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From Fragmentation to Harmonization of Consumer Law: The Perspective of China

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Dan Wei at University of Macau
Dan Wei
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Abstract

Since the appearance of consumer law, its norm production landscape has been highly diversified and fragmented among the countries. The features of “lawlessness in some sectors” and “the lack of efficiency and effectiveness of national legal systems” give rise to the proliferation of norm producing originated by other bodies such as international organizations, industries, traders and even hybrid entities composing the public, the private and the civil society. There are many variations and differences in consumer law and policy between the Global North and the Global South. In recent years, harmonization of standards, codes of conduct and good practices have already taken place through international organizations and global businesses. In relation to harmonization of consumer laws among different countries, there have been skeptical views regarding such feasibility taking into account varying levels of institutional development. Thomas Bernauer explains “variation of consumer protection standards across countries may be a source of trade disputes.” Starting from the past decade, harmonization of consumer law has been achieved or at least advocated at regional levels. Harmonization easily starts within a region since regional integration creates opportunities for approximation of legal infrastructures. The EU is a very successful case in harmonizing consumer laws further guaranteed by a strong judicial system. In Latin America and in Asia, harmonization projects are ongoing and similar initiatives have also been supported. Whilst acknowledging the existing fragmentation and variations of consumer law worldwide, the author highlights the converging environment of consumer protection due to challenges brought by the globalization and advocates the feasibility of the harmonization approach from the perspective of a dynamically emerging and transitional economy such as China. At the outset, it explores the underpinnings of the consumer law which is a fairly modern legal intervention. China, like other countries, has been modernizing its consumer law by adopting a human-centred, rights-centred and social values-centred approach. Then, it examines the more important role played by emerging countries, particularly in areas such as global B2C e-commerce, telecommunication, financial services and mass tourism, and examines international dialogues and cooperation with active participation by the developing countries including China. There is a need for harmonization of consumer laws in the Mainland China, Macau and Hong Kong regions. China has made some progress on its own, but achieving harmonization in the wider region presents particular challenges. The author hopes that the harmonization would be achieved not only by creating consistency of rules but also by coordinating enforcement across borders. In conclusion, the author seems optimistic for a possible universal model law, which contains the minimum legal requirements and standards of consumer protection and mechanisms to strengthen cross-border cooperation to maximize the harmonization of consumer protection worldwide.
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ORIGINAL PAPER
From Fragmentation to Harmonization of Consumer
Law: The Perspective of China
D. Wei
1
Received: 10 January 2019 /Accepted: 5 September 2019 / Published online: 7 December 2019
#Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract
Since the appearance of consumer law, its norm production landscape has been highly
diversified and fragmented among the countries. The features of “lawlessness in some
sectors”and “the lack of efficiency and effectiveness of national legal systems”give rise
to the proliferation of norm producing originated by other bodies such as international
organizations, industries, traders and even hybrid entities composing the public, the
private and the civil society. There are many variations and differences in consumer
law and policy between the Global North and the Global South. In recent years,
harmonization of standards, codes of conduct and good practices have already taken
place through international organizations and global businesses. In relation to harmoni-
zation of consumer laws among different countries, there have been skeptical views
regarding such feasibility taking into account varying levels of institutional development.
Thomas Bernauer explains “variation of consumer protection standards across countries
may be a source of trade disputes.”Starting from the past decade, harmonization of
consumer law has been achieved or at least advocated at regional levels. Harmonization
easily starts within a region since regional integration creates opportunities for approxi-
mation of legal infrastructures. The EU is a very successful case in harmonizing consumer
laws further guaranteed by a strong judicial system. In Latin America and in Asia,
harmonization projects are ongoing and similar initiatives have also been supported.
Whilst acknowledging the existing fragmentation and variations of consumer law world-
wide, the author highlights the converging environment of consumer protection due to
challenges brought by the globalization and advocates the feasibility of the harmonization
approach from the perspective of a dynamically emerging and transitional economy such
as China. At the outset, it explores the underpinnings of the consumer law which is a
fairly modern legal intervention. China, like other countries, has been modernizing its
consumer law by adopting a human-centred, rights-centred and social values-centred
approach. Then, it examines the more important role played by emerging countries,
particularly in areas such as global B2C e-commerce, telecommunication, financial
Journal of Consumer Policy (2020) 43:35–56
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-019-09433-0
*D. Wei
danwei@um.edu.mo
1
Faculty of Law, University of Macau, Macau, China
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
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