibition within tissues. Loss of
contact inhibition is known to be associated with a cancerous transformation of tissues
(Kojima, 1993). Increased intestinal permeability has been suggested to promote
tumorigenesis (Lin et al., 2012) and has been described as being associated with various
tumor types (e.g. Soler et al 1999; Melichar, 2007). Yet, so far, no dietary or other
interventions have resulted in the normalization of intestinal membrane permeability
(Oldenwald and Turner, 2013).
Previous dietary intervention trials in cancer patients have not recognized the importance of
the intestinal permeability. Also, attempts, until now, have failed to reverse elevated intestinal
permeability. For example, a study with the regular paleolithic diet seemed to have no effect
on intestinal permeability, nor did it decrease inflammation (Boers et al., 2014).
In cancer patients, a high level of inflammation is regarded as a negative predictor for survival
(Strojnik et al., 2014). We put forward that normalizing intestinal permeability is key to
controlling inflammation through the application of PKD. Accordingly, we generally see a
decrease in the inflammatory markers after a shift toward the PKD (Tóth et al., 2018 and the
referenced case studies with the PKD). In our glioblastoma patient, intestinal permeability, as
measured by the PEG400 challenge test, also indicated normal intestinal permeability while
on the PKD. In our patient, inflammatory markers were generally low, although they
fluctuated to some degree during the follow-up. This fluctuation is likely to reflect periods of
drinking coffee. The lowest level of the inflammatory markers was seen in the blood work
from Jan 2019, a period corresponding to not drinking coffee. Inflammation level being
elevated by coffee is indicated by the literature (Zampelas et a., 2004) and is also in
accordance with our previous experience.
Besides the fact that we used the PKD instead of the classic ketogenic diet, another important
difference from previous studies is that we used the dietary therapy as a stand-alone treatment.
Although it is generally believed that the standard care and dietary therapy can work in
synergy (Woolf and Scheck, 2015), we believe that it is the absence of chemotherapy and
9
radiotherapy which contributed to the unexpectedly long progression-free survival in our
patient.
Such an assumption agrees with the notion of Seyfried who pointed out that radiotherapy,
chemotherapy and the use of steroids may hinder the effect of a metabolic therapy and
paradoxically can result in boosting tumor growth through many different paths (Seyfried et
al, 2010). Seyfried also raised the possibility that in the future metabolic therapies may
become the standard of care in glioblastoma (Seyfried et al., 2019). We suggest that the
predominance of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in current oncotherapy may also have
prevented clinical trials of the ketogenic diet from major success.
Publication
Study
type
Patient
number
Diet
type
Overall survival
Time to
progression on
the diet
Group
studies
Champ et al., 2014
Retrosp.
6
KD
4/6 patients alive at 12
months
5/6 patients
progressed at
12 months
Rieger et al., 2014
Prosp.
17
KD
Median survival 32
weeks; range: 6-86+
weeks
All patients
progressed.
Median: 5
weeks; range:
3-13 weeks
van der Louw et al.,
2019
Prosp.
9
KD
Median survival 12.8
months; range 9.8-18
months
Not reported
Woodhouse et al.,
2019
Retrosp.
19
MAD
2-year survival 26.7%
Not reported
Case
studies
Zuccoli et al., 2010
Case
study
1
R-
KD
Not reported
10 months
(stopped the
diet at 7
months)
Schwartz et al., 2015
Case
study
2
R-
KD
Not reported
1 and 3 months
Elsakka et al., 2018
Case
study
1
KMT
24 months (at the time of
writing the paper)
No progression
at 24 months
Table 4.
Dietary intervention studies in glioblastoma multiforme. In the literature, the case with the
longest progression-free survival to date is 24 months, as documented by Elsakka et al (2018)
(24 months).
KD: ketogenic diet; R-KD: restricted ketogenic diet; MAD: modified Atkins diet; KMT:
ketogenic metabolic therapy
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We put forward that the failure of previous ketogenic diet trials is not only down to the effect
of radiotherapy and chemotherapy that elevate blood glucose levels, but also to the fact that
chemotherapy (Keefe et al. 1997) and radiotherapy (Nejdfors et al., 2000) compromise the
intestinal barrier and thereby may be counterproductive in cancer treatment.
As far as we know, our patient is the first glioblastoma patient in the literature receiving a
dietary therapy without any other treatment modalities (other than surgery). Currently, with
his 38-months progression-free survival and 46 months overall survival (from diagnosis), he
has the longest survival of all glioblastoma patients treated with a dietary therapy and
published in the literature (Table 4.).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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