Content uploaded by Afrah Saad Al-Mahfadi
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Afrah Saad Al-Mahfadi on Jun 15, 2021
Content may be subject to copyright.
Abstract²,QUXUDODUHDV RIGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV SDUWLFLSDWLRQRI
DOOVWDNHKROGHUVLQ ZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWV LVDQLPSRUWDQW VWHSWRZDUGV
IXUWKHU GHYHORSPHQW $V PRVW RI WKH EHQHILFLDULHV DUH ZRPHQ LWLV
LPSRUWDQW WKDW WKH\ VKRXOG EH LQYROYHG WR DFKLHYH VXFFHVVIXO DQG
VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV :RPHQ DUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH
PDQDJHPHQWRIZDWHUERWKLQVLGH DQGRXWVLGHKRPHDQGRIWHQ VSHQG
PRUHWKDQVL[KRXUV DGD\IHWFKLQJGULQNLQJZDWHUIURPGLVWDQWZDWHU
VRXUFHV 7KH SUREOHP LV WKDW UXUDO ZRPHQ SOD\ D UROH RI OLWWOH
LPSRUWDQFH LQ WKH ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV¶ SKDVHV LQ UXUDO <HPHQ
7KHUHIRUH WKLV UHVHDUFK DLPHG DW DQDO\]LQJ WKHGLIIHUHQW UHDVRQV RI
WKHLU ODFN RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ SURMHFWV DQG LQ ZKDW ZD\ D IXOO
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LI DFKLHYHG FRXOG FRQWULEXWH WR VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU
VXSSO\SURMHFWV LQWKHUXUDOPRXQWDLQRXVDUHDVLQ<HPHQ )RXUZDWHU
VXSSO\ SURMHFWV ZHUH VHOHFWHG DV D FDVH VWXG\ LQ $O'HOODD $ODDOD
VXEGLVWULFW LQ WKH $O0DKZHHW JRYHUQRUDWH WZR RI WKHP ZHUH
LPSOHPHQWHG E\ WKH 6RFLDO )XQG DQG 'HYHORSPHQW 6)' ZKLOH
RWKHUVZHUHLPSOHPHQWHGE\WKH *HQHUDO $XWKRULW\ IRU 5XUDO :DWHU
6XSSO\3URMHFWV*$5:663 )XUWKHUPRUH WKHVXFFHVVIXO $O*DOED
SURMHFW ZKLFK LV ORFDWHG LQ %DGDQ GLVWULFW LQ ,EE JRYHUQRUDWHZDV
VHOHFWHG IRU FRPSDULVRQ 7KH UXUDO ZRPHQV DFWLYH SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ
ZDWHUSURMHFWVKDYH SRWHQWLDO FRQVHTXHQFHVLQFOXGLQJFRQWLQXLW\DQG
PDLQWHQDQFH LPSURYHPHQW HTXLSPHQW VHFXULW\ DQG LPSURYHPHQW LQ
WKHRYHUDOOKHDOWKDQGHGXFDWLRQVWDWXVRIWKHVHDUHDV7KHPDMRULW\RI
UHVSRQGHQWVWDNLQJSDUWLQ*$5:663SURMHFWVHVWLPDWHGWKDWWKHUHLV
QR UHDVRQ WR LQYROYH ZRPHQ LQ WKH SURMHFW DFWLYLWLHV ,Q WKH
FRPSDULVRQSURMHFW LQZKLFKD ZRPDQ ZRUNHGDVD VXSHUYLVRUDQG
LPSOHPHQWHG WKH SURMHFW ± DOO UHVSRQGHQWV LQGLFDWHG WKDW WKH
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI ZRPHQ LV YLWDO IRU VXVWDLQDELOLW\ 7KHUHIRUH WKH
UHVXOWVRIWKLVUHVHDUFKDUHLQWHQGHGWRVWLPXODWHUXUDOZRPHQV
SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHPRXQWDLQRXVDUHDVRI<HPHQ
Keywords²$VVHVVPHQW UXUDO ZRPDQ VXVWDLQDELOLW\ ZDWHU
PDQDJHPHQW
,,1752'8&7,21
A.Situation Review
$7(5LVDVRXUFHRIOLIHDVZHOODVDVRXUFHRID
FRPSHWLQJ GHPDQG ZKLFK OHG WR FRQIOLFWV GXULQJ WKH
WKFHQWXU\ZKHQ ZRUOGVGHPDQG IRUZDWHUEHFDPHVL[IROG
>@ $W WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO OHYHO PDQ\ UHVHDUFKHUV SUHGLFWHG
WKDWFRQIOLFWVLQWKHVW FHQWXU\ ZRXOG EHRYHUZDWHU >@ $
WRWDORI ELOOLRQSHRSOHLQWKH ZRUOGUHPDLQZLWKRXWDFFHVV
WR VDIH GULQNLQJ ZDWHU DPRQJ WKHP OLYH LQ UXUDO DUHDV
ZKHUHDVQHDUO\PLOOLRQFKLOGUHQXQGHUWKHDJHRIILYHGLH
HYHU\\HDUDVDUHVXOWRIFRQWDPLQDWHGGULQNLQJZDWHUDQGSRRU
K\JLHQH$OWKRXJKUXUDOFRYHUDJHLQFUHDVHGIURPLQ
WR LQ VRPH PLOOLRQ SHRSOH VWLOO UHPDLQ XQ
VHUYHG 0RUHRYHU UHVHDUFKHUV HVWLPDWHG WKDW PLOOLRQ
$IUDK 6 0 $O0DKIDGL LV ZLWK WKH 6FLHQWLILF ,QVWLWXWH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
0RKDPPHG 9 5DEDW 0RURFFR SKRQH HPDLO
DIUDKDOPDKIDGL#JPDLOFRP
SHRSOH ZRXOG KDYH DFFHVV WR VDIH GULQNLQJ ZDWHU DQG ZKLOH
DERXWRIUXUDOSHRSOHZRXOGKDYHEHWWHUK\JLHQHE\
+RZHYHU5XUDODUHDVVWLOOIDUEHKLQG XUEDQ DUHDV LQ WHUPV RI
GULQNLQJ ZDWHU FRYHUDJH IURP VDIH VRXUFHV >@,Q DGGLWLRQ
>@LWLVHVWLPDWHGWKDWWKHUXUDOSRSXODWLRQZLOOLQFUHDVHIURP
ELOOLRQLQWRELOOLRQLQZLWKRYHUSHUFHQW
RI WKHP SURMHFWHG WR OLYH LQ 6RXWK $VLD $IULFD 0LGGOH (DVW
DQG1RUWK$IULFDQUHJLRQV$OVRLQ6RXWK$VLDDQG$IULFDWKH
QXPEHURISHRSOHLQ UXUDODUHDVLVH[SHFWHGWRLQFUHDVHZKLOH
ZDWHUUHVRXUFHVZLOOFRQWLQXHWRGHFUHDVH
*OREDOO\ZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQ KDVEHHQHQFRXUDJHGVLQFH
WKH V ,Q WKH UXUDO DUHDV RI =LPEDEZH ZDWHU VXSSO\
SURMHFWV KDYH VXSSRUWHG ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ E\
UHFRPPHQGLQJ WKDW DW OHDVW RI :DWHU 3RLQW &RPPLWWHH
PHPEHUVVKRXOG EHZRPHQ:RPHQFDQUHGXFH WKHGLVHDVHV
FDXVHG E\ XQVDIH ZDWHU LI WKH\ DUH PRUH LQYROYHG LQ :DWHU
8VHU&RPPXQLWLHVEHFDXVHWKH\ZLOOEHDEOHWRDWWHQGWUDLQLQJ
FRXUVHVDQGH[SORUHWKHRSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGPHDQVRILPSURYLQJ
WKHKHDOWKRIWKHLUIDPLOLHV7KLVFDQEHGRQHE\DGRSWLQJRWKHU
FRYHULQJPHWKRGV RI ZDWHU VWRUDJH DW KRPH WKURXJK ZKLFK
PDQ\ GLVHDVHV FDQ EH DYRLGHG 7KLV KDV EHHQ VKRZQ E\ D
UHVHDUFK LQ UXUDO +RQGXUDQ FRPPXQLWLHV >@ 0RUHRYHU
H[SHULHQFHV LQ 1LJHULD KDYH VKRZQ WKDW ZKHQ ZRPHQ DUH
LQYROYHG LQ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV WKH
VXVWDLQDELOLW\RIVXFKSURMHFWVLVLPSURYHG>@
,Q UXUDO DUHDV LQ <HPHQ GLIIHUHQW RIILFLDO ZDWHU SDUWLHV
VWDWHG WKDW YHU\ IHZ RI WKH UXUDO ZDWHU XVHU FRPPLWWHHVZHUH
GRPLQDWHG E\ ZRPHQ $OWKRXJK UXUDO ZRPHQ KDYH DQ
LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ ZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW UHVRXUFHV WKH\ GR QRW
KDYH DQ DFWLYH UROH LQ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI ZDWHU VXSSO\
SURMHFWV >@ 7KH SUREOHP RI UXUDO ZRPHQ LQ VSHQGLQJ PDQ\
KRXUVIHWFKLQJGULQNLQJZDWHUGDLO\GRHVQRWRQO\H[LVWLQUXUDO
DUHDVRI<HPHQEXWDOVRLQPDQ\UXUDODUHDVLQRWKHUFRXQWULHV
OLNH %DQJODGHVK )DLVDO DQG .DELU >@ HVWLPDWH WKDW WKH
DYHUDJHWLPH ZKLFKUXUDOZRPHQDQGJLUOV VSHQGLQFROOHFWLQJ
ZDWHULQ%DQJODGHVKLVDERXWKRXUVDGD\DQGXSWRDURXQG
KRXUV D ZHHN 0DNRQL >@ IRXQG WKDW LQ UXUDO DUHDV RI
=LPEDEZHZRPHQDUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUVXSSO\LQJZDWHUWRWKHLU
KRPHV 7KHUHIRUH WKLV UHVHDUFK ZLOO EH DQ H[DPSOH IRU UXUDO
DUHDVLQ<HPHQ7KHILQGLQJVRIWKLVUHVHDUFKDUHLPSRUWDQWIRU
GHFLVLRQPDNHUVOHJLVODWRUVDQGSROLF\PDNHUVDQGGRQRUVWR
WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW WKH ZRPHQV OHDUQHG H[SHULHQFHV DQG ILQG
RXW WKH EHVW ZD\V WR LQFOXGH LW LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW DQG
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI VHUYLFHV LQWHQGHG WR HPSRZHU DQG DVVLVW
UXUDOZRPHQ)XUWKHUPRUHWKLVUHVHDUFKZLOODWWHPSWWRFUHDWH
PRUHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQZDWHUVXSSO\
SURMHFWVIRUDFKLHYLQJVXVWDLQDELOLW\7KHWZRIRFDOUHDVRQVIRU
WKLVUHVHDUFKDUH
$IUDK6DDG0RKVHQ$O0DKIDGL
$Q$VVHVVPHQWRQWKH(IIHFWRI3DUWLFLSDWLRQRI5XUDO
:RPDQRQ6XVWDLQDEOH5XUDO:DWHU6XSSO\LQ<HPHQ
:
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering
Vol:10, No:5, 2016
1477International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016
Digital Open Science Index, Economics and Management Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004359
x7RILQGRXWZK\VRPHUXUDOZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWVDUHVWLOO
ZRUNLQJHIILFLHQWO\ZKLOHRWKHUVIDLOZLWKLQD\HDU
x7R ILQG RXW ZK\ UXUDO ZRPHQ DUH QRW LQYROYHG LQ ZDWHU
VXSSO\ SURMHFWV DQG LI UXUDO ZRPHQ¶V SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LV
QHFHVVDU\ IRU WKH VXFFHVV RI ZDWHU SURMHFWV DV WKH
HYLGHQFHFROOHFWHGVRIDUVHHPVWRVXJJHVW
B.Motivation
“The world needs more well-trained people, especially
more women to assess and develop fresh-water supplies,
and to manage water projects for sustainable use” >@
*RDO WKUHH LQ WKH 0LOOHQQLXP 'HYHORSPHQW *RDOV LV
3URPRWHJHQGHUHTXDOLW\DQG HPSRZHU ZRPHQ *RDO VHYHQ
LQGLFDWHVWKDWKDOIRIWKHZRUOGSRSXODWLRQZLOOKDYHQRDFFHVV
WR VXVWDLQDEOH VDIH GULQNLQJ ZDWHU E\ >@ 2QH RI WKH
JRDOVRIWKH<HPHQ JRYHUQPHQW UHJDUGLQJ UXUDOZDWHUVXSSO\
LV WR H[SDQG ZDWHU VXSSO\ VHUYLFHV E\ SURYLGLQJ
VHUYLFHVZDWHU WR PRUH WKDQ PLOOLRQLQKDELWDQWV E\ LQ
RUGHUWRPHHWWKH0'*¶VJRDO7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKH1DWLRQDO
:DWHU6HFWRU6WUDWHJ\DQG ,QYHVWPHQW 3URJUDP WR
LVWRH[SDQGZDWHUVXSSO\VHUYLFHVLQUXUDODUHDV>@
0RVW RI WKH SRRU IDPLOLHV WKDW OLYH LQ <HPHQ DUH µIHPDOH
IDPLOLHV¶ DQG WKLV PHDQV ZRPHQ WDNH FDUH RI WKHVH IDPLOLHV
DQGSURYLGHWKHLQFRPH6RPHSRRUIDPLOLHVDUHXQDEOHWRSD\
IRU ZDWHU VHUYLFHV DQG WKH SXEOLF VHUYLFHV VXSSO\ RQO\ ORZ
TXDOLW\ZDWHU>@
0DQ\ UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH GHYRWHG WKHLU ZRUN WR FODULI\LQJ
ZDWHUVFDUFLW\DQGFULVHVWKHLPSDFWRI ZDWHURQKHDOWKZDWHU
TXDOLW\DQGDFFHVVWR ZDWHU DQG WHFKQLFDO WRROVLQUXUDODUHDV
>@>@>@>@>@>@>@>@>@+RZHYHURQO\
DIHZUHVHDUFKHUVLQYHVWLJDWHGWKHFRQWULEXWLRQRIUXUDOZRPHQ
RUWKHUROHRI JHQGHU LQUXUDOGHYHORSPHQWWKDW FRXOG PDNHD
VWHSIRUZDUG LQDFKLHYLQJVXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHUVXSSO\>@>@
>@ >@ DQG >@ 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH FKDOOHQJH LQ WKH ZDWHU
VXSSO\VHFWRU LVWR HQVXUHVXVWDLQDELOLW\ RILPSOHPHQWHGZDWHU
VXSSO\ SURMHFWV ,Q DGGLWLRQ PDQ\ H[SHUWV VXFK DV >@ >@
>@PHQWLRQHGWKDWIRULPSURYLQJVXVWDLQDEOHSURMHFWVIHPDOH
LQYROYHPHQW VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKH GHVLJQ DQG
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI VXFK SURMHFWV )RU H[DPSOH LQ 7KDLODQG
>@ LQGLFDWHG WKDW ZRPHQ VKRZHG H[FHOOHQW VNLOOV LQ
LPSOHPHQWLQJ VXFFHVVIXO SURMHFWV DQG DQ DELOLW\ WR FRPH XS
ZLWK JRRG VROXWLRQV WR HQVXUH VXVWDLQDEOH SURMHFWV WR VXSSRUW
WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKHLU YLOODJHV ,Q /DWLQ $PHULFD >@
PHQWLRQHG WKDW SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI ZRPHQ LQ WKH PDQDJHPHQW
SODQQLQJFRQVHUYDWLRQDQGXVHRI ZDWHUUHVRXUFHVLV HVVHQWLDO
IRU LPSURYLQJ WKH TXDOLW\ RI OLIH RI IDPLOLHV DQG WKH
FRPPXQLWLHV WR ZKLFK WKH\ EHORQJ 7KHUHIRUH ZRPHQV
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ VKRXOG QRW EH LJQRUHG 6R IDU QR RQH KDV
LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH UHDVRQV IRU QHJOHFWLQJ ZRPHQ¶ UROHV LQ WKH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWVLQ<HPHQ
C.Women’s Role in Water Management and Projects
,Q WKH VRXWKHUQ KHPLVSKHUH SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ UXUDO DUHDV
DFFHVVWRZDWHULVPRUH SUREOHPDWLF EHFDXVH FROOHFWLQJ ZDWHU
LVFRQVXPLQJDVLJQLILFDQW SDUWRI KRXVHZRUNRIUXUDOZRPHQ
7KXV\RXQJZRPHQDQGJLUOVDUHRIWHQXQDEOHWRDWWHQGVFKRRO
GXHWRWKHLU UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU ZDWHU FROOHFWLRQ>@7KLVZDV
FRQILUPHG E\ WKH 81 >@ ZKLFK UHSRUWHG WKDW ZRPHQ LQ
6HQHJDO VSHQG KRXUV SHU ZHHN IHWFKLQJ ZDWHU LQ
0R]DPELTXH LQ WKH GU\ VHDVRQ SDUWLFXODUO\ ZRPHQ VSHQG
DOPRVWKRXUV SHUZHHNFROOHFWLQJZDWHU 0RVWO\ ZRPHQ
KDYH WKH FHQWUDO UROH LQ ZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW EXW WKH\ IDFH WKH
EXUGHQWKDWFRPHVIURPVXFKSURMHFWVEHFDXVHWKH\RIWHQKDYH
QRW EHHQ LQYROYHG LQ WKH GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ SDUW >@ >@
1DUD\DQ >@ FRQWHQGHG WKDW ZRPHQ¶V SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKH
ZDWHU VHFWRU ZLWKLQ WKH QHZ LQVWLWXWLRQDO IUDPHZRUNV KDV
UHPDLQHG DW ORZ OHYHOV 5HIHUHQFH >@ SRLQWHG RXW WKDW LQ
VRPH 6RXWK $VLDQ FRXQWULHV WKHUH LV D ODFN RI YLVLEOH
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI ZRPHQ LQ ZDWHU SURMHFWV HVSHFLDOO\ LQ
LUULJDWLRQ EHFDXVH ZRPHQ¶V QHHGV DUH IXOILOOHG WKURXJK PHQ
ZLWKRXW SDUWLFLSDWLQJ GLUHFWO\ 7KDW PD\ H[SODLQ ZK\ ZRPHQ
VHH QR QHHG WR IXOO\ FRQWULEXWH WR WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI ZDWHU
VXSSO\ SURMHFWV $V LQGLFDWHGE\ PDQ\ H[SHUWV LQ WKH <HPHQ
ZDWHUVHFWRUVXFK DV >@>@ >@ >@ (GXFDWLRQ ZHDNQHVV
ODFN RI FRQILGHQFH IURP FRPPXQLWLHV DQG LJQRUDQFH IURP
GHFLVLRQPDNHUV DUH VRPH RI WKH UHDVRQV EHKLQG WKH ODFNRI
UXUDO ZRPHQ¶V SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV DUH
UHDVRQV ZKLFK FDXVHG WKLV SUREOHP H[LVW QRW RQO\ LQ UXUDO
<HPHQ EXW LQ PDQ\ RWKHU FRXQWULHV )RU H[DPSOH >@
H[DPLQHG WKH VLWXDWLRQ RI WKH UROH RI ZRPHQ LQ ZDWHU
PDQDJHPHQW LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI UXUDO ,QGLD +H DWWULEXWHG WKH
UHDVRQVIRU ZHDNQHVVRIZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ ZDWHUXVHUV
FRPPXQLWLHV WR WKH ODFN RI HGXFDWLRQ LJQRUDQFH DQG KHDY\
ZRUNORDG HWF ,Q DGGLWLRQ ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ ZDWHU
FRPPXQLWLHV LQ 6RXWK $VLD LV PLQLPDO EHFDXVH ZRPHQ DUH
H[FOXGHGIURPLQYROYHPHQWRQDFFRXQWRIIRUPDODQGLQIRUPDO
PHPEHUVKLS FULWHULD >@ 5HIHUHQFH >@ LQGLFDWHG WKDW LQ
HDVWHUQ 1HSDO VRPH ZDWHU SURMHFWV LJQRUHG ZRPHQV
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ IURP WKH GHVLJQ OHYHO DQG WKDW ZDWHU SURMHFWV
ZHUHORFDWHGDORQJWKHURDGVLGH+RZHYHUZRPHQGRQRWIHHO
FRPIRUWDEOH GRLQJ WKHLU ZRUN ZDVKLQJ FORWKHV RU IHWFKLQJ
ZDWHULQWKHVLJKWRIWKHPDQ\PHQXVLQJWKHURDG6RLQ
WKUHHYLOODJHVZRPHQ FRPSODLQHGWKDWWRR OLWWOH DWWHQWLRQKDG
EHHQ SDLG WR LQYROYLQJ WKHP LQ DOO OHYHOV RI LPSOHPHQWLQJ
ZDWHU SURMHFWV ZKLFK UHVXOWHG LQ LQDGYHUWHQWO\LQFUHDVLQJ WKH
EXUGHQ RQ WKH ZRPHQ WKHPVHOYHV 5HIHUHQFH >@ LQGLFDWHG
WKDWWKHLPSURYHPHQW RIZRPHQ¶VSDUWLFLSDWLRQZLOO PDNHWKH
RUJDQL]DWLRQDOZRUNVXVWDLQDEOHHVSHFLDOO\ZLWKWKHQXPEHURI
LPPLJUDQWVDPRQJPDOHVLQFUHDVLQJ,Q1LJHULDDOWKRXJKUXUDO
ZRPHQSOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQVHYHUDODFWLYLWLHVSDUWLFXODUO\
LQZDWHUVXSSO\WKH\GRQRWKDYHHQRXJKSRZHUWRSOD\DUROH
LQGHFLVLRQPDNLQJGXULQJWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIZDWHUVXSSO\
SURMHFWVZKLFKPD\EHWKHUHDVRQZK\PDQ\RIWKHVHSURMHFWV
IDLOHG >@ 5HIHUHQFH >@ PHQWLRQHG WKDW WKH GLIIHUHQFHV
EHWZHHQ IHPDOH DQG PDOH QHHGV DQG SULRULWLHV UHJDUGLQJ
UHVRXUFHVXVHKDYHKDGOLWWOHDWWHQWLRQ$ERYHDOO ZRPHQIDFH
PDQ\ EDUULHUV WKDW SUHYHQW WKHP IURP EHFRPLQJ LQYROYHG LQ
ZDWHU UHVRXUFH PDQDJHPHQW ,Q 6UL /DQND 1HSDO 3DNLVWDQ
DQG,QGLDZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQZDWHUSURMHFWVLVPXFKOHVV
WKDQPHQ¶V1DUD\DQ>@PHQWLRQHGWKDWRQO\RIWKH
³SDUWLFLSDWRU\´ SURMHFWV LQYROYHG ZRPHQ RQ GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV
-DFNVRQ >@ RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG UHSRUWHG WKDW LQ 6RXWK $VLD
VRPH SURMHFWV KDYH LQWHQGHG WR LPSURYH ZRPHQV
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ %UHZVWHU HW DO >@ LQGLFDWHG WKDW LQ 6RXWK
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering
Vol:10, No:5, 2016
1478International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016
Digital Open Science Index, Economics and Management Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004359
$IULFDDZDUGVDUHJLYHQWRHQFRXUDJHZRPHQLQZDWHUSURMHFWV
PDQDJHPHQW LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH WKHLU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ ,Q WKLV
ZD\ 6RXWK $IULFD KDV SURYHG WR KDYH D VXFFHVVIXOPHDQV RI
HPSRZHULQJ ZRPHQ LQ WKH ZDWHU VHFWRU 7KXV ZRPHQ PXVW
RYHUFRPH VHYHUDO EDUULHUV HVSHFLDOO\ VRFLDO EDUULHUV ZKLFK
UHGXFHWKHLUSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHZDWHUVHFWRU,Q0RURFFRDIWHU
WKH ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ LQ VL[ SURYLQFHV
JLUOVVFKRRODWWHQGDQFHLQFUHDVHGE\LQIRXU\HDUV>@
(YLGHQFH IURP PDQ\ FRXQWULHV VKRZ WKDW ZRPHQ¶V
LQYROYHPHQW PDNHV WKHVH SURMHFWV PRUH OLNHO\ WR VXFFHHG $
:RUOG%DQNHYDOXDWLRQRIZDWHUSURMHFWVIRXQGWKDWZDWHU
VXSSO\ SURMHFWV DUH PRUH HIIHFWLYH ZKHUH ZRPHQ ZHUH
LQYROYHG WKDQ ZKHUH WKH\ ZHUH QRW IRU LQVWDQFH LQ ZDWHU
VXSSO\ SURMHFWV LQ 5DNLQ LQ -RUGDQ UXUDO ZRPHQ KDYH EHHQ
DEOH WR PDNH D JUHDWHU FRQWULEXWLRQ WR KRXVHKROG UHVRXUFHV
DQGPDQDJH WKHILQDQFHVRI WKHSURMHFW 2QWKHRWKHU KDQGLQ
7DQ]DQLD D ZDWHU ZHOO GULHG XS VKRUWO\ DIWHU LW ZDV FUHDWHG
EHFDXVH WKH GHFLVLRQ DQG WKH ORFDWLRQ RI WKH ZHOO KDG EHHQ
GHFLGHGRQ E\D ORFDOFRPPLWWHHFRQVLVWLQJRQO\RI PHQ>@
,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHDUHVRPHVXFFHVVIXOH[DPSOHVWRHQVXUH WKDW
LPSURYLQJ ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ ZLOO EH HIIHFWLYH IRU
VXVWDLQDEOH WKH ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV ,Q /D 6LUHQD LQ
&RORPELDDZDWHUSURMHFWZDVUXQE\PHQRQO\:RPHQIDFHG
WKH SUREOHP RI FRQWDPLQDWLRQ RI WKH GULQNLQJ ZDWHU ZKLFK
QHHGHGWREHLPSURYHGLQWHUPVRITXDOLW\7KHUHIRUHLQ
ZRPHQ ILUVW WULHG WR LPSRVH WKHPVHOYHV WR FRQILUP WKHLU
FDSDELOLW\WREH JRRGOHDGHUVRI ZDWHU SURMHFWV)LQDOO\PDQ\
SRVLWLYH RXWFRPHV ZLWKLQ SURMHFWV ZHUH DFKLHYHG VXFKDVWKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WUHDWPHQW SODQWV DV ZHOO DV WKH LPSURYHPHQW
RI WKH KHDOWK VLWXDWLRQ >@ ,Q +RWR YLOODJH %DOXFKLVWDQ
3DNLVWDQ LQ ZRPHQ ZHUH QRW DEOH WR SDUWLFLSDWH LQ D
ZDWHUSURMHFW EHFDXVHRI PDQ\VRFLDOEDUULHUV$SDUWLFLSDWRU\
DFWLRQUHVHDUFKWHDPWKHQWULHGWRLPSURYHWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRI
ZRPHQLQWKHYLOODJHLQZDWHUSURMHFWPDQDJHPHQW:LWKWKDW
ZRPHQ ZHUH LQYROYHG LQ WKH PHHWLQJ DQG HVWDEOLVKHG D QHZ
WDQNZKLFKZRXOGSURYLGHZDWHUWRWKHDUHD$VDUHVXOWRIWKLV
VXFFHVVIXO SURMHFW ZRPHQ EHFDPH WUXVWHG SDUWLFLSDQWV LQ
GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ $QRWKHU H[DPSOH RI D VXFFHVVIXO ZDWHU
FRPPLWWHH PDQDJHG E\ UXUDO ZRPHQ LV LQ WKH 0DQWVRQ\DQH
GLVWULFW LQ /HVRWKR ZKHUH RI WKH ZDWHU FRPPLWWHH
PHPEHUVDUHZRPHQ9LOODJHUVSUHIHUWRHOHFWZRPHQEHFDXVH
ZRPHQKDYHDORQJH[SHULHQFHLQVXSSO\LQJZDWHU7KHUHIRUH
WKHZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWSURYHGWREHVXVWDLQDEOH>@
,,5(6($5&+675$7(*<$1'0(7+2'2/2*<
A.Data Collection (Literature Review)
7KH ILUVW VRXUFH RI WKH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ LV WKH DFDGHPLF
DUWLFOHV DQG ERRNV IURP ,QWHUQHW ZHEVLWHV VXFK DV
6FLHQFH'LUHFWDQG6SULQJHU/LQN7KHVHDUH HVSHFLDOO\ XVHIXO
IRU LPSDFW LGHQWLILFDWLRQ DQG VLJQLILFDQFH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ 7KH
VHFRQG VRXUFH IRU GDWD FROOHFWLRQ FRQVLVWV RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO
GRFXPHQWV ZKLFK JLYH DQ RYHUYLHZ RI UXUDO ZRPHQV
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV VXFK DV 7KH :RUOGV
:RPHQ 7UHQGV DQG 6WDWLVWLFV >@ *HQGHU :DWHU DQG
6DQLWDWLRQ >@ 7KH 0LOOHQQLXP 'HYHORSPHQW *RDOV
5HSRUW >@ 0DLQVWUHDPLQJ JHQGHU LQ ZDWHU
PDQDJHPHQW D SUDFWLFDO MRXUQH\ WR VXVWDLQDELOLW\ >@ DQG
5HDFKLQJWKH 5XUDO3RRU$ 5XUDO'HYHORSPHQW6WUDWHJ\IRU
WKH 0LGGOH (DVW DQG 1RUWK $IULFD 5HJLRQ >@ 7KH WKLUG
VRXUFH RI WKH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ FRPHV IURP WKH UHSRUWV RI WKH
*$5:63 DQG 6)' RQ IRXU ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV LQ WKH $O
'HODDD $ODOD VXEGLVWULFW 7KHVH UHSRUWV ZLOO EH XVHG WR
SURYLGH LQVLJKW LQWR KRZ UXUDO ZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLVWDNHQ
LQWR DFFRXQW E\ WKH *$5:63 DQG WKH 6)' LQ WKH YDULRXV
SURMHFWSKDVHV7KH IRXUWKVRXUFHRI WKH GDWDFROOHFWLRQLV WKH
RSLQLRQ RI <HPHQL ZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW H[SHUWV LQ RUGHU WR
LQYHVWLJDWHWKHLUSRLQWRIYLHZDVDVSHFLDOL]HGJURXS
B.Research Field Visit
7KHUHVHDUFK ILHOGYLVLWZDV FRQGXFWHGLQ$O'HOODD$ODDOD
VXEGLVWULFW LQ 6KLEDPZD .DZNEDQ GLVWULFW LQ $O0DKZHHW
JRYHUQRUDWHLQ<HPHQZDVVHOHFWHGDVDFDVHVWXG\EHFDXVHRI
WKHSUHVHQFHRIDYDULHW\ RIZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWVZKLFKZHUH
LPSOHPHQWHG E\ WKH JRYHUQPHQW DQG GRQRUV 7KH VWXG\
IRFXVHV RQ WZR VXFFHVVIXO DQG WZR GHOD\HG RUIDLOHG ZDWHU
VXSSO\SURMHFWV
x3UHLQWHUYLHZV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG GXULQJ WKH UHVHDUFK SODQ
SUHSDUDWLRQ 7KH\ ZHUH GHVLJQHG WR DSSURDFK WKH ZDWHU
H[SHUWV
x3RVW LQWHUYLHZV ZHUH GHVLJQHG WR DSSURDFK RWKHU ZDWHU
VWDNHKROGHUV WKDW ZLOO LQFOXGH WKH *RYHUQPHQW $JHQF\
DQGGRQRUVLQWKHVHOHFWHGYLOODJHV
7KH IRXU UXUDO ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV LQ $O'HOODD $ODDOD
VXEGLVWULFWLQ6KLEDPZD.DZNEDQZHUHYLVLWHGWRLQYHVWLJDWH
LQLWLDWLYHV IRU VXVWDLQDEOH UXUDO ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV WKURXJK
LPSURYLQJ ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ 5HIHUHQFH >@ PHQWLRQHG
WKDW IRU SURYLGLQJ UHOLDELOLW\ RI UHVHDUFK ILQGLQJV GLIIHUHQW
WRROVVKRXOG EHXVHGWR FROOHFWUHVHDUFKGDWD VXFKDVZDONLQJ
QHDU WKH SURMHFWV WR DVN VRPH UXUDO SHRSOH RI WKHFRPPXQLW\
DERXWWKHLURSLQLRQRI WKH SURMHFW DQG XVLQJ D GLJLWDOFDPHUD
WRFRQILUPLIWKHSURMHFWFRPSRQHQWV DQG HTXLSPHQW VXFK DV
WKHSLSHVDUHVWLOO ZRUNLQJ 7KHUHIRUH ILHOGREVHUYDWLRQVDQG
LQWHUYLHZVZLOOEHXVHGWRLQFUHDVHUHOLDELOLW\DQGFUHGLELOLW\RI
WKHUHVHDUFKGHVLJQDQGKHOSVXSSOHPHQWFUHGLELOLW\RIWKHGDWD
RIFROOHFWHGIURPOLWHUDWXUH
:K\&RQGXFWD&DVH6WXG\LQWKH0RXQWDLQRXV$UHDVLQ
WKH:HVWHUQ3DUWRI<HPHQ"
<HPHQZDVVHOHFWHGDVDFDVHVWXG\EHFDXVHLWLVDZDWHU
VFDUFH FRXQWU\ DQG RQH RI WKH PDMRU QDWLRQV IDFLQJ D ZDWHU
FULVLV EHFDXVH DTXLIHUV DUH GHSOHWLQJ DW D IDVW UDWH 7KH
FKDOOHQJHRI<HPHQLV WR ILQG DSUDFWLFDOVROXWLRQLQ RUGHU WR
DYRLG EHFRPLQJ D GHVHUW FRXQWU\ >@ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH
VHOHFWLRQ RI <HPHQ IRU WKH FDVH VWXG\ KDV VHYHUDO RWKHU
UHDVRQVVRPHRIZKLFKDUHGUDZQIURPWKHDXWKRUVRZQ
NQRZOHGJH DQG H[SHULHQFHV 7KHUH LV D JUHDW QHHG WR
LQYHVWLJDWH KRZ UXUDO ZRPHQ FDQ EH LQYROYHG LQ RUGHU WR
DFKLHYH VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV LQ WKH DXWKRUV
FRXQWU\ <HPHQ ,Q DGGLWLRQ ZKHQ LPSOHPHQWLQJ ZDWHU
VXSSO\SURMHFWV PDQ\GHFLVLRQPDNHUVLJQRUHZRPHQ¶VUROHV
DV ZHOO DV WKHLU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKHP DOWKRXJK ZRPHQ SOD\
LPSRUWDQW UROHV LQ WKHLU YLOODJHV 7KH ODFN RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ
ZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWVLQ<HPHQE\ZRPHQLVVLPLODUWRWKDWLQ
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering
Vol:10, No:5, 2016
1479International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016
Digital Open Science Index, Economics and Management Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004359
WKHUHJLRQVRI$IULFDDQG$VLD)RUH[DPSOHFDVHVWXGLHVIURP
/DWLQ $PHULFD $IULFD 0LGGOH (DVW (XURSH DQG $VLD >@
UHSRUWHG WKDW VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV PD\ VXSSRUW
WKHDFWLYHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIORFDOSHRSOHHVSHFLDOO\UXUDOZRPHQ
LQPDQDJLQJZDWHUUHVRXUFHVVLQFHWKHFRQWULEXWLRQRIZRPHQ
LV FUXFLDO LQ WKH SURWHFWLRQ RI ZDWHU VRXUFHV LQ LQGLJHQRXV
DUHDV7KHUHIRUHWKHFRQFOXVLRQVDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVRIWKLV
UHVHDUFKZLOOEH DSSOLFDEOH WRWKHHQWLUH UHJLRQ ,QPRVWDUHDV
RI<HPHQ JURXQGZDWHULVDOUHDG\EHLQJH[SORLWHGEH\RQGWKH
OHYHORIUHFKDUJH7KHPRVWVWUHVVHGDUHDLVWKHZHVWHUQSDUWRI
WKH FRXQWU\ ZKLFK LV RFFXSLHG E\ PRUH WKDQ RI WKH
SRSXODWLRQ>@
:K\ $O'HOODD $ODDOD 6XE'LVWULFW /RFDWHG LQ
6KLEDPZD.DZNEDQ'LVWULFWLQ$O0DKZHHW*RYHUQRUDWH:DV
6HOHFWHGDVD&DVH6WXG\"
$O0DKZHHW ZDV VHOHFWHG IRU WKH FDVH VWXG\ EHFDXVH LW
LQFOXGHV PRVWO\ PRXQWDLQRXV DUHDV ZLWK WKUHH JHRJUDSKLFDO
UHJLRQVRI PRXQWDLQRXVVORSHVSODWHDX UHJLRQVDQG
YDOOH\V ZDGL UHJLRQV >@ 7KH LOOLWHUDF\ UDWH LV KLJK
HVSHFLDOO\ DPRQJ IHPDOHV DW DERXW 0RVW RI WKH
SRSXODWLRQRI0DKZHHWOLYHVLQUXUDODUHDVZLWKDWRWDOUHVLGHQW
SRSXODWLRQ RI YHUVXV WKH WRWDO UHVLGHQW SRSXODWLRQ LQ
XUEDQ DUHDV ZKLFK LV DERXW >@ 7KH $O0DKZHHW
JRYHUQRUDWHKDV WKHKLJKHVWSRYHUW\ UDWHRIDURXQG ZLWK
WKH ORZHVW OLIH H[SHFWDQF\ LQ <HPHQ ZLWK DQ DYHUDJH RI
\HDUV $W WKH VDPH WLPH DFFHVV WR ZDWHU VXSSO\ LV LQ
XUEDQ DUHDV ZKHUHDV LQ UXUDO DUHDV LW LV >@ $O
0DKZHHW LV ORFDWHG LQ WKH QRUWKZHVWHUQ SDUW RI WKH FRXQWU\
ZKHUHZDWHUVFDUFLW\LV PRVW VHYHUH 7KLV DUHD FRQWDLQV PRUH
WKDQ RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ RI <HPHQ 7KH VLWXDWLRQ LQ
PRXQWDLQRXVUXUDODUHDV LV HYHQZRUVH$Q HVWLPDWLRQ FDUULHG
RXWLQIRUWKLVUHJLRQSUHGLFWHGWKDW LW ZLOO EH GULHG RXW
ZLWKLQ \HDUV IURP WKHQ >@ 7KH 6KLEDPZD .DZNEDQ
GLVWULFW ZDV VHOHFWHG IURP WKH $O0DKZHHW *RYHUQRUDWH
EHFDXVH WKH SRYHUW\ SHUFHQWDJH LV KLJKHU WKDQ RWKHU GLVWULFWV
DV7DEOH,VKRZV
7$%/(,
3238/$7,21$1'329(57<3(5&(17$*(6,1620(',675,&76,1$/
0$+:((7*29(5125$7(>@
*RYHUQRUDWH
1DPH 'LVWULFW1DPH 7RWDO3RSXODWLRQ
3RYHUW\
3HUFHQWDJH
$O0DKZHHW 6KLEDPZD.DZNEDQ
$O0DKZHHW +XIDVK
$O0DKZHHW $O0DKZDLW&LW\
7KH VL]H RI WKH 6KLEDPZD .DZNEDQ 'LVWULFW LV DERXW
NPDQG WKH SRSXODWLRQ LVDERXW 6KLEDPZD .DZNEDQ
LQFOXGHVVXEGLVWULFWVRIZKLFK$O'HOODD $ODDODLV RQH$O
'HOODD $ODDOD VXEGLVWULFW ZDV VHOHFWHG IURP WKH 6KLEDPZD
.DZNEDQ GLVWULFW EHFDXVH WKH KLJK SHUFHQWDJH RI IHPDOH
LOOLWHUDF\LQ$O'HOODD$ODDODZKLFKLVDERXWDQGLVYHU\
KLJK FRPSDUHG WR WKH LOOLWHUDF\ SHUFHQWDJH DPRQJ PDOHV
$OWKRXJKWKHUHDUH VHYHUDOW\SHVRI ZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWV WKH
SHUFHQWDJH RI XQVDIH ZDWHU UHVRXUFHV LV DERXW ZKLFK LV
DOVRKLJK0RUHRYHUWKHLQIDQWPRUWDOLW\UDWHDQGDSSUR[LPDWH
SRYHUW\SHUFHQWDJHDUHKLJKDVVKRZQLQ7DEOH,,
7$%/(,,
3(5&(17$*(2),//,7(5$&<3(5&(17$*(2)816$)(:$7(55(6285&(6
,1)$170257$/,7<5$7($1'$3352;,0$7(329(57<3(5&(17$*(,1$/
'(//$$$/$$/$68%',675,&7>@
6XEGLVWULFW
1DPH
7RWDO
3RSXODWLRQ
8QVDIH
:DWHU
5HVRXUFHV
3HUFHQWDJH
,OOLWHUDF\
5DWLR
0DOH
,OOLWHUDF\
5DWLR
)HPDOH
,QIDQW
0RUWDOLW\
5DWH
,QIDQW
0RUWDOLW\
5DWH
$O'HOODD
$ODDOD
$O'HOODD $ODDOD KDV WKH KLJKHVW SRSXODWLRQ RI WKH
6KLEDPZD .DZNEDQ GLVWULFW ZLWK SHRSOH UHSUHVHQWLQJ
RIWKHSRSXODWLRQLQWKLVGLVWULFW>@6HHWKH7DEOH,,,
7$%/(,,,
1$0(6$1'3238/$7,212)68%',675,&76,16+,%$0:$.$:.%$1
',675,&7>@
1DPHRIVXEGLVWULFWVLQ
6KLEDPZD.DZNEDQ'LVWULFW 1RRISRSXODWLRQ
$O'HOODD$ODDOD
$O$KMHHU
0DGLQW6KLEDP
$O=RELUDW
7RWDO
$O'HOODD $ODDOD VXEGLVWULFW LQFOXGHV PRUH WKDQ
YLOODJHV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV
PHFKDQL]HG DV ZHOO DV QRQPHFKDQL]HG ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH
PRVW LPSRUWDQW DJHQFLHV WKDW KDYH EHHQ LPSOHPHQWLQJ ZDWHU
VXSSO\SURMHFWVWKHUHDUH*$5:63DQG6)'
,Q VXPPDU\ $O'HOODD $ODDOD ZDV VHOHFWHG IRU WKH FDVH
VWXG\EDVHGRQWKHIROORZLQJFULWHULD,WLQFOXGHVPRUHWKDQ
YLOODJHV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV
PHFKDQL]HG DV ZHOO DV QRQPHFKDQL]HG 7KH PDMRULW\ RI
ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV WKHUH KDYH EHHQ LPSOHPHQWHG E\
*$5:63 DQG 6)' $O'HOODD $ODDOD KDV WKH KLJKHVW
SRSXODWLRQLQWKH6KLEDPZD.DZNEDQGLVWULFW7KHSHUFHQWDJH
RI LOOLWHUDF\ DPRQJ IHPDOHV LQ WKLV DUHD LV DERXW 7KH
SHUFHQWDJHRIXQVDIHZDWHU UHVRXUFHV LV %RWK WKHLQIDQW
PRUWDOLW\ UDWH DQG DSSUR[LPDWH SRYHUW\ SHUFHQWDJH DUH DOVR
KLJK
:K\WKH)RXU:DWHU6XSSO\3URMHFWVLQ$O'HOODD$ODDOD
6XE'LVWULFW:DV6HOHFWHG"
*$5:63 DQG 6)' DUH WKH PDMRU DXWKRULWLHV WKDW DUH
LPSOHPHQWLQJPDQGDWLQJDQGDGGUHVVLQJWKHQHHGVRIWKHUXUDO
ZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWV7KHVHOHFWHG IRXUZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWV
ZHUH LPSOHPHQWHG E\ WKHVH WZR LQVWLWXWLRQV 7KH FULWHULD IRU
VHOHFWLRQRIWKHIRXUVXSSO\SURMHFWVDUHDVIROORZV
x7KHVHSURMHFWVZHUHLPSOHPHQWHGVHYHUDO\HDUVDJR
x7KHSURMHFWVVKRXOGEHIURPGLIIHUHQW\HDUVRIVXEPLVVLRQ
HVSHFLDOO\FRYHULQJWKHSHULRGEHWZHHQDQG
x7KHVHSURMHFWVDUHORFDWHGLQDPRXQWDLQRXVDUHD
x7KH SURMHFWV VKRXOG LQFOXGH PHFKDQL]HG SRZHUGULYHQ
DQGQRQPHFKDQL]HGZDWHUKDUYHVWLQJSURMHFWV
x7ZRSURMHFWVZHUHVPRRWKO\LPSOHPHQWHG
x7ZR SURMHFWV ZHUH GHOD\HG VHYHUDO WLPHV GXULQJ WKH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQVWDJH
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering
Vol:10, No:5, 2016
1480International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016
Digital Open Science Index, Economics and Management Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004359
:K\$O*DOED3URMHFW/RFDWHGLQ$O+DUWK6XE'LVWULFW
LQ %DGDQ 'LVWULFW LQ ,EE *RYHUQRUDWH :HUH 6HOHFWHG DV D
&RPSDULVRQ:DWHU6XSSO\3URMHFW"
7KH ,EE JRYHUQRUDWH LV SDUWO\ VLWXDWHG RQ WKH PRXQWDLQRXV
DUHDVLQWKH ZHVWHUQSDUWRI <HPHQ,WLVQHDU WR $O0DKZHHW
EHFDXVHLWLVORFDWHGLQWKHQRUWKZHVWHUQSDUWRIWKHFRXQWU\LQ
ZKLFK ZDWHU VFDUFLW\ LV PRVWO\ VWUHVVHG 7KH ,EE JRYHUQRUDWH
KDVKLJKSRYHUW\UDWHVRIDURXQGDQGDFFHVVWRZDWHULQ
UXUDO DUHDV WKHUH LV >@ 7KH $O*DOED :DWHU 6XSSO\
3URMHFW LQ $O+DUWK VXEGLVWULFW LQ %DGDQ GLVWULFW LQ WKH ,EE
*RYHUQRUDWH ZDV VHOHFWHG DV D FRPSDULVRQ SURMHFW IRU D
QXPEHURIUHDVRQVZKLFKLQFOXGH
x5XUDO ZRPHQ KDG DQ DFWLYH UROH GXULQJ DOO WKH SURMHFW¶V
SKDVHV
x7KHVXSHUYLVRURIWKH:DWHU8VHU&RPPLWWHHLVDZRPDQ
x7KH:8&LPSOHPHQWHGWKHSURMHFW¶DFWLYLWLHVDQGZRUN
x7KLV SURMHFW KDG D SUREOHP IURP WKH EHJLQQLQJ ZLWK WKH
ILUVW VXSHUYLVRU PDQ DQG EHIRUH D ZRPDQ EHFDPH
VXSHUYLVRURIWKH:8&
x7KHSURMHFWZDVVHOHFWHGDVDVXFFHVVIXOSURMHFWLQWKH,EE
JRYHUQPHQWLQ
x7KH VRFLDO EDUULHUV LQ $O+DUWK ZKLFK DUH IDFHG UXUDO
ZRPHQDUHWKHVDPHLQ$O'HOODD$ODDOD
x7KHSURMHFWLVORFDWHGLQDPRXQWDLQRXVUXUDODUHD
x7KLVSURMHFWZDVHVWDEOLVKHGLQ
x'XULQJWKHSUHLQWHUYLHZVLWLVVHOHFWHGE\PDQ\<HPHQLV
H[SHUWV DV D VXVWDLQDEOH SURMHFW ZKLFK UXUDO ZRPHQ
LPSOHPHQWHG
C.Interviews
3UH,QWHUYLHZV
3UHLQWHUYLHZV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG ZLWK JRYHUQPHQW RIILFLDOV
IURPWKHZDWHUVHFWRU GRQRUV DQG DFDGHPLF SHRSOHLQYROYHG
LQ ZDWHU LVVXHV LQ RUGHU WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKHLU RSLQLRQV RQ WKH
UHDVRQVZK\ WKH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI UXUDO ZRPHQ LV QHJOHFWHG LQ
ZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWV
3RVW,QWHUYLHZV
³When the face to face meeting with the interviewer is
administered, the open questions will be used in different
ways for understanding the questions>@
7KHLQWHUYLHZVZLOO EH KHOG ZLWKDERXW PHQ DQG
ZRPHQZKRDUHKHDGVRIWKHLUKRXVHKROGV7KHLQWHUYLHZVZLOO
EHGHYHORSHGDQGDSSOLHGWRWKHILYHZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWVDW
WKHILYHYLOODJHV7ZRSURMHFWVZHUHLPSOHPHQWHGE\6)'DQG
WKHRWKHU WZRSURMHFWVZHUH LPSOHPHQWHGE\ *$5:63LQWKH
DUHDRIWKHFDVHVWXG\,QDGGLWLRQWKHFRPSDULVRQSURMHFWZDV
VHOHFWHG WKURXJK VRPH FULWHULD 7KH $O*DOED :DWHU 6XSSO\
3URMHFW LV ORFDWHG LQ $O*DOED YLOODJH LQ WKH $O+DUWK VXE
GLVWULFW LQ %DGDQ GLVWULFW LQ ,EE *RYHUQRUDWH ,W ZDV
LPSOHPHQWHGE\6)'7KHUXUDOZRPHQ¶VSDUWLFLSDWLRQKDVDQ
DFWLYH UROH LQ WKH DOO SKDVHV RI WKH SURMHFW 7KH $O*DOED
SURMHFW ZLOO EH FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH RWKHU IRXU SURMHFWV LQ WKH
FDVH VWXG\ $O'HOODD $ODDOD VXEGLVWULFW LQ 6KLEDPZD
.DZNEDQ GLVWULFW LQ $O0DKZHHW *RYHUQRUDWH 7HQ
LQWHUYLHZHHVZLOO EHVHOHFWHGIURPHDFK SURMHFWZKLFKPHDQV
LQWHUYLHZHHV LQ WRWDO 7KH LQWHUYLHZV ZLOO EH FDWHJRUL]HG
LQWRIRXUW\SHV
7KH ILUVW W\SH RI LQWHUYLHZ LV LQWHQGHG IRU WKH SURMHFW
RIILFHUVLQWKH JRYHUQPHQWDQG1*2 SDUWLHV7KHVHTXHVWLRQV
ZLOOIRFXVRQWKHSURMHFW GHWDLOV7KHVHFRQGW\SHRILQWHUYLHZ
LV LQWHQGHG IRU RQH PHPEHU RI WKH :DWHU 8VHU &RPPLWWHH
:8& LQ 6)' RU 0DQDJHPHQW &RPPLWWHH 0& LQ
*$5:63 DQG RQH PHPEHU RI WKH :DWHU 0DLQWHQDQFH
&RPPLWWHH:0&LQ 6)'RU 0DQDJHPHQW&RPPLWWHH0&
LQ *$5:63 7KHVH TXHVWLRQV IRFXV RQ WKH GLIIHUHQW VRXUFHV
DQG TXDQWLWLHV RI ZDWHU FRQVXPHG PDQDJHPHQW DQG
PDLQWHQDQFH LVVXHV 7KH ODVW WZR W\SHV RI LQWHUYLHZV DUH
LQWHQGHG IRU UXUDO KRXVHKROGV PHQ DQG ZRPHQ 7KHVH
TXHVWLRQV DUH UHODWHG WR WKH VRFLDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH
KRXVHKROG DQG WKHLU RSLQLRQV RQ WKH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ ZKLFK LV
XVHG HLWKHU IRU GULQNLQJ RU IRU KRXVHKROG DFWLYLWLHV ,Q
DGGLWLRQTXHVWLRQVDUHIRUPXODWHGWRDVVHVVWKHLUHYDOXDWLRQRI
WKHZDWHUVXSSO\VHUYLFHELOOVSD\PHQWDVZHOODVWRVHHNWKHLU
YLHZV DERXW SUREOHPV RI ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV FRQQHFWHG WR
WKHLU KRXVHV DQG ZKDW NLQG RI VROXWLRQV WKH\ VXJJHVW 7KH
LQWHUYLHZHGKRXVHKROGVLQWKHIRXU YLOODJHV ZLOO EH UDQGRPO\
VHOHFWHG7DEOH,9VKRZVWKHQXPEHUVDQGW\SHVRI
LQWHUYLHZHHVRIVWDNHKROGHUVIRUWKHILYHSURMHFWV
7$%/(,9
180%(5$1'7<3(2)68**(67(',17(59,(:(56?
9DULDEOH
1RRI
:63
RIILFHU
1RRI
PHPEHU
RI:8&
RU0&
1RRI
PHPEHU
RI:0&
RU0&
1R
RI
UXUDO
PHQ
1RRI
UXUDO
ZRPHQ
5HPDUNV
3HUSURMHFW
SHRSOHZLOO
EHVHOHFWHGLQ
HYHU\SURMHFW
7RWDORI
LQWHUYLHZHHV
SURMHFWV
7RWDOLV
LQWHUYLHZHUV
7KH GDWD ZLOO EH TXDOLWDWLYHO\ DQDO\]HG )LQDOO\ WKH
VLWXDWLRQRIWKHIRXUYLOODJHVZLOOEHFRPSDUHGEHIRUHDQGDIWHU
WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWV
,,,'(6&5,37,212)7+(&$6(678'<
A.Location and Topography
<HPHQ LV ORFDWHG RQ WKH $UDELDQ 3HQLQVXOD <HPHQ LV
FDWHJRUL]HGDVDQDULGUHJLRQ7KH5HSXEOLFRI<HPHQ52<
LVORFDWHGLQWKH 6RXWKZHVW SDUWRI$VLD,WERUGHUV RQ 6DXGL
$UDELDLQWKHQRUWK DQG 2PDQ LQ WKH HDVW,WIDFHVWKH,QGLDQ
2FHDQWKH *XOIRI$GHQ WRWKHVRXWKDQGWKH 5HG6HDWR WKH
ZHVW,W¶VWRWDOVXUIDFHDUHDLVDERXWVTNP7KHVWXG\
DUHD VHOHFWHG LV $O'HOODD $ODDOD VXEGLVWULFW LQ 6KLEDPZD
.DZNEDQ GLVWULFW ZKLFK LV ORFDWHG WR WKH QRUWKHDVW RI $O
0DKZHHWFLW\DVVKRZQLQ)LJ>@
$O0DKZHHW OLHV LQ WKH QRUWKZHVWHUQ SDUW RI WKH <HPHQ
KLJKODQGV 7KH KLJKHVW SODWHDX LV DW DERXW P 7KH
SRSXODWLRQ LQ WKLV JRYHUQRUDWH LV DERXW LQKDELWDQWV
DQGWKHDUHDLVNP>@6KLEDPZD.DZNEDQ'LVWULFWLV
ORFDWHGLQ QRUWKHDVWHUQSDUWRI$O0DKZHHWZKHUHWKHDOWLWXGH
LV DERXW P DERYH VHD OHYHO DQG WKH DQQXDO UDLQIDOO LV
DERXWPP\HDU7KHGLVWULFWVL]HLVDERXWNPDQGWKH
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering
Vol:10, No:5, 2016
1481International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016
Digital Open Science Index, Economics and Management Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004359
SRSXODWLRQ LV DERXW LQKDELWDQWV 6KLEDPZD .DZNEDQ
LQFOXGHV IRXU VXEGLVWULFWV ZKHUH $O'HOODD $ODDOD LV RQH RI
WKHP 7KH VWXG\ DUHD VHOHFWHG IRU WKLV UHVHDUFK LV $O'HOODD
$ODDOD VXEGLVWULFW ZKLFK LV ORFDWHG LQ 6KLEDPZD .DZNEDQ
'LVWULFWLQQRUWKHDVWRIWKH$O0DKZHHWJRYHUQRUDWH
)LJ7RSRJUDSK\DQG/RFDWLRQRI$O0DKZHHW*RYHUQRUDWH>@
B.Climate
<HPHQKDV DSUHGRPLQDQWO\VHPLDULGWRDULG FOLPDWHZLWK
UDLQ\ VHDVRQV GXULQJ VSULQJ DQG VXPPHU DQG ZLWK KLJK
WHPSHUDWXUHV SUHYDLOLQJ WKURXJKRXW WKH \HDU LQ ORZDOWLWXGH
]RQHV 7KH SURQRXQFHG GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WRSRJUDSKLF HOHYDWLRQ
REVHUYHG LQ <HPHQ VWURQJO\ LQIOXHQFH FOLPDWLF FRQGLWLRQV
6HDZDUG H[SRVHG HVFDUSPHQWV UHFHLYH PRUH UDLQIDOO WKDQ WKH
]RQHVIDFLQJWKHLQWHULRU<HPHQLVVKRZQWRYDU\IURPK\SHU
DULG GHVHUWV PRVW RI SODWHDXV SDUWV RI WKH FRDVWDO SODLQV WR
VXEKXPLG ZLWK SHUKDSV HYHQ KXPLG VLWHV RI D YHU\ VPDOO
VFDOHDURXQG,EE>@7KHUHDUHWZRVHDVRQVRIUDLQWKHILUVW
RQHDIIHFWHGE\WKH5HG6HD&RQYHUJHQFH=RQH56&=ZKLFK
RFFXUVLQVSULQJ0DUFK$SULO7KHVHFRQGRQHDIIHFWHGE\
WKH,QWHU7URSLFDO&RQYHUJHQFH=RQH,7&=ZKLFKLVDIIHFWHG
E\,QGLDQ2FHDQDQGRFFXUVLQVXPPHU-XO\6HSWHPEHU7KH
0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 6HD FRQYHUJHQFH V\VWHP RFFXUV LQ 'HFHPEHU
DQG -DQXDU\ >@ 7KH FOLPDWH LQ $O0DKZHHW LV FROG DQG GU\
GXULQJ ZLQWHU ZLWK ORZ WHPSHUDWXUHV UHFRUG RI DOPRVW &
'XULQJVXPPHUWKHZHDWKHULVUDWKHUKRWDQGZDUPZLWKKLJK
WHPSHUDWXUHVRIDOPRVW&UHFRUGHG
C.Annual Rainfall
$QQXDO UDLQIDOO YDULHV IURP RQH \HDU WR DQRWKHU DQG IURP
RQH UHJLRQ RI JHRJUDSK\ WR DQRWKHU )RU H[DPSOH WKH
+LJKODQG SODLQV DQG VXUURXQGLQJ PRXQWDLQV ZLWK DYHUDJH
DQQXDO UDLQIDOO FRPPRQO\ LQ WKH UDQJH PP DUH
JURXSHGZLWKLQ WKHVDPHFODVV DVWKH5DPODWDV6DEDWD\QDQG
5XEDO.KDOL GHVHUW ZKHUH UDLQV DUH H[WUHPHO\ UDUH 6RPH
]RQHVRIOLPLWHGH[WHQWLQ:HVWHUQ<HPHQZLWKUHODWLYHO\KLJK
UDLQIDOOKDYHDVWHSSHFOLPDWHRU LQ D PLQRU ]RQHDURXQG,EE
HYHQD VXEKXPLGZDUPWHPSHUDWHFOLPDWH ZLWKDGLVWLQFWGU\
SHULRG GXULQJ WKH ZLQWHU PRQWKV ,Q WKH $O0DKZHHW
*RYHUQRUDWH WKH DYHUDJH DQQXDO UDLQIDOO LV FRPPRQO\ LQ WKH
UDQJHLVPP>@>@
7KH VSDWLDO SDWWHUQ RI DQQXDO UDLQIDOO YDULHV IURP \HDU WR
\HDU7KHFRQWUROOLQJWRSRJUDSKLFIDFWRUVKRZHYHUDUHVWURQJ
HQRXJK WR SURGXFH SURQRXQFHG SDWWHUQV WKDW DUH IDLUO\ VWDEOH
IRU ORQJWHUP DYHUDJHV RI DQQXDO UDLQIDOO 0RVW ]RQHV LQ
<HPHQ KDYH D ZHOOGHILQHG VHDVRQDO UDLQIDOO SDWWHUQ ZLWK D
ILUVW UDLQ\ VHDVRQ LQ 0DUFK WR 0D\ VXPPHU SHULRG DQG D
VHFRQG RQH LQ -XO\ WR 6HSWHPEHU DXWXPQ SHULRG /RQJ
SHULRGV RI GU\ ZHDWKHU DUH FRPPRQ IURP2FWREHU WR 0DUFK
DOWKRXJKRFFDVLRQDOVWRUPVGRRFFXU$URXQGWKHEHJLQQLQJRI
VSULQJ WKH KHDWHG ODQG VXUIDFH WULJJHUV LQODQG ZLQGV ZKLFK
OHDGWRRFFDVLRQDOFRQYHFWLYHUDLQVWRUPVHVSHFLDOO\DORQJWKH
PRXQWDLQ VORSHV GXULQJ D IHZ VXEVHTXHQW PRQWKV ZLQWHU
SHULRG5DLQIDOO GHFUHDVHVVLJQLILFDQWO\LQ-XQHZKLFK PDUNV
D VKRUW GU\ SHULRG 7KH VHFRQG UDLQ\ VHDVRQ XVXDOO\ VWDUWV LQ
-XO\5DLQVEHFRPHVSRUDGLFDURXQGWKHEHJLQQLQJRIDXWXPQ
WKHQD QHZSURORQJHGGU\VHDVRQVWDUWV 7KLVJHQHUDOVHDVRQDO
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering
Vol:10, No:5, 2016
1482International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016
Digital Open Science Index, Economics and Management Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004359
SDWWHUQFDQEHPRVWHDVLO\UHFRJQL]HGLQWKH]RQHVRIUHODWLYHO\
KLJKUDLQIDOO (UUDWLFUDLQV PD\RFFXU GXULQJDQ\PRQWKRIWKH
\HDU,QORZSUHFLSLWDWLRQ]RQHVWKH\PD\REVFXUHWKHVHDVRQDO
SDWWHUQGHVFULEHG>@
,9$1$/<6,6$1'5(68/76
A.Literature Review
$WWKHGRPHVWLFDQGJOREDOOHYHO ZRPHQKDYHWKH SULPDU\
UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU ZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW DV PDQ\ DXWKRUV
PHQWLRQHG HJ >@ DQG >@ LQ =LPEDEZH DQG 1LJHULD
UHVSHFWLYHO\,Q DGGLWLRQDORWRIVWXGLHV DUHUHTXLUHGLQ RUGHU
WR GLVFRYHU KRZ LQYROYLQJ UXUDO ZRPHQ FDQ KHOS DFKLHYH
VXVWDLQDEOHZDWHUVXSSO\WKURXJKFRQVHUYDWLRQRI WKH OLPLWHG
ZDWHU UHVRXUFHV LPSURYHPHQW RI ZDWHU TXDOLW\ LQ RUGHU WR
UHGXFHWKHQXPEHURIGLVHDVHVDQGJRRGPDQDJHPHQWRIZDWHU
XVDJH $OO RI WKHVH FRXOG EH XVHIXO WRUHGXFH FRQFHUQV DERXW
ZDWHU VFDUFLW\ DQG SUHYHQW IDLOXUH RI ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV
7KXVDQLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQWRSRVVLEOH PHDVXUHVWRLQYROYH UXUDO
ZRPHQGXULQJ WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIZDWHUVXSSO\ SURMHFWVLV
HVVHQWLDO
5HVHDUFKHUVIURP$VLDQDQG $IULFDQ UHJLRQV VXFK DV >@
>@ >@ >@ DQG >@ LQGLFDWHG WKDW LPSURYHPHQW RI
ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ ZDWHU VXSSO\ SKDVHVLV LPSRUWDQW WR
UDLVHWKHOHYHORIKHDOWKDPRQJVRFLHW\WRUDLVHWKHQXPEHURI
JLUOV ZKR DWWHQG VFKRRO DQG WR FRQWLQXH WKH ZDWHU SURMHFW
VHUYLFHV RSHUDWLRQ 7KXV LPSURYLQJ ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ
ZLOO EH HIIHFWLYH IRU VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV
0RUHRYHUIRUVXVWDLQDEOHZDWHU VXSSO\SURMHFWVUXUDOZRPHQ
VKRXOGDOVREH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU LWV RSHUDWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFH
7KXV WDUJHWLQJ ZRPHQ IRU WKH WUDLQLQJ SURJUDP FDOOHG
¶%XLOGLQJ &DSDFLW\¶ DLPV IRU VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU VXSSO\
HVSHFLDOO\LQPDQDJHULDODQGWHFKQLFDOUROHV
7KHUH DUH VRPH HYLGHQFHV DQG H[DPSOHV VKRZLQJ WKDW
SRVLWLYHHIIHFWV FDQEHVHHQZKHQZRPHQSDUWLFLSDWHDQG WDNH
XSD FHQWUDOUROHLQ WKHSODQQLQJDQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI ZDWHU
VXSSO\ SURMHFWV 7KXV LQYROYHPHQW RI UXUDO ZRPHQ LQ ZDWHU
VXSSO\ SURMHFWV UHVXOWV LQ LPSURYHG KHDOWK DQG TXDOLW\ RI OLIH
IRUWKHFRPPXQLW\EHFDXVHZRPHQKDYHDJRRGNQRZOHGJHRI
ORFDOZDWHUSUDFWLFHVDQGWKH\FDQGLVVHPLQDWHPHVVDJHVDERXW
JRRGZDWHUDQGK\JLHQHSUDFWLFHV
0DQ\ LQYHVWLJDWLRQV LQ $VLDQ DQG $IULFDQ VKRZ WKDW WKH
FDXVHV RI ORZ ZRPDQ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV
DUHDWKH ZHDNQHVVRILQVWLWXWLRQDO IUDPHZRUNVLQWKHZDWHU
VXSSO\SURMHFWV>@EWKHEHOLHIRIUXUDOZRPHQVQHHGVFDQ
EHIXOILOOHGWKURXJK PHQ >@FHGXFDWLRQZHDNQHVV DPRQJ
UXUDO ZRPHQ G ODFN RI FRQILGHQFH IURP FRPPXQLWLHV >@
HLJQRUDQFHIURPGHFLVLRQPDNHUVIKHDY\ZRUNORDGZKLFK
UXUDOZRPDQFRXOGQRWGHDOZLWK>@+RZHYHULWPD\QRWEH
HQRXJKWRVD\WKDWZRPHQDUHXQDEOHWRSDUWLFLSDWHEHFDXVHRI
WKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGEDUULHUV0RUHRYHUVRPHDXWKRUVVXFKDV
>@ >@ >@ UHFRPPHQGHG WKDW LQ RUGHU WR DFKLHYH
VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV LQ FRXQWULHV ZRPHQV
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ VKRXOG EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW E\ D YDULHW\ RI
VWDNHKROGHUVVXFKDVGHFLVLRQPDNHUVORFDOSHRSOHHWF,QWKLV
UHJDUG VRPH DXWKRUV VXFK DV >@ DQG >@ LQGLFDWHG WKH
H[DPSOHVZKLFKFRQILUPKRZLPSRUWDQWZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQ
LQVXVWDLQDEOHZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWV
$V VRPH UHVHDUFKHUV VXFK DV >@ FRQFOXGHG ORZ UXUDO
ZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLVWKHNH\UHDVRQIRUIDLOHGZDWHUVXSSO\
SURMHFWV>@FRQILUPHG WKLVFRQFOXVLRQE\ WKHH[DPSOHIURP
1HSDO )XUWKHUPRUH PDQ\ UHVHDUFKHUV VWXGLHG SULQFLSOHV RI
ZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ DQG FRQWULEXWLRQWRZDWHUVXSSO\DV
ZHOODVLQWHJUDWLQJ JHQGHUQHHGVLQWRGULQNLQJZDWHUSURMHFWV
DVLQGLFDWHGE\VWXGLHVRI>@>@>@>@>@>@>@
>@ >@ >@ PDQ\ RI ZKRP FRQFOXGHG WKDW ZRPHQV
SDUWLFLSDWLRQLVLPSRUWDQWWRLPSURYHWKHZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWV
SHUIRUPDQFH 7KHUHIRUH WKLV UHVHDUFK IRFXVHV RQ DVVHVVLQJ
KRZZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQZRXOGDIIHFWWKHVXVWDLQDEOHZDWHU
VXSSO\SURMHFWVLQUXUDODUHDVLQ<HPHQ
5HVXOWVIURPWKHOLWHUDWXUH UHYLHZ DQG SUHLQWHUYLHZV VKRZ
WKDW VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV LPSURYH WKH KHDOWK RI
IDPLOLHVDQGDOORZJLUOVWRDWWHQGVFKRRODQGDOVRDOORZVUXUDO
ZRPHQWRXVHWKHLUWLPHPRUHHIILFLHQWO\IRUUDLVLQJWKHLU
HGXFDWLRQOHYHOVDQGDWWHQGLQJSURIHVVLRQDOWUDLQLQJV VXFK DV
FKLOGFDUH 7KXV WKH FULWHULD RI VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU VXSSO\
SURMHFWV ZHUH H[WUDFWHG E\ XVLQJ WZR FULWHULD QDPHO\
DYDLODELOLW\DQGFRQWLQXLW\
$YDLODELOLW\
$YDLODELOLW\ PHDQV WKDW WKHUH LV HQRXJK ZDWHU IRU ZKLFK
TXDOLW\ OLHV DERYH WKH VWDQGDUG IRU GULQNLQJ ZDWHU 7ZR
LQGLFDWRUVFKDUDFWHUL]HWKHFULWHULRQRIDYDLODELOLW\
x7KH GLVWDQFH IURP WKH KRXVH WR WKH ZDWHU VRXUFH
LQFOXGLQJWKHUHWXUQWULSVKRXOG WDNHOHVVWKDQPLQXWHV
IRUORFDOZRPHQDFFRUGLQJWR6)'LQGLFDWRUV>@>@,Q
DGGLWLRQ VRPH VWXGLHV VXFK DV >@ >@ DQG >@
LQGLFDWHGWKDW DQ\ZDWHUVRXUFHVVKRXOGEHORFDWHGDW OHVV
WKDQNPDZD\IURPUHVLGHQWV
x:DWHUFRQVXPSWLRQSHUSHUVRQ LV QRWOHVVWKDQ OLWHUVD
GD\ 7KH :+2 GHILQLWLRQ RI DFFHVV WR ZDWHU YDULHV
DFFRUGLQJWRORFDWLRQ EXW DYHUDJHGEHWZHHQ OLWHUV SHU
SHUVRQ SHU GD\ ZLWKLQ D RQH NLORPHWHU ZDONLQJ GLVWDQFH
IURPWKHKRXVHKROG
&RQWLQXLW\
&RQWLQXLW\PHDQV WKHFRQVLVWHQF\RI ZDWHUVXSSO\IURPWKH
VRXUFHWRWKHKRXVH7KUHHLQGLFDWRUVFKDUDFWHUL]HWKHFULWHULRQ
RIFRQWLQXLW\DVIROORZV
x0DLQWHQDQFH LV DQ LPSRUWDQW LVVXH IRU FRQWLQXLW\
EHFDXVHODFN RI PDLQWHQDQFH PD\ OHDG WR WRWDO RU SDUWLDO
IDLOXUHRIWKHZDWHUV\VWHP
x1XPEHURIKRXUV SHU GD\ ZLWKDFFHVVWRZDWHUVXSSO\ E\
KRXVHKROGV
x1XPEHURIGD\VSHUPRQWKZLWKDFFHVVWRZDWHUVXSSO\E\
KRXVHKROGV
,PSURYHWKH2WKHU$VSHFWV:KLFK$UH5HODWHGWR:DWHU
,PSURYLQJ RWKHU DVSHFWV ZKLFK DUH UHODWHG WR ZDWHU ZLOO
HQKDQFH WKH HQYLURQPHQW VXUURXQGLQJ WKH ZDWHU VXSSO\
SURMHFW VXFK DV KHDOWK DQG HGXFDWLRQDO LVVXHV 7KXV IRXU
LQGLFDWRUVFKDUDFWHUL]HWKLVVHFWLRQDVIROORZV
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering
Vol:10, No:5, 2016
1483International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016
Digital Open Science Index, Economics and Management Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004359
x:DWHU DYDLODELOLW\ VKRXOG LPSURYH WKH HGXFDWLRQDO
VLWXDWLRQ DPRQJ JLUOV ZKR ZHUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU IHWFKLQJ
ZDWHUEHIRUHWKHSURMHFWLQWHUYHQWLRQ
x7KHSDUWLFLSDWLRQOHYHORI ZRPHQ LV HQFRXUDJHG LQ ZDWHU
VXSSO\ SURMHFWV PDQDJHPHQW E\ FRXQWLQJ WKH QXPEHU RI
UXUDO ZRPHQ DV DFWLYH PHPEHU LQ WKH :DWHU 8VHU
&RPPLWWHH:8&
7KH HQYLURQPHQWDO DZDUHQHVV VWDQGDUGV DPRQJ UXUDO
ZRPHQ QDPHO\ WKH K\JLHQLF EHKDYLRU DW KRPH W\SH DQG
SHULRGRIWKHZDWHUVWRUDJHDWKRPH
B.Pre-Interviews and Post-Interviews
7KH SUHLQWHUYLHZV ZLWK <HPHQL H[SHUWV DQG GHFLVLRQ
PDNHUV IURP JRYHUQPHQW DQG 1*2V LQ WKHZDWHU VHFWRU DQG
DFDGHPLFUHVHDUFKHUVZKR DUHOLQNHGZLWK ZDWHU LVVXHVZHUH
KHOG WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKHLU RSLQLRQV RQ WKH EDUULHUV DQG
LPSHGLPHQWVWRVXVWDLQDEOHUXUDOZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWVDQGRQ
WKH UHDVRQV RI ZK\ WKH UXUDO ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ ZDWHU
VXSSO\SURMHFWVLVQHJOHFWHG
7KHEDUULHUVDQGLPSHGLPHQWV WR DFKLHYH VXVWDLQDEOHZDWHU
VXSSO\SURMHFWVDUH
x/DFN RI DZDUHQHVV DPRQJ WKH GHFLVLRQPDNHUV
VXSSRUWLQJDJHQFLHVDQGFRPPXQLWLHV
x6RFLDODQGFXOWXUDOFXVWRPV
x6XSSRUWLQJ DJHQFLHV KDYH QR JXLGHOLQHV RQ KRZ WR
LPSURYH UXUDO ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ GXULQJ DOO SURMHFWV
SKDVHV
x:HDNQHVV RI WKH VRFLDO VXUYH\V FRQGXFWHG EHIRUH WKH
SURMHFWLQWHUYHQWLRQ
7KH DSSURSULDWH W\SH RI ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV WR DFKLHYH
VXVWDLQDELOLW\LQ UXUDOPRXQWDLQRXVDUHDVLVDZDWHUKDUYHVWLQJ
V\VWHP EXW WKH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ QHHGV WR EH LPSURYHG WR WKH
GULQNLQJZDWHUOHYHO
7KHFKDOOHQJHVRIZHDN LQYROYHPHQWRI UXUDOZRPHQ LQWKH
ZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWVDUH
x/HVVDWWHQWLRQWR LQYROYH UXUDO ZRPHQ DV DFWLYH SDUW\ E\
GHFLVLRQPDNLQJDQGVXSSRUWLQJDJHQFLHV
x6RFLDOWUDGLWLRQDODQGFXOWXUDOFXVWRPV
x+LJKLOOLWHUDF\DPRQJFRPPXQLWLHV
x:HDNQHVV WUDLQLQJV EXLOGLQJ FDSDFLW\ WR WKH ORFDO
FRPPXQLW\
x:HDNVRFLDODZDUHQHVVDPRQJFRPPXQLW\
7KHFRQVHTXHQFHVLIZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLVLPSURYHGDUH
WKDW VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV DUH DFKLHYHG E\
LPSURYLQJWKHKHDOWKHGXFDWLRQDODQG HQYLURQPHQWDOVLWXDWLRQ
RIWKHHQWLUHFRPPXQLW\
C.Research Field Visit
&RQFOXVLRQVIURPILHOGYLVLWDUH
x)URPWKH UHVXOW RIYLVLWLQJWKHIRXU ZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWV
LQ WKH FDVH VWXG\ WKH FRQGLWLRQV WR LPSURYH ZRPHQV
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKH :8& DUH ZRPHQ VKRXOG EH DFWLYH
ZRPHQ VKRXOG EHDEOH WR UHDG DQG ZULWH ZRPHQ VKRXOG
EH VXSSRUWHG DQG HQFRXUDJHG 7KHVH FRQGLWLRQV DUH
LPSRUWDQWDVVKRZQVXFFHVVIXOO\LQWKHFRPSDULVRQSURMHFW
$O*DOED 3URMHFW LQ $O+DUWK VXEGLVWULFW LQ ZKLFK WKH
IHPDOHVXSHUYLVRULV D ZHOOHGXFDWHG XQLYHUVLW\ JUDGXDWH
ZKR KDV WKH VXSSRUW RI IDPLO\ VXSSRUW DQG WKH
FRPPXQLW\ LV DEOH WR WDNH DGYDQWDJH RI KHU NQRZOHGJH
DQG H[SHULHQFHV EHFDXVH VKH LV DQ DFWLYH DQG KDUG
ZRUNLQJZRPDQ
x$OOVWDNHKROGHUVVKRXOGSD\DWWHQWLRQWRLPSURYHZRPHQV
SDUWLFLSDWLRQDVDSUDFWLFDOSDUW\IRUDFKLHYLQJVXVWDLQDEOH
ZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWV
x7KH FRPSDULVRQ SURMHFW LV D VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU VXSSO\
SURMHFW2QWKHRWKHUKDQGDOOWKHZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWVLQ
WKH FDVH VWXG\ DUH QRW VXVWDLQDEOH EHFDXVH ZRPHQV
SDUWLFLSDWLRQOHYHOLVZHDNHU
x5HJDUGLQJ*$5:63SURMHFWV W\SH WKHPHFKDQL]HGW\SH
LV QRW DQ HIIHFWLYH ZD\ WR LPSOHPHQW VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU
VXSSO\SURMHFWVLQWKHPRXQWDLQRXVUXUDODUHDVEHFDXVHWKH
JURXQGZDWHU VLWXDWLRQ LV RYHUH[SORLWDWLRQ D GHFOLQH LQ
ZDWHU OHYHO LV REVHUYHG LQ WKH PRVW VWUHVVHG DUHDV RI WKH
FRXQWU\ 7KH 6)' SURMHFW W\SH QRQPHFKDQL]HG ZDWHU
KDUYHVWLQJ LV WKH DSSURSULDWH ZD\ WR LPSOHPHQW
VXVWDLQDEOHZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWVLQWKHPRXQWDLQRXVUXUDO
DUHDVEXWVWLOOWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\VWLOOQHHGVWRLPSURYH
95(6($5&+&21&/86,21$1'5(&200(1'$7,216
A.Conclusions
x,Q <HPHQ¶V UXUDO DUHDV ZRPHQ DUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU
IHWFKLQJZDWHUIURPRIWHQUHPRWHDUHDVDQGRQDYHUDJHLW
WDNHV WKHP PRUH WKDQ IRXU KRXUV GDLO\ $OWKRXJK UXUDO
ZRPHQ SOD\ DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ PDQDJLQJ ZDWHU WKH\
FDQWSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHDFWLYLWLHV RI WKH IRXU ZDWHUVXSSO\
SURMHFWV LQ WKH FDVH VWXG\ KHOG LQ $O'HOODD $ODDOD VXE
GLVWULFW IRU VHYHUDO UHDVRQV LQFOXGLQJ LJQRUDQFH IURP
GHFLVLRQPDNHUV ZHDN JXLGHOLQHV RU SODQQLQJ LQ WKH
VXSSRUWLQJ DJHQFLHV ORFDO RU 1*2V IRU LPSURYLQJ
ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKH SURMHFWV DFWLYLWLHV ODFN RI
WUDLQLQJ SURJUDPV EHIRUH SURMHFW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ WR
VWUHQJWKHQ ZRPHQV DELOLWLHV HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH DZDUHQHVV
DQGPDLQWHQDQFHVNLOOVKLJKLOOLWHUDF\DPRQJZRPHQWKH
EHOLHI RI UXUDO ZRPHQV QHHGV FDQ EH IXOILOOHG WKURXJK
PHQ
x7KH FULWHULD IRU VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU VXSSO\ IURP OLWHUDWXUH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOGRFXPHQWVDQGH[SHULHQFHVZKLFKZHUHXVHG
WRHYDOXDWHWKH VXVWDLQDELOLW\RIWKHZDWHU VXSSO\SURMHFWV
LQ WKH FDVH VWXG\ SURYLGH D JRRG VWDUWLQJ SRLQW IRU
LPSURYLQJ UXUDO ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ GXULQJ DOO SURMHFW
SKDVHV
x7KH DQDO\VLV VKRZV WKDW ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV ZLOO
EHFRPHPRUHVXVWDLQDEOHLIZRPHQSDUWLFLSDWHDFWLYHO\
x7KH PDMRULW\ RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV LQ WKH 6)' SURMHFWV
DJUHHGWKDWZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQEULQJVLPSURYHPHQWVLQ
WKH ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFW 0RUHRYHU WKH\ LQGLFDWHG WKDW
WKH FRQVHTXHQFHV RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ E\ ZRPHQ ZRXOG
HQKDQFH VXVWDLQDEOH SURMHFWV 7KH\ PHQWLRQHG WKDW UXUDO
ZRPHQ FRXOG SDUWLFLSDWH HIIHFWLYHO\ LI WKH\ UHFHLYH
WUDLQLQJFRXUVHV)RUH[DPSOHZRPHQFRXOGEH
UHVSRQVLEOH IRU FDUU\LQJ RXW PDLQWHQDQFH ZRUN VXFK DV
FOHDQLQJWKHEDVLQVDQGWDQNVDQGFKDQJLQJWKHWDQNVWDS
+RZHYHU6)'SURMHFWVGRQRWKDYHSUDFWLFDOJXLGHOLQHVWR
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering
Vol:10, No:5, 2016
1484International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016
Digital Open Science Index, Economics and Management Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004359
LPSURYH ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKH DOO SKDVHV RI WKH
SURMHFW
x$OPRVW DOO PHQ DQG PRVW ZRPHQ LQWHUYLHZHHV LQ WKH
*$5:63SURMHFWVVDLGWKDWZRPHQVKRXOGQRWSDUWLFLSDWH
LQ WKH SURMHFW EHFDXVH WKHSURMHFW W\SH ZDV PHFKDQL]HG
7KHSURMHFW PDQDJHPHQWGRHVQRW IRFXVRQLQYROYLQJ WKH
UXUDO FRPPXQLW\ LQ WKH SURMHFW 0RUHRYHU WKH
PDLQWHQDQFHSDUWLVKDUGWRPDQDJHE\ZRPHQHVSHFLDOO\
DV WKH\ GR QRW KDYH WKH VNLOOV RU H[SHULHQFH WR GHDO ZLWK
SURMHFW PDQDJHPHQW RU PDLQWHQDQFH ,Q DGGLWLRQ
*$5:63 GRHV QRW KDYH JXLGHOLQHV IRU LPSURYLQJ
ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ 0RUHRYHU WKH DZDUHQHVV DPRQJ
GHFLVLRQPDNHUV LQ *$5:63 DQG WKH FRPPXQLWLHV DUH
ZHDN
x,Q RUGHU WR LPSURYH ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKH :DWHU
8VHU&RPPLWWHH:8&ZRPHQ VKRXOG EH DEOH WR UHDG
DQGZULWH DQGEHDFWLYHDQGWR EHUHVSHFWHGE\WKHORFDO
FRPPXQLW\ DQG KDYH JRRG H[SHULHQFH WR GHDO ZLWK WKH
SURMHFWVWDVNV
x,QDOOILYHSURMHFWVKHDOWKFRQVLGHUDWLRQLVZHDNEHFDXVH
WKH 6)' DQG *$5:63 DJHQFLHV KDYH QR KHDOWK
DZDUHQHVV SURJUDP LQ WKH SURMHFW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ VWDJH
)XUWKHUPRUH WKH SURMHFWV IRFXV RQ SURYLGLQJ ZDWHU
TXDQWLW\EXWQRWRQLQYHVWLJDWLQJDQGLPSURYLQJWKHZDWHU
TXDOLW\
x*$5:63W\SH SURMHFWV VKRXOG EH FKDQJHG IURP
PHFKDQL]HG SURMHFWV WR QRQPHFKDQL]HG SURMHFWV DQG
*$5:63 DQG 6)' VKRXOG WDNH ZDWHU TXDOLW\
LPSURYHPHQWVLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
x5XUDOZRPHQJHQGHUGRQRWUHFHLYHHQRXJKDWWHQWLRQLQ
WKH:DWHU3ROLFLHVDQG6WUDWHJLHVDVDQDFWLYHSDUW\GXULQJ
WKHZDWHUVXSSO\SURMHFWV
x,PSURYLQJ UXUDO ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKH QRQ
PHFKDQL]HGZDWHU VXSSO\SURMHFWVLV WKHNH\WRDFKLHYLQJ
VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU VXSSO\ )XUWKHUPRUH ZRPHQV
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ FDQ KHOS DFKLHYH VXVWDLQDEOH PHFKDQL]HG
ZDWHU VXSSO\ SURMHFWV 7KHVH JRDOV FDQ EH DWWDLQHG LI
ZRPHQ¶V SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LV WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW IURP WKH
EHJLQQLQJE\WKHVXSSRUWLQJ$JHQFLHVDQGVRFLHW\
B.Recommendations
7KHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRFXVRQWKUHHNLQGVRIVWDNHKROGHUV
QDPHO\GHFLVLRQPDNHUVSDUWLHVZKRFDUU\RXWGULQNLQJZDWHU
SURMHFWVDQGWKHVXSSRUWLQJDJHQFLHV*$5:63DQG6)'
5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRU'HFLVLRQ0DNHUV
x(ODERUDWH WKH LQYROYHPHQW RI ZRPHQ LQ WKHLU VWUDWHJLHV
DQGSROLFLHV
x5DLVH DZDUHQHVV DPRQJ GHFLVLRQPDNHUV DERXW ZRPHQV
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ
x&RQVLGHU ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ DV D ORQJWHUP OHDUQLQJ
SURFHVV
x,QFRUSRUDWH ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ ZDWHU SROLFLHV
VWUDWHJLHVDQGODZDVDORQJWHUPOHDUQLQJSURFHVV
5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV IRU 3DUWLHV :KR &DUU\ RXW 'ULQNLQJ
:DWHU3URMHFWV
D*HQHUDO5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV
x*HQGHU 6WUHQJWKHQLQJ LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW DQG VKRXOG EH
HQFRXUDJHG
x:RPHQ¶VSDUWLFLSDWLRQVKRXOGEH LQYROYHGDVDQ HIILFLHQW
DSSURDFKE\VXSSRUWLQJDJHQFLHVVRFLHW\DQGWKHSRWHQWLDO
VXSSRUWLQJ GRQRUV $ IHZ VWHSV FDQ EH WDNHQ WR WDNH WKLV
IRUZDUG
&UHDWLQJ DQ DFWLYH JXLGHOLQH IRU LPSURYLQJ ZRPHQ¶V
SDUWLFLSDWLRQDVSUDFWLFDOVWDNHKROGHUV LQ DOO ZDWHUVXSSO\
SURMHFWSKDVHV
6KDULQJ WKH FXUUHQW H[SHULHQFHV DPRQJ GLIIHUHQW
VWDNHKROGHUV EHIRUH WKH SURMHFW WDNHV SODFH RI WKH ZDWHU
VXSSO\ SURMHFW 7KLV FDQ EH GRQH WKURXJK RUJDQL]LQJ D
ZRUNVKRSWRGLVFXVVWKHDSSURDFKDQGSKLORVRSK\DVZHOO
DVUHYLHZLQJLQIRUPDWLRQQHHGVDQGDYDLODEOHLQIRUPDWLRQ
VRXUFHV $OVR WKH ZRUNVKRS FRXOG EH XVHG WR GHYHORS D
SURSRVDOZLWKNH\VWDNHKROGHUVWRVHWXSDGDWDEDVHIRUDQ
LQIRUPDWLRQ H[FKDQJH QHWZRUN .H\ GRQRUV VKRXOG EH
LQYLWHG IRU WKLV ZRUNVKRS VR WKH\ JHW KDQGVRQ
LQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHVWDNHKROGHUV
(IIHFWLYH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DPRQJVW DOO VWDNHKROGHUV 7KH
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ UHTXLUHV D VHULRXV HIIRUW RI DZDUHQHVV
ULVLQJDPRQJDOOVWDNHKROGHUVVXFKDVGHFLVLRQPDNHUVLQ
WKH ZDWHU VHFWRU SURIHVVLRQDOV LQWHUHVW JURXSV DQG WKH
SXEOLF DW ODUJH &RPPXQLFDWLRQ PD\ LGHQWLI\
RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR VROYH SUREOHPV LQ WKH ZDWHU VHFWRU
ZKHUHE\WKHODFNRIZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLVRQHRIWKHP
x(VWDEOLVKPHQW RI WUDLQLQJ DQG DZDUHQHVV SURJUDPV WR
LPSURYHWKH$JHQFLHVFRXQVHORUVNQRZOHGJHDQGVNLOOV
x&RQVLGHUDWLRQRI WKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIZRPHQLQ WKHVRFLDO
VXUYH\ FRQGXFWHG E\ WKHP EHFDXVH SURMHFWV DUH XVXDOO\
EDVHGRQWKHVHVXUYH\V
x'UDZLQJXSDVRFLDODZDUHQHVVSURJUDPEHIRUHWKHSURMHFW
WDNHV SODFH LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH ZRPHQ¶V SDUWLFLSDWLRQ
DQG H[SORUDWLRQ RI WKH SRVVLELOLW\ WR LQYROYH WKHP LQ WKH
SURMHFWVVXFKDV LQYROYLQJZRPHQLQ WKH:8&DV DFWLYH
PHPEHUV
x6WUHQJWKHQLQJZRPHQE\LPSOHPHQWLQJWUDLQLQJSURJUDPV
WREXLOG RQWKHLUFDSDFLWLHV NQRZOHGJHDQGVNLOOV WRGHDO
ZLWK DQG PDQDJH ZDWHU SURMHFWV HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WHUPV RI
DZDUHQHVV DQG PDLQWHQDQFH 7KHVH WUDLQLQJV VKRXOG EH
IRFXVHG RQ WKH SUDFWLFDO SDUWV 7KHVH WUDLQLQJ SURJUDPV
FRXOGFRQVLGHUWKHIROORZLQJWRSLFV
3URMHFWPDQDJHPHQWDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQWDVNV
0DLQWHQDQFHRIWKHSURMHFWHTXLSPHQW
2UJDQL]DWLRQDOPDQDJHPHQW
)LQDQFLDODVSHFWVLQFOXGLQJDFFRXQWLQJIHHFROOHFWLRQDQG
IXQGVPDQDJHPHQW
,QFUHDVLQJKHDOWKDQGHQYLURQPHQWDODZDUHQHVV
5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRU*$5:63
x&KDQJH WKH W\SH RI ZDWHU SURMHFWV IURP PHFKDQL]HG WR
QRQPHFKDQL]HGLQ PRXQWDLQRXVUXUDODUHDVRUDGGVRPH
ZDWHU KDUYHVWLQJ SURMHFWV WR WKH PHFKDQL]HG SURMHFWV LQ
RUGHUWRUHFKDUJHWKHJURXQGZDWHU
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering
Vol:10, No:5, 2016
1485International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016
Digital Open Science Index, Economics and Management Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004359
x,PSURYHWKH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RIORFDOSHRSOH WR FRQWULEXWHWR
SURMHFWDFWLYLWLHV DQGILQG WKHDSSURSULDWHZD\WRLQFUHDVH
ZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQ
x5XUDOZRPHQFDQSOD\DQDFWLYHUROHLQWKHPDQDJHPHQW
RI ZDWHU VXSSO\ VHUYLFHV DQG FDQ XQGHUWDNH PLQRU
PDLQWHQDQFH DFWLYLWLHV ZKLOH SOD\LQJ D OHDG UROH LQ WKH
KHDOWK DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO DZDUHQHVV DPRQJ WKH
FRPPXQLW\
5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV IRU WKH 6RFLDO )XQG IRU 'HYHORSPHQW
6)'
x&RQVLGHUDQLQYHVWLJDWLRQ RIWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\ DVSHFW DQG
WU\WRILQGVXLWDEOHVROXWLRQV
x,PSURYH ZRPHQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ SURMHFW PDQDJHPHQW
PDLQWHQDQFHDQGDZDUHQHVV
x5XUDO ZRPHQ FDQ SOD\ D YLWDO UROH LQ WKH SURMHFW
PDQDJHPHQWVXFKDVPDQDJHZDWHUXVDJHDQGSURWHFWWKH
SURMHFWVHTXLSPHQWKHDOWKDQGHQYLURQPHQWDODZDUHQHVV
WKDWLQFOXGHVHQFRXUDJLQJ LQFUHDVHGK\JLHQHLQ WKHKRPH
DQG PDLQWHQDQFH VXFK DV FOHDQLQJ WKH FDWFKPHQW DUHDV
DQGSRQGV
$&.12:/('*(0(176
7KH DXWKRU ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN 0V 7VMLNNH 6FKLSSHUV IRU
KHUJXLGDQFHYDOXDEOHDGYLFHDQGIHHGEDFNWKURXJKDOOVWHSV
RI WKLV UHVHDUFK DQG DOO VWDII LQ 6D[LRQ 8QLYHUVLWLHV , H[WHQG
P\ JUDWHIXOQHVV WR DOO LQWHUYLHZHUV HVSHFLDOO\
(QJLQHHU0XWDKDU =DLG 0XWDKDU *HQHUDO 'LUHFWRUDWH RI
,UULJDWLRQ DW WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI $JULFXOWXUDO DQG ,UULJDWLRQ 0U
$OL $O6RULPL &KDLUPDQ RI WKH *HQHUDO $XWKRULW\ IRU :DWHU
6XSSO\3URMHFWVDWWKH0LQLVWU\RI:DWHUDQG(QYLURQPHQWDQG
0U1DML$EX+DWLP5XUDO 'HYHORSPHQW 6SHFLDOLVWDW:RUOG
%DQNIRUWKHLUYDOXDEOHRSLQLRQV季
5()(5(1&(6
>@$O*KRU\ $ ³$ 6RFLRJHRJUDSKLFDO 6LWXDWLRQ $QDO\VLV RI 5HVRXUFH
0DQDJHPHQWIRU$O0DZDVLWGLVWULFW<HPHQ4DWEDVHGIDUPLQJV\VWHP
FDVH´'HSDUWPHQW RI(DUWK 6FLHQFHV)UHLH8QLYHUVLWDHW %HUOLQ%HUOLQ
SS 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSZZZGLVVIX
EHUOLQGHFKDSWHUBSGIDWWK0DUFK
>@$EX+DWLP 1DML :RUOG %DQN 5XUDO 'HYHORSPHQW 6SHFLDOLVW WKRI
-XO\
>@$O$URRVL 0RKDPHG 5R\DO 1HWKHUODQGV (PEDVV\ 6HQLRU 3URJUDP
2IILFHU:DWHUWKRI-XO\
>@$O+DPGL 0RKDPPHG 0LQLVWU\ RI :DWHU DQG (QYLURQPHQW 0:(
'HSXW\RI0LQLVWHUWKRI-XO\
>@$O0DKIDGL$³5ROH RI5XUDO:RPDQLQ(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQDQG
,PSURYHPHQW´ 7KH WKLUG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO (QYLURQPHQWDO &RQIHUHQFH
(J\SW SS 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSXQSDQXQRUJLQWUDGRF
JURXSVSXEOLFGRFXPHQWV$5$'2813$1SGI DW WK
6HSWHPEHU
>@$O0XMDKHG$EGXOZDKDE 6RFLDO )XQGDQG'HYHORSPHQW 6)' +HDG
RIZDWHUDQG(QYLURQPHQW8QLWWKRI-XO\
>@$O1R]DLO\ )DGKO :DWHU DQG (QYLURQPHQW &HQWUH :(& 6DQD¶D
8QLYHUVLW\'HSXW\'LUHFWRU7UDLQLQJ'HS DQG+LJK(GXFDWLRQQGRI
-XO\
>@$O6RULPL $OL *HQHUDO $XWKRULW\ IRU :DWHU 6XSSO\ 3URMHFWV
*$5:63&KDLUPDQRI$XWKRULW\WKRI-XO\
>@$67(5 $GYDQFHG 6SDFHERUQH 7KHUPDO (PLVVLRQ DQG 5HIOHFWLRQ
5DGLRPHWHU &DOLIRUQLD ,QVWLWXWH RI 7HFKQRORJ\
KWWSVDVWHUZHEMSOQDVDJRY
>@%UHZVWHU 0 HW DO ³$ *HQGHU 3HUVSHFWLYH RQ :DWHU 5HVRXUFHV DQG
6DQLWDWLRQ´ 1HZ <RUN 86$ 3S 5HWULHYHG IURP
KWWSZZZXQRUJHVDVXVWGHYFVGFVGGRFXPHQWVEJURXQGBSGIDW
1RYHPEHU
>@&KDQFHOORU)HWDO³7KH*HQGHUDQG:DWHU'HYHORSPHQW5HSRUW
*HQGHU3HUVSHFWLYHVRQ3ROLFLHVLQWKH:DWHU6HFWRU´*HQGHUDQG:DWHU
$OOLDQFH5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZJHQGHUDQGZDWHUDOOLDQFHRUJ
UHSRUWV*:$$QQXDO5HSRUWSGIDWWK0DUFK
>@&URZ % DQG 6XOWDQD ) ³*HQGHU &ODVV DQG $FFHVV WR :DWHU 7KUHH
&DVHV LQ D 3RRU DQG &URZGHG 'HOWD 6RFLHW\ DQG 1DWXUDO 5HVRXUFHV
86$SS5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSUHSRVLWRULHVFGOLERUJFJL
YLHZFRQWHQWFJL"DUWLFOH FRQWH[W FJLUVDWWK1RYHPEHU
>@&62 &HQWUDO 6WDWLVWLFDO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ &62 ³3RSXODWLRQ &HQWUDO
6WDWLVWLFDO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ 6WDWLVWLFDO <HDU %RRN ´ 6DQD¶D
<HPHQ
>@'R\OH $ ³:DWHU :DUV /RRP" %XW 1RQH LQ 3DVW <HDUV *OREDO
3ROLF\ )RUXP 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSZZZJOREDOSROLF\RUJ
VHFXULW\QDWUHVZDWHUZZDUVKWPDWWK1RYHPEHU
>@(OPHQGRUI0 / DQG ,VHO\ 5 % ³3XEOLF SULYDWH UROHV RI ZRPHQLQ
ZDWHU VXSSO\ VDQLWDWLRQ SURJUDPV +XPDQ 2UJDQLVDWLRQ
SS
>@)DLVDO, 0 DQG.DELU0 5 ³$Q$QDO\VLV RI *HQGHU±:DWHU1H[XVLQ
5XUDO%DQJODGHVK -RXUQDORI 'HYHORSLQJ6RFLHWLHV %DQJODGHVK
SS
>@)LVKHU - HW DO ³:DWHU 6DQLWDWLRQ DQG +\JLHQH (YLGHQFH 5HSRUW IRU
KHU ,WV WKH ELJ LVVXH 3XWWLQJ ZRPHQ DW WKH FHQWUH RI :DWHU 6XSSO\
6DQLWDWLRQ DQG +\JLHQH :DWHU 6XSSO\ 6DQLWDWLRQ &ROODERUDWLYH
&RXQFLO:66&&*HQHYD6ZLW]HUODQGSS5HWULHYHGIURP
KWWSHVDXQRUJL\VGRFVVDQBOLEBGRFV)25B+(5B,7VB7+(B%,*B,66
8(B(YLGHQFHB5HSRUWHQ%'SGIDWWK-XQ
>@+RZDUG*DQG-%DUWUDP'RPHVWLF:DWHU4XDQWLW\6HUYLFH/HYHODQG
+HDOWK :RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ 5HWULHYHG IURP
KWWSZZZZKRLQWZDWHUBVDQLWDWLRQBKHDOWKGLVHDVHV:6+SGI
DW
>@,&) ³,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ )UHVKZDWHU %RQQ 5HWULHYHG
DW )HE WK IURP WKH :RUOG :LGH :HE
KWWSZZZZDWHUGHRXWFRPH%RQQ5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV%RQQB5HFR
PPHQGDWLRQVSGI
>@,&:( ³,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ :DWHU DQG WKH (QYLURQPHQW
'HYHORSPHQW LVVXHV IRU WKH VW FHQWXU\ 7KH 'XEOLQ 6WDWHPHQW RQ
:DWHUDQG 6XVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQWDQG WKH5HSRUWRI WKH&RQIHUHQFH
*HQHYD
>@,33 ³,QVWLWXWH IRU 3URMHFW 3ODQQLQJ 5HJLRQDO 'HYHORSPHQW 6WXG\ IRU
$O0DKZLW3URYLQFHS<HPHQ
>@,5& ³,QWHUQDWLRQDO :DWHU DQG 6DQLWDWLRQ &HQWUH ,5& XQGDWHGD
&RPPXQLW\ :DWHU 6XSSO\ 0DQDJHPHQW &DVH 6WXGLHV /D 6LUHQD
ZRPHQ WDNLQJ OHDGLQJ SRVLWLRQV 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSZZZLUFQO
PDQDJHPDQXDOVFDVHVVLUHQDKWPODWWKRI1RYHPEHU
>@,5& ³,QWHUQDWLRQDO :DWHU DQG 6DQLWDWLRQ &HQWUH ,5& XQGDWHGE
&RPPXQLW\ :DWHU 6XSSO\ 0DQDJHPHQW &DVH 6WXGLHV +RWR
&RPPXQLW\ 3DNLVWDQ 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSZZZLUFQOPDQDJH
PDQXDOVFDVHVKRWRKWPODWWKRI1RYHPEHU
>@-DFNVRQ& ³'RLQJ ZKDW FRPHV QDWXUDOO\":RPHQDQG HQYLURQPHQW LQ
GHYHORSPHQW´:RUOG'HYHORSPHQWSS
>@-RKQVRQ$³$UH:RPHQV2UJDQL]LQJ$ELOLWLHVD)RUJRWWHQ5HVRXUFH"´
7'5,4XDUWHUO\ 5HYLHZ YRO 1R7KDLODQG'HYHORSPHQW 5HVHDUFK
,QVWLWXWH 7KDLODQG S 5HWULHYHG IURP
KWWSZZZWGULRUWKOLEUDU\TXDUWHUO\WH[WVBKWPDW
>@0DKDUDM 1 ³7KH *HQGHU $SSURDFK WR :DWHU 0DQDJHPHQW /HVVRQV
/HDUQW $URXQG WKH *OREH *HQGHU DQG :DWHU $OOLDQFH´ 'HOIW 7KH
1HWKHUODQGV 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSJHQGHUDQGZDWHURUJHQJZD
SURGXFWVNQRZOHGJHRQJHQGHUDQG
ZDWHU7KHB*HQGHUB$SSURDFKBWRB:DWHUB0DSGIYLHZDW
>@0DNRQL ) 6 HW DO ³3DWWHUQV RI GRPHVWLF ZDWHU XVH LQ UXUDO DUHDV RI
=LPEDEZH JHQGHU UROHV DQG UHDOLWLHV´ 3K\VLFV DQG &KHPLVWU\ RIWKH
(DUWKSS
>@0DONLQD3\NK, * DQG 3\NK < $ ³6XVWDLQDEOH :DWHU 5HVRXUFHV
0DQDJHPHQW%RVWRQ´:,7SUHVVS
>@0D]YLPDYL ' DQG 0PRSHOZD * ³$FFHVV WR ZDWHU LQ JD]HWWHG DQG
XQJD]HWWHG UXUDO VHWWOHPHQWV LQ 1JDPLODQG´ %RWVZDQD 3K\VLFV DQG
&KHPLVWU\RIWKH(DUWKSS
>@0HLQ]HQ'LFN5 DQG=ZDUWHYHHQ 0 ³*HQGHUHG SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ ZDWHU
PDQDJHPHQW ,VVXHV DQG LOOXVWUDWLRQV IURP ZDWHU XVHUV DVVRFLDWLRQV LQ
6RXWK$VLD´$JULFXOWXUHDQG+XPDQYRO1HWKHUODQGV3S
>@0ROGHQ'HW DO³:DWHU IRU5XUDO 'HYHORSPHQW%DFNJURXQG3DSHU RQ
:DWHU IRU 5XUDO 'HYHORSPHQW 3UHSDUHG IRU WKH :RUOG %DQN´
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering
Vol:10, No:5, 2016
1486International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016
Digital Open Science Index, Economics and Management Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004359
,QWHUQDWLRQDO :DWHU 0DQDJHPHQW ,QVWLWXWH ,:0, :RUOG %DQN
5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSZZZLZPLFJLDURUJ3XEOLFDWLRQV
:RUNLQJB3DSHUVZRUNLQJ:25SGIDW$SULO3S
>@0XNUHG $EGXO :DKHG $JULFXOWXUDO 5HVHDUFK $XWKRULW\ $5($
0LQLVWU\ RI $JULFXOWXUDO DQG ,UULJDWLRQ 0$, 9LFH &KDLUPDQ $5($
([SHUWRQZDWHUVHFWRULQ<HPHQWKRI-XO\
>@0XWDKDU0XWDKDU*HQHUDO'LUHFWRUDWHRI,UULJDWLRQ*',±0LQLVWU\RI
$JULFXOWXUDODQG,UULJDWLRQ0$,*HQHUDO'LUHFWRURI,UULJDWLRQ*',±
'LUHFWRURI'DP¶V6WUXFWXUH3URMHFW''63WKRI-XO\
>@1DUD\DQ'³7KH&RQWULEXWLRQRI 3HRSOH¶V3DUWLFLSDWLRQ(YLGHQFHIURP
5XUDO :DWHU 6XSSO\ 3URMHFWV´ (QYLURQPHQWDOO\ 6XVWDLQDEOH
'HYHORSPHQW 2FFDVLRQDO 3DSHU 6HULHV 1R :DVKLQJWRQ '& 7KH
:RUOG%DQN
>@1:5$ ³1DWLRQDO :DWHU 5HVRXUFHV $XWKRULW\ :DWHU 5HVRXUFHV
6WDWLVWLFVRI<HPHQ´1:5$<HPHQSS
>@1:66,3 ³1DWLRQDO :DWHU 6HFWRU 6WUDWHJ\ DQG ,QYHVWPHQW
3URJUDP1:66,3 ´ 0LQLVWU\ RI :DWHU DQG
(QYLURQPHQW5HSXEOLFRI<HPHQSS
>@2GHNLQD % 2 ³,QWHJUDWHG UXUDO GHYHORSPHQW :RPHQ LQYROYHPHQW
UG :('& &RQIHUHQFH´ 'XUEDQ 6RXWK $IULFD SS
5HWULHYHGIURPZHGFOERURDFXNFRQIHUHQFHVSGIV2GHNLQDSGI DW
>@2OLYHU3³:ULWLQJ\RXU7KHVLV´6$*(3XEOLFDWLRQV/RQGRQ7KRXVDQG
2DNV1HZ'HOKL
>@5HJPL6 & DQG )DZFHWW%³,QWHJUDWLQJ *HQGHU 1HHGVLQWR 'ULQNLQJ
:DWHU3URMHFWVLQ1HSDO*HQGHUDQG'HYHORSPHQW´SS
>@5LHWYHOG/HWDO³$WRROIRUWHFKQLFDODVVHVVPHQWRI UXUDOZDWHUVXSSO\
V\VWHPVLQ6RXWK$IULFD3K\VLFVDQG&KHPLVWU\RIWKH(DUWK´
>@6DP 1 $ ³*HQGHU 0DLQVWUHDPLQJ DQG ,QWHJUDWLRQ RI :RPHQ LQ
'HFLVLRQ0DNLQJ7KH&DVHRI:DWHU 0DQDJHPHQWLQ6DPDUL1NZDQWD
*KDQD´*HQGHU0DLQVWUHDPLQJDQG,QWHJUDWLRQ
>@6D]DNOL ( HW DO ³5DLQZDWHU KDUYHVWLQJ TXDOLW\ DVVHVVPHQW DQG
XWLOL]DWLRQLQ.HIDORQLD,VODQG´*UHHFH:DWHU5HVHDUFK
>@6)' 6RFLDO )XQG IRU 'HYHORSPHQW ³6RFLDO )XQG IRU 'HYHORSPHQW
$QQXDO5HSRUW´6DQDD<HPHQSS
>@6LQJK1³7KH&KDQJLQJ5ROHRI:RPHQLQ :DWHU0DQDJHPHQW0\WKV
DQG5HDOLWLHV´7KH&KDQJLQJ5ROHRI:RPHQSS
>@7RUWDMDGD&³5HVHDUFK5HSRUWV&RQWULEXWLRQRI:RPHQWRWKH3ODQQLQJ
DQG 0DQDJHPHQW RI :DWHU UHVRXUFHV LQ /DWLQ $PHULFD´ 7KLUG :RUOG
&HQWUH IRU :DWHU 0DQDJHPHQW 5HWULHYHG IURP
KWWSZZZWKLUGZRUOGFHQWUHRUJHSXEOLKWPODWUG-XQHS
>@7UHYHWW HW DO $ ³0HFKDQLVPV OHDGLQJ WR SRVW VXSSO\ ZDWHU TXDOLW\
GHWHULRUDWLRQ LQ UXUDO +RQGXUDQ FRPPXQLWLHV´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI
+\JLHQHDQG(QYLURQPHQWDO+HDOWKSS
>@81 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV ³7KH ZRUOG¶V ZRPHQ 7UHQGV DQG VWDWLVWLFV UG
HG´1HZ<RUN8QLWHG1DWLRQV
>@81:DWHU ³*HQGHU :DWHU DQG 6DQLWDWLRQ $ 3ROLF\ %ULHI´
5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSZZZXQZDWHURUJGRZQORDGV
XQZSROEULHISGIDWWK1RYHPEHU
>@81 ³8QLWHG 1DWLRQV 7KH 0LOOHQQLXP 'HYHORSPHQW *RDOV 5HSRUW
´ 81 S 5HWULHYHG IURP
KWWSZZZXQRUJPLOOHQQLXPJRDOVSGIPGJSGIDW
>@81'38QLWHG1DWLRQV 'HYHORSPHQW 3URJUDP³0DLQVWUHDPLQJJHQGHU
LQZDWHUPDQDJHPHQWDSUDFWLFDOMRXUQH\WRVXVWDLQDELOLW\´81'3%'3
(QHUJ\DQG(QYLURQPHQW*URXS1HZ<RUN
>@9DQGHU*XQHWDO³7KH:DWHU5HVRXUFHVRI<HPHQ$VXPPDU\DQG
GLJHVW RI DYDLODEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ´ 5HSRUW :5$< <HPHQ
SS
>@:DUG&HWDO³:DWHU5HVRXUFHV0DQDJHPHQWLQ<HPHQ´SS
5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSVLWHUHVRXUFHVZRUOGEDQNRUJ,17<(0(1
2YHUYLHZ<(:DWHUSGIDW-XQH
>@:%³7KH:RUOG%DQN5HDFKLQJWKH5XUDO3RRU$5XUDO'HYHORSPHQW
6WUDWHJ\ IRU WKH 0LGGOH (DVW DQG 1RUWK $IULFD 5HJLRQ´ 0DLQ 7H[W
:DVKLQJWRQ7KH:RUOG%DQNDS
>@:%³,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ &RPSOHWLRQ5HSRUWRQ D /RDQLQ WKH $PRXQWRI
86 0LOOLRQ (TXLYDOHQW WR WKH .LQJGRP RI 0RURFFR IRU D 5XUDO
:DWHU 6XSSO\ DQG 6DQLWDWLRQ 3URMHFW´ 5HSRUW :RUOG %DQN
5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSZZZZGVZRUOGEDQNRUJH[WHUQDOGHIDXOW
:'6&RQWHQW6HUYHU:'63,%B
5HQGHUHG3')0$5XUDOO\6DQLWDWLRQ,&5SGI DW
'HFHPEHUWK
>@:+2³0H HWLQJWKH 0'* 'ULQNLQJ :DWHU DQG 6DQLWDWLRQ 7DUJHW 7KH
8UEDQDQG 5XUDO&KDOOHQJH RIWKH 'HFDGH´:RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQ
DQG8QLFHI*HQHYD6ZLW]HUODQGSS
>@:+281,&() :RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQ8QLWHG1DWLRQV &KLOGUHQV
)XQG ³*OREDO ZDWHU VXSSO\ DQG VDQLWDWLRQ DVVHVVPHQW UHSRUW´
:+281,&()*HQHYD
>@:+2 81,&() ³0HHWLQJ WKH 0'* 'ULQNLQJ :DWHU DQG 6DQLWDWLRQ
7DUJHW $ 0LG7HUP $VVHVVPHQW RI 3URJUHVV´ 5HWULHYHG IURP
KWWSZZZZKRLQWZDWHUBVDQLWDWLRQBKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJMPSSGIDW
WKRI-XO\
>@:LMN6LMEHVPD & ³*HQGHU LQ :DWHU 5HVRXUFHV 0DQDJHPHQW :DWHU
6XSSO\DQG6DQLWDWLRQ5ROHVDQG5HDOLWLHV5HYLVLWHG´,5&,QWHUQDWLRQDO
:DWHUDQG6DQLWDWLRQ&HQWUH7KH+DJXH7KH1HWKHUODQGV
>@<LQ ³&DVH 6WXG\ 5HVHDUFK GHVLJQ DQG 0HWKRGV 7KLUG HGLWLRQ
9ROXPH $SSOLHG 6RFLDO 5HVHDUFK PHWKRGV VHULHV´ 6$*(
3XEOLFDWLRQV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO (GXFDWLRQDO DQG 3URIHVVLRQDO 3XEOLVKHU
7KRXVDQG2DNV/RQGRQ1HZ'HOKL
>@=ZDUWDYHHQ0 DQG 1HXSDQH1 ³)UHH ULGHUVRU YLFWLPV ZRPHQ¶VQRQ
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ LUULJDWLRQ PDQDJHPHQW LQ 1HSDO¶V &KDWWLV 0DXMD
LUULJDWLRQVFKHPH´5HVHDUFK5HSRUW1R&RORPER
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering
Vol:10, No:5, 2016
1487International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016
Digital Open Science Index, Economics and Management Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004359