THREAT CATEGORIES OF ENDEMIC PLANTS OF SAKARAT MOUNTAIN (AMASYA/TURKEY)

Abstract

This study aims to determine the threat categories of endemic plants in the vegetation of Sakarat Mountain (Amasya) on the basis of the vegetation field survey in 2004 and 2005 years. Plant samples were collected in their vegetation seasons. According to results, 78 families, 283 genera and 494 taxa are identified. As a result of field surveys, six different vegetation types forest (decidious, mixed coniferous and deciduous), subalpine, steppe, rocky, wet grassland and segetal were determined. 40 plant taxa (8.09% of all taxa) were confirmed as endemic. The families with the highest rate of endemic taxa are Fabaceae (15%) and Lamiaceae (15%). Phytogeographic regions (Chorotypes) among endemic taxa were listed as Irano-Turanian 13 (32.5%), Euro-Siberian 9 (22.5%), Mediterranean 1 (2.5%), while phytogeographic origin of (17 taxa) 42.5% of endemic taxa were Unknown. The threat categories regarding the endemic species were determined and analysed according to "Red Data Book of Turkish Plants" adopted 2001 IUCN criteria. In the evaluation phase of the endemic taxa and their threat categories, it was found that 1 species (2.5%) is in Endangered, 3 species (7.5%) in Near Threatened and 36 species (90%) in Least Concern according to the criteria of 2001 IUCN. When the life forms of plant taxa were analysed, it was determined that Hemicryptophytes have the most number of plant taxa with 82.5%, Therophytes and Geophytes have the less than others 2.5%.

Keywords: Sakarat mountain, A6, Amasya, Turkey, endemic plants, threat categories, IUCN

Full text

Available online: April 28, 2019
Commun.Fac.Sci.Univ.Ank.Series C
Volume 28, Number 1, Pages 10-21 (2019)
ISSN 1303-6025 E-ISSN 2651-3749
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/communc/issue/45050/562256
Received by the editors: February 27, 2019; Accepted: March 30, 2019.
Key word and phrases:
Sakarat mountain, A6, Amasya, Turkey, endemic plants, threat categories, IUCN
© 2019 Ankara University
Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series C: Biology
THREAT CATEGORIES OF ENDEMIC PLANTS OF SAKARAT MOUNTAIN
(AMASYA/TURKEY)
M. UMIT BINGOL, NESLIHAN BALPINAR, KERIM GUNEY, ARZU CANSARAN
FATMAGUL GEVEN, OMER FARUK KAYA, MUNEVVER ARSLAN
Abstract. This study aims to determine the threat categories of endemic plants in
the vegetation of Sakarat Mountain (Amasya) on the basis of the vegetation field
survey in 2004 and 2005 years. Plant samples were collected in their vegetation
seasons. According to results, 78 families, 283 genera and 494 taxa are identified. As
a result of field surveys, six different vegetation types forest (decidious, mixed
coniferous and deciduous), subalpine, steppe, rocky, wet grassland and segetal were
determined. 40 plant taxa (8.09% of all taxa) were confirmed as endemic. The
families with the highest rate of endemic taxa are Fabaceae (15%) and Lamiaceae
(15%). Phytogeographic regions (Chorotypes) among endemic taxa were listed as
Irano-Turanian 13 (32.5%), Euro-Siberian 9 (22.5%), Mediterranean 1 (2.5%), while
phytogeographic origin of (17 taxa) 42.5% of endemic taxa were Unknown. The
threat categories regarding the endemic species were determined and analysed
according to “Red Data Book of Turkish Plants” adopted 2001 IUCN criteria. In the
evaluation phase of the endemic taxa and their threat categories, it was found that 1
species (2.5%) is in Endangered, 3 species (7.5%) in Near Threatened and 36 species
(90%) in Least Concern according to the criteria of 2001 IUCN. When the life forms
of plant taxa were analysed, it was determined that Hemicryptophytes have the most
number of plant taxa with 82.5%, Therophytes and Geophytes have the less than
others 2.5%.
1. Introduction
Turkey is a floristically rich and interesting country. It has over 12000 taxa of plants, of which
around 3800 being endemics [1, 2]. Almost all plants are grown in Turkey is under negative
pressure and are faced with various challenges in maintaining its generation. As long as the
pressures continue, the plant faces the risk of extinction.
Due to presence of the risk factors threatening the plant species in Turkey, monitoring and
finding solutions to determined problems of plants have become a necessity. Accordingly,
“International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources” [1] was established
to determine threat categories of endangered plants. Based on these criteria, “List of Rare,

M. UMIT BINGOL, NESLIHAN BALPINAR, KERIM GUNEY, ARZU CANSARAN
FATMAGUL GEVEN, OMER FARUK KAYA, MUNEVVER ARSLAN
11
Threatened and Endemic Plants in Turkey” was prepared [3] and updated according to
“IUCN Red List Categories” version 2.3 [4] in 2000 [5].
Sakarat Mountain, located Northeast of Central Anatolia and southeast of Amasya province,
is in the transitional zone of Central and Northern Anatolia. It is also between Irano-Turanian
and Euro-Siberian phytogeographical regions. The study area, located between 40o-39o
latitudes and 35o-50o longitudes, is at the A6 square according to Davis’s grid system. The
areas between 500 m and 1956 m has a wide variety of habitats [6, 7] (Figure 1).
The data of the meteorological stations of Amasya, Tasova and Turhal (Tokat) in the work
area [8] were analysed and summarized according to the method proposed by Akman and
Daget [9]. The findings indicated that the region is under the influence of the Mediterranean
climate [10-12]. The meteorological stations in the research area show the SWAS (Spring,
Winter, Autumn, Summer) type of precipitation regime. This type of regime; The Eastern
Mediterranean is characterized by the second type of precipitation regime. In addition, the
least rainfall in the field of research in the Summer and Autumn seasons and all the stations
in the upper cold Mediterranean climate is a common feature of the stations are seen.
In all of the Meteorology Stations, a minimum summer rainfall and a significant summer
drought indicate that the region is under the influence of the Mediterranean climate.
January is the coldest month in the research area. Frost certainly occurs in Turhal in
December, January and February, and in Amasya in January and February. Besides, frost is
probable in Amasya in March, April, May, October, November and December, and in Tasova
in November, December, January, February, March and April, and inTurhal in March, April,
May, October and November. In addition, the presence of Pinus sylvestris forests, which are
resistant to cold in these climatic conditions, is in full agreement with the climate. The
vegetation in the research area shows an appropriate distribution for these climate types. The
oak forests (especially Quercus pubescens) in the region indicate that the area is in the
transition zone between Central Anatolia and Blacksea Region. Further, xerofil steppe
formations are widespread in the western and southwestern parts of the region. There is a
summer drought lasting for 4 or 5 months in the region. Similar studies by different
researchers in different parts of Turkey were made [13-26].
In this study threat categories which apply to endemic plant species found in Sakarat
Mountain (Amasya, Turkey) were determined and their assessments were made.
2. Material And Methods
The plant samples were collected at the different seasons of the years 2004 and 2005. The
collected samples were deposited and saved in Herbarium of Biology Department, Faculty
of Science, Ankara University (ANK). Identifications of the specimens were done according
to flora studies [27-32].

THREAT CATEGORIES OF ENDEMIC PLANTS OF SAKARAT MOUNTAIN
(AMASYA/TURKEY)
12
The order of endemic taxa in Tables was given according to phylogenetical system used in
Flora of Turkey. The books “2001 IUCN Red List Categories: version 3.1” [33, 34] and “Red
Data Book of Turkish Plants” prepared by Ekim et al. [5] were utilized in determination of
threat categories. In this study, in addition to the threat categories, phytogeographical
regions/elements (chorotypes) [35, 36] and life forms [37] of the endemic plant taxa were
also given.
3. Results
In the result of study, totally 40 endemic taxa at the level of species, subspecies and variety,
belonging to 16 families, were determined on the Sakarat Mountain. The number of endemic
taxa in the families and their percentages were given in descending order in Table 1. The
distribution of endemic taxa according to phytogeographic regions and their percentages
were presented in Table 2, and a phylogenetic list of the endemic taxa distributing on Sakarat
Mountain, threat categories, life forms and phytogeographical regions were given in Table 3.
Also, the distributions of life forms of the taxa were shown in Table 4.
Table 1. The distribution of endemic plant taxa into families.
Families
Number of
Endemic
Taxa
Percentage
(%)
1
FABACEAE
6
15
2
LAMIACEAE
6
15
3
ASTERACEAE
4
10
4
BORAGINACEAE
4
10
5
PLANTAGINACEAE
4
10
6
CAMPANULACEAE
3
7.5
7
ROSACEAE
3
7.5
8
SCROPHULARIACEAE
2
5
9
BRASSICACEAE
1
2.5
10
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
1
2.5
11
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
1
2.5
12
CONVOLVULACEAE
1
2.5

M. UMIT BINGOL, NESLIHAN BALPINAR, KERIM GUNEY, ARZU CANSARAN
FATMAGUL GEVEN, OMER FARUK KAYA, MUNEVVER ARSLAN
13
Table 2. The distribution of endemic plant taxa according to phytogeographical
regions/elements (chorotypes) [35, 36].
Phytogeographical Regions
Number of
Endemic Taxa
Percentage
(%)
1
Irano-Turanian (IT)
13
32.5
2
Euro-Siberian (ES)
9
22.5
3
Mediterranean (M)
1
2.5
4
Unknown (U)
17
42.5
Total
40
100
Table 3. Threat categories, phytogeographical regions/elements (chorotypes) and life
forms of endemic plant taxa [33, 34].
Families
Endemic Taxon
Chorotype
Life
Form
Threat
Category
1
BRASSICACEAE
Draba rigida Willd. var. rigida
U
H
LC
13
FAGACEAE
1
2.5
14
GERANIACEAE
1
2.5
15
AMARYLLIDACEAE
1
2.5
16
IRIDACEAE
1
2.5
Total
40
100

THREAT CATEGORIES OF ENDEMIC PLANTS OF SAKARAT MOUNTAIN
(AMASYA/TURKEY)
14
2
CARYOPHYLLACE
AE
Arenaria ledebouriana Fenzl var. ledebouriana
U
Th
LC
3
GERANIACEAE
Geranium cinereum Cav. subsp. subcaulescens
(L’Hérit. ex DC.) Hayek var. subacutum (Boiss.)
Davis & Roberts
IT
H
LC
4
FABACEAE
Astragalus densifolius Lam. subsp. amasiensis
(Freyn) Aytaç & Ekim
IT
H
LC
5
FABACEAE
Astragalus campylosema Boiss. Subsp.
campylosema
IT
H
LC
6
FABACEAE
Lathyrus tukhtensis Czecz.
U
H
LC
7
FABACEAE
Trifolium pannonicum Jacq. subsp. elongatum
(Willd.) Zoh.
U
H
LC
8
FABACEAE
Onobrychis bornmuelleri Freyn
U
H
EN
9
FABACEAE
Ebenus laguroides Boiss. var. laguroides
IT
H
LC
10
ROSACEAE
Potentilla cappadocica Boiss.
ES
H
NT
11
ROSACEAE
Alchemilla holocycla Rothm.
IT
H
LC
12
ROSACEAE
Crataegus tanacetifolia (Lam.) Pers.
U
Ph
LC
13
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Lonicera caucasica Pallas subsp. orientalis
(Lam.) Chamb. & Long
U
Ph
LC
14
ASTERACEAE
Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench subsp.
aucheri (Boiss.) Davis & Kupicha
IT
H
LC
15
ASTERACEAE
Cirsium pseudopersonata Boiss. & Bal. subsp.
pseudopersonata
ES
H
LC
16
ASTERACEAE
Jurinea pontica Hausskn. & Freyn ex Hausskn.
IT
H
LC

M. UMIT BINGOL, NESLIHAN BALPINAR, KERIM GUNEY, ARZU CANSARAN
FATMAGUL GEVEN, OMER FARUK KAYA, MUNEVVER ARSLAN
15
17
ASTERACEAE
Scorzonera eriophora DC.
U
H
LC
18
CAMPANULACEAE
Campanula lyrata Lam. subsp. lyrata
U
H
LC
19
CAMPANULACEAE
Campanula latiloba A.DC. subsp. latiloba
ES
H
LC
20
CAMPANULACEAE
Asyneuma limonifolium (L.) Janchen subsp.
pestalozzae (Boiss.) Damboldt
U
H
LC
21
CONVOLVULACEA
E
Convolvulus assyricus Griseb.
IT
Ch
LC
22
BORAGINACEAE
Onosma armenum DC.
U
H
LC
23
BORAGINACEAE
Symphytum bornmuelleri Bucknall.
ES
H
LC
24
BORAGINACEAE
Cynoglottis chetikiana Vural & Kit Tan subsp.
paphlagonica (Hausskn. ex Bornm.) Vural & Kit
Tan
U
H
LC
25
BORAGINACEAE
Anchusa leptophylla subsp. incana Roemer &
Schultes (Ledeb.) Chamb.
IT
H
LC
26
SCROPHULARIACE
AE
Verbascum ponticum (Boiss.) O. Kuntze
ES
H
LC
27
SCROPHULARIACE
AE
Verbascum abieticolum Bornm.
ES
H
LC
28
LAMIACEAE
Scutellaria salviifolia Bentham
U
H
LC
29
LAMIACEAE
Phlomis russeliana (Sims) Bentham
ES
H
LC
30
LAMIACEAE
Phlomis armeniaca Willd.
IT
H
LC
31
LAMIACEAE
Sideritis dichotoma Huter
U
H
LC
32
LAMIACEAE
Sideritis amasiaca Bornm.
U
H
NT
33
LAMIACEAE
Sideritis germanicopolitana Bornm. subsp.
germanicopolitana
U
H
LC
34
PLANTAGINACEAE
Chaenorhinum litorale (Bernh.) Fritch subsp.
pterosporum (Fisch. & Mey.) Davis
M
Th
LC
35
PLANTAGINACEAE
Linaria corifolia Desf.
IT
H
LC

THREAT CATEGORIES OF ENDEMIC PLANTS OF SAKARAT MOUNTAIN
(AMASYA/TURKEY)
16
36
PLANTAGINACEAE
Digitalis lamarckii Ivan.
IT
H
LC
37
PLANTAGINACEAE
Veronica multifida L.
IT
H
LC
38
FAGACEAE
Quercus macranthera Fisch. et Mey. Ex Hohen.
subsp. syspirensis (C. Koch) Menitsky
U
Ph
LC
39
AMARYLLIDACEA
E
Allium olympicum Boiss.
ES
G
LC
40
IRIDACEAE
Crocus speciosus Bieb. subsp. ilgazensis Mathew
ES
G
NT
Table 4. The distribution of endemic plant taxa according to life form [37].
4. Discussion And Conclusion
There are 6 different vegetation types in Sakarat Mountain: Forest (deciduous, mixed
coniferous and deciduous forest), subalpine, steppe, rocky, wet grassland and segetal
vegetation. As a result of the evaluation of the samples collected from all of these vegetations,
283 genera and 494 taxa belonging to 78 families were determined. 40 of 494 taxa are
endemic, and the rate of endemism is 8.09%. The number and percentage of endemic taxa
according to risk categories were given in Table 5.
Life Forms
Number of Endemic Taxa
Percentage (%)
1
Hemicryptophyte (H)
32
80
2
Phanerophyte (Ph)
3
7.5
3
Geophyte (G)
2
5
4
Therophyte (Th)
2
5
5
Chamaephyte (Ch)
1
2.5
Total
40
100

M. UMIT BINGOL, NESLIHAN BALPINAR, KERIM GUNEY, ARZU CANSARAN
FATMAGUL GEVEN, OMER FARUK KAYA, MUNEVVER ARSLAN
17
Table 5. Number of endemic plant taxa determined in Sakarat Mountain
and their threat categories.
Threat Categories
Number of Endemic Taxa
Percentage (%)
1
Endangered (EN)
1
2.5
2
Near Threatened (NT)
3
7.5
3
Least Concern (LC)
36
90
Total
40
100
The highest number of the endemic species was seen in Fabaceae (15%) and Lamiaceae
(15%) families. When the phytogeographical distributions of the endemic taxa were
examined, it was seen that Irano-Turanian elements have a rate of 32.5%, European-Siberian
elements have a rate of 22.5%, Mediterranean elements have a rate of 2.5% and endemics
with no phytogeographical regions have a rate of 42.5% (Table 2).
Also, the plant taxa were classified and analysed according to Raunkiaer’s life forms [37]. It
was shown that Hemicryptophytes are the most common (80%), and it is followed by
Phanerophytes (7.5%), Geophytes (5%) and Therophytes (5%). Chamaephytes have the least
number with 1 species (2.5%) (Table 4). The analysis of threat categories showed that 1 taxon
(2.5%) was in Endangered, 3 taxa (7.5%) were in Near Threatened according to 2001 IUCN
criteria while remaining 36 taxa (90%) were found to qualify for Least Concern category
(Table 5).
We hope that the present study will contribute to future researches on rare and endemic plants
of Turkey.

THREAT CATEGORIES OF ENDEMIC PLANTS OF SAKARAT MOUNTAIN
(AMASYA/TURKEY)
18
Figure 1. Map of the study area [6, 7, 26].
Acknowledgement. This study supported by TÜBİTAK (Scientific and Technical
Research Council of Turkey, Project No: 105O018 TOVAG-HD) [6]. We thank the
institution for their financial contributions.
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Current Address: M. UMIT BINGOL (Corresponding author): Ankara University,
Science Faculty, Biology Department, 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey.
E-mail: mumit1111@hotmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1342-3892
Current Address: NESLIHAN BALPINAR: Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University,
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, 15030, Burdur, Turkey.
E-mail: nerdogan@mehmetakif.edu.tr
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4469-8629

M. UMIT BINGOL, NESLIHAN BALPINAR, KERIM GUNEY, ARZU CANSARAN
FATMAGUL GEVEN, OMER FARUK KAYA, MUNEVVER ARSLAN
21
Current Address: KERIM GUNEY: Kastamonu University, Faculty of Forestry,
Department of Forest Engineering, 37150, Kastamonu, Turkey.
E-mail: kguney@kastamonu.edu.tr
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2305-790X
Current Address: ARZU CANSARAN: Amasya University, Faculty of Education,
Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Amasya, Turkey.
E-mail: arzu.cansaran@amasya.edu.tr
ORCID: https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-0912-147X
Current Address: FATMAGUL GEVEN: Ankara University, Science Faculty,
Biology Department, 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey.
E-mail: geven@science.ankara.edu.tr
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4231-406X
Current Address: OMER FARUK KAYA: Harran University, Science and Arts
Faculty, Department of Biology, 63190 Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
E-mail: phytosociologist@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-0617
Current Address: MUNEVVER ARSLAN: Ministry of Forestry and Water Works,
Research Institute for Forest, Soils & Ecology, 61-26160, Eskişehir, Turkey.
E-mail: mune28@hotmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2645-1486