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Quantification of the minimum amount of lemon juice and apple cider vinegar required for the growth inhibition of dandruff causing fungi Malassezia furfur
... 10 Yeast thrives in basic pH conditions; apple cider vinegar is used as an ingredient in OTC products for SD because its acidic pH creates a less favorable environment for yeast to grow. 11 Although many of the ingredients found in OTC products we identified have not yet been studied, they have properties that theoretically would be helpful in treating SD. ...
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common diagnosis in Black patients who seek care from a dermatologist; therefore it is important to have effective treatment approaches for SD in this patient population. In this study, we aimed to evaluate treatment options for SD in Black patients identified on consumer websites and in the medical literature. PubMed and Google searches were conducted to identify medical and nonmedical products and ingredients that commonly are used by Black patients to manage symptoms of SD. Our results indicated that there are many nuances to consider when treating Black patients with SD to prevent health disparities and provide culturally sensitive care.
... Studies examining the effect of apple cider vinegar use on skin conditions in patients with atopic dermatitis have even shown that it does not significantly improve patients' conditions and there is no rationale for its regular use [35,36]. Other studies showed that the use of a solution of garlic oil with apple cider vinegar can produce a beneficial effect in the treatment of alopecia areata as an adjunct to minoxidil treatment [37] or a mix of lemon juice and vinegar can inhibit the growth of fungi responsible for the formation of dandruff [39]. Other scientific sources indicate that there is no evidence to support its use in pruritus, removal of head lice, and treatment of pregnancy stretch marks [38]. ...
Introduction and Aim of the Study: Apple cider vinegar (ACV) has been used for centuries in various cultural and medical contexts globally. This study seeks to explore ACV's traditional and contemporary applications, evaluating scientific evidence for its efficacy and safety. Material and Methods: This review synthesizes information from PubMed, Google Scholar, and other scientific sources. Key search terms included "apple cider vinegar," "apple cider vinegar medical use," "apple cider vinegar antimicrobial effect," "apple cider vinegar lipid profile," "apple cider vinegar glucose level," "apple cider vinegar preparation," and "apple cider vinegar historical use." Results: Research supports ACV's traditional role as a disinfectant, demonstrating effectiveness against a range of bacteria and fungi. Both animal and human studies suggest ACV may help lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels while boosting HDL cholesterol. Evidence indicates ACV can enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce blood glucose levels, offering benefits for type 2 diabetes management. ACV shows antioxidant properties, potential for lowering blood pressure, and use in certain skin diseases, though further research is needed to confirm these effects. Conclusions: The historical use of ACV in traditional medicine finds partial support in modern scientific research. Its antimicrobial, lipid-modulating, and glucose-regulating properties are documented, suggesting potential benefits for cardiovascular health, weight management, and metabolic regulation. Nonetheless, the evidence for its cosmetic applications and impact on muscle cramps remains less definitive. Additional research involving larger, diverse populations is necessary to fully validate ACV's benefits and establish safe usage guidelines.
Malassezia species are commensal fungi residing on the skin and in the gut of humans and animals. Yet, under
certain conditions, they become opportunistic pathogens leading to various clinical conditions including
dermatological disorders. The emergence of drug resistance and adverse effects associated with conventional
antifungal agents has propelled the search for alternative treatments, among which phytomedicine stands out
prominently. Phytochemicals, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, demonstrate potential
antifungal activity against Malassezia by inhibiting its growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation. Furthermore, the
multifaceted therapeutic properties of phytomedicine (including anti-fungal and, antioxidant properties)
contribute to its efficacy in alleviating symptoms associated with Malassezia infections. Despite these promising
prospects, several challenges hinder the widespread adoption of phytomedicine in clinical practice mostly since
the mechanistic studies and controlled experiments to prove efficacy have not been done. Issues include standardization
of herbal extracts, variable bioavailability, and limited clinical evidence. Hence, proper regulatory
constraints necessitate comprehensive research endeavors and regulatory frameworks to harness the full therapeutic
potential of phytomedicine. In conclusion, while phytomedicine holds immense promise as an alternative
or adjunctive therapy against Malassezia, addressing these challenges is imperative to optimize its efficacy and
ensure its integration into mainstream medical care. In this review we provide an update on the potential
phytomedicines in combating Malassezia-related ailments, emphasizing its diverse chemical constituents and
mechanisms of action.
ABSTRAK Malassezia furfur merupakan flora normal yang terdapat pada kulit manusia, namun dapat menjadi patogen pada pasien imunosupresi. Di Indonesia, penyakit kulit pityriasis versicolor (hampir 50% penyakit kulit) disebabkan oleh M. furfur. Ketokonazol merupakan obat yang paling umum digunakan untuk pengobatan infeksi M. furfur, namun diketahui memiliki efek samping kerusakan hati. Oleh sebab itu perlu dilakukan pengembangan antijamur yang lebih aman. Cuka nanas mempunyai potensi sebagai antijamur karena mengandung senyawa saponin dan tanin. Penelitian ini melakukan uji kadar hambat minimal (KHM) cuka nanas dengan metode two-fold dilution pewarnaan Resazurin Microplate Assay (REMA). Konsentrasi cuka nanas yang digunakan berada pada rentang 62.5- 4000 µg/mL. Analisis regresi digunakan untuk menilai hubungan antara konsentrasi cuka nanas dengan pertumbuhan jamur M. furfur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi cuka nanas 4000 µg/mL belum dapat menghambat pertumbuhan jamur M. furfur. Namun, berdasarkan hasil uji regresi linier sederhana, diketahui terdapat hubungan antara peningkatan konsentrasi cuka nanas terhadap pertumbuhan jamur dengan persamaan garis y = -0,000097x + 5,88 dan nilai korelasi determinasi (R2) 0,729 = 72,9 % (p=0,000). Peningkatan dosis uji cuka nanas mungkin dapat bermanfaat untuk menghambat pertumbuhan jamur M. furfur. Kata Kunci: Antijamur, Cuka Nanas, Malassezia Furfur, Resazurin Microplate Assay. ABSTRACT Malassezia furfur is normal flora found on human skin, but can be pathogenic in immunosuppressed patients. In tropical areas such as Indonesia, pityriasis versicolor skin disease (almost 50% of skin diseases) is caused by M. furfur.). Ketoconazole is commonly drug for the treatment of M. furfur infection, but it’s known to have hepatotoxic effects. Therefore, it’s necessary to develop safer antifungals. Pineapple vinegar has potential as an antifungal because it contains saponins and tannins. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of pineapple vinegar was carried out using two-fold dilution method and Resazurin Microplate Assay (REMA) staining. The concentration range of pineapple vinegar used is 62.5- 4000 g/mL. Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between pineapple vinegar concentration and the growth of the M. furfur. The concentration of pineapple vinegar 4000 g/mL could not inhibit the growth of the M. furfur. However, based on a linear regression test, there is a relationship between increasing the concentration of pineapple vinegar on the growth of M. furfur, with regression line equation y = -0.000097x + 5.88 and (R2) 0.729 = 72.9% (p = 0.000). Increasing the dose of pineapple vinegar may be useful for inhibiting the growth of the M. furfur. Keywords: Antifungal, Malassezia furfur, pineapple vinegar, pytiriasis versicolor, resazurin microplate assay
In the present study, an attempt was made to know the activity of different plant extracts against the dandruff causing organism Malassezia furfur. Various parts of twelve different plants were collected and their crude as well as powered extracts were used for the activity studies. The evaluation was done using cup plate method. Sensitivity of the organism to marketed antidandruff shampoos was also studied. Of all the extracts, antifungal activity was shown by lemon, amla, shikakai, henna (decreasing order of activity). These results were compared with the antifungal activity of three branded shampoos. On comparison, it is inferred that plant extracts showed promising activity against Malassezia furfur when compared with the marketed antidandruff shampoos.
Seborrheic Dermatitis (SD) and dandruff are of a continuous spectrum of the same disease that affects the seborrheic areas of the body. Dandruff is restricted to the scalp, and involves itchy, flaking skin without visible inflammation. SD can affect the scalp as well as other seborrheic areas, and involves itchy and flaking or scaling skin, inflammation and pruritus. Various intrinsic and environmental factors, such as sebaceous secretions, skin surface fungal colonization, individual susceptibility, and interactions between these factors, all contribute to the pathogenesis of SD and dandruff. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on SD and dandruff, including epidemiology, burden of disease, clinical presentations and diagnosis, treatment, genetic studies in humans and animal models, and predisposing factors. Genetic and biochemical studies and investigations in animal models provide further insight on the pathophysiology and strategies for better treatment.
Malassezia furfur, a lipophilic, dimorphic and yeast-like fungus, occurring in human skin as an opportunistic pathogen, causes diseases such as dandruff, pityriasis versicolar, seborrheic dermatitis, etc. Suitable media for culturing the organism were standardized. A modified medium for the culturing of M. furfur has been proposed. Growth of the fungus was also determined in the presence of different carbon sources under the influence of different temperature, pH and salinity. Plant extracts of 19 species were screened against the growth of the fungus by using disc diffusion method and the results are discussed.
The article discuss in detail about the prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations of dandruff including the etio-pathology. The article also discusses in detail about various treatment methods available for dandruff. The status of dandruff being amphibious - a disease/disorder, and relatively less medical intervention is sought after for the treatment, dandruff is the most commercially exploited skin and scalp disorder/disease by personal care industries.
Several studies indicate that Pityrosporum ovale plays an important role in seborrhoeic dermatitis. Many of these are treatment studies which describe the effectiveness of antimycotics, paralleled by a reduction in the number of P. ovale colonies and then recolonization, leading to a recurrence of seborrhoeic dermatitis.
In this study 20 patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp were treated with terbinafine (Lamisil®) 1% solution once daily for 4 weeks. Eleven of 18 patients (61%) were cured and they were still free of lesions 2 weeks after stopping treatment. No side-effects related to treatment were seen. There was also a significant reduction in the number of P. ovale colonies. This may explain both the good clinical effect and the observation that all patients who were cleared of P. ovale were still free of lesions 2 weeks after stopping treatment.
The yeasts of the genus Malassezia have been associated with a number of diseases affecting the human skin, such as pityriasis versicolor, Malassezia (Pityrosporum) folliculitis, seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and--less commonly--with other dermatologic disorders such as confluent and reticulated papillomatosis, onychomycosis, and transient acantholytic dermatosis. Although Malassezia yeasts are a part of the normal microflora, under certain conditions they can cause superficial skin infection. The study of the clinical role of Malassezia species has been surrounded by controversy because of their fastidious nature in vitro, and relative difficulty in isolation, cultivation, and identification. Many studies have been published in the past few years after the taxonomic revision carried out in 1996 in which 7 species were recognized. Two new species have been recently described, one of which has been isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis. This review focuses on the clinical, mycologic, and immunologic aspects of the various skin diseases associated with Malassezia. It also highlights the importance of individual Malassezia species in the different dermatologic disorders related to these yeasts.