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The Prague School at the “Crossroads of Cultures” (On Multilingualism in the Correspondence of the Prague Linguistic Circle)
Abstract
The article discusses the multilingual correspondence of the Prague Linguistic Circle in connection with the typology of scholarly associations, on the one hand, and “cultural polyglottism” of the Prague School, on the other. The author provides addenda to the academic edition Pražská škola v korespondenci: Dopisy z let 1924–1989 (Prague: Karolinum, 2014). Special attention is paid to Roman Jakobson’s Czechoslovak years.
The collective monograph offers a novel sociological approach to contemporary history of Poland, including especially Polish science and art. The studies it brings together apply different versions of historical sociology, in most cases inspired by Pierre Bourdieu’s theory. This means that the disciplines they discuss (sociology, philosophy of law, historiography, linguistics, literary theory, dependency theory, and art) are treated as social fields whose dynamics may also be analysed in terms of their interactions with other fields. Another important aspect of the studies is their reference to the global history paradigm, where social processes are examined from the perspective of grand spatial and temporal structures.
El ensayo gira en torno a ciertos episodios de la historia de la difusión de las ideas de la Escuela de Praga en América Latina. Después de proponer una breve contextualización histórica, la autora describe el papel del hispanista checo Oldřich Bělič en este proceso, en particular, los contactos de Bělič con los ambientes académicos de Chile, Cuba y Colombia, y sus publicaciones en estos países. Se presentan también los aportes que hicieron al intercambio intelectual dos de sus más destacados alumnos de la Universidad Carolina, que dejaron su país natal después de 1968: Jarmila Jandová y Emil Volek. En dos ediciones ejemplares, publicadas en Bogotá, Jandová y Volek tradujeron y comentaron para el lector hispanohablante las obras de Jan Mukařovský y de otros representantes del pensamiento estético checo. En la última parte del ensayo se proponen unas breves observaciones sobre la repercusión de la teoría literaria checa en los trabajos de los críticos latinoamericanos (Roberto Fernández Retamar, Nelson Osorio Tejeda, Iván Padilla Chasing), quienes, gracias a la intermediación de Bělič, Jandová y Volek, entraron en contacto directo con el legado de la Escuela de Praga.
"Le structuralisme praguois, la théorie dominante dans la linguistique tchécoslova- que d’avant-guerre, éprouve une période difficile après le putsch communiste de 1948. Suite à l’intervention stalinienne, il y a nécessité de s’acquitter de ce courant scientifique, si éloigné des principes marxistes. La critique publique est lancée. Le structuralisme praguois est qualifié de science bourgeoise pour son incompatibilité avec l’idéologie communiste officielle, basée sur le matérialisme dialectique et historique. Le structuralisme est accusé d’enfreindre la «loi» de l’unité dialectique, l’indissolubilité de la langue et de la pensée et celle de la langue et de la société. La notion structuraliste de langue, ainsi que les théories développées par des membres du Cercle linguistique de Prague (la phonologie, la théorie de la langue littéraire, la langue poétique, etc.) sont mises en cause. Cette critique est suivie de nombreuses conséquences, entre autre par la dissolution du Cercle linguistique de Prague."
The paper covers the last phase of Jan Mukařovský’s career between 1945 and 1964 during which his scholarly outlook underwent several steep flections. It treats his conversion from structuralism to Marxism as a story with a distinctive composition, generic characteristics, and buildup. It articulates it into three stages and argues that each accommodates the relationship between these two scholarly paradigms in a different manner. If the initial one (1945–1948/49) strove toward a harmonious merge of structuralism with Marxism, the second one (1949–1958) triggered a sharp renunciation of the former and the total acceptance of the latter, while the last one (1958–1964) brought about a rather diffident return to some initial premises of structuralism.
The paper covers the last phase of Jan Mukařovský’s career between 1945 and 1964 during which his scholarly outlook underwent several steep flections. It treats his conversion from structuralism to Marxism as a story with a distinctive composition, generic characteristics, and buildup. It articulates it into three stages and argues that each accommodates the relationship between these two scholarly paradigms in a different manner. If the initial one (1945-1948/49) strove toward a harmonious merge of structuralism with Marxism, the second one (1949-1958) triggered a sharp renunciation of the former and the total acceptance of the latter, while the last one (1958-1964) brought about a rather diffident return to some initial premises of structuralism.
This paper seeks to situate the Tartu-Moscow School of Semiotics of the 1960-1980s within the larger European intellectual-historical context from which it sprang, and in which it played a vital role. Analysing the school members' engagement with their peers throughout Europe, we outline an "entangled history" (histoire croiseé) of multi-directional scientific and philosophical influence. In this perspective, we discuss the most productive concepts and methods of Tartu-Moscow semiotics in the fields of general verse theory, intertextual theory and cultural theory.
The extension of totalitarian and authoritarian regimes in the first half of the twentieth century, which hit most European states, required political interferences within the highest legislative and executive authorities of states as well as in local administrations and bodies of self-government. Legislative interventions resulted in the formation of new local political elites whose representatives, mostly recruited by the criterion of political reliability, held the defining positions and played the significant role in implementing anti-Jewish policy during the Holocaust era. The main aim of this contribution is the analysis of the mechanisms of legislative interventions into the creation of new local political elites in selected examples of Nazi-occupied countries (General Government, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia) and allied regimes (Slovak State and Hungary).
First, mobility must be taken in a highly literal sense. Boarding a plane, venturing on a ship, climbing onto the back of a wagon, crowding into a coach, mounting on horseback, or simply setting one foot in front of the other and walking: these are indispensable keys to understanding the fate of cultures. The physical, infrastructural, and institutional conditions of movement – the available routes; the maps; the vehicles; the relative speed; the controls and costs; the limits on what can be transported; the authorizations required; the inns, relay stations and transfer points; the travel facilitators – are all serious objects of analysis. Only when conditions directly related to literal movement are firmly grasped will it be possible fully to understand the metaphorical movements: between center and periphery; faith and skepticism; order and chaos; exteriority and interiority. Almost every one of these metaphorical movements will be understood, on analysis, to involve some kinds of physical movement as well. Second, mobility studies should shed light on hidden as well as conspicuous movements of peoples, objects, images, texts, and ideas. Here again it would be well to begin with the literal sense: moments in which cultural goods are transferred out of sight, concealed inside cunningly designed shells of the familiar or disguised by subtle adjustments of color and form. From here it is possible to move to more metaphorical notions of hiddenness: unconscious, unrecognized, or deliberately distorted mobility, often in response to regimes of censorship or repression. © Stephen Greenblatt, Ines Županov, Reinhard Meyer-Kalkus, Heike Paul, Pál Nyíri, Friederike Pannewick 2010.
Cultural Mobility is a blueprint and a model for understanding the patterns of meaning that human societies create. Drawn from a wide range of disciplines, the essays collected here under the distinguished editorial guidance of Stephen Greenblatt share the conviction that cultures, even traditional cultures, are rarely stable or fixed. Radical mobility is not a phenomenon of the twenty-first century alone, but is a key constituent element of human life in virtually all periods. Yet academic accounts of culture tend to operate on exactly the opposite assumption and to celebrate what they imagine to be rooted or whole or undamaged. To grasp the shaping power of colonization, exile, emigration, wandering, contamination, and unexpected, random events, along with the fierce compulsions of greed, longing, and restlessness, cultural analysis needs to operate with a new set of principles. An international group of authors spells out these principles and puts them into practice. © Stephen Greenblatt, Ines Županov, Reinhard Meyer-Kalkus, Heike Paul, Pál Nyíri, Friederike Pannewick 2010.
The article with several chapters is concerned with the gradually increasing strict-ness of anti-Jewish legislation using the example of the legislative definition of the term "Jew" in the legal systems of the Second Czecho-Slovak Republic, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and First Slovak Republic. The individual chapters are concerned mainly with the gradual deviation from the original definition given by confessional and nationality criteria to definitions already directly influenced by the German model. We point to the fact that in contrast to the original attempts to define the term Jew on a confessional or nationality basis, which was determined mainly by the existing tradition of anti-Judaism in Czech and Slovak society, the introduction of the so-called Nuremberg definition was a result of the effort of Ger-many to get others to copy its own anti-Jewish legislation based on the nonsensical idea of the racial distinctness of the Jewish community. This had a much more drastic impact on the Jewish community in our territory. We pay particular attention to government decree no. 63/1939 SI. z. on definition of the term "Jew" and setting of the number of Jews in some of the free professions, decree no. 198/1941 SI. z. on the legal position of Jews, government decree no. 136/1940 Sb. z. a n. on the legal position of Jews in public life and finally government decree no. 85/1942 Sb. z. a n., which issued further legal norms on Jews and people of partly Jewish origin.
This article refers to recent literature on the history of the Prague Linguistic Circle, primarily focusing on an extensive edition of correspondence-The Prague School in Correspondence: Letters 1924-1989, edited by Vladimír Petkevič and Marie Havránková. The author compares the state of knowledge of the history of the Prague Linguistic Circle and the Moscow Linguistic Circle, concluding that the Russian material has previously only been partially published and annotated, and that the most recent publications on the history of the Prague Linguistic Circle will serve as a model to compete against and imitate.
Mathesius's problem the linguist is a futurist - Roman Jakobson's formative years "the other circumstances" - Moscow, St Petersburg and the revolution Vilem Mathesius - in search of a new linguistics intermezzo - Jakobson and Mathesius in the early 1920s a republic of scholars - elements of cross-cultural integration in interwar Prague the magic of a common language un'organizzazione combattiva the rhetoric of modernity - more on ideals of scholarship and ideals of society Russian images of the whole - Trubetzkoy, Sprachbund and Eurasia the linguist remains a futurist - Roman Jakobson and the Czech avant-garde.
In this essay I submit that modern literary theory was born in the decades between World War I and World War II in Eastern and Central Europe due to the disintegration of philosophical discourses and to changes in literature itself. I also examine the uniquely heteroglot environment in which intellectual life in these parts of Europe proceeded at the time.
Roman Jakobson was one of the greatest linguists of this century - perhaps the greatest - and he had close connections with many linguistic centers in many countries. One may perhaps therefore wonder why exactly Denmark has chosen to celebrate his centenary by an international symposium. But there were some special bonds between Jakobson and Denmark. Denmark was one of the first countries where a majority of linguists accepted structural linguistics and thus also the ideas of the Prague Circle; and many Danish linguists of the older generation feel deeply indebted to Roman Jakobson. But his works have also been an inspiration for the younger generation, particularly his later works on distinctive features and his discussions of semiotic problems. And the initiative for the present symposium was taken by the younger generation of Danish linguists.
This article presents, in a programmatic way, the histoire croisée approach, its methodological implications and its empirical developments. Histoire croisée draws on the debates about comparative history, transfer studies, and connected or shared history that have been carried out in the social sciences in recent years. It invites us to reconsider the interactions between different societies or cultures, erudite disciplines or traditions (more generally, between social and cultural productions). Histoire croisée focuses on empirical intercrossings consubstantial with the object of study, as well as on the operations by which researchers themselves cross scales, categories, and viewpoints. The article first shows how this approach differs from purely comparative or transfer studies. It then develops the principles of pragmatic and reflexive induction as a major methodological principle of histoire croisée. While underlining the need and the methods of a historicization of both the objects and categories of analysis, it calls for a reconsideration of the way history can combine empirical and reflexive concerns into a dynamic and flexible approach.
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