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Kogi State University
From the SelectedWorks of Con!uence Journal of Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi
State University, Nigeria
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Yunus, 2019: 13 (1): 107-118 CONFLUENCE JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
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ISSN: 1597-5827
107
Analysis of Locational Compliance and Fire Safety Preparedness among
Petrol Filling Stations in Dutse Town, Jigawa State
Sulaiman Yunus
Department of Geography, Bayero University, Kano
syunus.geog@buk.edu.ng Tel:+2348065897858
Abstract
Increase in population and urban growth in the last decade have necessitated the need for more automobiles to
enable efficient movement of goods and passengers within and outside Dutse town. This resulted into the
proliferation of filling stations due to rise in demand for fuel. This study examined the spatial distribution of petrol
filling stations and their level of locational compliance to the DPR standards. It also assesses their fire safety
preparedness with a view to influencing the implementation of urban fire safety regulations for sustainable
development. All the existing filling stations were purposively sampled and Global Positioning System (GPS) was used
to collect their locational and attribute information. Additionally, same information about the existing urban critical
infrastructure was collected to enable checking for compliance. Questionnaire survey and field observations the data
collection process. Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA), Spatial Query and Buffer Analysis were used to determine the
distribution pattern and level of compliance to the setback standards respectively. The result shows a random
distribution pattern with all filling stations complying with the 15m setback from the road and 100m minimum
setback from critical infrastructures. However, more than 50% have not complied with the 400m distance apart
between consecutive stations. Levels of preparedness were ranked based on the adequacy, functionality and
sophistication of the available extinguishing facilities. It is recommended that implementation of setback standards
and safety preparedness policies should be improved for sustainable urban development.
Keywords: Set-back, Safety Preparedness, Nearest Neighbor Analysis, Buffer Analysis
Introduction
Population growth, urbanization and pathetic power situation in Nigeria has exacerbated the increasing demand for
petroleum products, leading to the proliferation of petrol filling stations and consequently, with less consideration
of the minimum environmental safety requirements for their operations (Afolabi et al., 2011; Arokoyu et al., 2015;
Oloko-Oba et al., 2016; Olukoya et al., 2016 and Yunus, 2019). Additionally, the role petroleum products play in an
economy cannot be over emphasized. For example, Chinambu (2012) acknowledged that, petroleum is a key driver
of industrial activities. Beside industrial development, the transportation sector is presumed to be the major
consumer of fuel to facilitate movement around the globe (Taylor, Sichinsambwe and Chansa, 2016). Despite the
importance, there are number of risks associated with the operations or activities in filling stations globally or locally.
But however their impact can be mitigated or prevented depending on the level of fire safety preparedness. It has
been discovered that, petrol filling stations are located close to residential areas and in some cases close to
commercial and industrial activities (Mshelia, et al., 2015). Safety practices and compliance in locating petrol filling
stations are of utmost importance in preventing hazards and reducing potential risks that could affect humans and
their environment.
Mohammed et al., (2014); Dogara, (2017); Ogunyemi et al., (2017); Oloko-oba et al., (2016) and Emakoji and Otah
(2019) conducted GIS-Based analysis of the Location of Filling Stations in different cities of Nigeria. Other studies like
that of Ugbodaga 2014; Udousoroh, 2014; Makende, (2018) and Okoli, 2014; Weaver, (2015); Ekulu, (2018), and
Ochai. (2013) focused on outbreak of fire which have been recorded in various stations of the world and in Nigeria
and have resulted into loss of several lives and property damage. Arokoyu et al., 2015; Oloko-Oba et al., 2016;
Mohammed et al., 2014; and Tah, 2017 attested to the fact that the siting of retail petrol stations in various towns
across Nigeria is drastically on the rise and there are several irregularities in its location with respect to residential
settlements and other infrastructures. With regards to accessibility, Njoku and Alabge, 2015; Mohammed et al 2014
and Afolabi et al., 2011 discussed on location preferences and that, in as much as petrol filling stations should be
located, they should be where they can be easily accessible. But however, Mshelia, et al, 2015, Afolabi, et al., 2011
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and Samuel, 2011 focused on environmental and human health effects of locating close to the station. Mshelia, et
al, 2015 and Afolabi, et al., 2011 stated that the workers in the petrol stations and the residents living nearby the
petrol stations have in one time or the other suffer various health effects as a result of working in petrol stations or
being their close. The results from Mshelia et al., 2015 showed that, respiratory problems (diseases) had the highest
percent of 38.05%. This by implication means, it was the most prevalent health problems affecting both the workers
and some of the residents as a result of the inhalation of fuel contaminated air.
Studies have addressed risk assessment and safety preparedness levels to fire outbreaks in various filling stations.
Among which includes Qonono, (2019); Ahmed, et al., 2012; Muindi, 2014; Abdurrahman, 2015; Ahmed, et al.,
(2011) and Weaver (2015). All these researches were conducted to address fire safety and preparedness in different
places across the world but however, none of these researches was conducted in Dutse town. This justifies the
significance of the research. The aim of the study is to examine the spatial distribution of petrol filling stations, to
and assess the level of locational compliance and safety preparedness with a view to influencing the implementation
of urban fire safety regulations for sustainable development. The compliance standards is based on the petroleum
amendment decree no. 37 of 1977 on safety rules and regulations by the Department of Petroleum Resources (2007)
which promulgated guidelines for the approval, construction and operation of petroleum stations. These procedures
and conditions for granting approval for the construction and operation of petrol stations include many factors,
among which the following are of greater interest to the paper:
I. The distance from the edge of the road to the nearest pump will not be less than 15 meters.
II. Total number of petrol stations within 2km stretch of the site on both sides of the road will not be more
than four including the one under consideration.
III. The distance between an existing station and the proposed one will not be less than 400 (four hundred)
meters.
IV. Petrol pumps shall be located a minimum of 100 ft. from any residential building.
V. Stations should be located at a minimum of 500 ft. from any public institution such as schools, churches,
public libraries, auditoriums, hospitals, public playgrounds, etc.
VI. Stations are to be equipped with fire-fighting and fire protection equipment installed in accordance with
the requirements of the Fire Department.
Materials and Methods
This section describes the materials and methods used for data collection and analysis respectively. Additionally, the
study area description forms part of this section.
Study Area
Dutse is the capital city of Jigawa state and the main town is situated at between latitude 110 40’ and 110 46’ N, and
longitude 90 18’ and 90 26’, with elevation of 460 meters above the sea level. It is home to Federal University Dutse
which opened in November 2011. In addition to the Federal University Dutse, there is also a Research Institute for
Date Palm (Sub-Station) and state polytechnic in Dutse. The Jigawa State Polytechnic has its College of Business and
Management Studies at Dutse. It is bordered by Kiyawa and Jahun by the east, Ajingi, Gaya, and parts of Albasu by
the west. With an estimated population of 153,000 (2009) and projected population of about 335, 600 (NPC, 2016),
Dutse is currently the largest city in Jigawa State followed by Hadejia (111,000), Gumel (43,000), and Birnin
Kudu (27,000). Dutse is the capital of Jigawa state of Nigeria. The state was created in 1991 during the military
regime. Peculiar to the North-Western states, the population of Dutse are predominantly Hausa and Fulani. With
availability of agrarian land, the inhabitants of Dutse are predominantly farmers; other occupations typical to rural
area are also available among the populace. Figure 1 shows the study area and the sampled commercial and
residential areas within the town.
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Figure 1: Dutse Town (Source: Google Earth, 2018)
Figure 2 presented the methodological flowchart based on which the data collected for the study were handled and
analyzed. The first part shows the input data types, followed by the various analyses the data were subjected to, and
finally the outputs of the analysis.
Figure 2: Methodological Flowchart
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Data Types, Sources and Collection Instruments
The quantitative data used were obtained through the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) and questionnaire. To
enable the examination of the spatial distribution of petrol filling stations and assess their levels of fire safety
preparedness and compliance to the DPR standards, locational data was directly collected through field survey.
Others including the attribute data for each station (caption, number of pumps, available extinguishing facilities) and
means of access to emergency response stations were collected through questionnaire administration.
Sampling Technique
Purposive sampling method was used to select all petrol filling stations within the town. With regard to the
questionnaire survey, availability sampling method was used to select managers or their representatives available
at each station for the study. The total of about 15 functional petrol filling stations was identified plus a single
uncompleted station.
Data Analysis
Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA) was conducted so as to determine the pattern of distribution of the stations. Spatial
query and Buffer analysis were also conducted in relation to urban critical facilities to determine the level of
compliance of each station to the DPR setback standards. This is to enable assessing the levels of compliance through
identifying the defaulters with respect to different criteria. The data collected on possession of fire extinguishing
facilities was used to assess the safety preparedness and also to rank stations based on their levels of preparedness.
Results and Discussions
The results from the study is presented using tables, maps and charts, and discussed under the following sub-
headings; spatial distribution of petrol filling stations and compliance to the DPR standards in relation to urban
critical structures and assessment of fire safety preparedness levels.
Spatial Distribution of Petrol Filling Stations and compliance to the DPR standards in relation to urban critical
structures
Nearest Neighbor Analysis (fig3) reveals a random distribution with p-value of 0.29 and z-score value of 1.05. This
by implication signifies that the present pattern of locating filling stations within the town is not fully controlled by
any specific activity or landuse. But however, the location of the major educational center (Federal University, Dutse)
portrays a certain level of influence with regards to the level of frequency of filling stations within certain buffer
distance.
Fig 3: Summary of Nearest Neighbor Analysis
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Figures 4 to 12 shows the distribution of petrol filling stations along with different categories of urban critical
infrastructures including commercial, residential, administrative, sports, Hotels/guest houses and educational
landuses. The proliferation and distribution pattern indicated that the filling stations dose not conform to that of
any of the landuse category. As such the pattern is presently random, but will certainly change in conformity to that
of the most drastically developing landuses in the future. At this juncture, the study recommends that the future city
plan should identify suitable site for locating filling stations for sustainable development.
Fig4: Distribution of Filling Stations Fig5: Filling Stations and Administrative structures
Fig6: Filling Stations and Sport Arenas Fig7: Filling Stations and Mosques
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Fig8: Filling Stations and Tertiary Institutions Fig9: Filling Stations and Hotel/ Guest Houses
Fig10: Filling Stations and Housing Estate Fig11: Filling Stations and Schools
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Fig12: Filling Station and Commercial areas
Compliance to DPR Standards
With regards to the assessment of compliance to the DPR standards, the study investigated the proximities of petrol
filling stations to critical infrastructures and also identified those that are in located in accordance to the standards
and otherwise. Figure 13 shows a buffer analysis of 400m setback distance apart between consecutive filling
stations based on the DPR standards. The result reveals that about 53% of the filling stations dons’t comply with
the inter filling station setback standard especially along the bypass where 47% of the total filling stations are
located. Also more than 90% of the stations contradict the standard of 4 stations within 2km distance. This is
similar to the findings of Dogara, 2017 who revealed that more than half of the filling stations (84%) were located
less than 400 metres to their neighbours and that the longest distance between neighbouring filling stations was
2487.4 metres while the shortest was about 230 metres. According to the findings of Oloko-oba et al., 2016, 97.3%
of the filling stations violate the 400m apart and 98.7% deviate from the 2km radius of four stations.
On the other hand, the result from spatial query in Arcmap environment as presented in fig 14 shows that all
existing filling stations have been located in compliance with the 15m setback distance from the main road. This
is contrary to the findings of Mohammed et al., 2014 and Dogara, 2017 who found that only eight (8) stations (4%)
out of 192 and eighty seven (87) stations (38%) did not meet the criteria of 15 meters minimum distance from
road in Kano metropolis and Kaduna respectively. Additionally, Emakoji, 2019 reveals that 44.4% of the filling
stations did not meet the criteria of 15 meters minimum distance from the pump to the edge of the road in Afipko
City in Nigeria. Also, Oloko-oba et al., 2016 reveals that about 71.6% of the filling station met the 15m distance
from the edge of the road and 28.4% violation.
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Fig13 and 14: Showing 400m Setback Buffer Distance between Consecutive Filling Stations and 15m
Setback Distance from the main Road
Figures 15 and 16 shows the relationship between the location of petrol filling stations and urban critical
infrastructures (including schools and Hotels/Guest houses, housing estates and sport complex). The result shows
that none of these infrastructures were located less than 100m from petrol filling station as required by the DPR
standards. Except for only one school and hotel which are located at about twice the required distance (200m),
others are farther away and therefore makes the city a relatively risk free area. Additionally, none of the
administrative structures, Higher institutions, residential and commercial areas found within the study area were
located within the risk areas demarcated by the DPR standards. This is in contrary to the findings of Odipe, et al.,
2018 who found that most of the stations in Ilorin were found at close proximities to public premises such that 10
(3%) were in close proximities to school, 226 (76%) to shops in commercial areas, 192 (65 %) to residential houses
and 11 (4%) were close to hospitals.
Fig15 and 16:Showing 200m as the shortest disatance of Petrol stations from School and Hotels Respectively
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Assessment of Fire Safety Preparedness
In order to assess the fire safety preparedness levels, data comprising of the names of the stations, the number of
pumps, sand buckets and other available fire extinguishing facilities was obtained as presented in table1. Other
information including occurrence of fire outbreaks, levels of safety preparedness in terms of possession of
extinguishing facilities, ability to operate the facilities and also possession of fire service emergency numbers were
obtained through the use of questionnaire survey. The safety preparedness level was assessed and ranked based
on the number, types and proportion of functional extinguishing facilities in relation to petrol pumps within each
station. The results on the occurrence of fire outbreaks, ability to operate the extinguishing facilities and
possession of emergency numbers also forms part of the yardstick for the assessment. The inventory and
preparedness levels were ranked, summarized and presented in table 1. The result (table 1) indicated that about
33% of the stations have experienced fire outbreak and 67% of the total number of the stations have not.
According to DPR, functional firefighting gadgets/equipment must be kept handy and at alert to ensure safety. In
this case, in order to assess safety preparedness, the availability of dry cylinder fire extinguisher and sand buckets
were checked with respect to per pump allocation and functionality. The result from the assessment shows that
only about 27% satisfies this requirement, while others have some certain irregularities between the number of
petrol pumps and the available fire extinguishers and sand buckets. The levels of preparedness were ranked (based
on the number of petrol pumps, number of available fire extinguishers and sand buckets) and Matrix petrol station
emerged 1st because in addition to the fire extinguishers and sand buckets per pump, it possesses a functional fire
hydrant with 2 overhead water tanks. On the other hand, Dallami petroleum and transport station was ranked last
as it doesn’t possess any of the fire extinguishing devices and also dost possess any fire response emergency
number.
Ability to operate the fire extinguishing facilities is also paramount to level of safety preparedness. The study finds
out that about 94% of the staff can operate it as the ability to operate fire extinguishing facilities is one of the
fundamental criteria for employment in the stations. Where staff couldn’t operate the extinguishers, they are sent
to attend special workshop on handling and operating fire extinguishers. Additionally, possession of emergency
response number as one of the yardsticks for assessing safety preparedness to fire disaster was also assessed and
the result showed that about 81% of the stations possess the number. This is important in case a fire outbreak is
beyond the capacity of the personnel of the station. The summary of the result shows that, there are about 118
petrol pumps, 67 fire extinguishers, 72 sand buckets and (which accounted for 57% and 61% respectively) and 68
underground tanks in all the filling stations in Dutse town. The overall result shows an average fire safety
preparedness level within the petrol filling stations of Dutse town.
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Table 1: Inventory and Fire Safety Preparedness ranking among the filling stations in Dutse town
S/N
Name of Stations
Fire
outbreak
No.
Pumps
Dry Cylinder
Extinguisher
Condition
Sand
Buckets
Liquid
Chemical
Fire
Hydrants
Condition
Emergency
alert No.
Ranking
1
Audu manager and
sons
_
6
4
Functional
4
_
_
_
yes
7
2
A.A. and sons general
enterprises
_
8
3
Functional
6
_
_
_
_
9
3
A.S.A oil and gas
_
6
2
Fair
2
_
_
_
yes
13
4
NNPC
yes
20
10
Functional
10
_
_
_
yes
11
5
Audu manager and
sons
yes
4
4
Functional
4
_
_
_
yes
2
6
Awajil global service
_
8
8
Functional
8
_
_
_
yes
2
7
Matrix
yes
8
8
Functional
8
_
1
Functional
yes
1
8
I.M.G. petroleum &
marketing
_
6
6
Functional
6
_
_
_
yes
2
9
B.A. Bello Nigeria
limited
_
6
6
Functional
1
_
_
_
yes
6
10
A.S.A. Oil Nigeria Ltd
_
6
1
Functional
_
_
_
_
_
14
11
A.M. Ahmad and
sons
_
10
3
Functional
7
_
_
_
yes
10
12
Dallami petroleum
and transport
_
8
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
15
13
A.M. Kankani
_
10
2
Functional
10
_
_
_
yes
12
14
Forte oil
yes
6
4
Functional
2
_
_
_
yes
8
15
Oando
yes
6
6
Functional
4
_
_
_
yes
5
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Conclusion and Recommendation
The study concludes that the pattern of distribution of petrol filling stations within Dutse town is random especially
with regards to the current level of urban development. High frequency was observed along the eastern bypass
which is as result of proximity to the main educational landuse (Federal University). There is significant compliance
level to the DPR setback standards with regards to proximity of filling stations to critical urban infrastructures
within the town. This signifies that the resident and other critical facilities within Dutse town are risk free from
petrol filling stations associated dangers. But however, urban growth and proliferation of more stations especially
with less compliance to the setback standards can change this status in the future. It is also concluded fire outbreak
within the filling stations is inevitable, but however, with the observed level of safety preparedness in most of the
stations, the resultant impact will be highly mitigated. It is therefore recommended that massive awareness
campaign on safety preparedness and regular checking of the functionality of fire extinguishers should be
conducted by the fire service department. Also compliance to the setback standards should also be maintained
and monitored by the urban development department so as to achieve sustainable urban developments.
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