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"Narrating" homes and objects: images of domestic life in Italian picturebooks since the mid-20th century

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The home is an emblematic topos in children's literature. The home is intended primarily as a physical place where the family comes together, and where the protagonists' primary needs are generally met. The home is also a place of memories and knowledge acquisition. It is capable of revealing the attitudes of the characters, their lifestyles, translating them into words and images. The home can reveal the quality of human relations within its walls and outside the family circle. The aim of this contribution is to analyze the home as a space of personal characterization and psychological, social and historical-cultural evolution. After providing a historical picture of Italian domestic life as of the years after World War II, the article outlines some of the ways in which the home, its interiors and the image of childhood have changed in Italian picturebooks over the second half of the 20th century.
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 !"
# 
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“Narrating” homes and objects: images of
domestic life in Italian picturebooks since the
mid-20th century
Marnie Campagnaro
,-%-
Abstract
  (      ($(    .    (   
"(%      "%  "  /    (%  (      /  
"."(%%( ("((
0/ 1 #"$-  
%(/( (-1%
(   /  /      (%   (    
$      %2    (      "    "  2  
"%     + -  3 "-   
"#(%44##
(/% / ( ( -
#"$0-%
Keywords: (5  #  "$05 (  "5    $65
"
'&(" !"#$!%
&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;
 !"
# 
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1. Introduction
($(%<)(
=(;5( #/" -
""%-$ ("(%"%
"/(%(/"."(%
%( #"(//
(1%"((0/1 4/
(%((((0-
($(((
(///"/"//$( >4(
/$"$?@A" ;A ("
("-8
$(/((%/$
B"%- #"//%
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"&("=D" *E
@/-(/%/"
%/ #/%$"-"%
"%%/%%.-% !%
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(%.-(/%
((  $%  C" >( /% (
? >( /%  / (? -(    (
(("  . 3 (-
GB%("-$%"%
/0%(/"%""
("$-%(./(E: #
(% (   (("$""%
'&(" !"#$!%
&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;

 !"
# 
$%&&'&(" #!!)*+
%(/
( (-1%(//
(% H<@A5/5
&A5I:5J&=&("-%2
(""2"%+
-  " $ "    3
"-"#(%44##
(/%/((
-#"$0-%
2. Changing domestic spaces and reorganizing family relations in Italy
after 1950
%( A (  % #
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##%  "+/(( (( 
/&-($($ G$/29(
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-  31  ;  $    (  (    ( $6    /  #
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31
  /                  (%    (
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% ##%(%/%$-
-.% #
 ( $   C"  %. 
-31&@=D$
3   % (- %  C /
2  " (8    / 1 
1$(%/($
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/( "-( %    ( 
/ %% "(%  "%-(
'&(" !"#$!%
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# 
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"/ /" % 0( $
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%"((B
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 // (/ $ (%( /
2/6/%--"(
/0    -2   %  3   $    (% 
" -"("%   + "
&  $    44##    "%    $  (    :  /
C"(0(""%2C"
"$" !1-$0/(-
-((-"("%"$%"-
-2-(( "-"   
" 0- "  (% .- % /
%"%-(-"20
(0$($("" 3/
/-< $(
( ( $  $%- $ ( / 
%/+($$/%B/
  /  (  "          /
""     (-(    2 /   " 7  
/%%%-///0/
$ "%      /-
((  -  $      .  $  -"(      
"  %          %    %  B    (
""-""$-G
3C("  ((  "(-
'&(" !"#$!%
&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;
A
 !"
# 
$%&&'&(" #!!)*+
."">%?--(
/(.LQ=35LR
@=E 
3. Goals, tools, the corpus and the methodological approach of my study
"$-//((
#%A$%((0$($/(
%.("%/"% !/
""%"(/$/ 
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    (    "B%  -      $-+(
"6/4*(C
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"$%&&)
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4. Domestic geographies in children’s literature: how are they
represented?
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( 1% %  /(
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B-0/C"(
"%%($2%*; 3(
$""( (""<
"$"-%"-/" %
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/%B//(5
"%((/+/+1"" 
"(%$$%$"0
(-- 7%-"%/-("
((("-
/"(  "$0"$  #% $/A  
---%"("%
("-"("("%
/@".
4.1 The gradual restriction of children’s range of action to within the walls of
their homes
7  (   - :A %
."$0  "  ". (
(-("/
#"$0"$%/(-C"
  6%      (      $  (%  %  %  -  
"" &$0"$$/A*A/
$%(($-"+%"
'%$%/$%/%/(/F
    -    $  /  %  /    -   -    
#%60/%-(""%$
  "  1% C"/"-
'&(" !"#$!%
&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;

 !"
# 
$%&&'&(" #!!)*+
( ("$0/B
%/$+-"- %""
-/ B ( 0/  # ,
-9A$%'&U"/
    - 6%  B (+- @(
%($("(-
  //    -  /% (  (    (    -%  $  "  
'.$0 '($ %+)A$%
&%/-%G%-(" S!
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H"%"($%"%
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0 
L "!GH"#!-
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&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;
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# 
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/""8- L(
-((D">"?%"LW-'
S!/-$(":
  -  -  D"     6  (-       -  
$%B"L  #%$%(
'  6%  (    -    C  -  /    $%
$(>(?:" A
L D">(?/6%" #$%D&(
DD&:
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&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;
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# 
$%&&'&(" #!!)*+
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  "  $/          (  /  "  #  
"$0  %2    ".           "    C"
0 B%"%("" 4((
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7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;
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      $     (      0    " 
$-$ 4"/G
-/("Y
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7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;
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# 
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/>-?%%#=
(" : 4"%"%("(0
(:A: %/"0""
$" $((
&("E/("///%
"+-/((%/// 
(//"-/-//""
"$"/( #%$(G(
(%-/(/"$%
/(% $+""$0/(
/6(""%/(("
("$%%$2" !
.$0($-/./(/
$"-%"-$
  "  (       ""    >$?  /  /  
/%-
4.2 The well-lit and well-equipped places of domestic daily life
'%%"%/%("
<"$0 B("((%
/"(-( 
"((/".-$-"
! /  (" ( / 6 /C"   % AE
%E;/-0
;"0%0
*%/: !.("
$."$(/-
0"%/ ( 
"(%0"( C"$
% #."0"
 >$$(%$-? " E;
'&(" !"#$!%
&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;
:
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.    # ("(6% 
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//%$-+(/%-
 " -(( # /++D-
@("  2    (        ""   (  C-
1$6"%"(/%$0 
"B/""$/(
$      :  /  /  %            (+
(   -(/ 
(-("+$0/%$(
"%-L :8
2(MVN/"-8/$
//($$$//
 / /  -
10 /- - (0   ((%
/(($.@(":E" ; 
'&(" !"#$!%
&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;
E
 !"
# 
$%&&'&(" #!!)*+
L: %>(? #$%'3
(D-@("'3:E
# 5 3      :  
"$;($%"
. $0  / (%($/
(     0       K   (   $   B
(/-$/0
/C" '//(
/"""(0""
"L * 
'&(" !"#$!%
&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;

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# 
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:%*(-*
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>$6?"<&(":E5
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3 / ((# A% :O
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# ""  ( *#%/  
(          /    /    ,!3  L-
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(((%"$0%2  #0""
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1%(""(B
'/-$$6
6$/-$.
//.$0-
'&(" !"#$!%
&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;
;E
 !"
# 
$%&&'&(" #!!)*+
(% 3("%/0$%/
8B""L : 
L: >(?$68$ #$%&"(&
" 
Conclusions
!%    "    (      ;  #  .  "$0
"$  $/  A      -      ""%    -    -
-((. - -
B       (          "    .
-"(-" 
         "    (     "(  K    #
(/%/(%
-% ((K(6
'&(" !"#$!%
&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;
;
 !"
# 
$%&&'&(" #!!)*+
#.%"-/%/
>-?
/""."--"%G(
"".$0/ 3(
C"%"("C""%"%
 "-. $  
".(-C"(
-
'%C(/"("---:A%
#%"$0$"%
" L/"
( " %/ (0
" - #%.(6  /
(/2/$( '%%/ /
% "      (    (  (  (   (  
"        (  1      -$  
 $ "-% "$%("
+$0%(0("
- 2-"
  0  ".($% 
-(-($(0

!        /+"      -( #  
"$0 C("$"$% (
- #/1(("(
%" (/%
 " / 0  "  (
%2%(-((
/ $% -  (  
%"    (    %  "8   0    +  (    
$( 4( // -- "
'&(" !"#$!%
&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;

 !"
# 
$%&&'&(" #!!)*+
(/-%($-%-%-"
@ A*9A %"- "
($(%$$- #-
((  ($  $%+  $C    /  0    /
(%0/0--" (
-  0%/ " " 
$/+"$/V
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0% #%/%"-(
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" ( - $ - $% -
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  (%B// ( !
'        .    /0  0    0        "
((.(((//(/
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/(//0//6
0(5"0(%H
    B- (    /    $          ?
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# 
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.(/$/>
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($((C-/0/"
-5-0/%>//%?-/0/
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- L("""(?(;" 
;   "6  --  (  "      (    0    +
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4     "   % & . "$0  " $  
/(  % "$  A "("( K 
"%-G.C"-/(
C/%
5 H"(/-2(A"3"
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" /+ "   $ ( (0  H" / %
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: # %  (%($ %  B D". B >"?
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'&(" !"#$!%
&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;
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# 
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Bibliography
3$$3 E ,!: '8P&
3L  *A 4/ '8'
3"D =&"$L E; % 8!#
31  )5.%
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31 ; (]8K(($(
# !" %A"" **+ (8
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31  &'  @ 3  = D$     B!
-C+ (8&
@ D A ,      +  &  @8 
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@ A #8"2 ,.
1.+DA*+*
@("D :E /++ '8@("
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&($ L : P((8 ( "$Y 6%
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&("'  : !  ! >$? -, 
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&(" ' E$ P $($ L2 2  ($(
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&("' =D )  @($ _((`  "
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# 
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& P A /        )    !!    
.+F%F 82!
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L  @(@  &(D = JBL   ; )
4.% (82
/     4  )!  )    )  D    -8
, )/W08/'
@  P_]"$$`.#+& # @  ,!
+% %- .%! .' "" ;+; (8
2 
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8 (82
LQ @3 ='   E ($
 (8&
L#  - """"<2
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hp://www.mesjournal.it/mes/anno-iv-numero-2-122014-suggesoni-
montessoriane-ripensare-lumanita-a-parre-dallinfanzia/133-saggi/623-
prestare-la-voce-rappor-di-potere-nella-leeratura-per-linfanzia.html
D$ ; B! <+''
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D4  #( D(% ,
;+;E
S EE #%.$0 )!AA;+
# ='/# EA 67 '0'8&-
# =(  - &'#8P'9
&- 
I3 : (%""$0$%D
!-/ )%8% % C" 7H
B! I-,4* -
'&(" !"#$!%
&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;
:
 !"
# 
$%&&'&(" #!!)*+
3  ;    (
"899///  (999 ;9$ -* :
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P& =  L E * !!  8 P 
P$
'&( =!"  #%&.@0 #! 4I
& =& 0 6-8
J!4,"" ;A+;* )/W08
' 9A ,- 8
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'@ * - 8
'@ * -! 8
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('   E L$;-8,-
47)84P,
( '  S( #  ) = P    MK  -.
,"" :+ )/W08)/W0,-%
( ' ; )"0 (.8  B( 
("%C %"" 7,B0 I-,
4  -    3  ;    (
"899///  (999 ;9$ - :A
  P-" @-C"2+("-
($("" ,E+
'&(" !"#$!%
&'
7#8"899 9 :9 *+9;
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# 
$%&&'&(" #!!)*+
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 @8J
D *;9* *$+.
 822
D =&D : *%/ '8' 
& A %+) '8'
!-(" =!D :; 0, '8P!
!- A !3(2#(P #%./
&-  &(( I    -   (
(/8("+A";*+;
!"  ,!!!.N P8P(
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( E: 4 &/S8 3"!
L% -8,*:+;
3 =@@ * % '83'J
3  =@ ) *A 5  '8 " 
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J D  & & =&("'   " ,B!
.+ !! P8
'(
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... Moreover, a home is also significant in children's literature because it can be considered either as a space of psychological characterization or as a symbol of cultural and socio-historical evolution (Campagnaro, 2019). We decided to include it in our didactic programme because differently from many studies of the representation of homes in fiction picturebooks, very little research and teaching have been conducted on homes in nonfiction. ...
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Contemporary children’s literature has developed a growing interest in the interconnectedness between humans and the environment and in the ongoing exchange and negotiation of ways to be in the world. These new directions in children’s literature consequently challenge teachers of children’s literature in higher education. The study of contemporary children’s literature needs not only to be informed by new theoretical perspectives like ecocriticism, posthumanism and new materialism, but also to revisit, develop and explore the methodological tools and teaching practices necessary to prepare students to address these demanding issues. The aim of the article is to present and discuss the research question: How is it possible to secure scholarly dialogue and practical collaboration in an academic course on nonfiction children’s literature and environmental issues? Building on a cross-disciplinary theoretical framework consisting of theory of nonfiction, ecocriticism, dialogic teaching, environmental architecture and place-based teaching, the study reports on a pilot course which took place in the summer of 2020. Due to the pandemic situation the course became digital. Hence the digital challenges and possibilities turned out to be a critical aspect of the planned practical collaboration between students, teachers and students and teachers. The main goal of the course was to help motivate students to engage in and negotiate about nonfiction children’s literature and sustainability, to enhance their aesthetic experiences and to foster their environmental consciousness through children’s literature. The course was characterized by its alternating blending of lectures and hands-on experiences with theoretical and methodological tools as well as nature or culture specific places.
... It is not that strange, then, if children's literature -in the particular narrative form of the picturebook -was deeply affected by these changes, changes that have been the subject of numerous studies by various European researchers (Campagnaro, 2019;Goga, 2019;Hayward & Schmiedeknecht, 2019;Kümmerling-Meibauer, 2019;Meunier, 2019;Narančić Kovač, 2019;Ramos, 2019;Zago, Callegari & Campagnaro, 2019). These were, however, studies that only and exclusively considered fiction picturebooks. ...
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Today’s editorial output of nonfiction picturebooks about the features of houses has become rather diversified. The works range from creative proposals for infants right up to ingenious picturebooks illustrating house-building techniques or historical developments of architecture. These picturebooks often use hybridized narrative forms. This chapter aims to outline the characteristics of contemporary nonfiction picturebooks about architecture, with a view to proposing a taxonomy for classifying the main narrative solutions.
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Houses and their surrounding spaces, such as gardens and backyards, are often chosen as the scenario for picturebooks, especially when family and daily life routines are depicted. In an attempt to improve reader identification as well as immediate recognition, the representation of the home is usually quite stereotypical. Indeed, despite cultural and social differences, most illustrations of houses and backyards look identical, emerging as crystallised set-ups. Nevertheless, in some cases, houses can become the protagonists of interesting narratives, namely by the means of personification or animation, either by presenting themselves as living beings or, in a more complex narrative process, by displaying the passage of time and making changes visible. In Portuguese picturebooks, there are examples of different portrayals of houses with different kinds of protagonism. This article intends to analyse two picturebooks – O livro dos quintais [The book of backyards] (2010) by Isabel Minhós Martins with illustrations by Bernardo Carvalho; and Onde moram as casas [Where the houses live] (2011) by Carla Maia de Almeida with illustrations by Alexandre Esgaio – in order to identify the central narrative role of houses in narratives aimed at children.
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Demand for books about current events in Italy has yielded scores of children’s books in the past three decades that treat the topic of immigration. The goals of eliciting empathy in children and explaining to them complex historical and contemporary events can be challenged by the perceived need to shield children from traumatizing scenes. This essay examines four recent children’s books published in Italy that dramatize immigration from Africa. Authors Maria Attanasio, Erminia Dell’Oro, Dino Ticli, and Francesco D’Adamo allude to canonical Western literature (such as Pinocchio and Cuore) as a way to sweeten these often bitterly disquieting narratives for their young readers. This essay probes the potentials and limits of intertextuality and ultimately argues that several texts go beyond leveraging the image of capsized ships in the Mediterranean, an image that has become a media fetish, to engage readers in ways that facilitate both empathy and critical self-reflection.
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While there is still much to be done, there have been tremendous strides made in increasing the diversity of children’s literature; however one area that is often overlooked in these conversations is social class. From years of providing picture book story time to young children living in homeless shelters, it became obvious that picture books being published in the U.S. privilege the experiences of middle- and upper-class people, especially in their depictions of home and housing. Based on analysis of 185 picture books published in the U.S. between 1999 and 2019, I argue that home as typically represented in children’s picture books presents a limited and privileged view that normalizes single-family homes, material possessions, and related middle-class experiences. Further, these books do not reflect the lived experience of the millions of American children in the United States experiencing homelessness and housing instability, as well as those who live in apartments, trailers and other types of homes that contemporary picture books would have us believe do not exist.
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Sitting, eating, talking around a table: these actions have been performed by men and women of different times, places and traditions. The table as a research object can be included in some recent developments of the history of education, of the history of children's literature and in some literary studies dedicated to this topos. Tables are constantly and regularly present in children's literature and appear both in verbal and visual narratives of domestic life. In this study, we investigate the association between the physical dimension of the table (shape, dimension and different materials) and its vast symbolic and narrative potential. This "new" narrating object is considered as a significant indicator for the critical analysis of the changing representation of children's life and family relationships in children's literature.
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No matter how simplistic it may appear, no book is innocent of ideological implications. Whether a text seeks to naturalize the belief systems of a culture or challenge them, it always places an ideological imposition on its readers, since ideology inheres in the very language and images from which it is made. Seeking to expose the implicit and explicit ideologies communicated through children's texts has become the primary work of many of us who work with the genre, and we are indebted to the pioneering work of John Stephens and Robyn McCallum for helping us frame those investigations. Here John and Robyn look at current frameworks for exploring questions of ideology. Their arguments are reinforced by M. T. Anderson's brilliant rendering of the questions faced by authors as they write in, around, through, in spite of, and sometimes in defense of their own conscious and unconscious ideological positions. Ideology emerged as a concern of children's literature criticism during the late 1970s, as discourses interrogating social assumptions about gender, race, and class began to impact upon the production and reception of children's literature. The first major study was Bob Dixon's (1977) Catching Them Young, which set out to examine "the ideas, attitudes and opinions which authors convey to children through novels and stories" and "the ways in which this is done" (Vol. I., p. xiii). A decade later, Peter Hollindale (1988) argued that analysis needed to move beyond a focus on explicit negative content to analyze the unaddressed assumptions of texts and the propensity for ideology to inhere in language itself. Underpinning these approaches themselves was a Marxian assumption (largely mediated through the works of Louis Althusser 119711) that ideology was invariably negative in impact. That this is a limited perspective in relation to children's literature was argued from a critical discourse studies approach by John Stephens (1992), who pointed out that there cannot be a narrative without an ideology: "Ideology is formulated in and by language, meanings within language are socially determined, and narratives are constructed out of language" (p. 8). Whether textual ideology is negative, positive, or more or less neutral will thus be determined by the ideological positioning of a text within culture. Our purpose in this chapter is to explore such positionings from the perspective ofthe critical discourse studies which have developed over the past two decades, as seen, for example, in Teun Van Dijk's (2001) evolving project on discourse and ideology.
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To analyse conceptions of time and space around the family house, I will use the term chronotope, developed by Mikhail Bakhtin. The term chronotope, Bakhtin notes, literally means time-space (from chronos, time, and topos, place) and is “the intrinsic connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships that are artistically expressed in literature” (Bakhtin 1981, 84). The problem statement in this article is as follows: What characterises the family house chronotope in picturebooks by Dahle and Nyhus published around the turn of century, and what type of childhood or conditions of being a child does this chronotope propose? The decisive moments when the protagonists’ lives turn in new directions will be analysed as well as how different chronotopes are interrelated with each other in the chronotopical images of the child. In addition to Bakhtin’s theory of the chronotope, the theoretical framework of this article will also include sociological and historical perspectives on what characterises modern childhood by Nick Lee (2001) and Jan Kampmann (2004). I will also refer to children’s literature researchers such as Maria Nikolajeva (1996) and Rosemary Ross Johnston (2002), who use the chronotope to thematise how childhood is depicted in a context of European and Nordic children’s literature.
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The most common story for children is one in which a central character leaves home in search of an adventure or is pushed out of an originary home, journeys to an unfamiliar place, and, after a series of exciting and/or dangerous experiences, either returns home, or chooses to claim the unfamiliar space as a new home. Whether as historical novel, domestic fiction, or fantasy, this story finds its happy ending in the agreement of the child to be secure (and secured) inside. The turn of the millennium, however, has seen an increasing number of narratives for young readers that challenge the earlier pattern. Using three Canadian novels for young people (published in 2004, 2006, and 2007) as examples, I demonstrate that, while these narratives may locate themselves within the context of a social-justice pedagogy and are concerned to teach young people the facts of homelessness and to promote thoughtful reflections on the underlying social causes of which homelessness is the symptom, readers are also invited to understand the young characters in the text more abstractly, as figures that represent possible ways of being in the world. Indeed, many of the recent narratives for young people replicate, almost uncannily, the metaphors and rhetorical turns of the theorists of globalization. Keywords: children's literature; street kids; globalization; mobility; figuration; Canadian literature; award-winners Note: This article is being published simultaneously in Nordic ChildLit Aesthetics/Barnelitteraert forskningstidsskrift and Barnboken – tidskrift for barnlitteraturforskning/Journal of Children’s Literature Research .
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Americanization is usually considered the major factor in Italy’s social and economic transformation after the second world war, so much so that the influence of the USA has long been taken for granted. However, this assumption is based upon a misleading account of the relationship between the two countries. A multifaceted process characterized by contradictory meanings, Americanization took various forms and developed in different ways. Indeed, it is difficult to estimate the extent to which American models were adopted: closer analysis reveals that such influences were subject to repeated misinterpretation, negotiation and even resistance. Initially reluctant to follow American examples, Italian society soon demonstrated an unusual capacity for remaking and hybridizing imported transatlantic models. Nowhere was this more evident than in the domestic sphere which served as a central target of the broader cultural campaign to start afresh after 1945.
Special Issue. Home, lived-in spaces and childhood in European picturebooks from 1945 to the present day. Edited by Carla Callegari and Marnie Campagnaro
  • Ricerche Di Pedagogia E Didattica
Ricerche di Pedagogia e Didattica -Journal of Theories and Research in Education 14, 2 (2019). Special Issue. Home, lived-in spaces and childhood in European picturebooks from 1945 to the present day. Edited by Carla Callegari and Marnie Campagnaro. ISSN 1970-2221. August 30, 2019, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/blft.v7.26040
Una capitale e una periferia nell'Italia del miracolo economico
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Asquer, E. (2011). Storia intima dei ceti medi. Una capitale e una periferia nell'Italia del miracolo economico. Rome-Bari: Laterza.
Domesticità italiane: discorsi, conflitti, memorie dagli anni del boom
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La poetica dello spazio (E. Catalano, Trans.). Bari: Dedalo
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