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Strategiset kehittämisperiaatemerkinnät biotalouden ja luontoarvojen yhteensovittamisessa Varsinais-Suomen maakuntakaavaprosessissa. Futura 3/19: 60-73 -- Peer-reviewed article in Finnish.
Abstract
Strategic Development Principle Symbols in the Reconciliation of the
Bioeconomy and the Natural Values in the Regional Land Use Planning
Process of Southwest Finland
Regional land use planners have a double role as initiators of novel plan symbols and neutral implementers of societal land use objectives and regulations. Our case is the preparation of the Phase Regional Plan for Natural Values and Natural Resources in SW-Finland. We study why and how a novel set of strategic symbols – the Development Principle Symbols – are being designed in the series of co-creative Natural Resource Forums, and how these symbols are expected to reconcile the demands for the growth of the bioeconomy, the protection of biological diversity, and securing the recreational use of natural environments together. We identified that a community of inquiry, of which the land use planners, authorities and stakeholders are members, has emerged to negotiate and deliberate into existence a set of strategic symbols, i.e. general conditions and soft normative powers to fulfill the planning objectives. The actual, more detailed realizations remain to be seen.
Luonto- ja ympäristöarvojen suojelua painottavaa metsien käytön mallia (multi-use conservation landscape) on esitetty yhdeksi keinoksi, jolla voidaan lisätä metsäluonnon biodiversiteettiä ja metsien hiilivarastoa. Esimerkki tällaista lähestymistapaa hyödyntävästä ratkaisusta on pääosin yksityiseen rahoitukseen perustuva yhdysvaltalainen Forest Bank -toimintamalli, joka pyrkii yhdistämään luonnonläheistä metsänkäsittelyä, luonnonhoitoa ja arvokkaiden luonto- ja ympäristökohteiden suojelua tilanrajat ylittävällä tavalla. Toimintamalliin sitoutuvat metsänomistajat saavat samalla kohtuullisen ja vuosittain tasaisen tulovirran metsistään. Tässä raportissa arvioidaan tällaisen, Luonnontuottometsäksi nimetyn toimintamallin soveltuvuutta Suomessa. Lisäksi arvioidaan, mitä lisäarvoa Luonnontuottometsä voisi tuoda verrattuna nykyisin käytössä oleviin tai aiemmin esitettyihin keinoihin.
Kaavojen merkintöjen ja määräysten kehittämiseen liittyvä hanke (KAMMI-hanke) lähti liikkeelle tarpeesta kehittää kaavojen sisältöä eri tasoilla toimintaympäristön muutokset ja tulevaisuuden tarpeet paremmin huomioon ottavaksi. Työn tuloksena on laadittu suosituksia kaavajärjestelmän kehittämisestä suhteessa keskeisiksi tunnistettuihin ohjaamistarpeisiin sekä kaavatietohallinnan eurooppalaisiin yhtenäistämisen tavoitteisiin (Inspire-direktiivi).
Raportti on jäsennelty osakokonaisuuksiin, joiden kautta lopussa olevia johtopäätöksiä perustellaan.
Alussa on esitetty katsaus suomalaisen kaavajärjestelmän historiaan ja nykytilaan. Hankkeen keskeisen osan muodostavat ns. heräteteemat, joiden kautta pyrittiin löytämään kaavamerkintöjen ja taustalla olevan järjestelmän keskeiset muutostarpeet ja määrittämään kaavoituksen ydintehtäviä tulevaisuudessa. Heräteteemojen käsittelyn yhteydessä käytyjä pohdintoja peilattiin koko kaavajärjestelmän ja kaavoituksen sisällön kehittämiseen. Hankkeessa nähtiin perustelluksi laatia myös näkemys ja ideoita kaavoituksen uudistamiseen merkintöjen ja määräysten kehittämisen näkökulmasta. Lopuksi hankkeessa kehitettiin erilaisia merkintätyyppejä sekä yleispiirteisempään että yksityiskohtaisempaan alueidenkäytön ohjaukseen kuntatasolla.
Työ on kytkeytynyt kiinteästi käynnistyneeseen maankäyttö- ja rakennuslain uudistamiseen ja se tuo oman näkökulmansa alueidenkäytön suunnittelujärjestelmän uudistamista koskevaan keskusteluun.
The purpose of the paper is to contribute to the debate on existing planning approaches—more specifically, strategic spatial planning—and the search for new ideas. Therefore, after briefly dealing with the history, logic, aims of strategic planning, and some critiques the paper sketches the contours of a more radical strategic planning, introduces coproduction as a corner stone of this approach, and opts for working with conflicts and legitimacy as additional building blocks. The paper relies on a selective review of critical planning literature and the authors’ experience in practice.
Complexity science--made possible by modern analytical
and computational advances--is changing the way we
think about social systems and social theory. Unfortunately,
economists’ policy models have not kept up and
are stuck in either a market fundamentalist or government
control narrative. While these standard narratives
are useful in some cases, they are damaging in others,
directing thinking away from creative, innovative policy
solutions. Complexity and the Art of Public Policy outlines
a new, more flexible policy narrative, which envisions society
as a complex evolving system that is uncontrollable
but can be influenced.
David Colander and Roland Kupers describe how economists
and society became locked into the current policy
framework, and lay out fresh alternatives for framing
policy questions. Offering original solutions to stubborn
problems, the complexity narrative builds on broader
philosophical traditions, such as those in the work of
John Stuart Mill, to suggest initiatives that the authors
call “activist laissez-faire” policies. Colander and Kupers
develop innovative bottom-up solutions that, through
new institutional structures such as for-benefit corporations,
channel individuals’ social instincts into solving
societal problems, making profits a tool for change rather
than a goal. They argue that a central role for government
in this complexity framework is to foster an ecostructure
within which diverse forms of social entrepreneurship
can emerge and blossom.
I regard strategic spatial planning as an adaptive practice concerned with what can be done in the face of uncertainty. Inspired by Deleuze and Guattari, I present a multiplanar theorisation of strategic spatial planning as strategic navigation, involving both the broad charting out of a trajectory of the longer-term future and also for shorter-term, detailed plans and projects with collaboratively determined goals. I develop a methodology for translating the theory into strategic practice, which incorporates a critical engagement with actual conditions and how they came to be (tracing), together with an attempt to unpack what are the conditions for change (mapping and diagramming). Opportunities and risks could be explored allowing the potentials of new trajectories to emerge. I conclude that since the future is inherently unpredictable, the role of strategic spatial planning is to recognise relationalities to facilitate strategic navigation of future trajectories.
This paper addresses the ways in which urban regions are represented in contemporary urban policies. In doing so, it critically examines how urban trends are reflected in diverse notions of 'cityness' in contemporary policy discourses about spatiality and territoriality. Through a detailed case study of the use and construction of the word 'city' in a range of urban governance contexts in Newcastle upon Tyne, this paper analyses the political work done by diverse representations and invocations of 'cityness' in contemporary urban governance. Such representations matter because the way in which contemporary cities are conceptualised influences policy formulations and policy outcomes. In addition, considerable emphasis is being placed in contemporary urban policy on 'joining-up', 'integrating' and co-ordinating governance efforts. How conceptions of the city are mobilised to do such integrating work provides insight into the challenge such ambitions present. The evidence from the case study suggests that the capacity of local actors to think about the processes of change in metropolitan regions, and to define the ways in which they can respond, is often limited, as they struggle to define what their 'city' actually might be these days. This tends to be to the detriment of collective attempts to maximise conditions for citizens and for investment.
Etelä-Suomen metsien monimuotoisuusohjelmassa (METSO) kokeillaan uusia metsänomistajien vapaaehtoisuuteen perustuvia monimuotoisuuden turvaamiskeinoja, esimerkiksi luonnonarvokauppaa, jonka kokeiluhanke aloitettiin Satakunnassa vuonna 2003.
Barrie Maguire's image of a woman stitching together the Irish landscape reflects the central question behind this Longer View: What will recent strategic spatial planning efforts in Europe give us? In the case of Northern Ireland, the quilt sewn from separate pieces of the landscape might represent that state's desire to establish cohesion while respecting diversity. Albrechts, Healy, and Kunzmann show that there and elsewhere, spatial planning efforts are stitching together new regional patterns for many parts of Europe.
To contribute to the aspirations of recent international biodiversity conventions, protected areas (PAs) must be strategically located, and not simply established on economically marginal lands as they have in the past. With refined international commitments under the Convention of Biodiversity to target protected areas in places of 'importance to biodiversity', this may now be the case. Here we analyze location biases in PAs globally over both historic (pre-2004) and recent time periods. Discouragingly, we find that both old and new protected areas are not targeting places with high concentration of threatened vertebrate species. Instead, they appear to be established in locations that minimize conflict with agriculturally suitable lands. This entrenchment of past trends has significant implications for the contributions these protected areas are making to international commitments to conserve biodiversity. We discover that if protected area growth between 2004 and 2014 had strategically targeted unrepresented threatened vertebrates, it would have been possible to protect >30 times more species (3086 or 2553 potential vs 85 actual new species represented) for the same area or the same cost as the actual expansion that occurred. With the land available for conservation declining, nations must urgently focus new protection on places that provide for the conservation outcomes outlined in international treaties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The book offers a profound understanding of how we create a social reality-a reality of money, property, governments, marriages, stock markets and cocktail parties. The paradox addressed is that these facts only exist because we think they exist and yet they have an objective existence. Continuing a line of investigation begun in his earlier book The Construction of Social Reality, the author identifies the precise role of language in the creation of all "institutional facts." His aim is to show how mind, language and civilization are natural products of the basic facts of the physical world described by physics, chemistry and biology. The author explains how a single linguistic operation, repeated over and over, is used to create and maintain the elaborate structures of human social institutions. These institutions serve to create and distribute power relations that are pervasive and often invisible. These power relations motivate human actions in a way that provides the glue that holds human civilization together. The author then applies the account to show how it relates to human rationality, the freedom of the will, the nature of political power and the existence of universal human rights. In the course of his explication, he asks whether robots can have institutions, why the threat of force so often lies behind institutions, and he denies that there can be such a thing as a "state of nature" for language-using human beings.
In recent years, city governments and other entities concerned with urban futures have been exhorted to produce spatial strategies, indicating how their areas might develop in the future. But many of the resultant strategies do little “strategic work” in the sense of shaping future development trajectories. This paper reviews the meaning of “strategic work” in terms of mobilising attention to an urban area as a whole, and influencing the way that multiple actors involved in urban development shape their interventions. It emphasises the key judgements which those involved in promoting such strategic work have to make and discusses how the capacity for making such judgements may be cultivated among individuals, groups, and the wider political community involved in urban governance.
This paper explores the imaginations of place and spatial organization and of governance mobilized in recent experiences of strategic spatial planning for urban regions in Europe. Drawing on examples of such experiences, it examines how far these imaginations reflect a relational understanding of spatial dynamics and of governance processes. Spatial imaginations are assessed in terms of the nature of the spatial consciousness expressed in a strategy, the way the multiple scales of the social relations of a place are conceived, and the extent to which relational complexity is understood and reflected in a strategy. Governance imaginations are assessed in terms of how the relation between government and society is imagined, how the tensions between functional/sectoral and territorial principles of policy organization are addressed, and what assumptions are made about the nature and trajectory of transformative processes in governance dynamics. The paper concludes that signs of a recognition of the “relational complexity” of urban and regional dynamics and of territorially-focused governance processes can be found in these experiences, but a relational understanding is weakly-developed and often displaced by more traditional ways of seeing place/space and governance process. The paper concludes with some comments on the challenge of developing a stronger understanding of “relational complexity” within strategic spatial planning endeavours.
The present work develops ideas first presented in
Studies in Logical Theory. "All logical forms (with their characteristic properties) arise within the operation of inquiry and are concerned with control of inquiry so that it may yield warranted assertions." "Inquiry is the controlled or directed transformation of an indeterminate situation into one that is so determinate in its constituent distinctions and relations as to convert the elements of the original situation into a unified whole." After an introductory section, the three remaining parts of the treatise deal successively with the structure of inquiry and the construction of judgments, propositions and terms, and the logic of scientific method. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The relationships between land use and biodiversity are fundamental to understanding the links between people and their environment. Biodiversity can be measured in many ways. The concept covers not only the overall richness of species present in a particular area but also the diversity of genotypes, functional groups, communities, habitats and ecosystems there. As a result, the relationships between biodiversity in its broadest sense and land use can be complex and highly context dependent. Moreover, the relationships between them are often two-way, so that simple relationships between cause and effect can be difficult to identify. In some places, specific land uses or land management practices may be important in sustaining particular patterns of biodiversity. Elsewhere, the uses to which land can be put are highly dependent on the biodiversity resources present.
This article examines recent European experiences in urban and regional spatial strategies. It focuses specifically on the concepts of space and place deployed within these strategies and the institutional work these concepts are called upon to do. It explores how far such concepts reflect the shift in geographical thought to a dynamic, discontiguous, relational conceptualization of spatiality. These issues are explored through an analysis of three recent strategic planning episodes: The Netherlands Fifth National Policy Document on Spatial Planning, the Regional Development Strategy for Northern Ireland, and the Framework Document for Milan. All are innovative in their contexts in one way or another and provide exemplars of new ways of thinking about space and place, and the role of spatial strategies in contemporary governance contexts. All the episodes reflect in some way new relational geographical ideas, but many traditional planning ideas live on. The analysis highlights the political dimensions of developing new spatial vocabularies to guide urban and regional development and the significance of the institutional context in shaping and accepting new spatial planning concepts.
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