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Plurilinguismo e lingue minoritarie nella politica linguistica europea
Abstract
Résumé Cet article envisage quelques mesures normatives de la récente politique linguistique soutenue par l’Union Européenne (UE). On en dispute ici certains aspects problématiques et contradictoires. L’analyse considère deux différents secteurs: a) la protection des langues minoritaires, et b) le régime des langues de travail à l’intérieur des institutions européennes mêmes. En ce qui concerne les langues minoritaires l’article prend en compte la Charte Européenne pour les Langues Régionales ou Minoritaires du 1er mars 1998 et en met en évidence les points de force ainsi que les faiblesses. Les contradictions entre les aspects théoriques et pratiques sont encore plus évidentes lorsqu’on prend en considération le régime linguistique des langues de travail à l’intérieur des institutions européennes. En ce cas la proclamation du plurilinguisme est complètement bouleversée par la pratique effective du monolinguisme anglais.
... (Carli 2004, § 1) In other words, the consideration of multilingualism and multilingual competence is strictly related to the possibility, through them, of a larger individual development and democratic participation, together with maintaining a collective plurilingual and pluricultural identity in the EU (cf. Carli 2004). However, this approach contributes to perpetuate the vision mentioned above about the hierarchisation in terms of prestige, due to the fact that some varieties have a higher value in reaching the objectives listed by the author, while others are considered less useful. ...
In today’s global society, an increasing number of people speak a few widely spoken languages enjoying high standardisation and official recognition. Meanwhile, minority and local languages are gaining interest from specialists and society. This volume explores the rich topic of bi(dia)lectal repertoires, focusing on their grammatical as well as attitudinal, social and political dimension. With contributions from the international conference ‘Language Attitudes and Bi(dia)lectal Competence (LABiC)’, held at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice in September 2022, the volume is suited for linguists, educators, policymakers, and language enthusiasts who strive to support minority languages in a globalised world.
... (Carli 2004, § 1) In other words, the consideration of multilingualism and multilingual competence is strictly related to the possibility, through them, of a larger individual development and democratic participation, together with maintaining a collective plurilingual and pluricultural identity in the EU (cf. Carli 2004). However, this approach contributes to perpetuate the vision mentioned above about the hierarchisation in terms of prestige, due to the fact that some varieties have a higher value in reaching the objectives listed by the author, while others are considered less useful. ...
In today’s global society, an increasing number of people speak a few widely spoken languages enjoying high standardisation and official recognition. Meanwhile, minority and local languages are gaining interest from specialists and society. This volume explores the rich topic of bi(dia)lectal repertoires, focusing on their grammatical as well as attitudinal, social and political dimension. With contributions from the international conference ‘Language Attitudes and Bi(dia)lectal Competence (LABiC)’, held at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice in September 2022, the volume is suited for linguists, educators, policymakers, and language enthusiasts who strive to support minority languages in a globalised world.
... In Europa, oltre alle 24 lingue ufficiali, esistono circa 60 lingue regionali e minoritarie (parlate da 46 milioni di persone), di cui 5 riconosciute come semiufficiali: il catalano, il galiziano, il basco, il gaelico scozzese e il gallese (Carli, 2004;Panzeri, 2016). Se da un lato sono i governi nazionali a gestire e stabilire lo status giuridico di queste lingue, dall'altro è proprio l'Unione Europea a incoraggiare la diversità linguistica, con azioni mirate al mantenimento e alla diffusione di queste lingue, alcune peraltro rare. ...
Il presente contributo intende fornire un quadro di analisi sulla didattica delle lingue minoritarie nella prospettiva dell’educazione plurilingue. L’apprendimento delle lingue di minoranza contribuisce ad arricchire la dimensione del plurilinguismo in linea con le principali Raccomandazioni europee volte a riconoscere, garantire e valorizzare la diversità linguistica e culturale. Partendo dalle più significative disposizioni in materia di tutela e salvaguardia delle lingue di minoranza all’interno del contesto europeo e passando attraverso la legislazione nazionale della legge 482/1999, il contributo indaga le principali questioni (approcci e modelli) legate alle pratiche didattiche delle lingue minoritarie come strumento di educazione e pianificazione linguistica. What teaching for minority languages? Approaches and models for multilingual education This paper aims to provide a framework of analysis on teaching minority languages from the perspective of multilingual education. Minority language learning contributes to enriching the dimension of multilingualism in line with the main European Recommendations aimed at recognizing, guaranteeing, and enhancing linguistic and cultural diversity. Starting from the most significant provisions on the protection and preservation of minority languages within the European context and moving through the national legislation of Law 482/1999, the paper investigates the main issues (approaches and models) related to minority language teaching practices as a tool for language education and planning.
... Intanto, la Comunità Europea -che già all'inizio degli anni Ottanta dichiara esplicitamente che la diversità linguistica è parte essenziale della cultura europea e della sua civiltà -inizia a promuovere programmi e azioni di supporto al plurilinguismo, che culminano con la Carta Europea per le Lingue Regionali o Minoritarie sottoscritta nel 1992 ed entrata in vigore nel 1998 (Carli 2004). ...
The volume collects the contributions of academics from various Italian universities who have worked with Carmel Mary Coonan throughout her career at Ca’ Foscari University. Starting from the themes that have characterised Carmel’s research interests, including Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), professional development for language teachers and action research practice, the volume opens up to original methodological reflections and new lines of research in the field of educational linguistics. The relevance and variety of the studies here described confirm the lively and dynamic character of research and experimentation that shape our discipline. By questioning different language learning environments (both inside and outside language classroom), educational contexts (from kindergarten to university and beyond) and subjects (students as well as teachers), the volume highlights significant gains achieved in the field of language teaching and learning so far. At the same time, however, it makes clear the urge to further boost plurilingualism in language education, a goal that Carmel has tenaciously pursued throughout her whole career.
... Intanto, la Comunità Europea -che già all'inizio degli anni Ottanta dichiara esplicitamente che la diversità linguistica è parte essenziale della cultura europea e della sua civiltà -inizia a promuovere programmi e azioni di supporto al plurilinguismo, che culminano con la Carta Europea per le Lingue Regionali o Minoritarie sottoscritta nel 1992 ed entrata in vigore nel 1998 (Carli 2004). ...
The volume collects the contributions of academics from various Italian universities who have worked with Carmel Mary Coonan throughout her career at Ca’ Foscari University. Starting from the themes that have characterised Carmel’s research interests, including Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), professional development for language teachers and action research practice, the volume opens up to original methodological reflections and new lines of research in the field of educational linguistics. The relevance and variety of the studies here described confirm the lively and dynamic character of research and experimentation that shape our discipline. By questioning different language learning environments (both inside and outside language classroom), educational contexts (from kindergarten to university and beyond) and subjects (students as well as teachers), the volume highlights significant gains achieved in the field of language teaching and learning so far. At the same time, however, it makes clear the urge to further boost plurilingualism in language education, a goal that Carmel has tenaciously pursued throughout her whole career.
... Il contributo prende le mosse dagli studi sul linguaggio della costituzione (De Mauro 1998;Piemontese, Villani 2007;Villani 2008) che, oltre ad aspetti sintattici o legati alla leggibilità dei testi, hanno analizzato il lessico utilizzato in testi di natura giuridica o nel linguaggio politico-parlamentare. D'altro canto il lavoro trae spunto dagli studi sulle politiche linguistiche europee, tra cui, per rimanere solo in ambito italiano, rimandiamo ai seguenti: Mazzotta (2002); Cosmai (2003); Carli (2004); Balboni (2006;; Gazzola (2006); Mezzadri (2006) ...
Uno dei compiti fondamentali dell’educazione linguistica è valorizzare la diversità, non solamente perché ci si trova spesso dinanzi ad apprendenti di nazionalità diverse, ma anche perché vari sono i motivi per cui si apprendono le lingue oggi, sovente determinati da esigenze di integrazione sociale e di opportunità lavorative. Tramite il multilinguismo si valorizzano competenze linguistiche e si creano opportunità di comunicazione interculturale. Nel contempo le politiche linguistiche vanno valutate e rinnovate in continuazione. Questi temi vengono affrontati in questo volume grazie a contributi che si diversificano sia sul piano delle lingue oggetto di studio sia quello teorico-concettuale, pur avendo in comune l’interesse per la linguistica applicata e per l’educazione linguistica.
... Il contributo prende le mosse dagli studi sul linguaggio della costituzione (De Mauro 1998;Piemontese, Villani 2007;Villani 2008) che, oltre ad aspetti sintattici o legati alla leggibilità dei testi, hanno analizzato il lessico utilizzato in testi di natura giuridica o nel linguaggio politico-parlamentare. D'altro canto il lavoro trae spunto dagli studi sulle politiche linguistiche europee, tra cui, per rimanere solo in ambito italiano, rimandiamo ai seguenti: Mazzotta (2002); Cosmai (2003); Carli (2004); Balboni (2006;; Gazzola (2006); Mezzadri (2006) ...
The series is the expression of the Center for Research on Teaching of Languages, which in Edizioni Ca’ Foscari also has a magazine, Linguistics Education - Language Education, EL.LE, and a necklace, Intercultural Communication, COMINT, dedicated to this important but overlooked aspect of language mastery. In the series, the volumes of which are approved by three blind referees before publication, are three types of search space: a. studies on the epistemologic nature of the science that studies language education, in the wider meaning that includes Italian mother tongue, second and foreign, modern languages and classical ones; b. operational studies on methods, strategies, language teaching methodologies; c. quantitative and qualitative surveys on particular aspects of language teaching in the various training areas. The collection hosts studies of scholars working both at Ca’ Foscari University and in other institutions.
... Il contributo prende le mosse dagli studi sul linguaggio della costituzione (De Mauro 1998;Piemontese, Villani 2007;Villani 2008) che, oltre ad aspetti sintattici o legati alla leggibilità dei testi, hanno analizzato il lessico utilizzato in testi di natura giuridica o nel linguaggio politico-parlamentare. D'altro canto il lavoro trae spunto dagli studi sulle politiche linguistiche europee, tra cui, per rimanere solo in ambito italiano, rimandiamo ai seguenti: Mazzotta (2002); Cosmai (2003); Carli (2004); Balboni (2006;2014); Gazzola (2006); Mezzadri (2006); Chiti, Gualdo (2008) ...
The series is the expression of the Center for Research on Teaching of Languages, which in Edizioni Ca’ Foscari also has a magazine, Linguistics Education - Language Education, EL.LE, and a necklace, Intercultural Communication, COMINT, dedicated to this important but overlooked aspect of language mastery. In the series, the volumes of which are approved by three blind referees before publication, are three types of search space: a. studies on the epistemologic nature of the science that studies language education, in the wider meaning that includes Italian mother tongue, second and foreign, modern languages and classical ones; b. operational studies on methods, strategies, language teaching methodologies; c. quantitative and qualitative surveys on particular aspects of language teaching in the various training areas. The collection hosts studies of scholars working both at Ca’ Foscari University and in other institutions.
... C'est surtout à partir des années 1990 que l'on a enregistré une attention envers les petites communautés linguistiques et que l'on a reconnu l'importance de préserver la multiplicité culturelle et linguistique. Une étape très importante dans ce sens est représentée par la Charte européenne des langues régionales et minoritaires, promue par le Conseil de l'Europe en 1992, qui mentionne toutes les garanties que les États doivent offrir pour le développement des droits culturels et linguistiques des différentes communautés minoritaires (Carli, 2004). À partir de cette date, les programmes de l'Union européenne portent une attention particulière aux langues européennes menacées de disparition et à la diversité linguistique au sein des États membres, s'engageant en faveur de la sauvegarde et de la promotion de l'exceptionnelle diversité du patrimoine linguistique et culturel de l'Union, en fonction de la reconnaissance d'une identité collective plurilingue et pluriculturelle (Orioles, 2003;Pizzorusso, 2001). ...
Cette contribution se propose de mettre en lumière les retombées des politiques linguistiques mises en oeuvre au cours des siècles en Vallée d’Aoste sur la communauté valdôtaine. Suivant les changements du statut du français et du francoprovençal, causés par les mesures imposées par l’État depuis l’Unité italienne, nous relèverons l’évolution de la perception des Valdôtains face à ces choix politiques. Si, jusqu’en 1861, les Valdôtains se considéraient de nationalité française, à l’intérieur du nouvel État italien, notamment à la suite de la dictature de Mussolini contre le français, ils se retrouvèrent sans aucune garantie juridique de leur identité linguistique. En fait, le Statut Spécial n’a presque rien changé. Les récentes enquêtes sociolinguistiques attestent que l’intérêt pour la survie de la diversité linguistique est désormais très faible. Dans une telle situation, le plurilinguisme, vers lequel s’orientent les politiques actuelles, pourra produire les résultats souhaités seulement s’il n’est pas imposé mais plutôt favorisé, dès l’enfance, par le biais d’approches plurielles.
... Il fenomeno si è esemplarmente delineato all'interno delle istituzioni della UE. La politica linguistica italiana è stata ed è piuttosto "blanda per quanto riguarda l'interesse e la promozione della lingua nazionale" (Robustelli 2003); ciò vuol dire, come sostiene Carli (2004), che è la consapevolezza metalinguistica della lingua in Italia ad essere "debole" e non la lingua stessa. In previsione dell'allargamento ad est 7 , Benedetti (2003) Italian is a founder-country language and is much more widely known among interpreters than in the population at large. ...
The issue of the interference of English in modern Italian has always been of interest to researchers in Italy. This paper outlines how this interference has affected the Italian language over the last two decades. To this purpose, it has been deemed interesting to quote and contrast the views of two eminent Italian scholars involved in the long-lasting debate between linguistic ‘protectionism’ and ‘descriptivism’ – i.e. Arrigo Castellani and Tullio De Mauro.
The most widespread English loanwords of the economic crisis found in the three major Italian newspapers from 1 September 2011 to 1 March 2012 have been taken into account and it has been verified whether they are present in three well known Italian monolingual dictionaries. It will also be shown that most of these loanwords have been adequately integrated into the Italian language in both written and oral texts.
La complexité de la distribution géographique des variétés roumaines est le reflet des
événements historiques qui ont marqué l’histoire de l’aire balkanique et carpato-danubienne de
l’Antiquité tardive jusqu'à l'époque moderne. Pendant des siècles, les Roumains ont cohabité
avec des peuples de langue différente : Hongrois, Slaves, Albanais, Grecs, Allemands, Turcs etc. La
formation des États nationaux (1821 -1920) a produit une première simplification du cadre
géolinguistique, qui, cependant, restait encore extrêmement varié au début du vingtième siècle.
En Roumanie, il existait d’importantes minorités linguistiques. De nombreuses communautés
roumaines résidaient dans d’autres pays de l’Europe Sud-orientale. Les changements causés par
les deux conflits mondiaux, par les nationalismes de droite et de gauche et par l'impérialisme
soviétique ont été beaucoup plus radicaux et traumatisants. La chute du mur de Berlin, avec la fin
de l'URSS et la désagrégation de la Yougoslavie, a signifié pour quelques groupes minoritaires la
reconnaissance de leur spécificité linguistique (Roumains d'Ukraine et de la Voïvodine en Serbie,
Aroumains de la République de Macédoine). Par contre, les droits des Aroumains albanais et des
Roumains de la Vallée du Timoc (Serbie) sont restés limités. La situation la plus critique se
rencontre en Grèce, où les Aroumains et les Mégléno-roumains ne jouissent d'aucune forme de
reconnaissance. Malgré les progrès réalisés au cours des dernières décennies, le cadre général
apparaît plutôt sombre à cause du déclin démographique qui a caractérisé les communautés de
langue roumaine à partir de 1989.
The language ideology with concepts like monolingualism, uniformity, linguistic negationism is often recognizable in political and governance instruments. The intent of this paper is to trace the modern roots of those linguistic preconceptions that have interfered and continue to interfere in the study of multilingualism and its full social realization. Preconceptions still resistant to this day even to the obvious. As we do not have a historiographical intent, nor an encyclopedic one, it was decided to use the observation and comparison between two contemporary language policies yet geographically distant as the stimulus of our reflection: the NDEA (1958) of the United States of America and the European Cultural Convention (1954). The goal is to understand the cultural roots of the widespread monocultural ideology.
Il potere di una data lingua può essere valutato e misurato sulla base di criteri funzionali di natura eminentemente extralinguistica (Ammon 1991). In termini sociolinguistici il potere può infatti essere individuato in fattori quantitativi e qualitativi (Carli 2000b) che qui sinteticamente indichiamo come: a) forza numerica (dei parlanti di quella lingua, sia essa L1 o L2); b) forza economica della comunità linguistica sottostante; c) raggio di diffusione e d) utilizzo reale per determinati scopi comunicativi. Fra questi ultimi gli esempi più rilevanti nella situazione attuale sono costituiti dalla cosiddetta comunicazione di massa (stampa, radio, televisione, Internet, ecc.) e dalla comunicazione scientifica. Per motivi di economia di spazio faremo qui riferimento alla comunicazione scientifica. In questo dominio recenti ricerche (cfr. Carli & Calaresu 2003) hanno rilevato per la comunità scientifica italofona una generale tendenza – che si staglia in modo netto a partire dagli anni Novanta ma con radici che risalgono a tempi più remoti – a usare sempre più massicciamente l’inglese e ciò non solo a scapito dell’italiano, bensì anche di altre tradizionali lingue di cultura (francese, tedesco, spagnolo, russo ecc.). Questi risultati sono peraltro in consonanza con quelli di varie altre ricerche condotte in diversificate aree culturali già a partire dagli anni Settanta (Ammon 1988, 2000, 2001a; Ammon & McConnell 2002). Allo stato attuale la situazione mondiale, pur mostrando differenziazioni di graduazione (in certe aree culturali l’inglese è già diventato la principale lingua della comunicazione scientifica e in altre il fenomeno è incipiente) il fenomeno di anglificazione è un tratto ricorrente.
In November 1999 the Italian Parliament has eventually voted a law for the rights of all linguistic minorities that have been settled in Italy for several centuries. The present article deals with those aspects that appear particularly interesting from the sociolinguistic perspective: classification of the minority groups that are now protected by law, with particular reference to the names used to indicate them; groups’ self-assessment as linguistic minorities and the little significance of objective linguistic criteria in doing this; the role of school and education in the processes of ‘status planning’ of minority languages. Some practical and theoretical issues relatively to the possibility of actuating this law will be discussed as well.
Es gibt keine Demokratie ohne Medien. Deshalb stellt die Vielfalt der Sprachen und das Fehlen einer gesamteuropäischen Medienstruktur die Errichtung einer demokratischen Ordnung in der Europäischen Union auf eine harte Belastungsprobe.
Vor diesem Hintergrund analysiert der Autor unter umfangreicher Einbeziehung empirischen Materials die großen Demokratietheorien der Gegenwart und befragt sie angesichts der rasanten Entwicklung auf dem Medienmarkt nach ihrer Zukunftsfähigkeit. Dabei wird deutlich, daß die demokratietheoretischen Ansätze aufgrund ihres hohen nationalen Bezuges nur bedingt auf ein derart komplexes Gebilde wie die Europäische Union übertragbar sind. Die interdisziplinär angelegte Studie sucht dabei aber auch nach Wegen, wie im Europa von Morgen eine politische Öffentlichkeit dauerhaft gesichert werden kann. Sie versteht sich somit als grundlegender Beitrag zur politischen Theorie und medienpolitischen Praxis.
This book proposes an innovative treatment of minority language policies, by looking at them as policy options that can be methodically evaluated. The author applies the analytical concepts and technical tools of policy analysis to guide the reader through a step-by-step application of notions such as effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, with particular reference to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The thrust of this book is deeply interdisciplinary, and links the evaluation exercise to sociolinguistic, political and legal considerations. © François Grin, 2003. Dónall Ó Riágain, 2003, Regina Jensdóttir, 2003. All rights reserved.
English-Only Europe? explores the role of languages in the process of European integration. Languages are central to the development of an integrated Europe. The way in which the European Union deals with multilingualism has serious implications for both individual member countries and international relations. In this book, Robert Phillipson considers whether the contemporary expansion of English represents a serious threat to other European languages. After exploring the implications of current policies, Phillipson argues the case for more active language policies to safeguard a multilingual Europe. Drawing on examples of countries with explicit language policies such as Canada and South Africa, the book sets out Phillipson's vision of an inclusive language policy for Europe, and describes how it can be attained.
The fate of languages has been closely linked to political power relationships throughout human history. Political shifts in the international system today continue to affect linguistic patterns, still in a state of flux following the end of the Cold War. This book considers the effects of present-day trends in global politics on the relative status of languages, and the directions in which the linguistic hierarchy might develop in the future. It appeals to researchers and students of sociolinguistics and language planning as well as of international relations.
Assuming that a language has some control over its destinies will help us outline the appropriate actions to be taken by a political decision maker who, typically, makes the same assumption of governability when he or she wishes to guide a minority language towards security and prosperity. Of course, most languages are far from having the control of the functions of goal setting, integration, adaptation and socialisation required by Parsonian theory to distinguish a system from a set. Most languages lack pilots; most of them are like leaves in the wind. But major standardised languages have at least some control over their own evolution, and those that are supported by a government have ways of steering their relations among the other languages with which they are linked by communication, competition, cooperation and conflict. What should the geopolitical survival strategy of such a language be when it is confronted with a more powerful competitor? The social sciences are often said to abound in theories but to be short of laws. That this be so makes it all the more important that we give due attention to one of these laws, a law that governs language contact: the ancient law of Babel (Laponce 1984; 1992; 2001). x2018;Behold, they are one people, they have only one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do: and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible to them. Come, let us go down, and then confuse their languages, that they may not understand one another's speech. So the Lord scattered them abroad from there over the face of the whole earth …’
The article first offers a framework for the analysis of institutional language choice which is then applied to the European Commission. It reviews efforts undertaken by some European governments to influence the linguistic realities in this institution. Results from a survey on actual language use and language policy preferences among those working in the European Commission are presented. The existing linguistic reality, the EU's formal legal requirements on language equality and the prospect of new member states and languages joining the EU are examined and future options for a viable European language policy explored.
Is it possible to bridge the widening gap between multilingualism in the international institutions of the European Union as decreed in Regulation No 1 and the everyday practices within the EU institutions? This article reports on the findings of an investigation into correspondence, obtained from the Council 2 archives, relating to the language policy. 3 After discussing the languages and the argumentation patterns used, I will demonstrate with facts available in these documents that the current situation shows no marked improvement over the language problems perceived from the very start. With every accession of new Member States, it again becomes painfully clear that the democratic principle of Regulation No 1 is a far cry from the undemocratic reality apparent from a consistent stream of complaints and a string of reports re-investigating the problem. This analysis will confirm that an effective and equitable solution has not as yet been proposed.
Osservazioni in tema di plurilinguismo nel diritto comunitario
- D Dibattista
La proposta di legge per la tutela delle minoranze linguistiche
- R Gusmani
Ordinamento delle lingue per status. Per una riconsiderazione del concetto di minoranza linguistica
- V Orioles
Dal paradigma alla parola. Riflessioni sul metalinguaggio della linguistica
- V Orioles
Componenti ideologiche nel dibattito sulle leggi di tutela linguistica
- L M Savoia
Die Amtssprachen in den Organen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft
- M Schlossmacher
Imparare e apprendere: Verso la società conoscitiva
- Libro Bianco
Italian: A Vector of Communication in European Meetings
- M Benedetti
On the Economics of Diversity Governance
- F Grin
La construction de la Communauté Européenne
- N Labrie
Profili sociolinguistici e quadro dei documenti di tutela
- V Orioles
La legislazione nazionale sulle minoranze linguistiche. Problemi, applicazioni e prospettive. Numero monografico di Plurilinguismo
- V Orioles
La legge 482 sulle minoranze linguistiche storiche
- L M Savoia
Le lingue minoritarie “diffuse”: un paradosso
- G Soravia
Community and Communication. The Role of Language in Nation State Building and European Integration. Clevedon, Multilingual Matters
- S Wright
Present and Future Language Conflicts as a Consequence of the Integration and Expansion of the European Union
- U Ammon
Main Problems of EU Language Policy and Proposals towards their Solutions (Abstract)
- U Ammon
Words of the World. The Global Language System
- A De Swaan
Vers une nouvelle conception de la politique linguistique
- N Labrie
Le minoranze linguistiche nell’ordinamento italiano: recenti sviluppi normativi
- V Piergigli
Difendere l’italiano nella Babele della Grande Europa. Limes, Rivista italiana di geopolitica, IV
- C Robustelli
Deepening and Widening: Problems of Legitimacy for the EC
- H Wallace
Die multilinguale und multikulturelle Gesellschaft: eine Utopie
- P J Weber
L’euroletto: genesi e sviluppo dell’italiano comunitario
- L Mori
La diversità linguistica in Europa. Il ruolo dell’EBLUL e il ‘Package for linguistic diversity
- I Sacchi
- M Warasin
English as a Global Language: The Case of the European Union
- J Witt