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Analysis of Locational Compliance and Fire Safety Preparedness among Petrol Filling Stations in Dutse Town, Jigawa State.

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Abstract Increase in population and urban growth in the last decade have necessitated the need for more automobiles to enable efficient movement of goods and passengers within and outside Dutse town. This resulted into the proliferation of filling stations due to rise in demand for fuel. This study examined the spatial distribution of petrol filling stations and their level of locational compliance to the DPR standards. It also assesses their fire safety preparedness with a view to influencing the implementation of urban fire safety regulations for sustainable development. All the existing filling stations were purposively sampled and Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to collect their locational and attribute information. Additionally, same information about the existing urban critical infrastructure was collected to enable checking for compliance. Questionnaire survey and field observations the data collection process. Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA), Spatial Query and Buffer Analysis were used to determine the distribution pattern and level of compliance to the setback standards respectively. The result shows a random distribution pattern with all filling stations complying with the 15m setback from the road and 100m minimum setback from critical infrastructures. However, more than 50% have not complied with the 400m distance apart between consecutive stations. Levels of preparedness were ranked based on the adequacy, functionality and sophistication of the available extinguishing facilities. It is recommended that implementation of setback standards and safety preparedness policies should be improved for sustainable urban development. (PDF) Analysis of Locational Compliance and Fire Safety Preparedness among Petrol Filling Stations in Dutse Town, Jigawa State.. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337487658_Analysis_of_Locational_Compliance_and_Fire_Safety_Preparedness_among_Petrol_Filling_Stations_in_Dutse_Town_Jigawa_State [accessed Nov 25 2019].
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Kogi State University
From the SelectedWorks of Con!uence Journal of Environmental Studies (CJES), Kogi
State University, Nigeria
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Analysis of Locational Compliance and Fire Safety Preparedness among
Petrol Filling Stations in Dutse Town, Jigawa State
Sulaiman Yunus
Department of Geography, Bayero University, Kano
syunus.geog@buk.edu.ng Tel:+2348065897858
Abstract
Increase in population and urban growth in the last decade have necessitated the need for more automobiles to
enable efficient movement of goods and passengers within and outside Dutse town. This resulted into the
proliferation of filling stations due to rise in demand for fuel. This study examined the spatial distribution of petrol
filling stations and their level of locational compliance to the DPR standards. It also assesses their fire safety
preparedness with a view to influencing the implementation of urban fire safety regulations for sustainable
development. All the existing filling stations were purposively sampled and Global Positioning System (GPS) was used
to collect their locational and attribute information. Additionally, same information about the existing urban critical
infrastructure was collected to enable checking for compliance. Questionnaire survey and field observations the data
collection process. Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA), Spatial Query and Buffer Analysis were used to determine the
distribution pattern and level of compliance to the setback standards respectively. The result shows a random
distribution pattern with all filling stations complying with the 15m setback from the road and 100m minimum
setback from critical infrastructures. However, more than 50% have not complied with the 400m distance apart
between consecutive stations. Levels of preparedness were ranked based on the adequacy, functionality and
sophistication of the available extinguishing facilities. It is recommended that implementation of setback standards
and safety preparedness policies should be improved for sustainable urban development.
Keywords: Set-back, Safety Preparedness, Nearest Neighbor Analysis, Buffer Analysis
Introduction
Population growth, urbanization and pathetic power situation in Nigeria has exacerbated the increasing demand for
petroleum products, leading to the proliferation of petrol filling stations and consequently, with less consideration
of the minimum environmental safety requirements for their operations (Afolabi et al., 2011; Arokoyu et al., 2015;
Oloko-Oba et al., 2016; Olukoya et al., 2016 and Yunus, 2019). Additionally, the role petroleum products play in an
economy cannot be over emphasized. For example, Chinambu (2012) acknowledged that, petroleum is a key driver
of industrial activities. Beside industrial development, the transportation sector is presumed to be the major
consumer of fuel to facilitate movement around the globe (Taylor, Sichinsambwe and Chansa, 2016). Despite the
importance, there are number of risks associated with the operations or activities in filling stations globally or locally.
But however their impact can be mitigated or prevented depending on the level of fire safety preparedness. It has
been discovered that, petrol filling stations are located close to residential areas and in some cases close to
commercial and industrial activities (Mshelia, et al., 2015). Safety practices and compliance in locating petrol filling
stations are of utmost importance in preventing hazards and reducing potential risks that could affect humans and
their environment.
Mohammed et al., (2014); Dogara, (2017); Ogunyemi et al., (2017); Oloko-oba et al., (2016) and Emakoji and Otah
(2019) conducted GIS-Based analysis of the Location of Filling Stations in different cities of Nigeria. Other studies like
that of Ugbodaga 2014; Udousoroh, 2014; Makende, (2018) and Okoli, 2014; Weaver, (2015); Ekulu, (2018), and
Ochai. (2013) focused on outbreak of fire which have been recorded in various stations of the world and in Nigeria
and have resulted into loss of several lives and property damage. Arokoyu et al., 2015; Oloko-Oba et al., 2016;
Mohammed et al., 2014; and Tah, 2017 attested to the fact that the siting of retail petrol stations in various towns
across Nigeria is drastically on the rise and there are several irregularities in its location with respect to residential
settlements and other infrastructures. With regards to accessibility, Njoku and Alabge, 2015; Mohammed et al 2014
and Afolabi et al., 2011 discussed on location preferences and that, in as much as petrol filling stations should be
located, they should be where they can be easily accessible. But however, Mshelia, et al, 2015, Afolabi, et al., 2011
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and Samuel, 2011 focused on environmental and human health effects of locating close to the station. Mshelia, et
al, 2015 and Afolabi, et al., 2011 stated that the workers in the petrol stations and the residents living nearby the
petrol stations have in one time or the other suffer various health effects as a result of working in petrol stations or
being their close. The results from Mshelia et al., 2015 showed that, respiratory problems (diseases) had the highest
percent of 38.05%. This by implication means, it was the most prevalent health problems affecting both the workers
and some of the residents as a result of the inhalation of fuel contaminated air.
Studies have addressed risk assessment and safety preparedness levels to fire outbreaks in various filling stations.
Among which includes Qonono, (2019); Ahmed, et al., 2012; Muindi, 2014; Abdurrahman, 2015; Ahmed, et al.,
(2011) and Weaver (2015). All these researches were conducted to address fire safety and preparedness in different
places across the world but however, none of these researches was conducted in Dutse town. This justifies the
significance of the research. The aim of the study is to examine the spatial distribution of petrol filling stations, to
and assess the level of locational compliance and safety preparedness with a view to influencing the implementation
of urban fire safety regulations for sustainable development. The compliance standards is based on the petroleum
amendment decree no. 37 of 1977 on safety rules and regulations by the Department of Petroleum Resources (2007)
which promulgated guidelines for the approval, construction and operation of petroleum stations. These procedures
and conditions for granting approval for the construction and operation of petrol stations include many factors,
among which the following are of greater interest to the paper:
I. The distance from the edge of the road to the nearest pump will not be less than 15 meters.
II. Total number of petrol stations within 2km stretch of the site on both sides of the road will not be more
than four including the one under consideration.
III. The distance between an existing station and the proposed one will not be less than 400 (four hundred)
meters.
IV. Petrol pumps shall be located a minimum of 100 ft. from any residential building.
V. Stations should be located at a minimum of 500 ft. from any public institution such as schools, churches,
public libraries, auditoriums, hospitals, public playgrounds, etc.
VI. Stations are to be equipped with fire-fighting and fire protection equipment installed in accordance with
the requirements of the Fire Department.
Materials and Methods
This section describes the materials and methods used for data collection and analysis respectively. Additionally, the
study area description forms part of this section.
Study Area
Dutse is the capital city of Jigawa state and the main town is situated at between latitude 110 40’ and 110 46’ N, and
longitude 90 18’ and 90 26, with elevation of 460 meters above the sea level. It is home to Federal University Dutse
which opened in November 2011. In addition to the Federal University Dutse, there is also a Research Institute for
Date Palm (Sub-Station) and state polytechnic in Dutse. The Jigawa State Polytechnic has its College of Business and
Management Studies at Dutse. It is bordered by Kiyawa and Jahun by the east, Ajingi, Gaya, and parts of Albasu by
the west. With an estimated population of 153,000 (2009) and projected population of about 335, 600 (NPC, 2016),
Dutse is currently the largest city in Jigawa State followed by Hadejia (111,000), Gumel (43,000), and Birnin
Kudu (27,000). Dutse is the capital of Jigawa state of Nigeria. The state was created in 1991 during the military
regime. Peculiar to the North-Western states, the population of Dutse are predominantly Hausa and Fulani. With
availability of agrarian land, the inhabitants of Dutse are predominantly farmers; other occupations typical to rural
area are also available among the populace. Figure 1 shows the study area and the sampled commercial and
residential areas within the town.
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Figure 1: Dutse Town (Source: Google Earth, 2018)
Figure 2 presented the methodological flowchart based on which the data collected for the study were handled and
analyzed. The first part shows the input data types, followed by the various analyses the data were subjected to, and
finally the outputs of the analysis.
Figure 2: Methodological Flowchart
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Data Types, Sources and Collection Instruments
The quantitative data used were obtained through the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) and questionnaire. To
enable the examination of the spatial distribution of petrol filling stations and assess their levels of fire safety
preparedness and compliance to the DPR standards, locational data was directly collected through field survey.
Others including the attribute data for each station (caption, number of pumps, available extinguishing facilities) and
means of access to emergency response stations were collected through questionnaire administration.
Sampling Technique
Purposive sampling method was used to select all petrol filling stations within the town. With regard to the
questionnaire survey, availability sampling method was used to select managers or their representatives available
at each station for the study. The total of about 15 functional petrol filling stations was identified plus a single
uncompleted station.
Data Analysis
Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA) was conducted so as to determine the pattern of distribution of the stations. Spatial
query and Buffer analysis were also conducted in relation to urban critical facilities to determine the level of
compliance of each station to the DPR setback standards. This is to enable assessing the levels of compliance through
identifying the defaulters with respect to different criteria. The data collected on possession of fire extinguishing
facilities was used to assess the safety preparedness and also to rank stations based on their levels of preparedness.
Results and Discussions
The results from the study is presented using tables, maps and charts, and discussed under the following sub-
headings; spatial distribution of petrol filling stations and compliance to the DPR standards in relation to urban
critical structures and assessment of fire safety preparedness levels.
Spatial Distribution of Petrol Filling Stations and compliance to the DPR standards in relation to urban critical
structures
Nearest Neighbor Analysis (fig3) reveals a random distribution with p-value of 0.29 and z-score value of 1.05. This
by implication signifies that the present pattern of locating filling stations within the town is not fully controlled by
any specific activity or landuse. But however, the location of the major educational center (Federal University, Dutse)
portrays a certain level of influence with regards to the level of frequency of filling stations within certain buffer
distance.
Fig 3: Summary of Nearest Neighbor Analysis
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Figures 4 to 12 shows the distribution of petrol filling stations along with different categories of urban critical
infrastructures including commercial, residential, administrative, sports, Hotels/guest houses and educational
landuses. The proliferation and distribution pattern indicated that the filling stations dose not conform to that of
any of the landuse category. As such the pattern is presently random, but will certainly change in conformity to that
of the most drastically developing landuses in the future. At this juncture, the study recommends that the future city
plan should identify suitable site for locating filling stations for sustainable development.
Fig4: Distribution of Filling Stations Fig5: Filling Stations and Administrative structures
Fig6: Filling Stations and Sport Arenas Fig7: Filling Stations and Mosques
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Fig8: Filling Stations and Tertiary Institutions Fig9: Filling Stations and Hotel/ Guest Houses
Fig10: Filling Stations and Housing Estate Fig11: Filling Stations and Schools
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Fig12: Filling Station and Commercial areas
Compliance to DPR Standards
With regards to the assessment of compliance to the DPR standards, the study investigated the proximities of petrol
filling stations to critical infrastructures and also identified those that are in located in accordance to the standards
and otherwise. Figure 13 shows a buffer analysis of 400m setback distance apart between consecutive filling
stations based on the DPR standards. The result reveals that about 53% of the filling stations dons’t comply with
the inter filling station setback standard especially along the bypass where 47% of the total filling stations are
located. Also more than 90% of the stations contradict the standard of 4 stations within 2km distance. This is
similar to the findings of Dogara, 2017 who revealed that more than half of the filling stations (84%) were located
less than 400 metres to their neighbours and that the longest distance between neighbouring filling stations was
2487.4 metres while the shortest was about 230 metres. According to the findings of Oloko-oba et al., 2016, 97.3%
of the filling stations violate the 400m apart and 98.7% deviate from the 2km radius of four stations.
On the other hand, the result from spatial query in Arcmap environment as presented in fig 14 shows that all
existing filling stations have been located in compliance with the 15m setback distance from the main road. This
is contrary to the findings of Mohammed et al., 2014 and Dogara, 2017 who found that only eight (8) stations (4%)
out of 192 and eighty seven (87) stations (38%) did not meet the criteria of 15 meters minimum distance from
road in Kano metropolis and Kaduna respectively. Additionally, Emakoji, 2019 reveals that 44.4% of the filling
stations did not meet the criteria of 15 meters minimum distance from the pump to the edge of the road in Afipko
City in Nigeria. Also, Oloko-oba et al., 2016 reveals that about 71.6% of the filling station met the 15m distance
from the edge of the road and 28.4% violation.
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Fig13 and 14: Showing 400m Setback Buffer Distance between Consecutive Filling Stations and 15m
Setback Distance from the main Road
Figures 15 and 16 shows the relationship between the location of petrol filling stations and urban critical
infrastructures (including schools and Hotels/Guest houses, housing estates and sport complex). The result shows
that none of these infrastructures were located less than 100m from petrol filling station as required by the DPR
standards. Except for only one school and hotel which are located at about twice the required distance (200m),
others are farther away and therefore makes the city a relatively risk free area. Additionally, none of the
administrative structures, Higher institutions, residential and commercial areas found within the study area were
located within the risk areas demarcated by the DPR standards. This is in contrary to the findings of Odipe, et al.,
2018 who found that most of the stations in Ilorin were found at close proximities to public premises such that 10
(3%) were in close proximities to school, 226 (76%) to shops in commercial areas, 192 (65 %) to residential houses
and 11 (4%) were close to hospitals.
Fig15 and 16:Showing 200m as the shortest disatance of Petrol stations from School and Hotels Respectively
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Assessment of Fire Safety Preparedness
In order to assess the fire safety preparedness levels, data comprising of the names of the stations, the number of
pumps, sand buckets and other available fire extinguishing facilities was obtained as presented in table1. Other
information including occurrence of fire outbreaks, levels of safety preparedness in terms of possession of
extinguishing facilities, ability to operate the facilities and also possession of fire service emergency numbers were
obtained through the use of questionnaire survey. The safety preparedness level was assessed and ranked based
on the number, types and proportion of functional extinguishing facilities in relation to petrol pumps within each
station. The results on the occurrence of fire outbreaks, ability to operate the extinguishing facilities and
possession of emergency numbers also forms part of the yardstick for the assessment. The inventory and
preparedness levels were ranked, summarized and presented in table 1. The result (table 1) indicated that about
33% of the stations have experienced fire outbreak and 67% of the total number of the stations have not.
According to DPR, functional firefighting gadgets/equipment must be kept handy and at alert to ensure safety. In
this case, in order to assess safety preparedness, the availability of dry cylinder fire extinguisher and sand buckets
were checked with respect to per pump allocation and functionality. The result from the assessment shows that
only about 27% satisfies this requirement, while others have some certain irregularities between the number of
petrol pumps and the available fire extinguishers and sand buckets. The levels of preparedness were ranked (based
on the number of petrol pumps, number of available fire extinguishers and sand buckets) and Matrix petrol station
emerged 1st because in addition to the fire extinguishers and sand buckets per pump, it possesses a functional fire
hydrant with 2 overhead water tanks. On the other hand, Dallami petroleum and transport station was ranked last
as it doesn’t possess any of the fire extinguishing devices and also dost possess any fire response emergency
number.
Ability to operate the fire extinguishing facilities is also paramount to level of safety preparedness. The study finds
out that about 94% of the staff can operate it as the ability to operate fire extinguishing facilities is one of the
fundamental criteria for employment in the stations. Where staff couldn’t operate the extinguishers, they are sent
to attend special workshop on handling and operating fire extinguishers. Additionally, possession of emergency
response number as one of the yardsticks for assessing safety preparedness to fire disaster was also assessed and
the result showed that about 81% of the stations possess the number. This is important in case a fire outbreak is
beyond the capacity of the personnel of the station. The summary of the result shows that, there are about 118
petrol pumps, 67 fire extinguishers, 72 sand buckets and (which accounted for 57% and 61% respectively) and 68
underground tanks in all the filling stations in Dutse town. The overall result shows an average fire safety
preparedness level within the petrol filling stations of Dutse town.
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Table 1: Inventory and Fire Safety Preparedness ranking among the filling stations in Dutse town
S/N
Name of Stations
Fire
outbreak
No.
Pumps
Dry Cylinder
Extinguisher
Condition
Sand
Buckets
Liquid
Chemical
Fire
Hydrants
Condition
Emergency
alert No.
Ranking
1
Audu manager and
sons
_
6
4
Functional
4
_
_
_
yes
7
2
A.A. and sons general
enterprises
_
8
3
Functional
6
_
_
_
_
9
3
A.S.A oil and gas
_
6
2
Fair
2
_
_
_
yes
13
4
NNPC
yes
20
10
Functional
10
_
_
_
yes
11
5
Audu manager and
sons
yes
4
4
Functional
4
_
_
_
yes
2
6
Awajil global service
_
8
8
Functional
8
_
_
_
yes
2
7
Matrix
yes
8
8
Functional
8
_
1
Functional
yes
1
8
I.M.G. petroleum &
marketing
_
6
6
Functional
6
_
_
_
yes
2
9
B.A. Bello Nigeria
limited
_
6
6
Functional
1
_
_
_
yes
6
10
A.S.A. Oil Nigeria Ltd
_
6
1
Functional
_
_
_
_
_
14
11
A.M. Ahmad and
sons
_
10
3
Functional
7
_
_
_
yes
10
12
Dallami petroleum
and transport
_
8
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
15
13
A.M. Kankani
_
10
2
Functional
10
_
_
_
yes
12
14
Forte oil
yes
6
4
Functional
2
_
_
_
yes
8
15
Oando
yes
6
6
Functional
4
_
_
_
yes
5
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Conclusion and Recommendation
The study concludes that the pattern of distribution of petrol filling stations within Dutse town is random especially
with regards to the current level of urban development. High frequency was observed along the eastern bypass
which is as result of proximity to the main educational landuse (Federal University). There is significant compliance
level to the DPR setback standards with regards to proximity of filling stations to critical urban infrastructures
within the town. This signifies that the resident and other critical facilities within Dutse town are risk free from
petrol filling stations associated dangers. But however, urban growth and proliferation of more stations especially
with less compliance to the setback standards can change this status in the future. It is also concluded fire outbreak
within the filling stations is inevitable, but however, with the observed level of safety preparedness in most of the
stations, the resultant impact will be highly mitigated. It is therefore recommended that massive awareness
campaign on safety preparedness and regular checking of the functionality of fire extinguishers should be
conducted by the fire service department. Also compliance to the setback standards should also be maintained
and monitored by the urban development department so as to achieve sustainable urban developments.
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Mohammed, M. U., Musa, I. J., and Jeb, D.N., (2014), GIS-Based Analysis of the Location of Filling Stations in
Metropolitan Kano against the Physical Planning Standards. American Journal of Engineering Research,
3(9): 147-158
Moore J. (2012), Assessment of Fire Safety and Evacuation Management in Nursing Homes, Masters Dissertation,
Dublin Institute of Tehnology. Doi: 10.21427/D7K31W.
Mshelia, M., Abdullahi, J. and Dawha, E. (2015) Environmental Effects of Petrol Stations at Close Proximities to
Residential Buildings in Maiduguri and Jere, Borno State, Nigeria, Journal of Humanities and Social Science
20(4): 1-8.
Muindi, E.M. (2014), An Assessment of Workplace Fire Safety Preparedness, an unpublished masters dissertation
submitted to School of Public Health, University of Nairobi. (2014).
Njoku, C. G. and Alagbe, A. O. (2015), Site Suitability Assessment of Petrol Filling Stations (PFS) in Oyo Town, Oyo
State, Nigeria: A Geographic Information System (GIS) Approach. ISOR Journal of Environmental Science,
Toxicology food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402, p-ISSN: 2319-2399 9(12):8-19.
Ogunyemi SA, Ajileye OO, Muibi KH, Alaga AT, Eguaroje OE, Samson SA, Omisore OO. Geo-information and
distribution pattern of petrol service station in Sango Ota Metropolis in Ado Odo Ota Local
Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences. 2017;2(1). DOI:
10.9734/ARJASS/2017/30048.
Oloko-Oba M, Badru R, Popoola O.S, Samson S.A, Alaga T.A, & Ogunyemi S.A. (2016). Assessment of Filling Station
in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria Using Geospatial Techniques. International Journal of Scientific Research in
Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 1(2): 7
Oloko-oba Mustapha O, Badru RA, Popoola OS, Alaga TA, Ogunyemi SA, and Samson SA. (2016) Assessment of
filling station in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria Using Geospatial Techniques. International Journal of Scientific
Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology. 2(1):69-74.
Oloko-Oba O. Mustapha, Ogunyemi S. Akintunde, A. T. Alaga, R. A. Badru, J. O. Ogbole, Popoola O. Samuel and
Samson A. Samuel. (2016). Spatial Distribution of Primary Schools in Ilorin West Local Government Area,
Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports. 9(6): 1-10.
Olukoya E.O, Ana G.R.E.E, & Oloruntoba E.O, (2016). Assessment of Soil Contamination with Monocyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in Residential Areas Sited Close to Fuel Filling Stations in Ibadan
Metropolis. Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health, 4(3):6065,
https://doi.org/10.12691/jephh-4-3-1.
Oluwaseun O, Abosede L, Zulkarnaini A, George K, Henry S, (2018), GIS-Based Location Analyses of Retail Petrol
Stations in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research.
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Taylor, T.K., Sichinsambwe, C., and Chansa, B. (2016). Public Perceptions on Location of Filling Stations in the City
of Kitwe in Zambia, Developing country studies. 6(6):133-151
Uzochukwu, O.C., O.O. Lilian, O.T. Uchenna and U.O.Ugbomhe. (2018). Business development and sustainability
of selected petrol stations in Anambra State of Nigeria, Africa Journal of Business Management, 12(1) 11-
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... It is estimated that up to half of the world's population currently live in urban areas and this number may rise up to five Billion by 2030 [1]. These rapid increases in urban population and rate of industrialization have been identified as major contributors to the increase in energy demand and consequently proliferation of filling stations in close proximity to residential and commercial areas [2,3]. ...
... According to research conducted in Indonesia from September 2021 to August 2022, most of the worst causalities involved in the fire accidents that occurred in fuel station affected more community people in close proximity to the station than those outside the community [10]. Other researchers noted different levels of compliances to Setback requirements [3], [11,12]. Also, refineries and storage terminals handle larger hydrocarbon inventories and feed stocks, elevate the scale of possible incidents above retail fuelling stations. ...
... The provision of fire extinguishers, fire alarms/sensors, Emergency switch buttons among others are necessary for reducing potential severity of fire and explosion incidents. Similar poor provision of fire extinguisher was reported in Dutse, Jigawa State [3]. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study investigates the risk levels associated with fire and explosion in petroleum handling facilities, considering variations based on facility type, operators, and geographical location. A qualitative risk analysis was used to determine the likelihood of fires and explosions for 118 petroleum products handling facilities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Comparative analyses employed Browne-Forsythe and Welch tests to assess significant differences in risk across geographical locations, facility types, and operators. The study revealed significant variations in fire and explosion risks across geographical locations (Browne-Forsythe F-ratio = 4.888, p-value = 0.0099). Tukey multiple comparison tests revealed that the significant difference laid between facilities in Warri and Port Harcourt. The Petroleum Product handling facilities in Warri exhibited a higher mean fire and explosion risk levels (X ̄=9.43) than those in Port Harcourt (X ̄=8.03) and Eket (X ̄=8.43). The result also showed that Facilities with Combined Petrol and LPG gas in the same premises had higher Mean Risk Score (X ̄=8.64) than the facilities that retail either Petrol only or LPG. However, the Browne-Forsythe and Welch comparative tests showed no significant statistical differences between their risk levels (P>0.05). Moreover, no significant differences were observed based on facility operators (independent, major, or mega retail outlets), suggesting that the ownership of the structure or size of the facility may not be a dominant risk determinant when standards are uniformly adhered to. The study recommends strict compliance to safety standards stipulated in the regulations including international best practices and improvement in compliance monitoring and enforcement by relevant regulatory authorities.
... However, 55.08% of 118 sampled stations had the correct number of Fire extinguishers which were fully serviced. Similar poor findings were observed in Dutse, Jigawa State in Nigeria where the overall fire safety preparedness within the petrol filling stations were rated as average, and only 27% of the total sampled stations had the correct number of fire extinguishers [19]. ...
... One parameter assessed was the display of the Fire actions notice which contains Fire Service Emergency numbers critical for calling for assistance in event of fire. 65% of the stations did not comply with requirement contrary to the 81% compliance reported by Yunus, [19]. ...
... In contrast, Yunus, [19] observed that none of the filling stations sampled in Dutse town in Jigawa state were located less than 100m from Schools, hotels/Guest houses. This disparity in compliance rate could be attributed to difference in the rates of development of the towns. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study is an evaluation of the level of fire and explosion risks in petroleum handling facilities in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was employed using Stratified & Purposive sampling techniques for data collection. A Standard checklist of 17 compliance specifications of Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC) was adopted and a walk-through survey was carried out in 118 identified facilities in 3 urban locations: Eket, Port Harcourt and Warri, respectively. Inferential and descriptive statistics were analysed using XLSTAT version 17,and the level of risk calculated as the product of the likelihood of the hazard occurring and its consequence (Severity). The level of Risk was then rated on a 5x5 Risk Assessment Matrix. The result obtained revealed that 95.37% of the 118 stations sampled rated from Medium to High Risk. This calls for a great concern and urgent need for intervention. It is therefore recommended that Facility owners should demonstrate more seriousness to safety policies; provide adequate safety measures to safeguard their facilities and engage qualified Safety officers to carry out Facility specific Fire and explosion risk assessments and manage their safety concerns.
... [11] Showed that 86% of the filling stations did not comply with the 100 m Minimum Setback from Health care Facilities while 84% did not meet the Minimum Safe Distance to other filling stations in Kaduna Metropolis as required by the NUPRC Standards. However, [6] reported that more than 50% of the sampled filling stations complied with the 400 m distance requirement to another filling station. [2] rated buildings within 100 m of petrol stations as moderately at risk of fire and explosion while those within 50 m were rated as high risk. ...
... This is commendable and showed that the facility owners understand the risk implications of interchanging the dispensing pumps with different products. [20] and 3% to schools, 4% to hospital [21], Although in contrast, [6], revealed 100% compliance to distance to schools, hotels/Guest houses in Dutse town in Jigawa state. This poor compliance confirmed the earlier observations by some authors that arbitrary changing of Land Use by Residents/Facility owners has brought the filling stations too close to the residential areas and this could play a significant role in increasing the severity of the impact in event of a fire and explosion incident due to the types of building materials used in construction and the distance between the buildings [9] [2]. ...
... Thus, affirming the results of earlier studies in Rivers State, 33% [8] and 30.15% [22]. In contrast, [6] and [23] reported 100% and 71.6% respectively. The requirement is important because it plays significant role for flow of traffic especially during fuel scarcity and long queues develop in front of the PFS. ...
... However, 55.08% of 118 sampled stations had the correct number of Fire extinguishers which were fully serviced. Similar poor findings were observed in Dutse, Jigawa State in Nigeria where the overall fire safety preparedness within the petrol filling stations were rated as average, and only 27% of the total sampled stations had the correct number of fire extinguishers [19]. ...
... One parameter assessed was the display of the Fire actions notice which contains Fire Service Emergency numbers critical for calling for assistance in event of fire. 65% of the stations did not comply with requirement contrary to the 81% compliance reported by Yunus, [19]. ...
... In contrast, Yunus, [19] observed that none of the filling stations sampled in Dutse town in Jigawa state were located less than 100m from Schools, hotels/Guest houses. This disparity in compliance rate could be attributed to difference in the rates of development of the towns. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study is an evaluation of the level of fire and explosion risks in petroleum handling facilities in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was employed using Stratified & Purposive sampling techniques for data collection. A Standard checklist of 17 compliance specifications of Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC) was adopted and a walk-through survey was carried out in 118 identified facilities in 3 urban locations: Eket, Port Harcourt and Warri, respectively. Inferential and descriptive statistics were analysed using XLSTAT version 17,and the level of risk calculated as the product of the likelihood of the hazard occurring and its consequence (Severity). The level of Risk was then rated on a 5x5 Risk Assessment Matrix. The result obtained revealed that 95.37% of the 118 stations sampled rated from Medium to High Risk. This calls for a great concern and urgent need for intervention. It is therefore recommended that Facility owners should demonstrate more seriousness to safety policies; provide adequate safety measures to safeguard their facilities and engage qualified Safety officers to carry out Facility specific Fire and explosion risk assessments and manage their safety concerns.
... By definition, a Petrol Filling Station or Gas Station is a facility which sells fuel and other lubricants for motor vehicles such as diesel, engine oils and provides other services such as car servicing, wheel balancing and alignment. A filling station, also known as a petrol station, petrol pump, fuel station, or gas station (Dongzagla et al., 2023;Yunus, 2019) is any facility that sells fuel and engine lubricants for automobiles. Major fuels sold at filling stations include petrol, diesel, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), and kerosene. ...
... To allow for turning of vehicles and to avoid traffic congestion within the station area, the minimum area of a service station shall be set as follows; the minimum size for a filling station shall be 30 m x 30 m; however, in intensely developed areas the frontage can be relaxed after investigation subject to approval of the relevant authorities (Wadembere et al., 2008). This area excludes area required for other services other than storage and dispensing petroleum products (motor fuel), the minimum size for a service station (filling station with a service bay) shall be 1200 m 2 , with the frontage of not less than 30 m, every service station shall provide for one parking space for each of its four employees with a minimum of two-car parking space and, where additional service(s) exist, the parking space shall be enough to accommodate the additional vehicles as required by the national building regulations (Yunus, 2019). ...
Thesis
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The rapid increase in rural urban migration and the consequent population and urban growth in the last two to three decades have necessitated the need for more automobiles to enable efficient movement of goods and passengers within and outside Kampala Metropolitan area. This resulted into the proliferation of petrol filling stations due to rise in demand for fuel. This study examined the spatial distribution of petrol filling stations and their vulnerability to fire hazard given their location in densely populated region of the urban area. All the existing filling stations on site were visited and a hand-held Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to collect their locational and attribute information. At the time of the study, a total of sixteen (16) functioning filling stations were identified. A visual analysis of the distribution of filling stations in the study area showed that they are clustered. This observation was confirmed by an Average Nearest Neighbor analysis (spatial statistics tool) used to analyze patterns. Nearest Neighbor Analysis statistics obtained reveals a Nearest Neighbor Ratio of 0.623177, a z-score value of -4.942160 and a p-value of 0.000001 which is highly significant. This by implication signifies that the present pattern of locating filling stations within the study area is fully controlled by some specific activity or land use. Spatial Query and Buffer Analysis were also used to determine the distribution pattern and level of compliance to the setback standards respectively. The result shows a clustered distribution pattern with all filling stations complying with the 15m setback from the road centerline. However, more than 50% have not complied with the 1000m distance apart between consecutive stations. The results show that fuel stations at a distance of less that 15m from the road network are highly vulnerable to fire hazard in case of fire outbreak since the passing vehicles could spark a fire ignition from the highly flammable surrounding fuel station. Also, it can also be concluded that the proximity of buildings to a fuel station is a major potential cause of fire ignition to the neighboring petrol stations mostly buildings at <50m distance from the petrol stations since the buildings could be the potential fire hotspots depending on the land uses. In this study, different parameters were used to assess spatially the vulnerability of fueling stations to fire and four of them were weighted using AHP (that is; slope, temperature, windspeed, land use land cover) and their influences used to generate the fire vulnerability map. The selection of these factors was based on the availability of their data for the study area. After a successful AHP, it was found that slope contributed less (i.e., 7.88%) towards the vulnerability of petrol stations to fire hazard since nearly all the stations are located on a flat surface in their respective geographies wind speed contributed 30.25%, temperature 17.40% and land use 44.47% since the largest area is a built-up area and buildings are being considered potential sources of fire ignition in this case. It is recommended that implementation of setback standards and safety preparedness policies should be improved for sustainable urban development. Keywords: Petrol filling station, Set-back, Buffer Analysis, AHP, Nearest Neighbor Analysis, Vulnerability analysis, Geographic Information System (GIS)
... Hence, staff training, fire risk assessment (Mmom et al., 2022), vapour recovery systems, emergency response, alarm systems, and escape route are preconditions that should be met by a filling station business owner (Han et al., 2005). All the employees at petrol stations should follow the working instructions and understood the hazards associated with the job and take the job after taking all the precautionary measures (Ahmed et al., 2010;Yunus, 2019;Wadembere and Apaco, 2020). ...
Article
The presence of PFSs in urban areas has increased significantly, leading to conflicts with existing land use planning and violations of the minimum environmental safety requirements set by the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) and have adverse social and environmental impacts despite their socioeconimic importance. This paper aim to investigate the spatial distribution of petrol filling stations and their impact on groundwater quality in Akure Metropolis of Ondo State. A total of 147 PFSs and 140 water wells were identified and recorded. Laboratory analysis was done purposefully on wells near PFSs that were both 26 years or older and still functional, as older underground storage tanks (USTs) pose a potential threat to groundwater safety. Findings revealed 119 functional filling stations, 28% located within residential area and 68% domiciled in commercial areas, 2% in outskirt of town and 1% in standalone environment. Findings showed all mapped filling stations were found to be within 50m from built up (residential) area, 104 mapped stations within residential and commercial areas violates the DPR standard. Using spatial analysis, it was also found that 116 of the 147 (78.9%) mapped filling stations were within 400m away from the next. 108 of the 147 (73.47%) mapped PFSs violated the standard of distance not less than 15meters from the edge of the road to the nearest pump. The findings also showed that groundwater system is contaminated by PAHs, which comprises; naphthalene.F, pyrene and acenaphthylene.F. Low mean concentrations of PAHs recorded in this study suggest that there is no major compromise in the quality of groundwater due to the operation of PFSs in Akure metropolise Hand-dug Wells in the study area. It is recommended that spatial compliance for siting PFSs should be strictly adhered to in order to avoid disaster that may occur due to the hazard they pose
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In the exploitation of solid minerals, people harness them with the intention of boosting their socio – economic activities. The solid minerals like coal, sand, gravel, talc, gypsum, iron ore, lead, zinc, bentonite, barite, gold, and bitumen are exploited unlawfully and cause environmental degradation in the country. In the study area, Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu State where active exploitation of solid minerals take place along Ekulu River. From the above mentioned problems, this study on appraising the unconventional exploitation of construction and solid minerals in Enugu North Local Government, was carried out with the following objectives; to identify the solid minerals in study area and to identify the unconventional exploitation practices in the study area. The descriptive empirical research was adopted in this study. The main reason for the adoption of this method was to obtain detailed and factual information about the various phenomena being studied, permitting their description and comparison as they really are.The entire three hundred and ninety seven (397) questionnaires administered to respondents in the study area were retrieved by the researcher. Data collected from the field work was presented and analysed in this section. A majority of the respondents said it causes erosion with 33.3% (132) while 15.1% (60) confirmed it increases health problems. Solid mineral exploitation practices in Enugu North Local Government Area have contaminated the Ekulu River through exposing unwanted ecological effects due to the uncontrolled disposal or poor management of mine wastes.
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In this hostile atmosphere construction project managers must take crucial decisions to carry out the basic administrative tasks of planning, coordinating, leading, and managing to accomplish the predetermined project goals quickly and effectively. This study aims to fill a gap in the body of knowledge by evaluating the effectiveness of using time- and cost-oriented Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (tcFMEA) and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) to replace the deterministic conception of decision making in the construction industry with the stochastic conception. To achieve this, following objectives considered; to identify risks within a construction project phase by using tcFMEA, to model the construction project phase and its associated risks by using computer software, to simulate the construction project phase and its associated risks by using MCS and to compare the stochastic model with the deterministic model. Construction project of computerized warehouse in Port Harcourt Nigeria was analyzed. The project started in 02.02.2017 and finished in 01.04.2019. It consists of more than 150 main activities, including architectural, civil, mechanical, and electrical works. The findings of the tcFMEA and MCS showed that based on the deterministic finish period of Monday, April 9, 2018, with a span of 281 days, the likelihood of completing the construction project process was 20%. Furthermore, based on a deterministic fixed cost rise of N0, the likelihood of completing the construction project process is 0%. This means that due to the complexity and individual uncertainties involved with construction project operations, the time and expense of the construction project process are likely to rise by 80% and 100%, respectively.
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Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) construction project delivery in Nigeria is the biggest benefactor to its public tertiary education institutions. To measure the Fund‘s delivery performance, an important factor in measuring project performance is timely completion at an agreed price and in specified quality. However, despite the growing concerns on the poor time performances of the Fund‘s construction projects delivery, time overrun still a common problem without effective solution. Hence, the study interrogated the Fund‘s projects delivery in the southeast. The objectives of this analysis aim at establishing the time performance of TETFund construction project delivery in the public tertiary education institutions in Southeast, Nigeria from 2015 to 2021. 119 TETFund construction projects in the 7 public tertiary institutions in Enugu State were sampled using single-stage cluster sampling technique. 140 structured questionnaires were developed and distributed to Consultants, contractors and other key Personnel involved in each TETFund intervention projects. The data was analysed using frequency, percent student‘s t test. The result revealed that the prevalence of time overrun on the Fund‘s project is 72% out of the 119 TETFund sponsored construction projects in Enugu state public tertiary education. Of the total, 28% (33) were completed on schedule, 29% (35) experienced time overruns, 39% (46) were ongoing beyond their project schedule while 4% (5) were abandoned. The mean estimated project cost by consultants was significantly lower than the awarded sums (t = 2.411, p = 0.018). The paper concludes that to improve the Fund‘s projects time performance regarding fixed price and materials price escalation, the materials‘ component of the bill should be extracted and paid to the contractor in advance, for procurement.
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The study aimed to assess soil contamination with mono-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in residential areas situated close to (1-20m range) fuel filling stations in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. The study involved a laboratory based analysis of soil samples collected in the neighbourhood of five fuel filling stations systematically selected during the study. Two local government areas were randomly selected for the study, they were split into five natural clusters and soil samples were purposively collected from the neighbourhood of one fueling station per cluster. Topsoil (0-15cm deep) and subsoil (15-30cm deep) samples were collected at 5m, 10m, and 20m intervals away from the fuel filling stations. Samples were analyzed for benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, xylene, lead, and chromium using standard methods. Results were compared with Canadian and United Kingdom standards. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and were compared with the Canadian (monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) soil quality guideline limit for human health and the UK heavy metal guideline limit for soil in residential areas. Apart from xylene, the mean concentration of benzene, toluene, and ethyl-benzene were approximately 600 times higher than the Canadian limit both for topsoil and subsoil. Fortunately, mean concentrations of lead and chromium in all soil samples were insignificant compared with the UK limit. The study showed that there is contamination of the soil in the study area with some monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons namely benzene, toluene, and ethyl-benzene while there are no potential threats with regards to heavy metal contamination.
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The increasing demand for petroleum products in Nigeria has led to the increase in retail petrol stations construction all over the country. The study therefore assessed these stations within Ilorin with the objectives of determining the age range, functionality status, total number of pumps and identifying premises of public concern that are within close proximity to these stations. Data for the study were obtained through field surveys; where the coordinates of the stations were acquired using handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) device, and other information through administration of questionnaires to owners and workers in each petrol station. Spatial analysis was done using the ArcGIS 10.4 by ESRI on an OpenStreet Map database, while simple descriptive analysis used Excel 2016 package. Results were presented in maps, tables and charts. The findings revealed 297 retail petrol stations were in Ilorin, of which 112 (38%) of these stations were above 15 years of age. The study also revealed that 224 (75%) of the stations were functioning at the time of study while 73 (25%) were either abandoned or under construction. The number of dispensing pumps per station varies but 215 (72%) stations has 4-6 operating pumps. Most of the stations were found at close proximities to public premises such that 10 (3%) were in close proximities to school, 226 (76%) to shops, 192 (65 %) to residential houses and 11 (4%) were close to hospitals. The research concludes that retail petrol stations are highly congested within the metropolis forming cluster pattern which poses a great threat to the densely populated region of the town.
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The level of noncompliance associated with filling stations in respect to the guidelines of the regulating bodies has become pervert. The study uses geospatial techniques to determine the distribution pattern and assess the level of conformity of the filling stations against the physical planning standards by the regulating bodies. Primary and secondary data were used as data sources. Roads were digitized from high resolution image of the area and a handheld Germin (GPSmap® 78) Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver was used to capture the coordinates of Filling stations. Analysis was done using analyzing pattern of the spatial statistic tools to determine the pattern of distribution and proximity (Buffering) Analysis to determine the level of conformity. The finding shows 225 filling stations in the study area with a clustered pattern of distribution. 71.6% of the filling station met the 15m distance from the edge of the road and 28.4% violation. Also, 97.3% of the filling stations violate the 400m apart with only 2.7% in compliance. 98.7% deviate from the 2km radius of four stations with 1.3% in compliance. However, all the stations ensured that the drainage from their site does not flow into a river and does not lie within pipeline or high tension cable Right Of Way. The study therefore concludes and recommended that the regulating bodies be firm in discharging their duties diligently in enforcing compliance at all level of the guidelines for the safety of the hosting communities and even distribution across the study area.
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Abstract The study examines the proliferation of petrol filling stations in relation to the minimum environmental safety requirements by the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) that ‘distance from the edge of the road to the nearest pump and from the next petrol filling station should not be less than 15 and 400 meters respectively. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to acquire the coordinates of each filling station in the study area and then imported to the ArcGIS 9.3 software environment. Distances between filling stations from the road and from each other were determined using the ArcGIS 9.3 measurement tool alongside buffering analysis in respect to their coordinates. The Z ratio analytical technique was used to examine the conformity of petrol filling stations to the required distance of 400m and 15m from each other and from the road respectively as stipulated by DPR amendment decree 37 of 1997. Findings from the z ratio analysis at 152 degree of freedom and 95% confidence level reveals that the petrol filling stations in the study area neither conform to the required distance of 400m apart nor conform to the required distance of 15m from the road. Thus, the study recommends, among others, the need for the regulatory agency, DPR, to improve their capacity in enforcing the compliance of petrol filling stations with laid down regulations. Keywords: Proliferation, regulatory agency, petroleum, filling stations, safety requirements,
Article
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The distribution of educational facilities in most part of Nigeria has been observed to be politically biased to the extent that a facility is over utilized while others are underutilized in an area. Location of schools should be based on factors such as population, proximity and economy efficiency for sustainable development. The study engages geospatial techniques to show spatial distribution of primary schools. The data used for this project were acquired from primary and secondary sources. The primary data were acquired through handheld Germin 60 Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to capture the coordinates of primary schools. The secondary data used for this study include a high resolution image, administrative map and school data. Data analysis was carried out using Nearest Neighbor Analysis as the statistical tool in achieving the pattern of distribution of primary schools given as the observed mean distance (Do) between each feature over the expected mean distance (De) for the given features in a random pattern. School location, number of primary schools and the area in square-kilometer for each ward were the parameters used to determine the pattern of distribution of primary schools in the study area. However, the result of spatial pattern of distribution carried out in Ilorin West Local Government shows uneven pattern of distribution of schools in the following percentage. Well served 41.66%, marginally served 25%, under served 16.67% and not served 16.67% such that five (5) wards exhibit random pattern, three (3) Clustered pattern and two (2) Dispersed pattern of distribution.
Article
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This paper analysed the location of filling stations in Kano Metropolis against the physical planning standards set by Department of Petroleum Resource, DPR (2007) and Kano Urban Planning and Development Agency, KNUPDA (2013). Names and street addresses of the filling stations were obtained from the Department Petroleum Resource (DPR) Kano Office. Global positioning System Garmin 76X GPS was used to capture the location of the filling station. The quickbird imagery, street map, and boundary map were obtained from the Kano State Ministry of Land and Physical planning. The data were imported to Arcmap environment of ArcGIS 10, integrated and georefrenced to the same coordinate system. All the analyses were performed in the Arcmap environment using spatial statistics, spatial analyst and proximity tools available in the software. The findings revealed that there 214 filling station located along the 43 roads in the study area, of which 69% are owned by independent marketers, 26% owned by Major Marketers and 5% owned by the NNPC. Most of the station satisfied the minimum requirement of 15 metre distance from the road (96%). Equally 98% of the filling stations met the minimum distance of 100 meter from the health care facilities. However many station had not meet the criteria of 400 meter minimum distance to other stations where located on same road side and when not separated by any road or street. The research finally concludes that regulatory agencies need to look into the issue and take appropriate measures.
Article
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Back ground In many countries, urban growth has outpaced the ability of governments to build essential infrastructures; enact and enforce the legislation needed to make life in cities safe, rewarding, and healthy. This growth has increased use of automobiles, need for fuelling services and consequently, proliferation of filling stations most of which lack the minimum requirements for operation. The aim of the study was to determine the level of awareness of hazards and safety measures among filling station attendants and assess the prevailing safety practices in filling stations in Ile-Ife. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and an observational checklist. Data was analyzed using the SPSS version 16 software. Discrete variables were presented using tables and charts, Fisher's exact test was used to test association and level of significance was set at 5%. Results The median (range) age of respondents was 24 (18 57) years and 94% were aware of safety measures with fire extinguisher being the most common safety measure known (54%). Fire hazard was the most common hazard known (94%). Set backs from the road and residential areas were less than 30 metres in 90% and 48% of the filling stations respectively. Stations owned by conglomerates had better safety measures compared to those owned by independent private marketers.
Conference Paper
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Petrol Fuel Stations (PFS) are hazardous work places. They store and sell flammable material (petrol, diesel and CNG). Arrival and departure of various kinds of vehicles to take fuel is normal round the clock. Due to availability of flammable materials at PFS poses constant hazard to the staff, public, assets and environment. Minor mistake has the potential to create disastrous situations. Human behavior found one of the dominant factors to create hazard contributing scenarios at PFS. One year data collected (2008) and 1203 events recorded. Other factors related to process failure also exist but requires less attention. 1203 hazard contributing factors further divided into 8 main categories. These are housekeeping (55), transportation hazard (255), slips trips and falls (215), carelessness (244), fire (17), electrical fault (97), medical treatment cases (61) and miscellaneous cases (279). Detail description of these hazards contributing factors also presenting in this paper. Based upon occurrences of these hazard contributing factors, safety and risk assessment framework prepared and is presenting in this study for further implementation.