Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seed aqueous extract on blood glucose, lipid profile and some hormonal assay in Streptozotocin induced diabetic male albino rats.

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia over a prolonged period, since a long time, diabetes has been treated with plant medicines, one of these important plant is Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), thus, the investigation goals of this study to clarify the role of fenugreek seed aqueous extract in its therapeutic dose on blood glucose , triglycerides, total cholesterol, lower density lipoprotein( LDL), higher density lipoprotein (HDL),very lower density lipoprotein( VLDL), liver and kidney function by estimating alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Blood Urea and serum creatinine, also to clarify the role in treatment of infertility by estimating Lutilising hormone (LH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH ), testosterone hormone level, sperm count, motility and viability in Stereptozotocin induced diabetes rat for 4-weeks of treatment , 60 adult male albino rats were divided into 4-groups (15 rat for each group), control (normal rats received normal saline), diabetic rats without treatment ,diabetic rats were treated with 300 mg /kg of methanolic plant extract for 4-weeks, diabetic rats treated with 650mg/kg of metformin drug. The result indicated that after 4- weeks of treatment of fenugreek seed aqueous extract, there was an improvement in blood glucose, lipid profile, liver and kidney function. Although there was an improvement in LH, FSH, testosterone hormone, sperm count , viability and motility.

Full text

ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia over a prolonged period, since a long
time, diabetes has been treated with plant medicines, one of these important plants is Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek),
thus, the investigation goals of this study to clarify the role of fenugreek seed aqueous extract in its therapeutic dose on blood
glucose , triglycerides, total cholesterol, lower density lipoprotein( LDL), higher density lipoprotein (HDL),very lower density
lipoprotein( VLDL), liver and kidney function by estimating alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase
(AST), blood urea and serum creatinine, also to clarify the role in treatment of infertility by estimating lutilising hormone
(LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH ), testosterone hormone level, sperm count, motility and viability in Stereptozotocin
induced diabetes rat for 4 weeks of treatment, 60 adult male albino rats were divided into 4 groups (15 rat for each group),
control (normal rats received normal saline), diabetic rats without treatment ,diabetic rats were treated with 300 mg/kg of
methanolic plant extract for 4 weeks, diabetic rats treated with 650mg/kg of metformin drug. The result indicated that after
4 weeks of treatment of fenugreek seed aqueous extract, there was an improvement in blood glucose, lipid prole, liver, and
kidney function. Although there was an improvement in LH, FSH, testosterone hormone, sperm count, viability and motility
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Blood Urea, Serum creatinine, Trigonella foenum graecum.
International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology (2019); DOI: 10.25258/ijddt.v9i3.21
How to cite this article: Al-Chalabi, S.M.M., Abdul-Lattif, R.F., Al-Mahdawi, F.A. and Abud, H.N. (2019). Eect of fenugreek
(Trigonella foenum graecum) seed aqueous extract on blood glucose, lipid prole and some hormonal assay in Streptozotocin-
induced diabetic male albino rats. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 39 (3): 67-71.
Source of support: Nil.
Conict of interest: None
Eect of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) Seed Aqueous
Extract on Blood Glucose, Lipid Prole and Some Hormonal Assay in
Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Male Albino Rats
Salah M.M. Al-Chalabi1, Rashaa F. Abdul-Lattif2, Ferial A. Al-Mahdawi3, Haylim N. Abud4
1AL-Nahrain University/Biotechnology Research Center, Baghdad, Iraq
2University of Baghdad/College of Education Ibn Al-Haitham, Baghdad, Iraq
3AL- Farabi University college/Department of Biology, Baghdad, Iraq
4. Al Karkh University of Science/Department of Microbiology, Bahgdad\Iraq
Received: 03th July, 19; Revised: 11th August, 19, Accepted: 05th September, 19; Available Online: 12th September, 2019
INTRODUCTION
The DM is a complex, chronic, and very serious disease,
characterized by a person’s blood sugar level become too
high that resulted from the pancreatic β-cells generate
decient insulin (a hormone that regulates blood glucose level)
secretion.1 It is caused by acquired or in he rite d a decien cy in
insulin production by the pancreas or resistance of the target
organ to the action of insulin. The most common complications
of diabetes are ketoacidosis, blindness, cardiovascular disease,
and kidney failure.2 Diabetic can be classied into three main
categories, type 1 due to complete destruction of β-cell, leading
to absolute insulin deciency, type 2-progressive loss of β-cell
insulin secretion, and type 3 that occurred during pregnancy.3
In recent years, herbal medicines have gained importance
as a hypoglycemic agent. The plants play an essential role
in disease treatment because these plants are a rich source
RESEARCH ARTICLE
of compounds that can be used in drug synthesis. Herbal
drugs are safe, less toxic, no side eects, and low cost.4
Trigonella foenum-graecum, known as fenugreek, assumed
to possess several benecial, nutritive, restorative properties
and containing numerous active medical compounds.5 It
has been used for the treatment of many diseases, including
abdominal colic, fever, antiulcer, and anti-inammatory.6
Several studies have evaluated that fenugreek seeds aqueous
extract can improve blood glucose and lipid parameters of
diabetics patients.7,8
Although the mechanism of action of fenugreek is not
known accu ra tely, vari ou s resea rcher ass umi ng di ere nt rou te
of mechanism, many researchers believe that fenugreek has
the eect of increasing insulin secretion from beta-cell of the
pancreas, some of them believe that fenugreek decrease glucose
uptake by the intestine, others established that fenugreek has an
*Author for Correspondence:missing

Eect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seed aqueous extract on blood glucose...
IJDDT, Volume 9 Issue 3 July 2019 – September 2019 Page 68
insulin-sensitizing eect.9 Hyperlipidemia is associated with
DM. The antihyperlipidemic eect of fenugreek seed extract
may be related to soluble ber, which inhibits cholesterol
synthesis in the liver as well as increase fecal excretion of
bile salts.10
Infertility is a common problem with medical, psychosocial,
and economic aspects. Infertility aects 15%–20 % of couples.
A one third of all cases of infertility is due to a combination
of female and male problems. In another third of cases, they
are because of the male problem.11 Plants have been used
worldwide for the screening of several human diseases,12 and
have a key role in the treatment of infertility.13,14 Tr ig onella
foenum-graecum seed extract has beneficial effects on
reproductive hormones; it has androgenic and anabolic activity
in patients.15 This activity may be related to the fact that this
extract contains soluble glycosides (furostanol), which are
responsible for increasing testosterone level and complexation
of cholesterol in the cell membrane.16, 17 Other studies have
found that Trigonella foenum-graecum increases sperm
viability and decreases the abnormality in sperm shape.18 study
aimed to evaluate the eect of Trigonella foenum-graecum
aqueous extract on blood glucose, lipid prole, and some
hormonal assay in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant extraction
The plant material of Trigonella foenum-graecum brought
from the local market, and the park was powdered, extracted
in Soxhlet apparatus with methanol, starting with hexane
and chloroform, to separated lipids and terpenoid, after that
methanol was used to extract the other components, then each
component was dried and collected.19
Animals
Sixty adult male albino rats weighing 100-110 g were used in
the current work. All rats were kept at room temperature, fed
with standard rat pellet diet, and provided water ad libitum.
The animal was treated with 300 mg/kg of Trigonella seed
aqueous extract, and this dose was selected after a series of
primary experiments.
Streptozotocin-induced diabetes
The rats were allowed to fast for 24 hour s before exper imentation
and rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of
streptozotocin 80 mg/kg body weight dissolved in normal
saline.20 After 18 hours of injection, diabetes was conrmed
by testing blood sugar. Then the animal was divided into four
groups, each with 15 rats and treated the plant extract orally
using a gavage tube.21
Group 1: Rats were treated with normal saline as a control
group
Group 2: Diabetic rats without treatment
Group 3: Diabetic rats were treated with 300 mg/kg of
methanolic plant extract
Group 4: Diabetic rats treated with 650mg/kg of metformin drug
Blood sampling:
Blood samples from rats were collected by direct heart
puncture, centrifuged at 3000rpm for 15 minutes, and divided
into two parts, and the rst part was used for biochemical tests(
glucose and lipid parameters), the second part was used for
estimation of testosterone, LH and FSH. Serum glucose level
was measured every 3, 6, 9 hours by using (glucose enzymatic
colorimetric test kit) from Biocon Diagnostik, Germany.
Triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and VLDL were
estimated by a commercial kit. The level of ALT was evaluated
by using Elisa kit( catalog MBS 041480 from MyBiosource/
USA) , AST was estimated by using Elisa kit( catalog MBS
264975 from MyBiosource/USA), blood urea was measured
using Elisa kit (catalog -MBS 752119 from MyBiosource/
USA) and serum creatinine was measured using Elisa kit
(catalog-MBS 764869 from MyBiosource/USA), testosterone
was assessed using rat testosterone Elisa kit(catlogMBS282195
from MyBiosource/USA) , LH level was evaluated by using
Elisa kit( catalog MBS 729873 from MyBiosource/USA) and
FSH level was estimated by Elisa kit (catalog MBS 2502190
obtained from MyBiosource/USA).
Sperm collection and evaluation
The right epididymis of mice in each group were removed
and minced into several pieces on a Petridis with RPMI 1640
media for a few minutes to allow sperm to become motile and
swim out from epididymis. The semen was then taken with
1 mL pipette and dropped on a clean slide and covered with
a coverslip. The sperm concentration was determined by the
conventional method using a hem cytometer chamber for the
red blood cell (RBC) count, the progressive sperm motility
(spm) was estimated by evaluating ve elds of a sperm
droplet under a coverslip on a warm glass slide (36_37c)under
a light microscope (x40). The sperm vitality was assayed
using a procedure of eosine _ngrosine stain (1.67 eosin 10%
nigrosin and 0.1M sodium citrate )under x100 magnicent,
and 100 sperm were counted, all of the sperm evaluation were
estimated according to on world health organization manual
sperm analysis.22
Statistical Analysis
The data expressed as mean ± S.E. and were analyzed using
SAS system23
RESULTS
Blood glucose of Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats showed
statistically decrease after treatment by fenugreek seed
aqueous extract compared with diabetic non treated groups,
as shown in Table 1
Table 2 illustrated the signicant decrease in triglyceride,
cholesterol, HDL, and VLDL while LDL shows increasing in
its concentration compared to the diabetic nontreated group
Table 1: Eect of Trigonella seed aqueous extract on blood glucose after four weeks of treatment
Diabetic + metforminDiabetic +TrigonellaDiabeticControlGroups
192 ± 4.29170 ± 5.3 9300 ± 6.1180.54 ± 3.21
Glucose mg\dL

Eect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seed aqueous extract on blood glucose...
IJDDT, Volume 9 Issue 3 July 2019 – September 2019 Page 69
Table 3 shows a decrease in, ALT, AST, urea and creatinine
after four weeks of treatment by fenugreek seed aqueous
extract
Table 4 shows a signicant increase in LH, FSH, and
Testosterone level after 4 weeks of treatment by fenugreek
seed extract
Table 5 shows an elevation in sperm count, motility and
viability after 4 weeks of treatment by fenugreek seed aqueous
extract in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
DISCUSSION
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the role of fenugreek
aqueous extract on blood glucose, lipid prole, and some
hormonal parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
In the present study, there was a marked decrease in the level
of blood glucose in diabetic groups treated with Trigone ll a
foenum-graecum aq ue ou s ext ract. T he hypoglycem ic eect s of
this extract have been attributed to several mechanisms, one of
these mechanisms mentioned that 4-hydroxy isoleucine amino
acid extracted and puried from fenugreek seeds increased
insulin secretion in rat and human pancreatic cells,24 4-hyd roxy
isoleucine is also displayed an insulin tropic property in vitro,
activated insulin production in vivo and enhanced tolerance of
glucose in normal rats and dogs and in rat model of type 2 DM.
Also, this amino acid inhibits hepatic glucose production and
accelerates the use of glucose and possibly a decrease in the
plasma glucose value,25 -27 as well as the hypoglycemic role of
this extract maybe related to the eect of pectin which delays
glucose absorption from the intestine.28 Another highly active
hypoglycemic material is trigonelline, which improves glucose
tolerant after treatment in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.29
Hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are
associated with diabetes.30 ,31 Hypertriglyceridemia is also
related to metab olic conse quences of hyper-insulinemia , glucose
intolerance, insulin resistance, and hypercoagulability.32 In this
study, treatment of diabetic induced rats by Trigonella foenum-
graecum improved lipid proles, including decreases in total
cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride, as well as increases in
HDL level, the best explanation of this result, may be related
to decreased synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acid,33 this
eec t du e to sapogeni ns agen t , wh ic h lower se rum chole st erol
level by increasing biliar y cholesterol excretion.34,35 Saponins
formed a large particle with bile salts and reduce cholesterol
by inhibiting cholesterol absorption and increasing excretion
of bile salts.36 The hypolipidemic eect, could also be the
result of fat absorption and carbohydrate retardation due
to the existence of soluble ber in the extract,37 as well as
Fenugreek seeds, contain a large amount of mannose which
leads to reduce cholesterol synthesis.38 Studies indicated
treatment of diabetic rats with fenugreek extract signicantly
reduced the damage in liver and kidney and improve their
normal function.39 This study supports the important eects
Table 2: Eect of Trigonella seed aqueous extract on lipid prole after four weeks of treatment
Diabetic + metforminDiabetic + TrigonellaDiabeticControlGroups
80.44 ± 0.2383.38 ± 3.4496.45 ± 4.3477.65 ± 2.29Triglycerides mg\dL
102.39 ± 2.54105.22 ± 5.32119.34 ± 4.3290.32 ± 4.34Cholesterol mg\dL
35.19 ± 0.4540.26 ± 1.4332.27 ± 1.2945.23 ± 1.24HDL mg\d
L
53.42 ± 1.46
49.52 ± 3.2568.29 ± 2.5430.22 ± 2.32LDL mg\d
L
16.00 ± 0.46
16.63 ± 0.9618.32 ± 4.2515.62 ± 1.04VLDL mg\dL
Table 3: Eect of Trigonella seed aqueous extract on some liver and kidney function
Diabetic+metforminTrigonellaDiabetic+TrigonellaDiabeticControlGroups
51.54±2.7242.45 ± 2.3457.322 ± 3.7694.20 ± 3.4440.22 ± 2.13AST IU\l
39.09±2.8237.42 ± 2.5443.33 ± 3.2272.53 ± 2.1835.34 ± 1.43ALT IU\l
0.78±0.0 90.63 ± 0.010.89 ± 0.0211.81 ± 0.070.70 ± 0.0 9Creatinine mg/dL
22.20±1.9224.17 ± 1.2328.18 ± 1.2346.12 ± 2.3325.22 ± 1.55Urea mg/dL
Table 4: Eect of Trigonella on hormone concentration in male rats
Groups LH m1u/L FSH m1u/L Testosterone ng/mL
control 1.4 ± 0.29 2.9 ± 0.44 3.5 ± 0.28
Diabetic 1.2 ± 0.23 1.4 ± 0.35 2.8 6 ± 1.4
Trigonella 2.9 ± 0.22 3.7 ± 0.11 5.45 ± 2.9
Trigonella + diabetic 2.00 ± 0.19 2.19 ± 0.15 3. 95 ± 2.96
Diabetic+ metformin 1.43 ± 0.06 2.52 ± 0.11 2.76 ± 0.8
Table 5: Eect of Trigonella seed aqueous extract on sperm count and motility of male rats
Groups Sperm count(Sperm x 106) Motility % Viability %
Control 40.14± 3.91 90.68± 3.66 89.6± 2.42
Diabetic 33.22± 2.61 67.29± 2.89 75.2± 2.70
Trigonella 50.25± 2.77 92.14 ±2.67 93.3 ±2.38
Trigonella+Diabetic 43.24± 3.52 84.11±3.65 82.5±3.16
Trigonella+ metformin 40.22 ± 2.37 82.34 ± 3.61 80.21 ± 2.34

Eect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seed aqueous extract on blood glucose...
IJDDT, Volume 9 Issue 3 July 2019 – September 2019 Page 70
of fenugreek seeds aqueous extract on hyperglycemia and
hyperlipidemia in diabetic induced animals, further studies
would be done in mammals.
Our nding claried that the level of testosterone, LH,
FSH hormone as well as the sperm count, viability and motility
increased in diabetic animals after treatment with Tr igon el la
foenum-graecum aqueous extract. Potential mechanisms
by which Trigonella foenum-graecum may increase serum
testosterone level include stimulation of pulsatile gonadotropin-
releasing hormone (GnRH)/LH, increased testicular sensitivity
to LH, and increased testosterone synthesis. An animal study
found that after administration of fenugreek steroids to diabetic
rats over 60 days induced a considerable improvement in
testosterone level in the serum of the rats, another independent
study demonstrated that, treatment of diabetic rats with
Trigonella foenum-graecum extract, there was a signicant
decrease of sperm shape abnormality and improvement of the
sperm count. Furthermore, the potential eect of Trigonella
foenum-graecum extract was observed on reproductive
systems, as reported by histological studies on epididymis
and testis in rats.40 In addition, Trigonella foenum-graecum
seed contain diosgenin (an important material for the synthesis
of testosterone) and saponins (especially protodioscin-like
compounds). Therefore, a glycoside-rich fraction of Tri go ne ll a
foenum-graecum seed is worth investigating for possible
androgenic and anabolic activity.41, 42 The present study results
may reect the eect of fenugreek seeds aqueous extract on
fertility in male rats by increasing the level of testosterone,
LH, and FSH hormone.
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