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Plant Sociology, Vol. 56, No. 2, December 2019, pp. 3-34
DOI 10.7338/pls2019562/01
The Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris (Mill.) Lehr. forests in the Mediterranean area
L. Gianguzzi1, G. Bazan2
1Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
2Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo,
Palermo, Italy.
Lorenzo Gianguzzi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9007-7604, Giuseppe Bazan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4827-9579
Abstract
This paper examines the forest communities dominated by Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris (Mill.) Lehr. that have been described up until now in
the Mediterranean Region (including other isolated extrazonal areas in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula and in Northern Turkey) as more or less
evolved aspects of woods, microwoods and high maquis that principally tend to make up climacic and edapho-climacic “series heads”. These forma-
tions maintain a signicant large-scale distributive potential within the infra- and thermomediterranean bioclimate belts (with a few penetrations
into the mesomediterranean) with a dry-subhumid (and sometimes humid) ombrotype; however, they are currently quite rare and fragmented in the
wake of large-scale deforestation and the impoverishment of old-growth communities dominated by a species known to live for millennia. The study
was conducted through the analysis of phytosociological data taken from the scientic literature and other unpublished data regarding North-Africa
(Morocco, Algeria), the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands as well as other islands from the Tyrrhenian area (Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily and its
minor islands), the Italian Peninsula, the Balkan Peninsula, the Aegean region, Turkey and the southern Anatolian coast. A comparison between the
dierent communities has shown a high oristic and physiognomic-structural homogeneity that justies their categorization in the Quercetea ilicis
class. The biogeographic and ecologic vicariance shown by the same formations within the large Mediterranean distribution range makes it pos-
sible to subdivide them into the following orders and alliances: 1) Pistacio-Rhamnetalia alaterni [A) all. Tetraclini articulatae-Pistacion atlanticae
(suball. Pistacienion atlanticae); B) all. Asparago albi-Rhamnion oleoidis; C) all. Oleo sylvestris-Ceratonion siliquae]; 2) Quercetalia calliprini
[D) all. Ceratonio-Pistacion lentisci]; 3) Quercetalia ilicis [E) all. Querco rotundifoliae-Oleion sylvestris; F) all. Fraxino orni-Quercion ilicis; G)
all. Erico arboreae-Quercion ilicis; H) all. Arbuto unedonis-Laurion nobilis (suball. Arbuto-Laurenion nobilis)]. Regarding the syntaxonomical
aspect: (i) two new associations are described [Hippocrepido emeroidis-Oleetum sylvestris and Junipero foetidissimae-Oleetum sylvestris]; (ii)
two new associations [Phillyreo latifoliae-Oleetum sylvestris Barbero, Quézel & Rivas-Martínez ex Gianguzzi & Bazan ass. nova and Calicotomo
intermediae-Oleetum sylvestris Quézel, Barbero, Benabid, Loisel & Rivas-Martínez 1988 ex Gianguzzi & Bazan ass. nova] and a new subassocia-
tion [Aro neglecti-Oleetum sylvestris Rivas-Martínez & Cantò 2002 corr. Rivas-Martínez & Cantò fraxinetosum angustifoliae Pérez Latorre, Galán
de Mera, Deil & Cabezudo ex Gianguzzi & Bazan subass. nova] are leptotypied; (iii) a nomen novum of the association is redened [Rhamno
laderoi-Oleastretum sylvestris (Cantò, Ladero, Perez-Chiscano & Rivas-Martínez 2011) Gianguzzi & Bazan nom. nov.].
Key words: biogeography, Mediterranean vegetation, phytosociology, synchorology, syntaxonomy.
Introduction
The Oleaster (wild olive tree) [Olea europaea L.
var. sylvestris (Mill.) Lehr.] is a woody plant spe-
cies that characterizes the Mediterranean landscape,
where it is an emblematic component of natural forest
and maquis vegetation. It is a slow-growing tree that
can become up to 15-20 meters tall. It adapts well
to many varied geopedological substrates (limestone,
dolomite, marl, gypsum, calcarenite, vulcanite, verti-
sols, etc.), showing signicant climacic potentiality
in the most xeric areas of the entire biogeographic
region. Here, it colonizes coastal and even hill sta-
tions, where it prefers sites with a southern expo-
sure, including those that are dry and xeric; it is also
lithophilic, because it is equipped with a robust root
structure that penetrates the soil quite deeply, push-
ing between the cracks in the rocks (Arrigoni, 1968;
Rivas-Martínez et al., 2001, 2002).
Although this tree is well known for living for thou-
sands of years, it rarely forms old-growth forests; in
fact, natural Oleaster communities have been sub-
jected to extensive deforestation, causing clear losses
both in terms of area and quantitative biomass meas-
urements. This deforestation began as early as the
post-Neolithic colonizations (Liphschitz et al., 1991),
when man freed up large tracts of land in order to adapt
them to agriculture or animal husbandry, thus chang-
ing the landscape’s features; furthermore, due to the
high heat-producing capacity of Oleaster wood, it has
always been heavily used for heating as well as for the
most ancient archaeometallurgical activities connected
to the various phases of metalworking (Primavera &
Colaianni, 2011; Panno et al., 2008). Consequentially,
only sporadic testimonials of the oldest-growth prima-
ry communities can be found today. The monumental
oleasters of Luras in Sardinia (Olbia Tempio province)
are one example; one specimen – estimated to be about
Corresponding author: Lorenzo Gianguzzi. Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Paler-
mo, Palermo, Italy; e-mail: lorenzo.gianguzzi@unipa.it
4
4,000 years old and with a trunk circumference of over
11 meters – is in fact considered to be the oldest tree in
Italy (Lisai & Maccioni, 2017). Another example is the
“Inveges’ Oleaster”, a large wild olive plant, which has
a height of 13 meter with a vigorous trunk of 4.60 m in
circumference at breast height, located in the country-
side of Sciacca (Sicily) (Bazan & Marino, 2016).
In agricultural areas, the climacic potentiality of
Oleaster communities has long been exploited by the
most ancient indigenous civilizations to renew trees
and convert them into productive olive trees (Olea
europaea var. europaea) to produce both olives and
olive oil for both religious and food uses (Bartolini et
al., 2002; Pignatti, 2018). Furthermore, Olea europaea
var. sylvestris was the rootstock on which the various
selected cultivars were propagated – well over 300 are
listed just in Sicily (Caruso et al., 2014) –, thus making
it possible to expand its cultivation areas and diversify
production in the various areas of the Mediterranean
basin. In the century-old olive trees present in the old-
est orchards, – whose trunk is Oleaster – the typical
hyperplasia of the stem at the historic grafting point is
emblematic in this respect; it is a signicant testimony
of the ancient interconnection at the foundation of this
ancient Mediterranean crop (Zohary & Spiegel-Roy,
1975; Pignatti, 1983; Marcuzzi, 1996), which is a liv-
ing symbol of the same millennial civilization. In the
Mediterranean landscape, groups of shrub Olea euro-
paea var. sylvestris are frequent in abandoned farm-
land. They evolve from historic plantings that were
abandoned or burned, thus allowing suckers to grow
from the old rootstock.
L. Gianguzzi & G. Bazan
Thus, the current distribution range of Olea europaea
s.l. tends to make up the distribution range of the afore-
mentioned varieties (Fig. 1), with a greater concentra-
tion in the Central-Western part of the Mediterranean
basin. The same distribution range includes North-
Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, with an
island in the Benghazi area), the Central-southern part
of the Iberian Peninsula (up to the French coast), the
various central Mediterranean and Tyrrhenian islands
(the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica) and
the southern part of the Italian Peninsula. It continues
to be frequent along the coasts of the Balkan Peninsula,
the Aegean area – including the islands of Crete and
Cyprus (Brullo et al., 2004) – up to the shores of the
Black Sea to the east, then heading southwards towards
southern Anatolia, reaching Lebanon, Jordan and Israel
[Meusel & Jager, 1998; Gianguzzi & Bazan, 2019a].
In addition to the forest formations in which Olea
europaea var. sylvestris physiognomically dominates
– the entity in discussion also takes part in other wood-
land communities, as well as in secondary scrub and
garrigue coenoses, as a gregarious entity. This tends
to enhance its climacic potentiality throughout the
Mediterranean, favored by seed dispersal via ornitho-
chory or other forms of zoochory by the various or-
ganisms that eat the seeds, including man. Given this
widespread frequency in secondary aspects as well,
Olea europaea var. sylvestris is often been used by
phytosociologists as rst epithet in the names of sev-
eral associations. For example, this is the case for the
Pistacia lentiscus scrub ascribed to Oleo-Lentiscetum
s.l. (Braun-Blanquet & Maire, 1924; Molinier 1954;
Fig. 1 - Distribution range of Olea europaea var. sylvestris (grey area) and boundaries of Mediterranean Region (dotted line) from
Vargasi and Kadereit (2001, redrawn); numbers refer to the associations that have been described in the Mediterranean area up to
now marked now and correspond to numbers reported in online Appendix I and Tab. 1.
5
Olea europaea var. sylvestris forests
Trinajstic, 1973, 1984a, etc.)] and for Euphorbia den-
droides scrub belonging to Oleo (oleastri)-Euphorbie-
tum dendroidis (Trinajstic, 1973, 1984a)]. These plant
communities are widely distributed along the coasts of
the Mediterranean area, as secondary or recovery as-
pects that occur throughout the entire basin, prompting
some authors to propose their subdivision into mul-
tiple geographic synvariants (“races géographiques”),
described for various regional areas (e.g., Gehù &
Biondi, 1997). In any case, the constant, widespread
presence of Olea europaea var. sylvestris in the Medi-
terranean area shows its important syndynamic role
towards Oleaster forest communities. These communi-
ties might also be expressions of series’ heads, howev-
er, due to the structural degradation caused by human
activity, they have not always been recognized and
described as forest formation (woods or microwoods).
Regarding the phytosociological interpretation of
mature forest expressions of Oleaster distributed
throughout the Mediterranean basin, many associa-
tions have already been described; in particular, they
regard North-Africa (Barbero et al., 1981; Quézel et
al., 1988; Amara, 2014), the Iberian Peninsula – in
Spain (Bueno Sánchez & Fernádez Prieto 1991, Galan
de la Mera, 2000, Rivas-Martínez 2002, Rivas-Martín-
ez et al., 2002, Cantò et al., in Rivas-Martínez et al.,
2011) and Portugal (Costa et al., 1994) –, the Balearic
islands (Bolòs & Molinier, 1969; Bolòs, 1996), Sar-
dinia (Bacchetta et al., 2003), Corsica (Paradis et al.,
2014), Turkey (Vural et al., 1995, Karaer et al., 2010,
Korkmaz, 2011, Kurt et al., 2015) and most recently,
Sicily (Gianguzzi et al., 2019).
Following the same approach, and partially based on
the same eld data from Gianguzzi et al., (2019), this
study aims to dene a syntaxonomical panorama of the
coenoses identied throughout the whole Mediterra-
nean area, through a synoptic comparison of the vari-
ous associations and subassociations described so far,
aiming to characterize the main biogeographical and
ecological aspects that determine the oristic-phytoso-
ciological variations in the dierent regional areas.
Materials and methods
Study area and vegetation data
In order to reconstruct an updated synoptic frame-
work for the Oleaster forest formations of the Mediter-
ranean area, representative phytosociological surveys
from the literature were selected and analyzed together
with other data collected by this research team, partly
recently published by Gianguzzi & Bazan (2019a,
2019b) and partly unpublished (i.e. Tab 2, rels. 1-2).
These surveys were spread out over the entire area
that potentially regards the Oleaster forest formations,
ranging from 41°12’N to 33°22’N latitude and from
6°33’W to 35°27’E longitude. In order to be included
in the aforementioned survey set, stands were required
to be high scrub, forests or micro-forests clearly domi-
nated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris with coverage
values ≥ 4 (using the Braun-Blanquet scale), with an
average vegetation height of ≥ 3-3.5 m, representing
the most dynamically evolved aspects of the vegeta-
tion, i.e. as close as possible to the series head.
The considered formations regard North-Africa [Mo-
rocco (Barbero et al., 1981, Quézel et al., 1988, Ben-
abid (1984), Amara 2014) and Algeria (Géhu et al.,
1992, 1994; Quézel & Santa, 1962-63)], Spain (Bueno
Sánchez & Fernádez Prieto, 1991; Galan de Mera et
al., 2000; Rivas-Martínez, 2002, Rivas-Martínez et
al., 2002; Cantò et al., in Rivas-Martínez et al., 2011),
Portugal (Costa et al., 1994; Neto et al., 2009), the
Balearic Islands (Bolòs & Molinier, 1969; Bolòs et al.,
1970), Sardinia (Bacchetta et al., 2003), Corsica (Para-
dis et al., 2014), Sicily (Gianguzzi et al., 2019), The
Balkan Peninsula (Trinajstic, 1984), Albania (unpub-
lished data), Greece (Biondi & Gehu, 1987), Mediter-
ranean Turkey (Quézel et al., 1978; Géhu et al.,1988;
Arkman et al., 1978; Vural et al., 1995, Kurt et al.,
2015; Karaer et al., 2010) and the Black Sea Region
(Korkmaz, 2011). The complete data set consists of
330 relevés and the complete list of syntaxonomical
references, locations and bibliographic sources are
shown in the Appendix I available in the online Sup-
plementary material.
The online database “The Plant List” (2013) and,
in some cases, the Euro+Med Plantbase (Euro+Med,
2006-2019) were used for taxa nomenclature.
The "Biogeographic Map of Europe" (Rivas-Martínez
et al., 2004) was used as a guide for biogeographic
regionalization. The phytosociological nomenclature
follows the “International Code of Phytosociological
nomenclature” (Weber et al., 2000); the nomenclature
of sigmataxa refers to Rivas-Martínez (2005).
For each Olea europaea var. sylvestris coenoses ana-
lyzed, a schematic description of the structural, oris-
tic, ecological and syntaxonomical characters is given.
The “Short description” of orders and alliances is fo-
cused only on Oleaster formations.
Some pictures of Olea europaea var. sylvestris
coenoses and their typical species are available in Figs.
3 and 4 in the online Supplementary material.
Data analysis
Based on the total set of phytosociological data, a syn-
optic matrix of 40 tables ×340 species was obtained.
The matrix was analyzed statistically through the Prin-
cipal component analysis (PCA), on pre-transformed
species composition data using the Hellinger transfor-
mation, implemented in the RStudio (Version 1.1.463)
free software with the Vegan package (Oksanen et al.,
2013). The statistical analysis matrix has been dened
considering only "presence/absence of species", in or-
6L. Gianguzzi & G. Bazan
analyzed Oleaster communities, the adopted scheme
refers mainly to Mucina et al. (2016), with the only ex-
ception of the syntaxa ascribed to Ceratonio-Pistacion
lentisci, here referred to the Quercetalia calliprini in-
stead of Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni Rivas-
Martínez 1975 (according to Zohary & Orshan, 1959).
Cl. – QUERCETEA ILICIS Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine
& Nègre 1952
1. Ord. PISTACIO LENTISCI-RHAMNETALIA
ALATERNI Rivas-Martínez 1975
Short description of the aspects here
considered – Woods, micro-woods and high scrub
dominated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris linked
to the infra- and thermomediterranean bioclimatic
belts with ombrotype between lower sub-humid –
semiarid and lower subhumid, with penetrations
into the meso-Mediterranean. They are part of the
following alliances – Tetraclini articulatae-Pistacion
atlanticae (arid and semi-arid continental regions
of the Maghreb), Asparago albi-Rhamnion oleoidis
(Iberian-Maghreb regions from semi-arid to sub-
humid) and Oleo sylvestris-Ceratonion siliquae
(carbonate substrates of the central Mediterranean
area) (Rivas-Martínez et al., 2001, 2002; Bacchetta
et al. 2004; Mucina et al., 2016).
Diagnostic species – Ampelodesmos mauritani-
cus, Anagyris foetida, Arbutus unedo, Asparagus
albus, Aristolochia navicularis, Asparagus aphyllus,
Bupleurum fruticosum, Calicotome villosa, Celtis
australis, Ceratonia siliqua, Cercis siliquastrum,
Clematis cirrhosa, Ephedra foeminea (= E. campy-
lopoda), Ephedra fragilis, Euphorbia characias,
Euphorbia bivonae, Genista linifolia, Jasminum fru-
ticans, Juniperus phoenicea var. turbinata, Lycium
intricatum, Myrtus communis, Olea europaea var.
sylvestris, Osyris alba, Phagnalon saxatile var. vir-
ide, Periploca laevigata subsp. angustfolia, Phlomis
fruticosa, Pinus halepensis, Pistacia lentiscus, Pis-
tacia terebinthus, Prasium majus, Punica granatum,
Quercus coccifera (=Q. calliprinos), Rhamnus lycio-
ides subsp. oleoides, Teucrium fruticans, Ziziphus lo-
tus, Rhamnus alaternus.
A) TETRACLINI ARTICULATAE-PISTACION
ATLANTICAE Rivas-Martínez, Costa & Izco 1986
Short description – Pre-forest aspects, scrub and
thermophilous to evergreen sclerophyllous woods
of the arid and semiarid continental regions of the
Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), in the lower
thermo- and mesomediterranean bioclimate belts, with
an arid, semi-arid or dry ombrotype and continental
character (Quézel & Barbero, 1986; Meddour, 2010).
Diagnostic species – Asparagus altissimus, As-
tragalus chlorostachis, Pistacia atlantica, Searsia
penthaphylla, Tetraclinis articulata, Teucrium atra-
der to highlight the diversity and oristic arrangement
of the phytocoenoses.
To describe the correlation among environmental
factors and communities, bioclimatic variables were
projected into the space of ordination diagram by per-
forming a multiple regression with the Vegan R pack-
age’s “envt” function (Oksanen, 2015). The bio-
climatic indices [T - Mean annual temperature (°C);
Pp - Annual positive precipitation (mm); Itc - Com-
pensated thermicity index; Io - Annual ombrothermic
index; Ic - Simple continentality index] were calcu-
lated following Rivas-Martínez et al. (2011) using the
“Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth's land
surface (CHELSA)” dataset as source data (Karger et
al., 2017).
To evaluate the correspondence between the dis-
tribution of the Oleaster formations and bioclimatic
types, we have performed a GIS analysis to build a
new “Bioclimatic map of Mediterranean area” using
GRASS GIS 7.6. Analytical and dichotomous keys for
the denition of bioclimatic classes performed by the
“Worldwide bioclimatic classication system” (Rivas-
Martínez et al., 2011) were translated into GRASS
GIS scripts to compute the bioclimatic parameters and
indices.
Results
The comparison among the analyzed communities
dominated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris through-
out the entire Mediterranean area has shown that their
remarkable oristic and physiognomic-structural
homogeneity justies their collocation in the class
Quercetea ilicis (Barbero et al., 1981; Rivas-Martínez
et al., 2001; Brullo et al., 2008; Biondi et al., 2014,
etc.). In this frame, bio-geographic and ecological vi-
cariance gives rise to subdivisions into dierent orders
(Pistacio-Rhamnetalia alaterni, Quercetalia calliprini
and Quercetalia ilicis) and alliances, as shown in the
following syntaxonomical outline.
A prospectus of the analyzed communities is report-
ed in the online Appendix I, while published and un-
published phytosociological data are shown in Tables
1 and 2. Some pictures and maps illustrating the de-
scribed vegetation types are reported in the Appendix
II (available in the online Supplementary material) and
in Figs. 1 and 2, while the results of the PCA are shown
in Tab. 3 and Fig. 3. A brief description of the detected
syntaxa is given after the syntaxonomical scheme.
Some syntaxa reported here have been described in a
paper currently in press (Gianguzzi & Bazan, 2019a).
The identier represented by the DOI identication
code will allow a univoque connection with the men-
tioned paper. They are indicated here with the refer-
ence "Gianguzzi & Bazan 2019".
Regarding the syntaxonomical framework of the
7
Olea europaea var. sylvestris forests
tum, Withania frutescens (Rivas-Martínez et al., 1986;
Hadjadj-Aoul & Loisel, 1999; Meddour, 2010).
Syntaxonomic notes – Fennane (1988) suggests
that the syntaxon is of dubious value, since it had been
originally created to accommodate mainly Tetraclinis
dominated associations. Hadjadj-Aoul & Loisel (1999)
as well as Meddour (2010) have cited it for Algeria.
Suball. PISTACIENION ATLANTICAE Barbero,
Quézel & Rivas-Martínez 1981
Short description – Scrub from semi-arid and
continental areas of central Morocco (Barbero et al.,
1981; Quézel & Barbero, 1986; Meddour, 2010). Ac-
cording to Meddour (2010) the sub-alliance should
also be indicated for Algeria where Pistacia atlantica
is absent, but Rhamnus lycioides subsp. atlantica is
present, which is sub-endemic to the regions of Mo-
rocco and Algeria. The latter – not reported in Algeria
by Quézel & Santa (1962-63) – is nonetheless indi-
cated on limestone rocks by Jebel Ghou at Aurès
(Maire, 1937).
Diagnostic species – Tetraclinis articulata, Pista-
cia atlantica, Rhus pentaphylla, Asparagus altissimus,
Rhamnus oleoides subsp. atlantica (Barbero et al.,
1981; Rivas-Martínez et al., 1986; Fenname 1988).
1) PHILLYREO LATIFOLIAE-OLEETUM SYLVESTRIS
Barbero, Quézel & Rivas-Martínez ex Gianguzzi &
Bazan ass. nova hoc loco
Synonyms – Phillyreo latifoliae-Oleetum sylvestris
Barbero, Quézel & Rivas-Martinez 1981 nom. inval.
(Art. 5, ICPN - Weber et al., 2000).
Lectotypus (designated here) – Rel. 3, Tab. 18, in
Barbero et al. 1981 (Phytocoenol. 9(3), p. 358).
Syntaxonomic note – The association is lectotypi-
ed here, because it is described without indicating a
typus (Barbero et al., 1981). Regarding syntaxonomy,
the same authors initially placed it in the suballiance
Pistacienion atlanticae – which in turn referred to the
alliance Asparago albidi-Rhamnion oleoidis (Pista-
cio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni, Quercetea ilicis) –,
which was then transferred to the alliance Tetraclini
articulatae-Pistacion atlanticae (Rivas-Martínez et
al., 1986).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 1 (from Bar-
bero, Quézel & Rivas-Martínez 1981: Tab. 18).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Phillyrea latifolia, Pistacia lentiscus, Pistacia
atlantica, Searsia pentaphilla, Tetraclinis articulata,
Astragalus chlorostachys.
Short description – Microwoods and maquis domi-
nated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris, 4-5 m high, typ-
ical of steep slopes, on colluvial soils, at altitudes be-
tween 300 and 700 m a.s.l. It is associated with various
thermophilous elements (Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea
latifolia, Prasium maius, Asparagus albus, Clematis
cirrhosa, Osyris quadripartita, Jasminum fruticosus,
Lonicera implexa, Pulicaria odora, etc.) and species
from the suballiance Pistacienion atlanticae (Pistacia
atlantica, Searsia pentaphylla, Tetraclinis articulata,
Astragalus chlorostachys). The herbaceous layer is
sparse and rich in epiphytic lichens.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean semi-arid).
Substrates – Schist, sandstone, quartzite, ysch, etc.
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, North-
African (Moroccan-Atlantic), thermomediterranean
semi-arid, verticicolous series of Oleaster (Calicoto-
mo intermediae-Oleo sylvestris sigmetum).
Synchorology – North-Africa, in Morocco: Western
slopes of impluvia that aect the Central Plateau, re-
gions of Sidi Bettache (Kouriat gorge, hinterland of
the region of Khatouat; Barbero et al., 1981).
2) CALICOTOMO INTERMEDIAE-OLEETUM SYL-
VESTRIS Quézel, Barbero, Benabid, Loisel & Rivas-
Martínez ex Gianguzzi & Bazan ass. nova hoc loco
Lectotypus (designated here) – Rel. 3, Tab. 8, in
Quézel et al., 1988 (Ecol. Medit. 14, p. 106).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 2 (from
Quézel et al., 1988: Tab. 8).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylves-
tris (dom.), Tetraclinis articulata, Searsia pentaph-
illa, Asparagus altissimus, Withania frutescens,
Calicotome infesta subsp. intermedia, Arisarum si-
morrhinum, Lycium intricatum, Rhamnus lycioides
subsp. oleoides.
Short description – Residual forest formation domi-
nated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris, which is as-
sociated with Pistacia lentiscus, Ephedra fragilis,
Calicotome infesta subsp. intermedia, as well as
particular thermophilous elements, including With-
ania frutescens, Lycium intricatum and Arisarum
simorrhinum (Quézel et al., 1988). In the coastal re-
gions of eastern Morocco Ballota nigra, Chamaerops
humilis and Ziziphus lotus are also present (Aimè,
1991; Amara, 2014).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean semiarid-dry).
Substrates – Marls, clays, shales, etc..
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, North-Af-
rican (Moroccan-Algerian), thermo- and mesomedi-
terranean semiarid-dry, verticicolous series of Oleaster
(Calicotomo intermediae-Oleo sylvestris sigmetum).
Synchorology – Morocco (Eastern coastal zone, in
the province of Al-Hoseyma; Amara, 2014) and Alge-
ria (Tell Oranais; Aimè, 1991).
Syntaxonomic note – The association is lectotypi-
ed here, since it is described by Quézel et al. (1988)
without indicating the typus; it is indicated for the
coastal regions of eastern Morocco and included in the
alliance Tetraclini articulatae-Pistacion atlanticae.
8L. Gianguzzi & G. Bazan
3) BUPLEURO FRUTICOSI-EUPHORBIETUM
DENDROIDIS Géhu, Kaabeche & Gharzouli 1992
Holotypus – Rel. 2, Tab. 1 in Géhu et al. (1992, p. 317).
Syntaxonomic note – The association has been
described by Géhu et al. (1992) as Bupleuro
(fruticosae)-Euphorbietum dendroidis, based on a
table with only three relevés. It should be noted that
in two of them – including the holotypus indicated
by the authors – the dominant entity is Olea euro-
paea var. sylvestris (a woody layer species) and not
Euphorbia dendroides. Although the described veg-
etation shows a partial degradation – depicted as “…
parfois incendiées …” –, the formations are probably
two dierent syndynamic aspects that tend towards
an Oleastretum s.l. The physiognomic heterogeneity
of the relevés in the table and the choice of the holo-
typus have led to a misinterpretation of the described
vegetation and consequently the name Bupleuro
(fruticosae)-Euphorbietum should be considered no-
men ambiguum (ICPN, Art. 36 - Weber et al., 2000).
Indeed, the table should be divided into 2 syntaxa of
the same rank: one an Oleetum, as a forest vegetation
series head; and the other, an Euphorbietum, as a sec-
ondary maquis aspect (ICPN, Art. 24 - Weber et al.,
2000). However, given the lack of data, we prefer to
not discuss the current nomenclature, which should
be reconsidered after further phytosociological inves-
tigations in the same territory.
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 3a (from
Géhu, Kaabeche & Gharzouli 1992: Tab. 1, rels. 2-3)
and 3b (from Guinochet 1980: rel. 8 in Tab. 6, sub
Prasio-Oleetum tetraclinetosum).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Bupleurum fruticosum, Teucrium atratum, As-
paragus altissimus, Ruscus hypophyllum, Rhamnus
myrtifolia, Jasminum fruticans.
Short description – Wood formation dominated by
Olea europaea var. sylvestris, linked to coastal clis
and carbonate outcrops, up to around 600-650 m a.s.l..
Various other species of the order Pistacio-Rhamneta-
lia alaterni are associated, as well as endemic elements
(Teucrium atratum and Asparagus altissimus) and taxa
that are rare in similar formations, such as Bupleurum
fruticosum, Ruscus hypophyllum, Rhamnus myrtifolia,
Jasminum fruticans (Géhu et al., 1992).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean dry-subhumid).
Substrates – Carbonate.
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, North-
African (Algerian), thermomediterranean dry-subhu-
mid, calcicolous series of Euphorbia dendroides and
Oleaster (Bupleuro fruticosi-Euphorbio dendroidis
sigmetum).
Synchorology – Algeria: Capo Carbon near Béjaïa
(Géhu et al., 1992); northern slope of Djebel Hairech
(Guinochet, 1980).
B) ASPARAGO ALBI-RHAMNION OLEOIDIS Rivas
Goday ex Rivas-Martínez 1975
Short description – Preforest aspects, shrubland
and thermophilous sclerophyllous evergreen woods of
the southern regions of the Iberian Peninsula and of the
Maghreb-Tangerian section of North-Africa, connect-
ed to the thermomediterranean belt with an ombrotype
from upper semiarid to oceanic subhumid (Meddour
et al., 2017).
Synonym – Oleo-Ceratonion siliquae (sensu auct.
maghrebianum, not Oleo-Ceratonion siliquae Braun-
Blanquet ex Guinochet & Drouineau 1944).
Diagnostic species – Aristolochia baetica, Aspara-
gus aphyllus, Rhamnus lycioides subsp. oleoides, Cali-
cotome infesta subsp. intermedia (di. reg.).
Syntaxonomic note – As shown by Meddour
et al. (2017), the name Oleo-Ceratonion siliquae
Braun-Blanquet ex Guinochet & Drouineau 1944
has often been used by phytosociology authors from
the Maghreb region to identify the sclerophyllous
scrub of the semiarid to subhumid thermomediterra-
nean belt. However, according to other authors (e.g.
Rivas-Martínez et al., 2011; Biondi et al., 2014) this
alliance should be limited to the central Mediterranean
(Spanish-Catalan coasts, northwestern part of Spain
including the Balearic Islands, the coasts of the Ital-
ian Peninsula to the amphiadriatic coasts, including
Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and several other small ones
of the Sicilian Channel); in southern Spain and North-
Africa, Oleo-Ceratonion is thus replaced by Asparago
albi-Rhamnion oleoidis (Meddour et al., 2017).
4) TAMO COMMUNIS-OLEETUM SYLVESTRIS
Benadid ex Pérez Latorre, Galàn de Mera, Deil & Ca-
bezudo 1996
OLEETOSUM SYLVESTRIS Benadid ex Pérez Latorre,
Galàn de Mera, Deil & Cabezudo 1996
Lectotypus (ass. and subass.) – Rel. 3, Tab. 2 in Ben-
abid, 1984 (Trav. Inst. Sci. Sér. Bot. 34, p. 8), desig-
nated in Pérez Latorre et al. (1996, p. 225).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 4.1 (from Ben-
abid 1984: Tab. 2, rels. 12-30).
Diagnostic species – Ass. and subass. typicum:
Olea europaea var. sylvestris (dom.), Clematis cirrho-
sa, Rosa sempervirens, Dioscorea communis, Arum
italicum, Vinca diormis, Allium triquetrum, Acanthus
mollis.
Short description – Climacic forest formation dom-
inated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris, as tall as 12-15
m; Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera and Phillyrea
latifolia are associated in the woody layer, with a rich
presence of climbers such as Smilax aspera, Clematis
cirrhosa, Dioscorea communis, Aristolochia baetica
and Rosa sempervirens.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean subhumid-humid).
9
Olea europaea var. sylvestris forests
Substrate – Clay marls, on colluvial soils.
Vegetation series – Climatophilous, North-African
(Moroccan), thermo- and mesomediterranean subhu-
mid-humid, verticicolous series of Oleaster (Tamo
communis-Oleo sylvestris sigmetum).
Synchorology – Morocco, Western Rif, from the
Mediterranean coast to the Tangerian Peninsula
(Rharb, Trifa, Sais, Doukkala, Tadla etc.) (Benabid,
1984; Pérez Latorre et al., 1996).
FRAXINETOSUM ANGUSTIFOLIAE Benadid ex Pé-
rez Latorre, Galàn de Mera, Deil & Cabezudo 1996
Lectotypus – Rel. 3, Tab. 2 in Benabid, 1984 (Trav.
Inst. Sci. Sér. Bot. 34, p. 8), designated in Pérez Latorre
et al. (1996, p. 260).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 4.2 (from
Benabid 1984: Tab. 2, rels. 1-4).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Fraxinus angustifolia, Hedera canariensis.
Short description – Wood formation dominated by
Olea europaea var. sylvestris tied to rich and humid
soils, more than 10 m tall, dierentiated by the pres-
ence of Fraxinus angustifolia and Hedera canariensis
in the woody layer.
Substrate – Shales and marls.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermo- and mesomediterranean dry-subhumid).
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, North-
African (Moroccan), thermo- and mesomediterra-
nean subhumid dry-subhumid, verticicolous series of
Oleaster (Tamo communis-Oleeto sylvestris fraxi-
no angustifoliae sigmetosum).
Synchorology – Morocco, Western Rif, from
the Mediterranean coast to the Tangerian peninsula
(Rharb, Trifa, Sais, Doukkala, Tadla etc.) (Benabid,
1984; Pérez Latorre et al., 1996).
C) OLEO SYLVESTRIS-CERATONION SILIQUAE
Br.-Bl. 1936 ex Guinochet & Drouineau em. Rivas-
Martínez 1975
Short description – Preforest aspects, scrub and
thermophilous to sclerophyllous woods from the
northwestern part of Spain (Rivas-Martínez et al.,
2011), to the coastal shores of the Italian peninsula
and the amphiadriatic coasts, including the Balearic
Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and the Islands of the Sicil-
ian channel (Biondi et al., 2014). These formations
are tied to the infra-, thermo- and mesomediterranean
bioclimatic belts with a semiarid to subhumid om-
brotype.
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylves-
tris, Euphorbia dendroides, Chamaerops humilis,
Ruta chalepensis, Teucrium flavum, Artemisia ar-
borescens, Asparagus horridus, Arum pictum, Cali-
cotome villosa, Pinus halepensis.
5) PRASIO MAJORIS-OLEETUM SYLVESTRIS O.
Bolòs de & Molinier 1969.
Lectotypus – In Bolòs & Molinier, 1969 (Vegetatio
17(1), p. 257-258).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 5a (from
Bolòs & Molinier 1969: rel. 1, p. 257) and 5b (from
Bolòs et al., 1970: Tab. 2).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Arisarum vulgare, Prasium majus, Clematis
cirrhosa var. balearica, Rubia peregrina var. longifo-
lia, Asparagus horridus, Cyclamen balearicum, Smi-
lax aspera var. balearica.
Short description – Wood formation dominated by
Olea europaea var. sylvestris, 5-6 (10) m tall, typical
of more or less xeric rocky coasts (online Appendix II,
Fig. 1a). It is often associated with scrub and climber
elements (Pistacia lentiscus, Rhamnus alaternus, Lon-
icera implexa, Dioscorea communis, Rubia peregrina
var. longifolia, Prasium majus, Arisarum vulgaris,
etc.) as well as some particular entities, including
Cyclamen balearicum, Clematis cirrhosa var. baleari-
ca, Asparagus stipularis (online Appendix II, Fig. 1b)
and Smilax aspera var. balearica (Bolòs & Molinier
1969; Bolòs et al., 1970; Rivas-Martínez et al., 1992;
Bolòs, 1996).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean dry-subhumid).
Substrate – Mesozoic limestone and dolomite, cal-
carenite and Miocene calcilutite (Fornós & Gelabert,
2011).
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, Minorcan
(Balearic Islands), thermomediterranean dry-subhu-
mid, calcicolous series of Oleaster (Prasio majoris-
Oleo sylvestris sigmetum).
Synchorology – Spain, in the Balearic Islands: Is-
lands of Menorca and, more rarely, Mallorca (Rivas-
Martínez et al., 1992).
6) ASPARAGO ALBI-OLEETUM SYLVESTRIS Bac-
chetta, Bagella, Biondi, Farris, Filigheddu & Mossa
2003
Holotypus – Rel. 29, Tab. 4, in Bacchetta et al.
(2003, p. 52).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 6 (from Bac-
chetta et al., 2003, Tab. 4).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylves-
tris (dom.), Asparagus albus, Euphorbia dendroides,
Chamaerops humilis.
Short description – Microwood formation domi-
nated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris, 5-6 (8) m tall,
tied to coastal slopes up to about 300 m a.s.l. (online Ap-
pendix II, Fig. 1d). It is often associated with elements
of the Mediterranean maquis, including Euphorbia den-
droides, Asparagus albus (online Appendix II, Fig. 1c),
Chamaerops humilis – indicated as components of the
characteristic composition –, Pistacia lentiscus, Myr-
10 L. Gianguzzi & G. Bazan
tus communis, Rhamnus alaternus, Phillyrea latifolia,
Arisarum vulgare, etc. (Bacchetta et al., 2003).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean dry-subhumid).
Substrate – Oligo-Miocene trachytes and andesites,
basalts, Mesozoic and Miocene limestones, marls,
sandstones, etc. (Bacchetta et al., 2009).
Vegetation series – Climatophilous, Italo-Tyrrhe-
nian (Sardinian), mesomediterranean dry-subhumid,
indierent edaphic series of Oleaster (Asparago albi-
Oleo sylvestris sigmetum; Bacchetta et al., 2009, 2010).
Synchorology – Italy, in Sardinia, coastal belt of the
whole island area (Bacchetta et al., 2009).
7) ASPARAGO ACUTIFOLII-OLEETUM SYLVES-
TRIS Bacchetta, Bagella, Biondi, Farris, Filigheddu &
Mossa 2003
LONICERETOSUM IMPLEXAE Bacchetta, Bagella,
Biondi, Farris, Filigheddu & Mossa 2003
Holotypus (ass. and subass.) – Rel. 31, Tab. 3, in
Bacchetta et al. (2003, p. 52).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 7.1 (from
Bacchetta et al., 2003: Tab. 3, rels. 31-32).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Asparagus acutifolius, Rhamnus alaternus,
Lonicera implexa, Prasium majus.
Short description – Microwood formation domi-
nated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris, 5-6 (8) m tall,
tied to sunny slopes, with decapitated or eroded soils
that have been intensively grazed, up to about 200 m
a.s.l. Associated elements from the maquis include
Rhamnus alaternus, Asparagus acutifolius, Prasium
majus and Lonicera implexa – indicated components
of the characteristic combination – as well as Pistacia
lentiscus, Osyris alba, Smilax aspera, Rubia pereg-
rina, Rosa sempervirens, etc.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(mesomediterranean dry-subhumid).
Substrate – Oligo-Miocene limestones.
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, Italo-Tyr-
rhenian (Sardinian), mesomomediterranean dry-subhu-
mid, calcicolous series of Oleaster (Asparago acutifo-
lii-Oleo sylvestris sigmetum; Bacchetta et al., 2009).
Synchorology – Italy, in Sardinia: coastal belt of the
central-northern part of the Island (Bacchetta et al.,
2003, 2009, 2010).
ANAGYRIETOSUM PHOETIDAE Bacchetta, Bagella,
Biondi, Farris, Filigheddu & Mossa 2003
Holotypus – Rel. 24, Tab. 3, in Bacchetta et al.
(2003, p. 52).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 7.2 (from
Bacchetta et al., 2003: Tab. 3, rels. 21, 24 and 32)
Short description – Microwood formation domi-
nated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris tied to sunny
slopes, preferring stations richer in organic matter
(Bacchetta et al., 2003). Dierential species are An-
agyris phoetida, generally present with high coverage
and sociability values, as well as Ruscus aculeatus and
Arum pictum.
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylves-
tris (dom.), Asparagus acutifolius, Rhamnus alater-
nus, Prasium majus, in addition to Anagyris foetida,
Ruscus aculeatus, Arum pictum.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(lower mesomediterranean with an ombrotype be-
tween upper dry and lower sub-humid).
Substrates – Oligo-Miocene limestones, with soils
rich in organic substance.
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, Italo-
Tyrrhenian (Sardinian), mesomediterranean dry-sub-
humid, calcicolous series of Oleaster (Asparago acuti-
folii-Oleo sylvestris anagyrio phoetidae sigmetosum).
Synchorology – Italy, in Sardinia: coastal belt of
the central-northern part (Bacchetta et al., 2003, 2009,
2010).
8) RUTO CHALEPENSIS-OLEETUM SYLVESTRIS
Gianguzzi & Bazan 2019
Holotypus – Rel. 3, Tab. S1, in Gianguzzi & Bazan
(2019a).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Euphorbia dendroides, Ruta chalepensis and
Pistacia terebintus.
Short description – High scrub formation, mi-
crowood or wood dominated by Olea europaea var.
sylvestris, from 3-4 to 7-8 (10) m tall, typical of quite
xeric, rupestral and semirupestral stations, from (15)
50-60 m and 400 (720) m a.s.l. (online Appendix II,
Fig. 2a). It is frequently associated with Euphorbia
dendroides, sclerophyllous shrubs (Pistacia lentis-
cus, Pistacia terebintus, Rhamnus alaternus, Philly-
rea latifolia, etc.), climbers (Asparagus acutifolius,
Smilax aspera, Rubia peregrina, Clematis cirrhosa,
etc.) and understory species (Ruta chalepensis, Pra-
sium majus, Asparagus albus, Teucrium fruticans, T.
avum, Ampelodesmos mauritanicus).
Synchorology – Italy, coastal belt of Sicily and its
minor islands (Gianguzzi & Bazan 2019a).
OLEETOSUM SYLVESTRIS Gianguzzi & Bazan 2019
Holotypus – Rel. 3, Tab. S1, in Gianguzzi & Bazan
(2019a).
Diagnostic species – See ass.
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 8.1 (from Gi-
anguzzi & Bazan, 2019a: Tab. S1, rels. 1-12).
Substrate – Limestones, dolomites, marls, etc.
(Gianguzzi et al., 2015a, 2015b).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean dry-subhumid, with penetra-
tions into the infra-mesomediterranean).
Vegetation series – Climatophilous and edapho-
11
Olea europaea var. sylvestris forests
xerophilous, Italo-Tyrrhenian (Sicilian), infra-,
thermo- and mesomediterranean dry-subhumid, cal-
cicolous series of Oleaster (Ruto chalepensis-Oleo syl-
vestris oleo sylvestris sigmetosum).
Synchorology – Italy, in Sicily: Hyblaean Moun-
tains, Peloritan Mountains, Nebrodi Mountains, Ma-
donie Mountains and Sicani Mountains (Gianguzzi &
Bazan, 2019a).
CERCIDETOSUM SILIQUASTRI Gianguzzi & Bazan
2019
Holotypus – Rel. 15, Tab. S1, in Gianguzzi & Bazan
(2019a).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 8.2 (from Gi-
anguzzi & Bazan, 2019a: Tab. S1, rels. 14-16).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Euphorbia dendroides, Ruta chalepensis and
Pistacia terebinthus subsp. terebinthus, as well as Cer-
cis siliquastrum and Pennisetum setaceum.
Substrate – Consolidated breccias or xeric river
pebbly riverbeds on limestone or calcareous-dolomite
reliefs.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean subhumid; Gianguzzi et al.,
1996, 2006, 2015a, 2015b; Gianguzzi & La Mantia,
2000).
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, Italo-
Tyrrhenian (Sicilian), thermomediterranean dry, cal-
cicolous-detritic series of Oleaster (Ruto chalepensis-
Oleo sylvestris cercido siliquastri sigmetosum).
Synchorology – Italy, in northwestern Sicily: Mount
Pellegrino (Palermo) and Mount Sparacio (Trapani)
(Gianguzzi & Bazan, 2019a).
CELTIDETOSUM AUSTRALIS Gianguzzi & Bazan
2019
Holotypus – Rel. 3, Tab. S1, in Gianguzzi & Bazan
(2019a).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 8.3 (from Gi-
anguzzi & Bazan, 2019a: Tab. S1, rels. 17-20).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Euphorbia dendroides, Ruta chalepensis and
Pistacia terebinthus subsp. terebinthus, as well as
Celtis australis.
Substrate – Basaltic vulcanite (Gianguzzi et al.,
1996, 2015a, 2015b).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean subhumid).
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, Italo-Tyr-
rhenian (Sicilian), thermomediterranean dry, volcanic
basalt series of Oleaster (Ruto chalepensis-Oleo syl-
vestris celtido sigmetosum).
Synchorology – Italy, in eastern Sicily (Gianguzzi
& Bazan, 2019a): coastal area between Fontanarossa
and Giarre (Catania).
EUPHORBIETOSUM BIVONAE Gianguzzi & Bazan
2019
Holotypus – Rel. 21, Tab. S2, in Gianguzzi & Bazan
(2019a).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 8.4 (from
Gianguzzi & Bazan 2019a: Tab. S2, rels. 21-43).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Euphorbia dendroides, Ruta chalepensis and
Pistacia terebintus subsp. terebinthus, as well as Eu-
phorbia bivonae and Artemisia arborescens.
Substrate – Limestone-dolomite lithosols.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean dry-subhumid; Gianguzzi et al.,
2010, 2014, 2016; Raimondo et al., 2000).
Vegetation series – Climatophilous, Italo-Tyrrheni-
an (Sicilian), infra-, thermos and mesomediterranean
dry-subhumid, calcicolous series of Oleaster (Ruto
chalepensis-Oleo sylvestris euphorbio bivonae sigme-
tosum).
Synchorology – Italy, in northwestern Sicily (Gi-
anguzzi & Bazan, 2019a): between Palermo and Tra-
pani’s coasts (between Mount S. Calogero in Termini
Imerese and M. Erice, near Trapani), Sciacca and the
southern part of the Sicani Mountains (Pizzo Telegra-
fo and the southern slope of M. Genuardo; Gianguzzi
et al., 2010).
RHAMNETOSUM OLEOIDIS Gianguzzi & Bazan
2019
Holotypus – Rel. 46, Tab. S3, in Gianguzzi & Bazan
(2019a).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1 col. 8.5 (from
Gianguzzi & Bazan 2019a, Tab. S3, rels. 44-54).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylves-
tris (dom.), Euphorbia dendroides, Ruta chalepensis
and Pistacia terebintus subsp. terebinthus, as well as
Rhamnus lycioides subsp. oleoides (online Appendix
II, Fig. 2b), Lonicera implexa, Aristolochia navicula-
ris and Phagnalon saxatile var. viride.
Substrate – Limestone-calcarenite lithosols.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(infra- and thermomediterranean with an ombrotype
that ranges from semiarid to dry).
Vegetation series – Climatophilous and edapho-
xerophilous, Italo-Tyrrhenian (Aegadian Islands), in-
framediterranean dry, calcicolous series of Oleaster
(Ruto chalepensis-Oleo sylvestris rhamno oleoidis
sigmetosum).
Synchorology – Italy, in Sicily: Aegadian Islands:
Levanzo (Capo Grosso), Favignana (Mount Santa Ca-
terina) and Marettimo (Gianguzzi & Bazan, 2019a).
PERIPLOCETOSUM ANGUSTIFOLIAE Gianguzzi &
Bazan 2019
Holotypus – Rel. 57, Tab. S3, in Gianguzzi & Bazan
(2019a).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylves-
tris (dom.), Euphorbia dendroides, Ruta chalepensis
and Pistacia terebintus subsp. terebinthus, as well as
Periploca angustifolia (online Appendix II, Fig. 2c),
Lycium intricatum, Juniperus turbinata.
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 8.6 (from Gi-
anguzzi & Bazan 2019a: Tab. S3, rels. 55-59).
Substrate – Vulcanic lithosols (Gianguzzi, 1999,
2017).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(infra-thermomediterranean, with a semi-arid to dry
ombrotype; Gianguzzi et al., 2015a, 2015b).
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, Italo-
Tyrrhenian (islands of the Sicily Channel), infra- and
thermomediterranean semiarid-dry, indierent edaph-
ic series of Oleaster (Ruto chalepensis-Oleo sylvestris
periploco angustifoliae sigmetosum).
Synchorology – Italy, on the islands of the Sicily
Channel: Linosa and Pantelleria Inslands (Gianguzzi
& Bazan, 2019a).
9) CHAMAEROPO HUMILIS-OLEETUM SYLVES-
TRIS Gianguzzi & Bazan 2019
Holotypus – Rel. 83, Tab. S4, in Gianguzzi & Bazan
(2019a).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Chamaerops humilis, Rhamnus alaternus,
Acanthus mollis.
Short description – High scrub formation or xero-
thermophile woods of Olea europaea var. sylvestris,
3-4 to 7-8 (10) m tall, typical of sandy-calcarenite
and fossil dune environments, up to 150-200 m a.s.l..
It is associated with woody sclerophyllous elements
(Chamaerops humilis, Pistacia lentiscus, Rhamnus
alaternus, Teucrium fruticans, etc.), climbers (Smilax
aspera, Clematis cirrhosa, Rubia peregrina, Asparagus
acutifolius) and understory species (Asparagus albus,
Ampelodesmos mauritanicus, Osyris alba, Arisarum
vulgare, Allium subhirsutum, Hyparrhenia hirta, etc.).
ACANTHETOSUM MOLLIDIS Gianguzzi & Bazan
2019
Holotypus – The same of the association.
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 9.1 (from Gi-
anguzzi & Bazan, 2019a: Tab. S4, rels. 60-87).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Chamaerops humilis, Rhamnus alaternus, in
addition to Acanthus mollis, which is generally fre-
quent in the understory.
Substrate – Coastal calcarenite.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(infra-thermomediterranean, with an ombrotype that
varies between semiarid and subhumid; Gianguzzi et
al., 2012a).
Vegetation series – Climatophilous and edapho-
xerophilous, Italo-Tyrrhenian (Sicilian), infra- and
thermomediterranean semiarid- subhumid, calcare-
nitic series of Oleaster (Chamaeropo humilis-Oleo syl-
vestris sigmetum).
Synchorology – Italy, Sicily: coastal belt of the
southern and northwestern part (Gianguzzi & Bazan,
2019a).
EPHEDRETOSUM FRAGILIS Gianguzzi & Bazan
2019
Holotypus – Rel. 95, Tab. S5, in Gianguzzi & Bazan
(2019a).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 9.2 (from Gi-
anguzzi & Bazan, 2019a: Tab. S5, rels. 88-103).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Chamaerops humilis, Rhamnus alaternus, in
addition to Ephedra fragilis, in general present with
elevated coverage values, making the formation even
more dense and impenetrable.
Substrate – Sand, fossil dunes and calcarenite out-
crops.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(infra-thermomediterranean, with an ombrotype be-
tween semiarid and subhumid).
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous (subhalo-
pholous), Italo-Tyrrhenian (Sicilian), infra- and ther-
momediterranean semiarid-subhumid, sandy-calcare-
nitic series of Oleaster (Chamaeropo humilis-Oleo
sylvestris ephedro fragilis sigmetosum).
Synchorology – Italy, in Sicily: coastal belt between
the Jato Valley and Castellammare del Golfo, and near
Acate (Gianguzzi & Bazan, 2019a).
10) HIPPOCREPIDO EMEROIDIS-OLEETUM SYL-
VESTRIS ass. nova
Holotypus – Rel. 2, Tab. 2.
Syntaxonomic note – Gehù & Biondi (1997) em-
phasize that the classical association Oleo-Euphor-
bieum dendroidis, as described by Trinajstic (1973,
1984a), should be interpreted as a macrophytocoe-
nosis of “Euphorbia dendroides scrubs”, widely dis-
tributed along the coasts of the Mediterranean. The
same authors later proposed its subdivision into geo-
synvicariants (“races géographiques”) and decribed
the Coronillo emeroidis-Euphorbietum dendroidis [=
Oleo-Euphorbietum dendroidis subass. coronilletosum
emeroidis Trinajstic (1973) 1984] for the Balkan area,
which was later also recognized also for the Apennine
slope (Biondi et al., 2002; Bianco et al., 1984). Within
the range of the latter association, the formations dom-
inated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris – representing
climacic and edaphic-climacic aspects as woods, mi-
crowoods and high maquis – should be referred to the
new phytocoenosis here described.
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col.10 [Tab. 2:
rels. 1-2 (rels. ined.); 3-8, from Trinajstic 1984a (Tab.
2, rels. 1-3 and 6-7)].
12 L. Gianguzzi & G. Bazan
13
Olea europaea var. sylvestris forests
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Euphorbia dendroides, Hippocrepis emerus
subsp. emeroides (= Coronilla emerus subsp.
emeroides, Emerus major subsp. emeroides), Ephedra
foeminea (=E. campilopoda), Punica granatum.
Short description – Wood or xerophile scrub forma-
tion dominated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris (on-
line Appendix II, Fig. 1e). It is tall 5-6 (8) m, and con-
nected to coastal and subcoastal carbonate lithophile
slopes. The coenosis is dierentiated by the presence
of Euphorbia dendroides, Hippocrepis emerus subsp.
emeroides and eastern Mediterranean gravitating ele-
ments, such as Ephedra foeminea (online Appendix
II, Fig. 1f), Colutea arborescens, Punica granatum
and Paliurus spina-christi (Trinajstic, 1973, 1984a,
1984b).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(mesomediterranean subhumid-humid).
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, anphi-
adriatic (Italo-Balkan), mesomediterranean subhumid-
humid, calcicolous series of Oleaster (Hippocrepido
emeroidis-Oleo sylvestris sigmetum).
Synchorology – Some phytosociological relevés
dominated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris published
by Trinajstic sub Oleo-Euphorbietum subass. coronil-
letosum emeroidis (1975: Tab. 1, rels. 1 and 3; 1984a:
Tab. 2, rels. 1-3 and 6-7) have been ascribed to this
coenosis. On the basis of phytosociological literature,
this syntaxon denotes a wide distributive potential in
dierent areas of the Balkan peninsula, e.g. the Du-
brovnik region (Fascetti & Veri, 1984), Pelješac pe-
ninsula, minor islands near Korčula, Jabuka Island
(Trinajstic 1984b), Velika Palagruža, Mala Palagruža
(Pavletic, 1984), Mana, Kornati Archipelago (Gaži-
Baskova, and Bedalov, 1983), Ciovo Island, coast
from Montenegrino to Budva (Pulevic 1970; Trinajstic
1975), and in Italian peninsula, at Conero (Biondi et
al., 2002) and Puglia (Bianco et al., 1984). Aspects of
the associaton have also been detected by us in Alba-
nia, near Porto Palermo (rels. 1-2 in Tab. 2).
2. Ord. QUERCETALIA CALLIPRINI Zohary1955
Shor t de scrip tion of the aspects here considered –
Microwood, wood or scrub formation dominated by
Olea europaea var. sylvestris of the infra-thermomed-
iterranean bioclimate belt with an ombrotype between
lower subhumid to semi-arid and subhumid-humid.
On the syntaxonomic aspect, this formations are here
considered only with reference to the Ceratonio-Pista-
cion lentisci alliance.
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris,
Pistacia lentiscus, Clematis cirrhosa, Prasium ma-
jus, Quercus coccifera, Ceratonia siliqua, Rhamnus
lycioides subsp. oleoides, Rhamnus lycioides subsp.
graecus, Myrtus communis, Jasminum fruticans, Cali-
cotome villosa, Arbutus unedo, Phlomis fruticosa,
Arisarum simorrhinum, Pistacia palaestina, Rubia
tenuifolia, Punica granatum, Genista acanthoclada,
Arbutus andrachne, Daphne gnidioides, Euphorbia
characias subsp. wulfenii, Quercus aucheri, Dorystae-
chas hastata, Micromeria nervosa, Rhamnus palaes-
tina, Daphne sericea, Juniperus foetidissima, Phlomis
bourgaei, Cyclamen persicum, Paliurus spina-christi,
Ephedra major, Pinus brutia.
D) CERATONIO SILIQUAE-PISTACION LENTISCI
Zohary et Orshan 1959
Synonyms – Ceratonio-Pistacion lentisci Zo-
hary1955; Ceratonio-Pistacion creticum Zohary &
Orshan1966; Ceratonio-Rhamnion oleoidis Barbero &
Quézel 1979; Ceratonio siliquae-Rhamnion oleoidis
Barbero & Quézel ex Quézel et al. 1993.
Syntaxonomic note – Unlike Mucina et al. (2016)
who put this alliance within the order Pistacio-Rham-
netalia alaterni, we consider to classify the Ceratonio-
Pistacion lentisci within the order Quercetalia cal-
liprini (according to Zohary & Orshan, 1959); in fact,
as shown in the synoptic table (Tab. 1, col. 11a-15b),
the coenoses includes a prominent group of East-Med-
iterranean species belonging to the order Quercetalia
calliprini.
Short description – Termomediterranean sclero-
phyllous xerophilous evergreen woods and maquis
dominated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris of the east-
ern Mediterranean.
Diagnostic species – See order.
11) RUBIO TENUIFOLIAE-EUPHORBIETUM DEN-
DROIDIS Géhu, Costa & Uslu 1988
Holotypus – Rel. 4, Tab. 1, in Géhu et al. (1988, p.
609).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 11a (from
Géhu et al.,1988:Tab. 1, rel. 4) and col. 11b (from Bi-
ondi & Gehu, 1987: Tab. 1, rels. 1-3).
Syntaxonomic note – The association was described
by Géhu et al. (1988) for the southern shores of Turkey;
however, in the holotype indicated by the authors, the
physiognomically dominant species is Olea europaea
var. sylvestris (component of the tree layer) and not
Euphorbia dendroides (a low open maquis species).
Therefore, it would be a nomen ambiguum (ICPN,
Art. 36 - Weber et al., 2000). The reléves of the origi-
nal table might be divided into 2 syntaxa of the same
rank: an Oleetum, as a forest vegetation series head;
and an Euphorbietum, as a maquis secondary aspect
(ICPN, art. 24 - Weber et al., 2000). However also,
in this case, given the lack of data at a broader scale,
in this case we prefer to maintain the name coined by
Géhu et al. (1988) at the moment.
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Euphorbia dendroides, Rubia tenuifolia subsp.
tenuifolia, Genista acanthoclada, Daphne gnidioides,
14 L. Gianguzzi & G. Bazan
Rhamnus oleoides.
Short description – Scrub, wood or microwood
formation dominated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris,
up to 6-7 m high, associated with rocky carbonatic
substrates, widespread from maritime areas to inland
hills, up to 400-600 m a.s.l., with a predominantly
southern exposure. Euphorbia dendroides and various
other species from Pistacio-Rhamnetalia alaterni are
associated with it, together with Aegean elements or
those tending towards the eastern Mediterranean, such
as Rubia tenuifolia subsp. tenuifolia, Genista acan-
thoclada, Pistacia palaestina, Daphne gnidioides,
Rhamnus oleoides subsp. graecus (Gehu et al., 1988).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean dry-subhumid).
Substrate – Limestone.
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, Aegean-
Turkish, thermomediterranean dry-subhumid, calci-
colous series of Euphorbia dendroides and Oleaster
(Rubio tenuifolii-Euphorbio dendroidis sigmetum).
Distribution –The association has been described
by Géhu et al. (1988) for the southwestern coasts of
Turkey (Kas region), extending to the Aegean region
and even further east to Antalya. In the Aegean area,
the same authors – in reference to the studies of Davis
(1965-88) and Carlstrom (1987) – identied another
potential distribution area also in the eastern Sporades
of the Dodecanese and the nearby islands southwestern
of Turkey. Akman et al. (1978, 1979) identied similar
aspects for various points of Taurus, in Anatolia.
12) JUNIPERO FOETIDISSIMAE-OLEETUM SYL-
VESTRIS ass. nova
Holotypus – In Arkman et al., 1978 (rel. 2, in Tab.
p. 24).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 12 (from
Arkman et al., 1978: Tab. p. 24).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea subsp. sylves-
tris (dom.), Ceratonia siliqua, Juniperus foetidissima,
Arbutus andrachne, Cupressus sempervirens.
Short description – Xerophilous microwood for-
mation dominated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris,
6-7 m high, tied to compact rocky carbonatic substrates
with poor topsoil. Frequent species in the tree layer are
Ceratonia siliqua, Phillyrea media, Pistacia palestina,
as well as Juniperus foetidissima, a species whose dis-
tribution extends from southeastern Europe to Western
Asia, and whose presence around the Köprülü Canyon
is remarkable because it is located in the thermomedi-
terranean (Akman et al., 1978).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean subhumid-humid).
Substrate – Compact limestone.
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, Turkish
(North-Anatolian), thermomediterranean subhumid-
humid, calcicolous series of Oleaster (Ceratonio
siculae-Oleo sylvestris sigmetum).
Distribution – Mediterranean Turkey, in the
Köprülü Canyon region (North of Antalya; Akman et
al., 1978).
13) QUERCO AUCHERI-OLEETUM SYLVESTRIS
Vural, Duman, Güner, Dönmez & Şağban 1995
Holotypus – Rel. 570, Tab. 5, in Vural et al. (1995,
p. 451).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 13 (from
Vural et al., 1995: Tab. 5, rels. 555-573).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea subsp.
sylvestris (dom.), Quercus aucheri, Phillyrea latifolia,
Daphne gnidioides, Crepis zacintha, Picris altissima,
Sedum rubens, Quercus coccifera, Phlomis lycia, On-
osma frutescens.
Short description – Microwood formation domi-
nated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris, 4-5 (6) m high,
typical of rocky outcrops and detritic slopes. In the tree
layer are often associated Quercus aucheri – a species
that is spread throughout the Aegean islands of Greece
and parts of Anatolian Turkey (Quézel et al., 1978,
1980; Aykut et al., 2017) – and Phillyrea latifolia. Other
characteristic and dierential species include Daphne
gnidioides, Picris altissima, Crepis zacintha, Sedum ru-
bens, Quercus coccifera, Phlomis lycia, Onosma frutes-
cens and Euphorbia characias subsp. wulfenii.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(infra- and thermomediterranean with subhumid-hu-
mid ombrotype).
Substrate – Limestones and alluvial deposits.
Vegetation series – Climatophilous and edapho-
xerophilous, Aegean-Turkish, infra- and thermomedi-
terranean subhumid-humid, verticicolous series of
Oleaster (Querco aucheri-Oleo sylvestris sigmetum).
Distribution – Mediterranean Turkey, in the prov-
ince of Muğla (Köyceğiz-Dalyan Nature Reserve;
Vural et al., 1995).
Syntaxonomic note – In the table of associations
published by the authors (Tab. 5 in Vural et al., 1995),
two distinct relevés blocks stand out. The typical as-
pect of the association – called subass. daphnetosum
gnidioides – regards the relevés distinguished by a cer-
tain dominance of Olea europaea var. sylvestris (rels.
555-573); the relevés referring to subass. pinetosum
brutiae (rels. 823-826) show a distinct dominance of
Quercus aucheri – with coverage values equal to 4 or
5 –, with low values of Olea europaea var. sylvestris,
in addition to dierences in the oristic community.
Given the objectives of this present study, here we
only considered the relevés with a clear dominance of
Olea europaea var. sylvestris.
14) DORYSTAECHO HASTATAE-OLEETUM
OLEASTRI Kurt, Ketenoğlu, Akman, Özdeniz,
Şekerciler, Bölükbaşı & Özbey 2015
15
Olea europaea var. sylvestris forests
Holotypus – Rel. 5, Tab. 1, in Kurt et al. (2015, p.
490).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 14 (from
Kurt et al., 2015: Tab. 1).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea subsp. sylves-
tris (dom.), Ceratonia siliqua, Dorystachys hastata,
Quercus aucheri, Phagnalon rupestre subsp. graecum,
Phlomis bourgaei, Rubia tenuifolia, Rhamnus lycio-
ides subsp. graeca.
Short description – Secondary maquis formation
dominated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris, 2-3 m
tall, established after the destruction of Pinus brutia
pine groves (Barbero et al., 1980). It is typical of steep
rocky slopes with little organic matter, between 100
and 700 m a.s.l., exposed to the south and southwest.
Various species from Pistacio-Rhamnetalia and Quer-
cetea ilicis are associated, as well as various eastern
elements indicated among the characteristics of the
alliance Ceratonio-Rhamnion, reported here as a di-
agnostic species.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean dry).
Substrate – Limestone.
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, Turkish
(Antalya Subregion), infra- and thermomediterranean
subhumid, calcicolous series of Turkish pine (Phlo-
mido bourgeai-Pineto brutia sigmetum).
Distribution – Mediterranean Turkey, in the coastal
zone of the Antalya Gulf, between Antalya and Finike
(Kurt et al., 2015).
15) SPIRAEO CRENATAE-OLEETUM SYLVESTRIS
Karaer, Kilinc, Korkmaz, Guray Kutbay, Yalcin &
Bilgin, 2010
Holotypus – Rel. 39, Tab. 4, in Karaer et al. (2010,
p. 42).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 15a (from
Karaer et al., 2010: Tab. 4) and 15b (from Korkmaz et
al., 2011: Tab. 3).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Spiraea crenata, Juniperus excelsa, Sedum
pallidum, Linum corymbulosum, Micromeria nervosa.
Short description – Maquis or scrub formation
dominated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris, 3-4 m
tall, typical of carbonatic rocky outcrops, on southern-
exposed slopes, at 400-450 m a.s.l. In the woody layer,
the following taxa are associated: Phillyrea latifolia,
Pistacia palaestina (=P. terebinthus subsp. palaes-
tina), Juniperus excelsa, Buxus sempervirens, Jasmi-
num fruticans, Ephedra major, etc.. The herbaceous
layer is sparse, and more frequently dened by the
presence of Chrysopogon gryllus, Iberis simpex (= I.
taurica) and Sedum pallidum.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean dry).
Substrate – Limestone.
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, northern
Turkish, thermomediterranean dry, calcicolous series
of Oleaster (Querco aucheri-Oleo sylvestris sigmetum).
Distribution – Turkey, in the central region of the
Black Sea: Valle Kizilirmak around Kepez Gorge,
Zeytintürbe, and Ardıçtepe districts (Karaer et al.,
2010; Korkmaz, 2011).
3. Ord. QUERCETALIA ILICIS Br.-Bl. ex Molinier
1934, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille 27 – 189, em.
Rivas-Martínez 1975.
Shor t de scrip tion of the aspects here considered –
Woods and microwoods dominated by Olea europaea
var. sylvestris of the thermo- and mesomediterranean
belt with a dry and subhumid ombrotype. They are part
of the following alliances: 1) Querco rotundifoliae-
Oleion sylvestris (calcicolous substrates of the West-
ern Mediterranean Subregion); 2) Fraxino-Quercion
ilicis (calcicolous substrates of the central Mediterra-
nean Subregion); 3) Erico-Quercion ilicis (silicicolous
substrates of the central Mediterranean area) (Rivas-
Martínez et al., 2001, 2002; Bacchetta et al. 2004; Mu-
cina et al., 2016).
Diagnostic species – Phillyrea latifolia, Ruscus
aculeatus, Rosa sempervirens, Bryonia cretica subsp.
dioica, Fraxinus angustifolia, Hippocrepis emerus
subsp. emeroides (=Emerus major subsp. emeroides),
Quercus rotundifolia, Ruscus hypophyllum, Quercus
ilex, Cyclamen hederifolium subsp. hederifolium,
Anemone palmata, Hedera iberica, Retama sphae-
rocarpa, Fraxinus ornus, Viscum album, Viola alba
subsp. dehnhardtii, Quercus virgiliana, Viburnum ti-
nus, Asplenium onopteris, Carex distachya, Cyclamen
repandum subsp. repandum, Phillyrea angustifolia,
Quercus suber, Erica arborea, Pulicaria odora, Pyrus
spinosa, Asplenium obovatum subsp. obovatum, Se-
laginella denticulata.
E) QUERCO ROTUNDIFOLIAE-OLEION SYLVES-
TRIS Barbéro, Quézel & Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-
Martínez, Costa & Izco 1986
Short description – Thermomediterranean woods
from the eastern Mediterranean region with Quercus
rotundifolia, Quercus suber, Olea europaea var. syl-
vestris and Ceratonia siliqua.
Diagnostic species – Arum italicum, Crataegus
monogyna. Arisarum vulgare subsp. clusii, Arisarum
simorrhinum, Osyris lanceolata, Viburnum tinus,
Phlomis purpurea, Arum italicum subsp. neglectum,
Rhamnus lycioides subsp. laderoi, Pyrus bourgaeana.
16) VIBURNO TINI-OLEETUM SYLVESTRIS Costa,
Capelo & Lousa 1994
TYPICUM
Holotypus – Rel. 10, Tab. 1, in Costa et al. (1994,
p. 500).
16 L. Gianguzzi & G. Bazan
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 16a (from
Costa et al., 1994: Tab.1, rels. 1-14).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylves-
tris (dom.), Arum italicum, Vinca diormis, Diosco-
rea communis, Viburnum tinus, Bryonia cretica subsp.
dioica, Ruscus aculeatus, Ceratonia siliqua, Acanthus
mollis, Rosa sempervirens.
Short description – Meso-microforests in which
the wild olive (Olea europaea var. sylvestris) is the
dominant tree species, 5-15 m tall, associated with
vertisols and with a well-developed organic layer, at
an elevation around 150 m a.s.l. Various other species
are associated in the tree layer (Ceratonia siliqua, Vi-
burnum tinus, Phillyrea latifolia, Myrtus communis,
Rhamnus oleoides subsp. oleoides, R. alaternus and
Phlomis purpurea), as well as climbers (Smilax aspera,
Rubia peregrina subsp. longifolia, Dioscorea commu-
nis, Bryonia cretica subsp. dioica, Clematis ammula,
Lonicera peryclimenum subsp. hispanica, Lonicera
etrusca, Vinca diormis and Rosa sempervirens).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean subhumid).
Substrate – Vertisols derived from limestone, basalt,
and sandstone.
Vegetation series – Climatophilous, Portuguese
(“Olissiponense, Sadense and Arribadense”), ther-
momediterranean subhumid, verticicolous series of
Oleaster (Viburno tini-Oleo sylvestris sigmetum).
Distribution – Portugal in the districts of Olissipo-
nense, Sadense and Arribadense (Costa et al., 1994;
Neto et al., 2009).
FRAXINETOSUM ANGUSTIFOLIAE Costa, Capelo
& Lousa 1994
Holotypus – Rel. 19, Tab. 1, in Costa et al. (1994,
p. 500).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 16b (from
Costa et al., 1994: Tab.1, rels. 15-24).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Fraxinus angustifolia, Hedera helix subsp. ca-
nariensis, Iris foetidissima.
Substrate – Clays (deep, rich and fresh vertisols).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean subhumid).
Vegetation series – Edapho-mesophilous, Portu-
guese, thermomediterranean subhumid, verticicolous
series of Oleaster (Viburno tini-Oleo sylvestris fraxino
angustifoliae sigmetosum).
Distribution – Portugal, in the districts of Olissipo-
nense, Sadense and Arribadense (Costa et al., 1994).
EPHEDRETOSUM FRAGILIS Neto, Arsenio & Costa
2009
Holotypus – Rel. in Neto et al. (2009, p. 46).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 16c (from
Neto et al., 2010: rel. p. 46).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Ephedra fragilis, Osyris lanceolata.
Substrate – Clays (vertisols).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermomediterranean subhumid).
Vegetation series– Climatophilous, Portuguese
(Vicentine coast), thermomediterranean subhumid,
verticicolous series of Oleaster (Viburno tini-Oleo syl-
vestris ephedro fragilis sigmetosum).
Synchorology – Portugal, in the district of the Vice-
ntine Coast.
17) ARO NEGLECTI-OLEETUM SYLVESTRIS Rivas-
Martínez & Cantò in Rivas-Martínez et al. 2002 corr.
Rivas-Martínez & Cantò in Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011.
Synonyms – Tamo communis-Oleetum sylvestris
sensu Rivas-Martínez (1987) not Tamo communis-
Oleetum sylvestris Benadid 1985 [in Travaux Inst.
Scientique (Rabat), ser. Bot. 34 – 7, Tab. 2] and
Tamo communis-Oleetum sylvestris Benadid ex Pérez
Latorre, Galàn de Mera, Deil & Cabezudo 1996 (art.
5); Aro italici-Oleetum sylvestris Rivas-Martínez &
Cantò in Rivas. et al., Itinera Geobot. 15 (1): 39, 2002
(art. 43).
Syntaxonomic note – The oristic separation of
the association in question from Tamo-Oleetum syl-
vestris Benadid 1985 – a coenosis described for the
Rif-Tangerian area, of which it is considered a geovi-
cariant – was established by Rivas-Martínez & Cantò
2002 in Rivas-Martínez et al. (2002), based on a oris-
tic diversication; it is determined by the presence in
Aro-Oleetum sylvestris of various species (Crataegus
brevispina, Phlomis purpurea subsp. purpurea and
Rhamnus oleoides subsp. oleoides) and on the other
hand, the absence of other elements (Ampelodesmos
mauritanica, Buxus balearica, Calicotome intermedia,
Crataegus maura, Tetraclinis articulata, etc.) that dis-
tinguishes it from the North-African association (Ri-
vas-Martínez & Cantò, in Rivas-Martínez et al., 2002).
Based on the correct identication of Arum neglectum
(Towns.) Ridley – instead of Arum italicum Mill. – the
name Aro italici-Oleetum was successively corrected
in Aro neglecti-Oleetum sylvestris (Rivas-Martínez et
al., 2011).
TYPICUM
Holotypus – Rel. in Rivas-Martínez et al. (2002, p. 39).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 17.1a (from
Rivas-Martínez et al., 2002: rel. p. 39) and 18.1b (from
Galán De Mera 2000: Tab. 1, rel. n. 17 and 69).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var.
sylvestris (dom.), Arisarum simorrhinum var. subexer-
tum, Aristolochia baetica, Dioscorea communis, Vinca
diormis.
Short description – According to Rivas-Martínez
& Cantò (in Rivas-Martínez et al., 2002), the coenosis
17
Olea europaea var. sylvestris forests
makes up “meso-microforests in which the wild olive
(Olea europaea var. sylvestris) is the dominant tree,
with an undergrowth rich in evergreen (Phillyrea lati-
folia, Pistacia lentiscus, Rhamnus oleoides, Phlomis
purpurea), or deciduous shrubs (Crataegus brevispi-
na), as well as an important number of vines (Aris-
tolochia baetica, Clematis cirrhosa, Smilax aspera,
Dioscorea communis, Vinca diormis) and geophytes
(Arisarum vulgare var. subexertum, Arum italicum)”.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermo- and mesomediterranean dry-humid).
Substrate – Clays (various kinds of vertisols).
Vegetation series – Climatophilous, Iberian (Betic
and Gaditan-Algarvian), thermo-mesomediterranean
dry to humid, verticicolous series of Oleaster (Aro
neglecti-Oleo sylvestris sigmetum; Quinto-Canas et
al., 2012).
Distribution – Iberian Peninsula, between the strait
of Gibraltar and Algarve.
FRAXINETOSUM ANGUSTIFOLIAE Pérez Latorre,
Galán de Mera, Deil & Cabezudo ex Gianguzzi & Ba-
zan subass. nova hoc loco
Lectotypus (designated here) – Inv. n. 22, Tab. 1
in Galán De Mera et al. 2000 (Acta Bot. Malacitana
25, p. 120).
Syntaxonomical note – This syntaxon was pro-
posed by Pérez Latorre et al. (1996) based on a lec-
totypication relative to North-Africa (Benadid 1984,
sub Tamo-Oleetum sylvestris), but initially also indi-
cated for Spain together with the same subassocia-
tion fraxinetosum angustifoliae. After the separation
of Aro-Oleetum sylvestris (Rivas-Martínez & Cantò
2002 in Rivas-Martínez et al., 2002) – described for
the Iberian Peninsula as a geovicariant coenosis of the
former – its subassociation fraxinetosum angustifoliae
is leptotypied here. It is recognized for the Aljibico
sector (Pérez Latorre et al., 1996).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 17.2 (from
Galan De Mera et al., 2000: Tab. 1, rels. 18, 22, 23, 6,
64, 70, 74).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Ruscus hypophyllum, Crataegus brevispina,
Rhamnus oleoides subsp. oleoides.
Substrate – Clays (humid vertisols).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermo- and mesomediterranean dry-humid).
Vegetation series – Edapho-mesophilous, southern
Iberian, thermo-mesomediterranean dry-subhumid,
verticicolous series of Oleaster (Aro neglecti-Oleo syl-
vestris fraxino angustifoliae sigmetosum).
Distribution – Spain: Aljibico sector (Pérez Latorre
et al., 1996).
18) RHAMNO LADEROI-OLEETUM SYLVESTRIS
(Cantò, Ladero, Perez-Chiscano and Rivas-Martínez
2011) nom. nov. prop.
Synonyms – Asparago albi-Oleetum sylvestris Can-
tò, Ladero, Perez-Chiscano and Rivas-Martínez in
Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011 [Itinera Geobotanica 18(2),
p. 428, 2011, Tab. 75.3.15, rel. 1, not Asparago albi-
Oleetum sylvestris Bacchetta, Bagella, Biondi, Farris,
Filigheddu & Mossa 2003.
Syntaxonomic note – The name Asparago albi-
Oleetum sylvestris dened by Cantò et al., in Rivas-
Martínez et al. (2011) constitutes a later homonym
of the association already described by Bacchetta et
al. (2003) for Sardinia, and therefore is not compli-
ant with article 31 of the ICPN (Weber et al., 2000).
For the association in question, which is endemic to
the central Iberian area, it is therefore here reproposed
the new name Rhamno laderoi-Oleastretum sylvestris
(Cantò, Ladero, Perez-Chiscano and Rivas-Martínez
2011) nom. nov.
Holotypus – Rel. 1, Tab. 75.3.15, in Rivas-Martínez
et al. (2011, p. 428).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 18 (from
Rivas-Martínez et al., 2011: Tab. 75.3.15.).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Asparagus albus, Rhamnus lycioides subsp.
laderoi (=R. laderoi), Arisarum simorrhinum, Pyrus
bourgaeana, Daphne gnidium, Pistacia terebinthus.
Pistacia lentiscus, Asparagus acutifolius.
Short description – Microwood or scrub formation
dominated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris, which
is associated with Rhamnus lycioides subsp. laderoi
(Iberian endemic), Pyrus bourgaeana (distributed in
the southern Iberian Peninsula and northern Moroc-
co), Pistacia terebinthus, Pistacia lentiscus, Daphne
gnidium, Asparagus albus, Asparagus acutifolius and
Arisarum simorrhinum are among the most frequent
herbaceous elements. The coenosis carries out a pri-
mary role on the more or less rocky, steep and xeric
slopes, primarily exposed to the south, up to about 700
m a.s.l.. It can also carry out a secondary role, as a
substituting stage in the Quercus rotundifolia wood-
land series (Pyro bourgaeanae-Querceto rotundifoliae
sigmetum; Cantò 2004).
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(Mesomediterranean, Dry-subhumid).
Substrate – Metamorphites, granites, etc.
Vegetation series – Climatophilous, central Ibe-
rian (Luso-Extremaduran), mesomediterranean
dry-subhumid, silicicolous series of Ballota (Pyro
bourgaeanae-Querco rotundifoliae sigmetum).
Edapho-xerophilous, central Iberian (Luso-Extre-
maduran) mesomediterranean dry-subhumid, silici-
colous series of Oleaster (Rhamno laderoi-Oleo syl-
vestris sigmetum).
Distribution – Spain, in the Toledo and Madrid
provinces (Cantò et al., 2011).
18 L. Gianguzzi & G. Bazan
*
Column’s number 1 2 3a 3b 4.1 4.2 5a 5b 6 7.1 7.2 7.1 7.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 9.1 9.2 10 11a 11b 12 13 15 15a 15b 16.1 16.2 16.3
17.1a
17.1b
17.2 18 19 20a 20b 21.1 21.2 22
Total number of relevés 7 8 2 1 19 4 1 5 4 2 3 12 4 4 23 11 5 28 16 8 2 3 2 8 13 10 10 14 10 1 1 2 7 10 8 8 6 12 5 31
Guide species
Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris (Mill.) Lehr 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Characteristic all. Tetraclinis articulatae-Pistacion atlanticae Rivas-Martínez, Costa et Izco. 1986
Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. 57 38 ..11...................................
Searsia pentaphylla (Jacq.) F.A.Barkley 57 38 ......................................
Asparagus altissimus Munby .50 50 .....................................
Pistacia atlantica Desf. 86 .......................................
Astragalus chlorostachys Lindl. 29 .......................................
Withania frutescens (L.) Pauquy .100 ......................................
Teucrium atratum Pomel . . 100 .....................................
Characteristic all. Asparago albi-Rhamnion oleoidis Rivas Goday & Rivas Martinez 1969
Aristolochia baetica L. . 25 . . 100 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 100 . . . . . . .
Calicotome infesta subsp. intermedia (C.Presl) Greuter .88 ..377..................................
Characteristic all. Oleo sylvestris-Ceratonion siliquae Br.-Bl. ex Guinochet & Drouineau 1944
Euphorbia dendroides L. . . 100 . . . . 20 100 . . 100 100 100 100 64 100 7 31 100 100 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chamaerops humilis L. . . 100 . 74 50 . . 100 . . 8 . . 61 . . 89 100 . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . 29 . . . . 17 . .
Ruta chalepensis L. . . . . . . . . . . . 58 100 .83 100 40 11 . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Teucrium flavum L. . . . . 5 . . . . . . 33 100 75 4 . . 4 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Artemisia arborescens (Vaill.) L. . . . . . . . . . . . 42 . . 52 9 . 18 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 80 .
Asparagus horridus L. 14 63 . . . . 100 100 ................................
Arum pictum L.f. . . . . . . . . 25 . 67 .......................6 3 . 17 . . .
Cyclamen balearicum Willk. . . . . . . 100 .................................
Characteristic and diff. species of order Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni Rivas-Martínez 1975
Pistacia lentiscus L. 100 75 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 75 50 25 35 64 100 82 81 75 100 100 . . . . . 60 70 100 . . 14 30 100 63 100 75 80 .
Clematis cirrhosa L. [incl. var. balearica (Rich.) Willk.
(
*
)
]71* . 50 . 100 100
100*
100*
. . . 58 100 100 48 45 60 32 6 . . . 100 88 23 . . . . . 100 100 83 . 100 63 . 58 . .
Asparagus albus L. 71 50 50 100 26 25 . 80 100 . . 42 75 100 91 . . 61 69 . . . . . . . . 93 50 . 100 100 43 100 . . . 50 . .
Prasium majus L. 100 . 50 100 . . 100 60 .50 33 83 100 100 91 82 100 71 6 50 100 33 . . . . . . . . . 100 43 . . . . 25 . .
Rhamnus alaternus L. [incl. R. myrtifolia Willk.
(
*
)
]
. 13 50* . 16 . . 20 25 100 100 75 75 100 43 . 40 57 6 . . . . . . . . 87 90 100 . . 71 . . 38 . 25 100 .
Ceratonia siliqua L. . 38 100 100 30 50 . . . . . 33 25 . 4 18 . 7 19 . 100 . 100 25 92 . . 60 20 . . . . . . . . 8 . .
Quercus coccifera L. . 25 . . 26 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13 100 67 100 100 69 . . 33 60 . . . . 10 . . . . . .
Rhamnus lycioides subsp. oleoides (L.) Jahand. & Maire .25 . . 11 . . . . . . . . . 4 100 . 21 . 13 100 67 . . . . . 60 40 . 100 . 14 . . . . . . 55
Myrtus communis L. . . 50 . . 25 . 20 75 . . . . . . . 40 4 . . . . 50 . 46 . . 40 10 . . . . 10 . 100 33 ...
Teucrium fruticans L. . . 100 . . 25 . . . . . 50 . . 22 55 . 50 88 . . . . . . . . 7 10 . . 50 29 . . . . 42 . .
Ampelodesmos mauritanicus (Poir.) T.Durand & Schinz . . 50 100 5 . . 20 . . . 75 . . 74 . 40 57 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 40 .
Osyris alba L. . . . . . . . . . . 67 25 . . 22 . . 32 6 . . . . . . . . 20 60 . . . . 10 . . . 17 . 39
Anagyris foetida L. . . 50 . . . . . . . 100 33 50 . 9 36 . 43 . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . .
Jasminum fruticans L. 43 . 50 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 70 13 . . . 50 29 10 . . . . . .
Pistacia terebinthus L. . . . . . . . . . . . 58 75 100 43 . . 4 . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3 0 . . . . . .
Euphorbia characias L. . . . . . 25 . . . . . 17 . 75 . . . 4 13 . . . . . . . . 13 40 . . . . . . . . 58 . .
Ephedra fragilis Desf. . 75 50 . . . . 40 . . . . . . 17 . . . 100 . . . . . . . . . . 100 . 50 . . . . . . . .
Arbutus unedo L. 14 . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20 27 10 . . . . . . . . . . .
Juniperus phoenicea var. turbinata (Guss.) Parl. . . 100 . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . 13 . . . .
Asparagus aphyllus L. . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 80 100 . 50 29 . . . . . . .
Celtis australis L. . . . . . . . . . . 33 . 50 100 . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . 20 .
Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . 75 62 . . . . . . . 14 . . . 17 . . .
Lycium intricatum Boiss. . 38 ............4.40 .......................
Ephedra foeminea Forssk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 .100 . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bupleurum fruticosum L. . . 100 .........................10...........
Genista linifolia L. . . . . 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 . . . . . . .
Periploca laevigata subsp. angustifolia (Labill.) Markgraf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 100 .......................
Pinus halepensis Mill. . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. . 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cercis siliquastrum L. ............100 ...........................
Euphorbia bivonae Steud. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 .........................
Aristolochia navicularis E.Nardi ...............82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phagnalon saxatile var. viride (R. Uechtr.) Font Quer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phlomis fruticosa L. . . . . . . . . . . . ........25....................
Punica granatum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 ....................
Tab. 1 - Synoptic table of the Olea europaea var. sylvestris plant communities of the Mediterranean region.
19
Olea europaea var. sylvestris forests
Pistacia palaestina Boiss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 13 38 60 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rhamnus lycioides subsp. graeca (Boiss. & Reut.) Tutin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 13 15 ...............
Rubia tenuifolia d'Urv. ....................100 . . 38 46 ...............
Daphne gnidioides Jaub. & Spach ....................100 . . 100 46...............
Euphorbia characias subsp. wulfenii (Hoppe ex W.D.J.Koch) Radcl.-Sm. .......................100100...............
Quercus aucheri Jaub. & Spach .......................10046 ...............
Sedum pallidum M.Bieb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 .............
Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Linum corymbulosum Rchb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 90 .............
Micromeria nervosa (Desf.) Benth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 90 .... . . . . . . . . .
Spiraea crenata L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 70 .............
Ephedra major Host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pinus brutia Ten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paliurus spina-christi Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Genista acanthoclada DC. ....................100 ...................
Rhamnus palaestina Boiss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Juniperus foetidissima Willd. ......................100 .................
Arbutus andrachne L. ......................50 .................
Phlomis bourgaei Boiss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 ...............
Dorystaechas hastata Boiss. & Heldr. ex Benth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 ...............
Cyclamen persicum Mill. ........................36...............
Characteristic all. Querco rotundifoliae-Oleion sylvestris Barbéro, Quézel & Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez Costa & Izco 1986
Arum italicum Mill. . . . 100 74 50 . . . . . 17 . . 4 . . . 13 . . . . . . . . 9 3 100 100 . . 14 . . . . 17 . 19
Crataegus monogyna Jacq.
[incl. C. monogyna subsp. brevispina (Kunze) Franco
(
*
)
]
. . . . 37 25 . . . . 67 . . . . . . 4 6 . . . . . . . . . . . 100
*
.14* 50 . . 17 17* . 10
Vinca difformis Pourr. . . . . 32 25.....................87 100 . 100 50 14 . . . . . . .
Arisarum vulgare subsp. clusii (Schott) K.Richt.) . . . . 79 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 90 . . . . . . . . 92 100 .
Arisarum simorrhinum Durieu
[incl. Arisarum simorrhinum var. subexsertum (Webb & Berthel.) Talavera
(
*
)
]
.63 ...25*........................100* 50 43 90 . . . . . .
Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud. [=O.quadripartita Salzm. ex Decne] 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . 50 53 . . . . . . .
Viburnum tinus L. . . . . 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 80 . . . . . . . . . . .
Phlomis purpurea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . 100 50 . . . . . . . .
Arum italicum subsp. neglectum (F.Towns.) Prime ..............................100 . . . . . . . . .
Rhamnus lycioides subsp. laderoi Rivas Mart. & J.M. Pizarro .................................100 . . . . . .
Pyrus bourgaeana Decne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . .
Characteristic all. Fraxino orni-Quercion ilicis Biondi, Casavecchia & Gigante ex Biondi et al., 2013
Asplenium onopteris L. . . . . 5 25 . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . 63 . 17 . 60 .
Carex distachya Desf. . . . . . . . 20 . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 10 . . . . . 75 13 . 17 . .
Cyclamen repandum Sm. . . . . . . . . . . . 42 . . 48 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . 17 . .
Aristolochia tyrrhena E.Nardi & Arrigoni ..................................63 .....
Characteristic and diff. (*) all. Erico arboreae-Quercion iicis Brullo, Di Martino & Marcenò 1977
*Cistus salvifolius L. 57 . . . 5 25 . . . . . . . . . . . 4 19 . . . . . 21 . . . . . . . . . 25 . . 50 8 0 3
Quercus suber L. 14 . . . 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 19 . . . . . . . . 7 10 . . . . . . . . 42 . .
*Calicotome infesta (C.Presl) Guss. subsp. infesta . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . 25 26 . . 25 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 .
Erica arborea L. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . 50 17 50 40 .
Pulicaria odora (L.) Rchb. 57 . . . 26 25 . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 50 . .
Phillyrea angustifolia L. . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 50 100 . . . . . 100 17 ...
Pyrus spinosa Forssk. . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . . . . . 7 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 42 80 .
Asplenium obovatum Viv. ......................................100 26
Selaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun ......................100...............40 .
Carlina hispanica subsp. globosa (Arcang.) Meusel & Kästner ............................... . . . . . . . 80 .
Characteristic all. Arbuto unedonis-Laurion nobilis Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Laurus nobilis L. . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . . . 7 . . . . 29 . . . . . . 32
Glandora diffusa (Lag.) D.C.Thomas .......................................65
Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P.Beauv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Genista hispanica subsp. occidentalis Rouy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Characteristic and diff. species of associations of order Quercetalia ilicis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier 1934
Phillyrea latifolia L. 100 25 50 100 47 50 . 60 24 . . 33 100 50 61 73 60 11 50 . 50 . 100 100 69 100 100 53 50 100 . . . . 88 38* 17 58 . .
Ruscus aculeatus L. . . . . . . . 40 . . 67 33 . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . 40 40 47 90 100 100 . . 10 . 13 50 50 20 84
Rosa sempervirens L. . . . . 53 75 . . . . 67 33 . . 4 . . 18 . 13 . . . . . . . 20 60 . . . . . . . . 83 80 23
Characteristic all. Ceratonio-Pistacion lentisci Zohary et Orshan 1959 and ord. Quercetalia calliprini Zohary 1955
20 L. Gianguzzi & G. Bazan
Bryonia cretica subsp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin 14 . . . 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 80 . 100 . 14 40 . . . . . .
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl . . . . 5 100 ......................70 ...14 . . . . . . .
Hippocrepis emerus subsp. emeroides (Boiss. & Spruner) Lassen Soldano & F.Conti . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . . 4 . . 7 . 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . .
Quercus rotundifolia Lam. 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ruscus hypophyllum L. . . 100 .42100..........................86 . . . . . . .
Quercus ilex L. . . . . . . . . . . 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . 50 . . 10
Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 . .
Cistus creticus subsp. eriocephalus (Viv.) Greuter & Burdet ................40....................8..
Anemone palmata L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20 . . . . . . . . . . .
Fraxinus ornus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 8 . .
Hedera iberica (McAll.) Ackerf. & J.Wen .............................100. . . . . . . . . .
Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . . .
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link .................................100......
Lavandula pedunculata subsp. sampaiana (Rozeira) Franco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 . . . . . .
Quercus virgiliana (Ten.) Ten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 .
Characteristic and diff.(*) species of class Quercetea ilicis
Smilax aspera L. [incl. var. balearica Willk. ex A.DC. (*),
var. mauritanica (Poir.) Gren. & Godr.
(+)
and var. altissima Moris & De Not.
(
^
)
]
.38+. . 89 100 100*100* . 50 67 67 100 100 52 18 . 71 19 63 50 . . 25 . . . 87 100
100^
100^
. 29 . 25 50 . 92 100 97
Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin 14 . . 100 84 75 100 80 . 50 . 33 . 50 4 36 . 7 . 63 . . . 13 . . . 80 90 100 100 50 86 . 100 75 50 25 . 39
Asparagus acutifolius L. . 25 100 . . . 100 60 . 100 100 92 75 100 83 100 100 96 75 56 100 100 50 38 . . . . . . . . . 30 38 38 50 83 100 .
Rubia peregrina L. [incl. R. peregrina subsp. longifolia (Poir.) O.Bolòs
(
*
)
]
. 38 . . 21 75
100*
100*
. 100 67 67 75 . 65 91 100 75 31 63 . . . . . . . 93 100 100 . . 57* . 50 38 33 83 60 87
Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz. subsp. vulgare . . 50 . . . 100 100 100 50 33 92 100 . 78 100 100 86 75 63 . 67 50 100 . . . . . . . . . . 100 25 17 92 100 .
Lonicera implexa Aiton 57 25 . . 21 50 . 20 . 100 . . . 25 . 73 . . 25 . . . . . . . . 30 20 100 . . 14 . 13 . 17 17 . .
Allium subhirsutum L. . . . . . . . . . . . 58 100 100 48 73 40 82 63 . . 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 . 33 80 .
Daphne gnidium L. . . . . 26 25 . . . . . 8 . . . 18 20 29 19 . . . . . . . . 53 60 . . . . 30 . . 17 42 . .
Carex halleriana Asso . . 50 . 37 75 . 20 . . . 8 . . 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 13 . . . .
Hedera helix L. . . . . . 25 . . . . 33 17 . . 4 . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . 17 . 55
Clematis vitalba L. . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . 20 20 . . . . . . . . . . 8 40 3
Clematis flammula L. . . . 100 26 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . 17 . . .
Iris foetidissima L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 100 . . . . . . . . . 39
Lonicera etrusca Santi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 30 . . . . . . . . . . .
Viscum album L. . . . . 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker ...........8............................
Hedera canariensis Willd. ............................90 . . . . . . . . . . .
Juniperus oxycedrus L. ..................................50.....
Celtis tournefortii Lam. .....................................17..
Other species
Geranium purpureum Vill. 14 . . 100 63 75 100 80 . . . 8 . . 4 . . 25 . . . . . 13 . 30 30 . . 100 . 50 14 . 75 . 17 . 20 3
Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 29 50 . 100 . . . . . . . 42 25 50 22 100 . 36 69 25 100 . . . 15 . . . . . . 100 14 80 . . . 17 80 .
Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss. . 38 . . 63 25 . 60 . . . 25 50 . 22 45 . 64 6 38 50 100 . . 46 . . . . . 100 . . . . . 17 33 . .
Rubus ulmifolius Schott . . . . 58 75 . . . . . 25 . 50 4 . 40 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . 75 50 17 75 80 42
Asphodelus ramosus L. 29 25 . . . . . 20 . . 67 33 50 75 30 82 . 46 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 63 . . 17 . .
Acanthus mollis L. . . . . 11 50 . . . . . 50 100 . 52 55 . 100 . . . . . . . . . 53 30 100 . . 86 . . . . 67 40 .
Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P.Beauv. . . . . . . . . . 50 . 8 . . 57 27 . 11 19 63 . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . 50 . 50 . .
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf . . . . . . . . . . . 83 50 . 70 . . 50 75 13 . . . 38 . . . . . . . 50 . 40 . . . 25 20 .
Melica minuta L. . . 50 . 37 50 . . . . . 8 . . 4 . . . . . 50 . . 75 . . . . . . . 50 14 . . 13 . . . .
Smyrnium olusatrum L. . . . . 58 25 . . . . . . . . 13 18 . 25 6 . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . 14 . . . 33 . . .
Cistus creticus L. subsp. creticus 57 . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 38 . . . 50 13 31 20 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oxalis pes-caprae L. . . . . 3 . . . . . . 33 100 . 4 . . 39 75 . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . 14 . . . . 17 . .
Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) E.H.Stirt. . . . . . . . . . . . 25 50 . 22 36 . 18 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 80 .
Dactylis glomerata subsp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman 29 38 . . 17 . . . . . . 25 . . 17 45 . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . 80 .
Umbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC. . . . . . . . . 25 . . 8 . 50 13 18 . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . .
Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass. . . . . . . . . 25 . . 25 . . 26 . 80 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 40 .
Cistus monspeliensis L. . . . . 5 25 . . 50 . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . 8. .
Umbilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy . . . . 21 25 . . 75 . 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . 17 . . .
Ferula communis L. . . . . . . . . . . . 17 50 25 26 73 . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Carlina sicula Ten. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . 75 30 . 20 . 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . .
Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4 . . 4 . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 20 .
Urtica membranacea Poir. . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . 9 . 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . 8 . .
Micromeria graeca (L.) Rchb. subsp. graeca . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . . 9 . 20 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 .
Micromeria graeca subsp. fruticulosa (Bertol.) Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . . 4 . . 4 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . .
Spartium junceum L. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . 4 . . 4 . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . .
Polypodium cambricum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 18 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 . . . 80 .
Melica ciliata L. . . . . . . . . 25 . . . . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20 . . . . . . . . . . 8 . .
21
Olea europaea var. sylvestris forests
Capparis spinosa L. . . 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 6 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ballota hispanica (L.) Benth. . 63 . . . . . . . . . 8 . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 .
Erica multiflora L. . . 50 . . . . . . . . 17 . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . .
Allium triquetrum L. . . . . 21 50............................6313....
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. . . . . 11 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. . . . . 16 50 . . . . . . 25 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hyoseris radiata L. . . . . 79 75 . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mercurialis annua L. . . . . 21 . . . . . . . . . . 36 . 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 .
Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. . . . . . . . . . 50 33 . . . . . . 11 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . 33 . . 26 . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . .
Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . 4 9 . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . .
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 50 . . 20 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9 20 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ficus carica L. . . . . . . . . . . 67 . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . . . .
Parietaria judaica L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . 20 .
Clinopodium menthifolium subsp. ascendens (Jord.) Govaerts . . 100 . 16 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thapsia garganica L. . . . . 70 . . . . . . . 25 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arundo plinii Turra . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 . .
Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . . 4 . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vicia villosa Roth . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . .
Piptatherum coerulescens (Desf.) P.Beauv. . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...63................
Ulmus minor Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . .
Biarum tenuifolium (L.) Schott . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 .
Magydaris pastinacea (Lam.) Paol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . .
Rhus coriaria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . .
Theligonum cynocrambe L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . 17 . . .
Crucianella latifolia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . 100 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parietaria lusitanica L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . 70 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coronilla valentina subsp. glauca (L.) Batt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 20 100 . . . . . . . . . .
Ephedra altissima Desf. 29 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Polypodium vulgare L. . . 100 . 5 . . . . . ..............................
Coronilla valentina L. subsp. valentina ..100........17............................
Torilis arvensis subsp. elongata (Hoffmanns. & Link) Cannon . . . . 32 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eryngium tricuspidatum L. . . . . 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . . . . . .
Prunus spinosa L. [incl. subsp. insititioides (Ficalho & Cout.) Franco (*)]. . . . . . . . . . 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13*
Euphorbia ceratocarpa Ten. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lomelosia cretica (L.) Greuter & Burdet . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Carduus pycnocephalus L. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ferulago nodosa (L.) Boiss. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 .
Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov. ............100 . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asplenium trichomanes L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 .
Mandragora officinalis Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lathyrus oleraceus subsp. biflorus (Raf.) H.Schaef., Coulot & Rabaute ..............4..11............. . . . . . . . . .
Opopanax chironium (L.) W. D. J. Koch ..............4..4......................
Acacia karroo Hayne ..............4..4......................
Andropogon distachyos L. ..............4..4......................
Urospermum dalechampii (L.) Scop. ex F.W.Schmidt ..............4..4......................
Cynoglossum creticum Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . .
Sedum cepaea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 .
Coleostephus myconis (L.) Cass. ex Rchb.f. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 .
Galactites tomentosa Moench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 .
Daucus carota L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 .
Pimpinella peregrina L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 .
Micromeria myrtifolia Boiss. & Hohen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teucrium divaricatum Sieber ex Heldr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Buxus sempervirens L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fumana thymifolia (L.) Spach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iberis simplex DC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ferula tingitana L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 29 . . . . . . .
Carthamus arborescens L. ...............................5014.......
Elaeoselinum foetidum (L.) Boiss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 14 . . . . . . .
Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . 40 .
22 L. Gianguzzi & G. Bazan
Asplenium billotii F.W. Schultz ................................14.75.....
Lonicera periclymenum subsp. hispanica (Boiss. & Reut.) Nyman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . 10
Anarrhinum pedatum Desf. 14.......................................
Cytisus arboreus (Desf.) DC. 14.......................................
Lavandula pedunculata (Mill.) Cav. 71.......................................
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. .100......................................
Fagonia cretica L. . 63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lavandula dentata L. . 63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Campanula dichotoma L. ..100.....................................
Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench . . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aristolochia fontanesii Boiss. & Reut. ....5.......................... . . . . . . . . .
Bellis sylvestris Cirillo ....16...................................
Briza maxima L. . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Galium spurium L. . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Buxus balearica Lam. . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. ....5...................................
Malope malacoides L. . . . . 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parietaria mauritanica Durieu . . . . 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solanum nigrum L. . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................
Vicia leucantha Biv. . . . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn . . . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Galium scabrum L. . . . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geranium molle L. . . . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Euphorbia pterococca Brot. . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aetheorhiza bulbosa (L.) Cass. .......40................................
Teucrium massiliense L. . . . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stachys glutinosa L. . . . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Genista corsica (Loisel.) DC. ........25...............................
Stipa bromoides (L.) Dörfl. . . . . . . . . . 50 ..............................
Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. . . . . . . . . . . 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asphodeline lutea (L.) Rchb. ...........8............................
Brassica incana Ten. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. piperitum (Ucria) Bég. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Galium lucidum All. ...........8............................
Rosmarinus officinalis L. . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Carlina corymbosa L. .............75..........................
Lactuca viminea (L.) J.Presl & C.Presl .............50..........................
Brassica villosa subsp. bivonana (Mazzola & Raimondo) Raimondo & Mazzola ..............9.........................
Centaurea panormitana Lojac. ..............26.........................
Narcissus tazetta L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leontodon tuberosus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sonchus tenerrimus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vicia benghalensis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lathyrus clymenum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scrophularia peregrina L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Silene latifolia Poir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kundmannia sicula (L.) DC. .................11.............. . . . . . . . .
Helianthemum lippii (L.) Dum.Cours. ..................13.....................
Plumbago europaea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prunus webbii (Spach) Vierh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scolymus hispanicus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parietaria officinalis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ruta graveolens L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phlomis leucophracta P.H.Davis & Hub.-Mor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teucrium chamaedrys L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P.Beauv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cupressus sempervirens L. ......................50 .................
Galium aparine L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geranium robertianum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Origanum onites L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phlomis lycia D.Don . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 ................
Picris altissima Delile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 ................
23
Olea europaea var. sylvestris forests
Sedum rubens L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 ................
Aira elegantissima Schur .......................13................
Fumana arabica (L.) Spach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scorzonera elata Boiss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crepis zacintha (L.) Babc. .......................100 ................
Anthemis chia L. .......................100................
Onosma frutescens Lam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 ................
Orlaya grandiflora (L.) Hoffm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phagnalon rupestre subsp. graecum Batt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 ...............
Pterocephalus papposus (L.) Coult. ..........................20.............
Ononis pusilla L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Xeranthemum annuum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Artedia squamata L. ..........................20.............
Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crupina vulgaris Pers. ex Cass. ..........................20.............
Astrodaucus orientalis (L.) Drude ..........................20.............
Verbascum orientale (L.) All. ..........................20.............
Medicago monspeliaca (L.) Trautv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aubrieta canescens subsp. canescens ..........................20.............
Aubrieta deltoidea (L.) DC. ..................... . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zosima absinthifolia Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paeonia broteri Boiss. & Reut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vicia lutea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . .
Achyranthes aspera var. sicula L. ................................14.......
Ballota hirsuta Benth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . .
Dryopteris raddeana (Fomin) Fomin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . .
Eryngium tricuspidatum subsp. bocconei (Lam.) Wörz .....................................17..
Cytisus villosus Pourr. .....................................8..
Achillea ligustica All. ......................................40.
Ceterach officinarum Willd. . . . . . . . . . . ............................40.
Erucastrum virgatum C. Presl ......................................40.
Ambrosina bassii L. ......................................20.
Ligustrum vulgare L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Ulex europaeus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
.
F) FRAXINO ORNI-QUERCION ILICIS Biondi,
Casavecchia & Gigante ex Biondi, Casavecchia & Gi-
gante in Biondi, Allegrezza, Casavecchia, Galdenzi,
Gigante & Pesaresi 2013
[Fraxino orni-Quercion ilicis Biondi, Casavecchia &
Gigante 2003 nom. inval. (art. 5)].
Short description – Thermomediterranean woods
of the central Mediterranean region with Quercus
ilex, Quercus suber, Olea europaea var. sylvestris and
sometimes deciduous plants.
Diagnostic species – Fraxinus ornus subsp. ornus,
Hippocrepis emerus subsp. emeroides, Ostrya carpini-
folia, Dioscorea communis, Ruscus aculeatus, Cycla-
men hederifolium, Cyclamen repandum, Festuca exal-
tata, Calicotome infesta, Carpinus orientalis, Cercis
siliquastrum, Cistus creticus subp. creticus.
19) CYCLAMINO REPANDI-OLEETUM SYLVES-
TRIS Bacchetta, Bagella, Biondi, Farris, Filigheddu &
Mossa 2003
Holotypus – Rel. 1, Tab. 1, in Bacchetta et al. (2003,
p. 51).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 19 (from
Bacchetta et al., 2003: Tab. 1).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Cyclamen repandum, Aristolochia tyrrhena,
Carex distachya, Arum pictum, Asplenium onopteris.
Short description – Microwood formation domi-
nated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris, spread across
steep xeric slopes, up to about 380-400 m a.s.l.; in the
woody layer the following species are often associated
Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea latifolia, Juniperus oxyc-
edrus and Clematis cirrhosa. The herbaceous layer is
dierentiated by the presence of Cyclamen repandum,
Aristolochia tyrrhena, Carex distachya, Arum pictum
and Asplenium onopteris.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermo-mesomediterranean with a dry-subhumid om-
brotype).
Substrate – Intrusive vulcanites (granites, granodi-
orites and porphyrites) and metamorphites.
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, Italo-Tyr-
rhenian (Sardinian), thermo-mesomediterranean dry-
subhumid, silicicolous series of Oleaster (Cyclamino
repandi-Oleo sylvestris sigmetum).
Distribution – Italy, in Sardinia: eastern Sulcis and
southern Sulcis, northern Sarrabus, southern Gerrei,
Iglesiente and Fluminense (Bacchetta et al., 2003).
G) ERICO ARBOREAE-QUERCION ILICIS Brullo,
Di Martino & Marcenò 1977
Short description – Wood formation of the central
Mediterranean area dominated by evergreen (Quercus
ilex and Q. suber) and sometimes deciduous tree spe-
cies, tied to siliceous or strongly leached soils, distin-
guished by a community of calcifugous species.
24 L. Gianguzzi & G. Bazan
Diagnostic species – Erica arborea, Teline mon-
spessulana, Pulicaria odora, Cytisus villosus, Melica
arrecta, Teucrium siculum, Poa sylvicola, Clinopodi-
um vulgare subsp. arundanum.
20) MYRTO COMMUNIS-OLEETUM SYLVESTRIS
Bacchetta, Bagella, Biondi, Farris, Filigheddu & Mos-
sa 2003
Synonym – Pistacio lentisci-Oleetum sylvestris
Paradis, Feral, Passigny-Hernandez, Nicolau & Carles
2014 (Tab. 12).
Holotypus – Rel. 19, Tab. 2, in Bacchetta et al.
(2003, p. 51)
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 20a (from
Bacchetta et al. 2003, Tab. 2) and 20b (from Paradis et
al., 2014, Tab. 12).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Myrtus communis and Phillyrea angustifolia.
Short description – Woodland formation dominated
by Olea europaea var. sylvestris, 5-6 (8) m tall, spread
along the coastal belt on granite slopes, as well as along
gullies and xeric ditches. Olea europaea var. sylvestris
can also be a recovered element from former olive
groves where it was the rootstock; when these orchards
have been abandoned for a long time and burned, vig-
orous suckers of the Oleaster re-emerged. In the woody
Relevé (n°) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Altitude (m) 40 60 - - - - -
Slope (°) 30 20 - - - - -
Aspect SW S - - - - -
Area (m
2
)
100 100 - - - - -
Total cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Average height of the dominant layer (m) 4 4.5 - - - - -
Species per relevé 19 22 5 11 12 7 7 7
Char. and diff. of association
Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris (Mill.) Lehr 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 7
Euphorbia dendroides L. 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 7
Hippocrepis emerus (L.) Lassen subsp. emeroides (Boiss. &
Spruner) Lassen, Soldano & F.Conti
. + . + 1 + 2 5
Ephedra foeminea Forssk. 2 1 . 2 + 2 . 5
Punica granatum L. . 1 . . . . . 1
Char. of the upper units
Pistacia terebinthus L. 2 1 . + 1 + + 6
Smilax aspera L. . 1 . 2 1 . 3 4
Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin 1 2 . 2 2 . . 4
Asparagus acutiofolius L. 1 1 + . 1 . . 4
Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz. + + + + . . . 4
Rubia peregrina L. . + . 1 2 . + 4
Prasium majus L. . . + 2 + . . 3
Phlomis fruticosa L. 1 2 . . . . . 2
Prunus webbii (Spach) Vierh. 1 1 . . . . . 2
Clematis flammula L. 1 + . . . . . 2
Anagyris foetida L. 1 . . . . . . 1
Pistacia lentiscus L. 1 . . . . . . 1
Rosa sempervirens L. . 1 . . . . . 1
Quercus coccifera L. . + . . . . . 1
Other species
Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P.Beauv. 2 1 . 2 + . 2 5
Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss. 1 . . . + + . 3
Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. + 1 . . . . . 2
Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn + 1 . . . . . 2
Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze 1 . . . . . . 1
Plumbago europaea L. 1 . . . . . . 1
Capparis spinosa L. 1 . . . . . . 1
Spartium junceum L. . 1 . . . . . 1
Parietaria officinalis L. + . . . . . . 1
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf . + . . . . . 1
Scolymus hispanicus L. . + . . . . . 1
Ruta graveolens L. . . . . . + . 1
Presences
Tab. 2 - Hippocrepido emeroidis-Oleetum sylvestris ass. nova [rels. 1-2 (unpublished): Albania, near Porto Palermo (8-7-2010); rels.
3-7 (from Trinajstic 1984a, Tab. 2 pro parte): Croatia at Jabuka and Obljak (rels.1-3 of Tab. 2) and at Pelješac (rels. 6-7 of Tab. 2)].
25
Olea europaea var. sylvestris forests
layer, characteristic elements include Myrtus commu-
nis, Phillyrea angustifolia and other acidophilous spe-
cies from the Erico arboreae-Quercion ilicis alliance.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermo-mesomediterranean with a dry-subhumid om-
brotype).
Substrate – Granite.
Vegetation series – Edaphic-mesophilous, Italo-
Tyrrhenian (Sardinian-Corsican), thermo-mesomedi-
terranean dry-subhumid, silicicolous series of Oleaster
(Myrto communis-Oleo sylvestris sigmetum).
Distribution – Italy, in northern Sardinia (Caprera
and La Maddalena Island; Bacchetta et al., 2003) and
Corsica (Gulf of Valinco, Olmeto, Baracci and Santa
Maria; Paradis et al., 2014).
21) CALICOTOMO INFESTAE-OLEETUM SYLVES-
TRIS Gianguzzi & Bazan 2019
TYPICUM Gianguzzi & Bazan 2019
Holotypus – Rel. 112, Tab. S6, in Gianguzzi & Ba-
zan (2019a).
Phytosociological data – Tab. 1, col. 21a (from
Gianguzzi & Bazan, 2019a: Tab. S6, rels. 104-115).
Diagnostic species – Olea europaea var. sylvestris
(dom.), Calicotome infesta, Rubus ulmifolius, Rosa
sempervirens, Pyrus spinosa, Erica arborea, Cistus
salvifolius, C. monspeliensis, Pulicaria odora.
Short description – Wood or microwood formation
dominated by Olea europaea var. sylvestris, spread
throughout the coastal belt up to about 500 m a.s.l.
(online Appendix II, Fig. 2d); in the coenosis oris-
tic community, the presence of acidophilous elements
stands out (Erica arborea, Cistus salvifolius, C. mon-
speliensis, Pulicaria odora, etc.). In the woody layer,
other sclerophylls are also present (Pistacia lentiscus,
Phillyrea latifolia, Rhamnus alaternus, etc.) as well as
climbers (Asparagus acutifolius, Smilax aspera, Rubia
peregrina, Rubus ulmifolius, etc.) with a sparse herba-
ceous layer.
Bioclimate – Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic
(thermo- and mesomediterranean with a subhumid
ombrotype; Gianguzzi 1999a; Gianguzzi et al., 2012).
Substrate – Sandstones, Terravecchia Formation, etc.
Vegetation series – Edapho-xerophilous, Italo-
Tyrrhenian (Sicilian) thermo-mesomediterranean
subhumid, silicicolous series of Oleaster (Calicotomo
infestae-Oleo sylvestris sigmetum).
Distribution – Italy, in Sicily: Nebrodi Mountains
(Mistretta, Caronia,), Madonie Mountains (Munci-
arrati woods, Cefaludese, etc.), Trabia Mountains, Pal-
ermo Mountains (Mirto Mountains, near Partinico),
Trapani (Scorace woods and Calatami woods).
ASPLENIETOSUM OBOVA