A conceptual architecture for content analysis about abortion using the twitter platform

Abstract

This paper presents a conceptual architecture for content analysis about the opinions expressed on Twitter about abortion. The architecture consisted of five stages: authentication, data collection, data cleaning & processing, modeling & analysis, and presentation of results. In the data collection, a simple size of tweets sent from Ecuador was taken in 2018. All tweets that were not related to the topic were eliminated. In the modeling, it was separated into two categories for and against abortion, where the Naive Bayes and decision tree classifiers were used. Finally, the results were presented in the form of statistical graphs, word clouds and heat maps. During the development, the Google maps platform was also used, where the scripts were made in Python using the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Spyder (Python 3.6), which is part of the Anaconda platform. The results obtained showed, on average, a majority position against abortion in Ecuador.

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Agosto 19 • August 19
ISSN: 1646-9895
©AISTI 2019 http://www.aisti.eu Nº E22
Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação
Iberian Journal of Information Systems and Technologies

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Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação
Iberian Journal of Information Systems and Technologies
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Nº. 22, 08/2019
ISSN: 1646-9895
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Iberian Journal of Information Systems and Technologies
Recebido/Submission: 11/03/2019
Aceitação/Acceptance: 20/06/2019
363
A conceptual architecture for content analysis about
abortion using the Twitter platform
Paolo R. Roldán-Robles1, Ana C. Umaquinga-Criollo1, Janneth A. García-Santillán2,
Israel D. Herrera-Granda1, Iván D. García-Santillán1
prroldanr@utn.edu.ec, acumaquinga@utn.edu.ec, janneth.garcia@educacion.gob.ec,
idherrera@utn.edu.ec, idgarcia@utn.edu.ec
1 Faculty of Engineering in Applied Sciences, Universidad Técnica del Norte, 100105. Ibarra- Ecuador
2 Unidad Educativa Juan Pablo II. Ibarra-Ecuador.
Pages: 363–374
Abstract: This paper presents a conceptual architecture for content analysis about
the opinions expressed on Twitter about abortion. The architecture consisted of
ve stages: authentication, data collection, data cleaning & processing, modeling
& analysis, and presentation of results. In the data collection, a simple size of
tweets sent from Ecuador was taken in 2018. All tweets that were not related to
the topic were eliminated. In the modeling, it was separated into two categories
for and against abortion, where the Naive Bayes and decision tree classiers were
used. Finally, the results were presented in the form of statistical graphs, word
clouds and heat maps. During the development, the Google maps platform was also
used, where the scripts were made in Python using the Integrated Development
Environment (IDE) Spyder (Python 3.6), which is part of the Anaconda platform.
The results obtained showed, on average, a majority position against abortion in
Ecuador.
Keywords: Data mining; content analysis; abortion; social networks; Twitter
1. Introduction
The advancement of technology and the exponential growth in the volume of structured,
unstructured, and semi-structured data is increasingly evident (Umaquinga C., Peluo O,
Alvarado P., & Cabrera V., 2016). This has led not only to far-reaching changes in the area
of technology, but also in the way all of humanity communicates (González-Lizárraga,
Becerra-Traver, & Yanez-Díaz, 2016), (Baviera, 2016). The cyber communication (Arab
& Díaz, 2015), the publication of information on social networks, including Twitter, has
become an input or material for study and analysis in various areas of science. Such as:
text mining, natural processing language, automatic learning, polarity dictionaries based
on the semantic eld, behavioral patterns and inection points in opinion currents,
among others (Baviera, 2016). This has allowed to the scientic, business, academic and
political communities to evaluate a current of opinion on a specic topic (Baviera, 2016)
(González-Lizárraga et al., 2016).

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With the data provided by social networks, electoral processes have been analyzed
predicting the results (Roldán-Robles, 2017), and reactions in the political spheres in
Venezuela (Niklander, 2017). Likewise, the extraction of knowledge in social networks
is used in other areas, such as the analysis of images associated with the tweet (Baecchi,
Claudio; Uricchio, Tiberio; Bertini, Marco; Bimbo, 2015). For example, the analysis
of reactions that can cause social issues ranging from the positive end of Valentine’s
Day to the negative end such as the war in Syria, presenting them in emotional graphs
(Perikos, Isidoros; Hatzilygeroudis, 2018); analysis of feelings in people’s opinions on a
specic issue (Inbal Yahav; Shehory, Onn; Schwartz, 2015); identifying opinion leaders
(Yang, Li; Tian, Yaping; Li, Jin; Ma, Jianfeng; Zhang, 2017); as well as aspects or steps
to classify frauds written in the form of alt-facts such as intentionally disseminating
false information on medical issues in Indonesia (Purnomo, Mauridhi Hery; Sumpeno,
Surya; Setiawan, Esther Irawati; Diana Purwitasaria, 2017).
One of the issues of global health interest is abortion or Voluntary Interruption of
Pregnancy (VTP). In Spain, the number of voluntary interruptions of pregnancy stood
at 108690 cases, representing a rate of 11.74 abortions per 1000 women aged 15 to 44
(Montserrat Femenía, 2016), while in Ecuador between 2004 and 2014 a total of 431614
abortions were reported (Ortíz, 2017).
This research aims to know the public opinion about Abortion in Ecuador, based on the
analysis of the contents of tweets sent from Ecuador using the Twitter platform. This
contributes to have a more objective idea about the positions and beliefs of Ecuadorian
citizens, contributing to decision making regarding public health policy. And, considering
that the Ecuadorian National Assembly is currently discussing the decriminalization of
abortion due to rape for all women in Ecuador.
The manuscript is organized as follows: In section 2, the phases applied in this study are
presented: (i) Authentication, (ii) data collection, (iii) data cleaning and processing, (iv)
modeling and analysis, and (v) presentation of results. Section 3 indicates the results
obtained, including the frequency of hashtags for and against abortion, as well as the
comparative study between the decision tree and Naive Bayes classiers. In section 4,
the discussion of results is carried out comparing with some existing works. Finally,
section 5 presents the main conclusions and future work.
2. Materials and methods
Under the general criteria of the process of knowledge discovery in databases (KDD)
(Fayyad, Piatetsky-Shapiro, & Smyth, 1996) (Timarán Pereira, Hernández Arteaga,
Caicedo Zambrano, Hidalgo Troya, & Alvarado Pérez, 2016), the concept of conceptual
architecture containing ve phases has been adapted in the present research, as shown
in Figure 1:
•Phase 1 Authentication: A Twitter application with developer permissions
in https://developer.twitter.com was created using the Spyder Python 3.6 IDE
of the Anaconda 3-4.3.0.1 platform and the tweepy library was installed. Using
the OAuth authentication method, communication was made between tweepy

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and Twitter, being necessary to pass four tokens provided by Twitter, after
accepting the privacy policies.
•Phase 2 Data Collection:
Collection Dates: August 16th to September 29th, 2018.
Criterion: The total sample size is limited under the criterion of identifying
tweets sent from Ecuador (containing 24 provinces) with specic hashtags and
user accounts specialized in the topic of Abortion.
Using the Streaming API of Twitter, a massive download of tweets ltered by
keywords or usernames was carried out. To limit the territory or country, the
location lter of the stream library obtained from (KlokanTech., 2017), is used,
as indicated by (Sogo, 2016). A JSON le of 1721287 KB in size was obtained,
containing 344149 records or tweets. Table 1 presents the algorithm used for
data collection.
Algorithm: Phase 2 Data collection
1. Authenticate the application on the Twitter platform
2. Enter your passwords.
3. Make the request to download tweets, including the ltering criteria of the sample.
4. Generate or open the pickup le.
5. Store the data in the specied le.
Table 1 – Phase 2, algorithm for data collection
•Phase 3 Data Cleaning and Processing: The hashtag_frecuency.py script
is executed, the operation of which is detailed in the algorithm represented in
Table 2:
Figure 1 – Conceptual architecture for content analysis on Twitter. Adapted from (Roldán-
Robles, 2017)

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Algorithm: Phase 3, Functioning of the hashtag_frecuency.py script
1. Import the JSON le
2. For each le line do:
Extract the hashtag element from the entities variable of the tweet object
If the hashtag element is not in the hashtag dictionary, then:
Save the element in the hashtag dictionary and initialize its frequency to zero.
else
Increase frequency by one.
Table 2 – Script hashtag_frecuency.py
From the le received, the hashtags that are not related to the topic of abortion such as:
greetings, proper names and mentions to sports clubs or social events are removed. The
resulting information was processed under two categories:
•In favor of abortion (Abortion+)
•Against abortion (Abortion-)
The processing was done manually, with proper investigation of the origin of each
hashtag and its use. Because of their complexity, since there are no specic rules for the
creation of hashtags, some of them do not only contain correct words within languages,
but also invented words, word mixtures, words united with dierent connectors, words
with numbers such as abbreviations of dates alluding to nearby events or important
reminders from the collectives for and against abortion.
In some phases of the tweet analysis, additional cleaning actions were carried out as
described in Table 3:
Phase Aspects to be discarded
• Generation of heat maps Tweets that do not contain location data
• Extraction of the most inuential users
The users who do not mention other users are considered, if
the user does not mention another account, the user is not
interested in exerting inuence on another
• Extraction of hashtags The tweets that did not contain hashtags
Table 3 – Tweet analysis phase
•Phase 4 Modeling and analysis: The model consists of two categories:
opinions for and against abortion, with the following particularities analyzed:
Hashtag frequency: The top ve of the most used hashtags is obtained from
the le obtained when using the hashtag_frecuency.py script ltered in the
cleaning phase described in Table 2.
User mentions: The wordcloud library is used in a Python script applying
to the collected le to obtain the word cloud of inuential users, which is done
based on the screen_name attribute of the user object.

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Percentages for and against: The decision tree and Naive Bayes classiers
are used. For the training of these two algorithms, the same information was
used: a number of ten (10) hashtags in favor and the same amount against, which
represent 30% of the most relevant according to the frequency of appearance.
The next decision in this part of the process was made by exploring the sample
le texts located within the text attribute of the tweet object. In this part of the
training the most common texts for and against abortion should be put, at the
end it is dened to use seven (7) texts for and seven against.
Statistical graphs: They are generated from Python using pyplotlib matplotlib
library version 1.4.3.
•Analysis of feelings:
Working with Decision Tree allows you to manage not only the hashtag but
also the content of the tweet and combine them. Numerical data is assigned
to the hashtags as well as to the sentences for and against, establishing the
conditions to obtain the results in the output matrix shown in Table 4:
Hashtag Phrase Trend brand
• Against Against Against
• Against In favor In favor
• Against Neutral Against.
• Against Without hashtag or neutral Against
• In favor In favor In favor
• In favor Against Against
• In favor Neutral In favor
• In favor Without hashtag or neutral In favor
• Neutral Neutral Ignored or not taken into account
* Against: Against abortion * In favor: in favor of abortion
Table 4 – Hashtag analysis and trend marking
In the case of Naive Bayes, the antispam.py script from (García Serrano, 2012),
was taken as a reference, TextBlob textblob.classiers was also installed, and
NaiveBayesClassier was imported. The data for the training were not numerical,
so it is necessary to give the classier the learning keys, using a matrix that
receives the data. Each of the data of the matrix has two parameters: hashtag or
phrase, and the second the polarity, being: (i) the position in favor is named pos
and (ii) the position against is named neg.
•Location: Tweets that have the geo_enable attribute of the user object enabled
are taken as active, while tweets that have been disabled are labeled as missing.

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OpenStreetMap’s Nominatim service was used in the geopy library version
1.11.o, which oers the same functionalities as Google Maps APIS for free. In
the get_user_location class of the sample analysis script, the call to Nominatim
is made, obtaining the coordinates corresponding to the locations where the
tweets were generated. These locations go through the process of conversion to
coordinates to be included in the graph of the map within the HTML le.
•Phase 5 of Conceptual Architecture: Table 5 describes the algorithm
applied to dene the polarity:
Algorithm: Phase 5: Conceptual Architecture
1. Import the JSON le
2. Extract the contents of the le
For each le line do:
Go through the classier
Extract the polarity from the tweet
3. Place the tweet in the corresponding group.
4. For each group calculate the percentage of tweets
Table 5 – Algorithm to determine the polarity
The results of the research are presented below.
3. Results
Among the main results are the following:
• The top ve of the most used hashtags with reference to abortion can be found
in Table 6:
Hashtags Number of mentions For (Abortion+) Against (Abortion-)
1. #salvemoslas2vidas 12480 X
2. #abortolegalya 9467 X
3. #sialavida 5270 X
4. #28s 4102 X
5. #noalaborto 3306 X
Table 6 – Frequency of hashtags and number of top ve mentions.
The hashtag #28s was created in allusion to September 28, an emblematic day for the cause
that defends abortion. Since the V Latin American and Caribbean Feminist Encounter of
1990 held in Argentina (Campaña, 2015), and September 28, 1871 promulgated in Brazil
(“Universia.net,” 2010), the law of freedom of the wombs was promulgated where the
children who were born of slaves were declared free. The Table 7 presents the results
of the positions for and against abortion using the classiers: Decision tree and Naive
Bayes. In addition, from the average between the two, it is evident that both dier in

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a few percentage points, however, the same overall result is obtained. That is to say,
the position against abortion surpasses the position in favor of abortion, by an average
of 14.7%.
Applied Algorithm For (Abortion+) Against (Abortion-)
1. Decision tree 40.7% 59.3%
2. Naive Bayes 44.6% 55.4%
Total average 42,65% 57,35%
Table 7 – Results of the analysis of feelings for each algorithm applied
The Table 8 below presents the comparison of the classiers to check the existence of the
inuence of the learning keys within the training stage, which is implicitly included in
the phase 4 (modeling and analysis).
The performance on the classiers for decision trees is 97.9% and for Naive Bayes it
is 79.1%. The decision tree was 18.8% more accurate than Naïve Bayes. Tables 7 and 8
complete the rst analysis of the conceptual architecture in phase 5, showing the results
obtained from Python with the use of the Naive Bayes algorithm and with the Decision
Trees for the positions in favor of abortion and against abortion.
Classier TP Rate FP Rate Accuracy Recall F1 score ROC Area
Decision tree 1 0,021 0.979 0.989 0.989 0,989
Naive Bayes 1 0,4 0,791 0,8 0,791 0,81
*True Positives (TP) *False Positives (FP)
*Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)
Table 8 – Results of the specic evaluation metrics for the classiers (weighted average)
Figure 2 – Timeline Tweets Frequency of Pro-Abortion and Anti-Abortion Tweets

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It is evident that against-abortion tweets are mostly larger than pro-abortion tweets
with the following exceptions: starting September 17, and their notable peaks are found
on August 24, September 3, and the highest peak was found on September 9. The pro
position begins to rise at the end of the sample. That is to say, as it approaches September
28 and presents a tendency to grow on the highest peak of the position against September
9 of 2018. It is believed that it was, a massive response in networks. Subsequently, On
August 8 of 2018 the legality of abortion is denied in the Senate of Argentina, this issue
had repercussions in Latin America including Ecuador. As well as the 28th of September
where abortion was supported; #28s alludes this atypical value to the commemorative
date, as shown in Figure 2.
The heat maps of the General Abortion in Ecuador, represent in red the classication
against abortion and in blue in favor of abortion, as represented in Figure 3. Note that
red points (against abortion) appear in smaller amounts than blue ones (pro-abortion),
in contrast to Table 7, because many of these tweets have not dened their location.
Figure 3 – Heat map of pro-abortion comments in blue, against-abortion in red.
The Figure 4 presents the word cloud over the accounts of users who posted the most,
users who received the most retweets, and/or who were mentioned the most from other
accounts. This result allows us to observe the inuence of these users within the data
taken in the sample.
The “Salvemoslas2vidas” account with a tendency against abortion ranks rst, followed
by the “abortolegalya” account in the second box and with a tendency in favor of abortion;
“porlavida2014” ranks third, “sialavida” ranks fourth, these last two organizations
are against abortion. Finally, “28s”, which is a pro-abortion account is in the fth box,
closing the top ve most inuential users or accounts.

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Figure 4 – Cloud of Words from Most Inuential Users or Accounts
The gure 5 presents the use of hashtags in a cloud of commonly used words:
Figure 5 – Cloud of most-used hashtags words
4. Discussion
The results of this study are consistent with that presented by (Vila, Dayana; Cisneros,
Saúl; Granda, Pedro; Ortega, Cosme; Posso-Yepez, Miguel; García-Santillan, 2019)
where the decision tree (97.9%) surpassed the Naive Bayes classier in accuracy (79.1%),
contributing a reliable reference point.
Similarly, there is evidence of the appearance of additional information with importance
and consistency about this social impact: both in the clouds of words of hashtags more
used and more inuential users, as in those of causes that can be considered related to
trends. An example of this is the hashtag #niunamenos that promotes the eradication of
femicide, or any abuse of women, which is presented considerably in the study sample,
because by promoting that abortion is a right proper to each woman, this organization
is in favor of abortion. On the other hand, the hashtag #conmishijosnotemetas and
the account of the same name support a cause that largely rejects the teaching of
gender ideology and other related currents as oensive to people’s morals. It also
appears notoriously in the sample, this institution considers abortion as a murder, that
organization has a tendency against abortion.

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It is evident that if concrete studies on femicide and gender ideology based on (Niklander,
2017) are required, the use of hashtags #niunamenos and #conmishijosnotemetas,
respectively, should be considered; whereas, for other studies on the subject of abortion,
the specic hashtags suggested are: #salvemoslasdosvidas and #abortolegalya, because
that were the most frequently used in this study.
The main limitation in achieving a greater impact in this research is that for most of the
tweets it was not possible to establish their specic location, which limited the obtaining
of geographical heat maps.
5. Conclusions
•Abortion as the chosen theme for the development of Conceptual Architecture
is the main contribution of this research, as it is one of the most commented on
in current times, in society in general, as well as by Twitter users in particular,
where what is expressed in Ecuador, supported by the 97.9% precision of the
decision tree (Table 8), represents 40.7% in favor of abortion and 59.3% against
abortion (Table 7). This classier surpassed that of Naive Bayes which yielded
79.1% accuracy.
• Content analysis was obtained by evaluating hashtags with their polarization,
and in a general way, sentiment analysis was obtained by using classiers to
dene the polarity of the tweet text content. The results are very similar, this
is because the text of the tweets is usually very related to the hashtags used in
them, except in some cases where the hashtag is used to show opposition within
the text.
• By obtaining messages and positions on abortion, summarizing 42.65% in
favor and 57.35% against on average (Table 7), it was possible to see how a
conceptual architecture allows an analysis of opinions about abortion using the
Twitter platform.
•According to the information shown in the geographic heat maps (Figure 3), in
the mountain region there is a greater activity in Twitter, although it is important
to indicate that, in most of the tweets of the sample, the eld “location”, was not
active. Therefore, the locations presented in the heat maps do not reect the
total number of tweets in the sample.
•As future work, it is recommended to carry out research on the same subject, in
a sample taken in 2019 or in subsequent years, in order to make a comparison
with this work and thus determine if the percentages have changed or if new
trends are set. In addition, new social networks such as Facebook and Instagram
should be considered.
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