Content uploaded by Zohreh Hosseini
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Zohreh Hosseini on Aug 11, 2020
Content may be subject to copyright.
605
Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture: Contributions for Sustainable Development –
Correia, Carlos & Rocha (Eds)
© 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00083-4
Responding to extreme climatic conditions through Shovadan
architecture, in Dezful, Iran
Z. Hosseini & R. Vatankhah
Faculty of Conservation, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
ABSTRACT: Hot and humid climate of the province of Khuzestan, Iran has provided a unique architec-
tural class that can be seen in the city of Dezful. One of its main features is the vertical extensions along the
lower sections of the basements, in order to meet the air conditioning needs. A notable point in this archi-
tecture is a floor of more than 10 meters deep in the ground floor area which is called Shovadan. Many
of the Shovadans have been in use till Qajar and Pahlavi periods, but with the introduction of modern air
conditioning systems, and also the huge wave of construction and renovation, many of Shovadans have
disappeared or have been converted to storage rooms. Only a few of them have been used again through
adaptive reuse, but with many changes and extensions without considering sustainable conservation prin-
ciples. Consequently, the authenticity and identity of Shovadans are questened. The process of destruction
and of forgetting the traditional vernacular architecture and related intangible values is worth to notice.
facing a lot of urban and identity crisis. The sig-
nificant effectiveness of cultural texture have been
fulfilled the basic needs of residents living, due to
the existence of precious historical and cultural
heritage elements over many years. The Shavadans,
as part of the significant architectural heritage of
ancient Dezful, have been facing lots of difficulties
affected by the problems of this century, in terms
of functional and physical properties. Popula-
tion growth and development of technology have
dismissed Shovadan from the current residential
areas, and have moved them to an unused and
abandoned space. Therefore, understanding, intro-
ducing them, and attempting to maintain the Sha-
vadans has become a double necessity.
2 GEOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS OF DEZFUL
Dezful is actually part of Khuzestan province in
southwestern Iran; it is located at 32, 25 north lati-
tude and 48 and 28 east longitude from the prime
meridian. The town is on the east coast of “Dez
River”, and it is located in the south-western Zagros.
The area from one side is limited by mountains,
and from the other side faces the Khuzestan plain
and the Persian Gulf. Therefore, it has a climati-
cally condition between desert towns and margin-
alized Persian Gulf towns. In summer, temperature
reaches sometimes 50°C, and because of the rela-
tively large distance from the Persian Gulf (approxi-
mately 250 km), the humidity decreases. Therefore,
1 INTRODUCTION
ne of the major concerns of Iranian architects.
Attempts to achieve them; although they have
been, in the most cases, the most difficult task,
due to adverse weather conditions in this coun-
try, but the hardworking people of this land have
done remarkable initiatives, wherever possible,
taking advantage of the same factors and aim of
adaptation to climate and the surrounding nature.
Accordingly, exquisite approaches have been seen
to regulate the environmental conditions in the
Architecture of different regions of Iran. Mean-
while, the underlying space creation has been in the
heart of the ground in the southwest of Iran and in
the vast northern plains of Khuzestan in the cities
of Dezful and Shooshtar. Due to extreme climate
conditions and containment of the overwhelming
heat, and the attempt to interact properly with the
environment, have made it possible to live in the
mild space of heat of the ground in the warmest
days of summer.
Urbanization and Urbanism have been put in
the other path, following new conditions at the
beginning of the recent century and the expansion
of cities. Social and economic principles of society
have changed so quickly in order to keep up with
the development of technology and development
of cities that after a while have not retained the
original and traditional characteristics, and have
not shaded new scientific principles on their body.
Ancient textures have lost their efficiency subse-
quently and the architecture of the region has been
CIAV201_Book.indb 605CIAV201_Book.indb 605 9/7/2013 2:20:23 PM9/7/2013 2:20:23 PM
606
the climate is hot and semi-humid. The altitude is
over 140 meters above sea level, and from the river
Dez varies between 20 to 30 meters (Emam,1381).
3 THE EVOLUTION OF THE
ARCHITECTURAL LAYERS OF DEZFUL
One of the first things that can be observed in stud-
ying the compact structure of residential construc-
tions in old Dezful, are an extremely compressed
body of the city, and the expansion of residential
spaces in the vertical direction. This happened
mostly to deal with such issues as shortage of the
ground, and air conditioning needs. Constituent
elements of residential constructions used in the
architecture of Dezful are discussed in each ele-
ment as a complete, and in comparison with simi-
lar characteristics, have considerable regularity in
warm and dry regions of the cities (Sáremi 1376).
The scorching heat in the warm seasons has dealt
with the creation of the upper floors for under-
ground in Dezful architecture like the other regions
of Iran. One of the main reasons to use the spaces
underneath is the soil and the appropriate compo-
sition of it (conglomerate), except for the heat of
the region. The spaces in the soil are protected by
a thick crust of the surrounding ground and have
caused the spaces underneath difficult to penetrate
by the heat (LāvánPur 2011). Penetration to the
depths of the ground to create a more desirable
environment happens in two forms. The first har-
ems forming the part of the body of the construc-
tions and the structure have been constructed with
the main body of the construction, and have often
encompassed the below level of the ground floor.
The roofs have been deployed about a meter higher
than the courtyard level, below the part of the con-
struction, and in the vicinity of the platform. In the
second case, the undergrounds were created, result-
ing from a deeper penetration into the ground in
the form of Shovadan (Māšhudi 1374).
3.1 Shovadan
The Shavadan are considered as a discrete ele-
ment of the overall structure of the construction,
and unlike harems, have been constructed below
the courtyard, and in over 10 meters depth of
the ground level. At the warm and overwhelming
weather of the Dezful summers that sometimes
reaches to more than 50°C, the Shavadan tempera-
ture is constant between 22 to 25 degrees, and the
cool spaces benefiting from the appropriate tem-
perature inside the earth have been the best place
for the daily life of the citizens (Bina 1387).
The access to the Shavadans has sometimes
been allowed from the harems and mainly through
the courtyard. The gradient of the stairs are often
more than the modern stairs (Fig. 1). So after of
each 10 sequential steps, a broad stair, called as
staircase or Pālápām, is embedded; this has been
used to rest and to prevent traversing stairs sud-
denly. Furthermore, when the number of residents
is higher than the capacity of the Shavadan, the
staircase spaces are also used. The main part and
the factor of unity and disciplinary of all parts
of the Shavadan called as apron, are usually sur-
rounded on the three sides with semi-axis spaces
or Kat, and are used as sub-spaces (Fig. 1). Due
to the particular soil type and strength of Dez-
ful, there is the possibility of digging the ground
without implementation of arc and this matter
has been the cause of freedom in making spaces
of the Kats and aprons (Robubi 1359). Because of
the cool air inside the apron, they used for stor-
ing foods. Foods, such as meat, or oil have usually
hanged by thick chains embedding in the ceiling
hooks. The air inside the Shavadans has reached
the house rooms by ventilation spaces, and the
small windows called Dārizeh, so that air has con-
stantly being changed (Fig. 1). In some cases, The
Kats of the Shavadans are attached to the Sha-
vadans in the vicinity by a tunnel or a valve called
Tal.The main usage of Tal is actually to create an
underground network communication for a house
(which often have a close family connection), so
the residents have dealt with mutually beneficial
transactions with neighbors, throughout the day
without the sun burning. In addition, the connec-
tion of the Shavadans with Tal has been increas-
ingly useful for ventilation and cool air exchange
(Fig. 1). These winding collections of construction
have turned the Shavadans into the underground
city (Qobádián 1376). The tall mud pots without
enamels called as Hābáneh have been at the sides
of Tal on the air flow. Air flows have been cooled
after colliding with moist sidewalls of Hābáneh and
Figure 1. Section of the hole: 1) Si-Sara or Darizeh;
2) Sahn 3) Stairs; 4) Tal. (Credits: The authors).
CIAV201_Book.indb 606CIAV201_Book.indb 606 9/7/2013 2:20:23 PM9/7/2013 2:20:23 PM
Downloaded by [Cornell University] at 23:27 16 September 2016
607
have caused a more gentle air in the Shavadan. The
water, inside the Hābánehs, which was kept in Táls,
has been made to drink and it is cooled enough
by the exposure to the air flow. In some cases, the
Tal and the valves are covered with Camel’s thorn
(ķáršotor) bush, which is a cool thorn, and water
is sprayed on the bushes, so that the wind blowing
through rinse and moistened bushes will cool the
inner space of the Shavadan. The Shavadans have
no unique decorations, because they are located
exactly in the heart of compacted soil. However,
the sloped entrance part of the multiplicative vault
could be regarded as their simple decorations. On
the other hand, low sloped (Kālil-e Kond) vaults
at the ledges and the Tal entrance were created, in
order to reduce monotonous space to some extent.
It is required to mention here that, like other Ira-
nian traditional architectural constructions, the
principles such as hierarchy and spatial sequences
have been highly regarded by the architects while
considering the Shavadan. Observing these princi-
ples, not only could it provide appropriate and log-
ical connection among various components of the
Shavadan, as they could also be seen as spaces with
different temperatures, in such a way that spaces
with higher depth have lower temperature, and
spaces like Pālápem and Kats, with lower depth,
have higher temperature (Bárešádāt 1390).
There have been no precise facts of the creation
of Shavadans. The existence of Shavadan at the
mosque of the city in the seventh century AD, and
also Shavadans of Aqamir (Sāfāvi) and Māhdāvi
House (Qajar) are the emphasis on historical antiq-
uity of Shavadans. Most of the Shavadans have
been used till the Qajar period and Pahlavi eras,
but with the propagation of the electric air con-
ditioning appliances, their use have decreased and
have become abandoned and unused spaces till the
imposed war of Iran-Iraq in 1359. Nevertheless, the
Shavadans have considered as the best haven for res-
idents in times of Iraq war and missile attacks, and
back to life. Also, the massive wave of construction
and renovation of old houses, have destructed, or
have filled them with construction and demolition
wastes, after the completion of war; and the lack of
need for haven. Currently, the limited number of
these architectural elements has remained precious,
and many of them are used only as warehouses.
4 THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE
SHAVADANS
Population growth in recent years make cities facing
the shortage of biological space, due to shortage of
ground in the texture of ancient, which has forced
residents to migrate to the periphery textures and
to replace modern architecture with the traditional
architecture. The spread of technology and the
desire to use new technologies, in addition to the
accelerated replacement process, have reduced the
productivity of traditional architectural charac-
teristics. Substitution of supernumerary cooling
appliances, destruction and filling Shavadans with
construction and demolition wastes, or use chang-
ing are strong examples (Fig. 3). Expansion of
constructions, creation of urban wastewater have
increased the risk of the weathering and the ero-
sion of the stone walls of the architecture in the
underground area, such as Shavadans. For exam-
ple, cement or asphalting bottom of alleys have pre-
vented the exchanging of moisture and exiting out
of the ground, inevitably the moisture have exited
from the internal body of the construction or have
maintained in the heart of the earth. Remaining
of the moisture has caused falling of the stones of
body in Shavadans that could cause more harmful
damages than the earthquake (Fig. 2).
Despite all of the inevitable difficulties, neglect-
ing and ignorance the identity and function of Sha-
vadans, as well as the tourism capabilities of the
Office of The Cultural Heritage Administration
and major sponsors of the heritage preservation,
it has been able to import the maximum impact on
the body of traditional architecture of the region
especially to Shavadans. The lack of codified
laws, the executive guarantee of the various agen-
cies and the lack of monitoring of custodians on
restoration projects with wrong usages have been
tarnished with authenticity and the identity of the
Shavadans with the broad manipulation.
For example, Aqamir Shavadan is one unique
remaining Shavadan that has architectural and his-
torical values. Due to the destruction of Aqamir
house, Shavadan has also became a deserted place
that is used for local crime (Fig. 3).
Figure 2. Increased moisture in the Shavadan of Zargar
house. (Credits: The authors).
CIAV201_Book.indb 607CIAV201_Book.indb 607 9/7/2013 2:20:24 PM9/7/2013 2:20:24 PM
Downloaded by [Cornell University] at 23:27 16 September 2016
608
Another example is an old restaurant, by cre-
ating right conditions to change a house and it’s
Shavadans to a restaurant, it has taken a big step
towards introducing and maintaining the native
architecture. But because of manipulation and
exaggerated decorating the Shavadan has lost its
original identity that has little resemblance to the
appearance and characteristics of cryogenic of the
Shavadan (Fig. 3).
Another noticeable example is the Shavadan of
Tiznou house, which is now the current location
of Cultural Heritage of Dezful; but because of the
covering of walls and ceiling with white cement,
the body is able to breathe and moisture exchange
is practically impossible. In most cases, moderni-
zation has been possible with new incorporation,
or enhancing some characteristics and ignoring
other issues (Fig. 3). In many cases, involvements
of modernization in large-scale have guaranteed
dynamic and sustainable preservation of destruc-
tion, along with an adaptive reuse but in the some
involvement and incorrect usage. Without regard-
ing the physical existence and the value of the
construction, it led to the complete destruction of
cultural values and feelings. Improper restoration
and misuse of the Shavadan are some of the dilem-
mas, which must be seriously addressed.
5 POTENTIALS OF SHAVADAN DUE TO
THE PROBLEMS
Performance of the Shavadan in warm cities like
Dezful and Shooshtar have been so essential and
well-considered, that it is dared to assert that today’s
science and technology could not replaced better
spaces with all the advantages of the Savadan. Due
to the reduction, their high prices and the need for
using them fuel sources properly and efficiently,
there’s a new manifestation of returning to and
reusing of these spaces. In this regard, the need
to revive and to create appropriate conditions of
recent living and a better expression to modernize
the space and with the motivation and inclination
of the citizens, it could replace the use of supernu-
merary cooling appliances and could cut the energy
consumption in warm years. By using Shavadans
spaces at peak consumption hours, in addition to
the reduction costs for consumers it could also be a
help to preserve precious national resources.
However, using Shavadans could brought diffi-
culties and problems. The difficulty to access the
Shavadans and the lack of access to main facilities,
like health services, are some of the factors that
have made residents unwilling to use Shavadans.
Nevertheless, daily rest in the absolute relaxation,
away from the fanfare of cities, and with delightful
coolness, is an advantage that have been dragging
most of the oldest into Shavadans.
Renovating the old homes with the existence of
the Shavadan is troublesome and expensive that
most of the residents in the homes of the old texture
have attempted destruction or construction of mod-
ern homes or have abandoned their homes that over
time have been uninhabitable. Derelictions of homes
and Shavadans in the city have become a place for
committing some crimes and threaten the security
of other residents. On the other hand, unethical fill-
ing of Shavadans have caused partially the destruc-
tion of portions of the alley or the Shavadans in the
vicinity, and have harmed main structure of con-
struction (Fig. 4). These problems and difficulties,
in addition to the destruction of the ancient texture
of city, have caused forgetfulness of a precious her-
itage of architecture, and ultimately have led to a
logical tradition of reduction in consumption.
Figure 3. Examples of Dezful precious Shavadans.1)
Shavadan of Zargar house 2) Shavadan of Ruzgar-Qadim
restaurant 3) Shavadan of Tiznou house 4) Shavadan of
Aqamir house. (Credits: The authors).
Figure 4. Destruction portions of the alley. (Credits:
The authors).
CIAV201_Book.indb 608CIAV201_Book.indb 608 9/7/2013 2:20:25 PM9/7/2013 2:20:25 PM
Downloaded by [Cornell University] at 23:27 16 September 2016
609
6 RISK ASSESSEMENT AND PROTECTIVE
STRATEGIES
The first principle of providing protective schemes
is to identify all the risks that have threatened Sha-
vadans existence in terms of the structure of the
construction and of cultural identity. In the next
stage, the magnitude and significance of each of
these risks are essential (AminŠirázi 1386). After
that, all the posed risk and threats to these architec-
tural elements have been identified, and the qualita-
tive evaluation of them in terms of significance and
value or have estimated, at least, solutions to reduce
risks. Shavadan risks can be divided into two parts:
1. Risks of damage to the building structure;
2. The risk of damage to identity.
6.1 Risks of damage to the building structure
Shavadan body structure has a slow process of ero-
sion, due to the soil type (conglomerate) and its resist-
ance and good compression, except for the entry of
unwanted moisture and excessive moderation, lead-
ing to intense weathering and erosion of wall, fall-
ing rocks and the complete falling of Shavadan in
critical state. Increased moisture in the lower levels,
caused by urban sprawl, and the rise of construction,
is partially inevitable. But, considering the overall
texture of the old entity (such as paving streets), and
also determining the passage of surface water and
groundwater, and the supervision of construction,
could partially control the process of erosion.
6.2 The risk of damage to identity
Perhaps the Shavadan is not damaged in terms of
its body, but the structure of its culture and identity
is seriously at risk. Forgetting and neglecting the
significance and the use of the Shavadan as part
of the native architecture, has put the Shavadan
in critical position, being deserted, destroyed dur-
ing building renovations, restoration and through
inappropriate uses; all situations that show criti-
cal situation of the Shavadan more. Situations like
being deserted and used as warehouse, with closing
the air vents, and its neglect, resulting in the mois-
ture concentration, will bring structural damage to
the body. Therefore preservation of cultural iden-
tity and authenticity of the Shavadan is the most
important. The first attempt to solve the crisis is
introducing and recognizing the importance of Sha-
vadan in the traditional architecture by the people;
and making efforts to maintain and to reuse this
space by residents. Extensive advertising about the
effects of using Shavadan on energy consumption
reduction; also tips and advices for current envi-
ronmental conditions (such as supplying electricity
and humidity control), can encourage residents to
reuse these places to some extent (Habibi 1386).
On the other hand, new applications tailored to
the Shavadan and creating appropriate conditions
for new uses without damaging and weakening
their identity can introduce this valuable architec-
tural element to visitors and tourists. It should be
noted that new applications must be in accordance
with the terms and conditions of the special fea-
tures in Shavadan, like anthropology galleries to
introduce culture, or small tea-rooms with minimal
manipulation, in order to demonstrate how to live
in the Shavadan and how to enjoy the desirable
cold and absolute relaxation.
6.3 Shavadan reuse and its potential
Shavadans vary in space and dimensions accord-
ing to the size and building situations. Tizno house
Shavadan presents an area of approximately 30 m
and Māhdāvi house Shavadan, which is believed
that it has been including the distance between 2
neighborhoods. The area and dimensions provide
the ability to accept new applications from a small
tea-room to a big restaurant. Besides being a valu-
able element of architecture, the Shavadan will also
increase domestic and international tourism attrac-
tions, but it must be born in mind that use changes
must notice all structural, material, cultural and
even sentimental values.
Adaptive reuse of historical monuments means
the displacement of appropriate and compatible
use and the suggested are considered as the most
important protective approaches of the architec-
tural heritage to guarantee the sustainable preser-
vation. Revitalization of Shavadans with consistent
and appropriate adaptive reuse could have caused
reviving and it is as a protective action, in which
all principles of development, cultural develop-
ment and the modernity have been observed, while
maintaining originality and providing financial
existence with the objectives of sustainable preser-
vation of the cultural heritage.
The regeneration of the textures and the monu-
ments have been the most vital protection efforts in
terms of compatible adaptive reuse that, if the foun-
dations are correctly implemented, they could have
protect the body of construction and also, guaran-
tee the dynamic protection in relation to functional
and practical sustainability considering future
users. However, in many cases, they have seen no
proper use of these constructions that are nationally
funded, and occasionally they have not seen a very
compatible usage, causing some structural changes
in the integrity of the monuments, due to new
requirements of their usage. The private owners of
most monuments have considered restoration proc-
ess as the same as renovation. Then, if this precious
CIAV201_Book.indb 609CIAV201_Book.indb 609 9/7/2013 2:20:26 PM9/7/2013 2:20:26 PM
Downloaded by [Cornell University] at 23:27 16 September 2016
610
heritage was severely renovated in some cases, it
could have threatened the authenticities that the
construction could have to qualify as historical and
cultural value and probably, have been recorded. In
some cases, unsustainable adaptive reuse has led to
complete renovation of the monuments, and have
even seen parts of the authenticity sections of mon-
uments being damaged, which is contrary to the
foundations of prevailing restoration manipulating
the monuments (Rázáni & Vatankhah 1388).
In the design for improving the Shavadans, it
should have been tried to use all the capabilities of
the traditional construction for organizing the activ-
ities, in order to establish a suitable environment for
a cultural or recreational set. On the other hand,
new appropriate usage conditions should be imple-
mented after planning and determining the range
with minimal possible manipulation. Since the sus-
tainable adaptive reuse and compatibility that, ulti-
mately, leads to dynamic preservation, a few issues
that must be placed in consideration by the design-
ers and operators are recommended below:
1. Strength of the surface to prevent the falling of
surface rocks;
2. Not to use protective coating that prevents see-
ing the body and water exchange;
3. No change in the floor covering;
4. Not to use decorations and additions that will
undermine the authenticity and identity of
Shavadan;
5. Not blocking the main Si-Sārá and Dārizeh;
6. To consider the dramatic effect that is compat-
ible with the humidity and temperature;
7. To consider proportional air taking to a new use.
The activities and functions foreseen in for the
Shavadan must be consistent with its potential
and in compliance with the needs and goals of the
organization applications, including the following
areas that require coordination to the potential of
the Shavadan:
1. Commercial spaces: including restaurants, tra-
ditional coffee houses (tea-rooms), stands sell-
ing handicrafts;
2. Recreational spaces: including spaces for leisure
and tourism, tea-rooms;
3. Artistic and cultural areas: including anthropol-
ogy gallery, library, art and craft classes;
4. Performance spaces: including audio-visual
rooms;
5. Exhibition spaces: for small temporary and per-
manent exhibitions
7 CONCLUSION
Approaches for maintaining and conservation
of the Shavadans could have been possible as a
precious element in the architecture, only main-
taining a balance among the economic, social and
physical factors. Hence, it should not be thinking
that the improvement and modernization of the
Shavadans, considered merely within the context
of being limited, have provided instead the fields
of economic, social and cultural. Empowerment
of people and residents of the ancient texture, and
their participation in changing their lifestyles and
somehow to respect the efficiency of the past tra-
ditions, are the main condition for preservation of
the architectural heritage of the region. The major
causes of current problems and difficulties of the
Shavadans could be solved, which only depend on
the support of sponsors, authorities and founders
for preserving the cultural heritage of the country.
So, with the cooperation and participation of peo-
ple, the Shavadan could have been released of the
existing challenges, and somehow, with the correct
patterns, it could have reconciled citizens with the
traditional construction and its particular charac-
teristics, leading citizens on the right path.
REFERENCES
Amin shirazi, S. & Hamzeh, H. 2007. Ámalkarde modiri-
ate bohran dar bārnamehai pišgirane, Fāslnámeh
ķābāri Ámuzeši-e Pāžuheškāde Hefázāt va māremāt-e
Asáre tariķi fárhāngi, Vol:17 Page: 4–7.
Bahadori, M. 2008. Pas sive cooling systems in Iraninan
architecture, scientific American, Vol.238, No. 2.
Barešádāt, N. Zāmáni, L. 2011. Memári bá negah be zāmin,
Šāvádán mirás kohān dār memári jonub-e Iran, Hāmáieš-e
meli sānáie fārhāngi va nāqše án dār tos˘e páidár.
Bina, M. 2008. Tājzieh va Tāhlil-e eqlimi-e Šāvádán ha dār
ķáneháie Dezful, Nāšrie Honārhaie ziba, Vol:33–46.
Emam, M. 2002. Māqáláti dārbáreye Táriķ-e joqráfiáie
Dezful.
Habibi, Q. Pur, A, Meshkini. A. 1386. Behsázi va Nosázi
báftháie kohān-e shāhri, Nāšre enteķáb.
Lavafipour, Y. 2011. Passive low energy architecture in
Hot and Dry climate, Australian Journal of basic and
applied sciences, Vol:5 page: 757–765.
Mašhudi, S. 1995. Bārrasie táriķi memári-e Ábnie māskuni
dār báft-e kohān-e Šuštār, Mājmue Māqálát-e kongere
táriķ memári va šāhrsázi Iran/Tehran.
Motāmed, A. 1995. Zāmin šenási omumi, Nāšr-e
dánešgáh Tehran.
Pur ali. H. 1370. Dezful, Entešáráte Āfruz.
Qobadian, V. 1997. Bārresi-e Eqlimi-e Bānáhái-e sonāti-e
Iran, Našre Pādideh.
Razani, M & Vatankhah, R 2009. Arziábi-e tos˘e páidár
dār bānáháie táriķi ba negáhi be tāqire kárbāri 2 bānáie
táriķi dār Esfāhán. Hāmáieše šenáķt va moārefi-e
māziátha va zārfiātháie ehia va bāhrebārdári az
āmákene táriķi va fārhāngi, Tehran.
Robubi, M. & Rahimie, F. 1980. Šāvadán-Šābestán,
Mājāle Asār.
CIAV201_Book.indb 610CIAV201_Book.indb 610 9/7/2013 2:20:26 PM9/7/2013 2:20:26 PM
Downloaded by [Cornell University] at 23:27 16 September 2016
