Kiwiberry Actinidia arguta Grower's Manual

Abstract

Kiwiberry, Actinidia arguta Grower’s Manual is a compendium of knowledge and cultivation
of kiwiberry with different aspects in mind, from the knowledge of the plant’s biology,
through the selection of the place and the establishment of the plantation to its cultivation.
An important part of the study is the subject matter related to the production of good quality
fruit and covers both pre- and post-harvest aspects.

Full text


KIWIBERRY




Provincial Pomological Association
East Flanders, Belgium
rino.de.wilde@telenet.be
Rendapart NV
Wijngaardveld 36
9300 AALST, Belgium
www.viano.be, info@viano.be
BMS Micro-Nutrients NV
Rijksweg 32, 2880 Bornem, Belgium
www.chelal.com, info@chelal.com
tel. +32 3 899 10 10
CLEMATIS The Source of Good Climbers
Duchnicka 27, 05-800 Pruszków, Poland
www.clematis.com.pl, clematis1@clematis.com.pl
tel. +48 22 722 26 64
 


Fis a head lecturer and researcher at Ghent University
       



  
     

           

        
        
            
  
    
  





 
 

  



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CONTENTS
1. Introducon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2. Taxonomy, Origin and Distribuon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3. Botany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.1. Morphological characteriscs ...........................................15
3.2. Culvars .............................................................19
3.2.1. Culvars used for commercial culvaon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2.2. Culvars with commercial potenal but requiring vericaon. . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.3. Culvars for amateur culvaon .....................................32
4. Ecology and Growing Condions .............................................35
4.1. Climate Condions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.1.1 Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.1.2 Insolaon (Sun Exposure) ...........................................37
4.1.3 Air Humidity ......................................................38
4.1.4 Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.1.5 Wind ............................................................38
4.2. Soil Condions ........................................................39
4.3. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5. Crop Care and Culture ......................................................41
5.1. Establishing the kiwiberry orchard ........................................41
5.1.1. Orchard site locaon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.1.2. Soil preparaons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.1.3. Trellis structure and planng design ..................................43
5.1.4. Orchard planng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.2. Pruning and Training ...................................................49
5.2.1. Introducon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.2.2. The T-bar system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.2.3. Pergola system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.2.4. The fan shape and the hedge row system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.2.5. Male plants ......................................................55
5.3. Frost protecon .......................................................55
5.3.1. Introducon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.3.2. Types of spring frosts ..............................................56
5.3.3. Frost versus phenology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.3.4. Precauons in the orchard to protect against spring-frost injury. . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.3.5. Frost protecon systems ...........................................58
5.4. Pollinaon ............................................................63
5.4.1. Introducon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.4.2. Male plants ......................................................64
5.4.3. Pollinaon by wind ................................................65
5.4.4. Pollinaon by insects ..............................................65
5.4.5. Controlled pollinaon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

6 7
5.5. Ferlizaon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.5.1. Introducon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.5.2. Soil and foliar analyses .............................................68
5.5.3. Nutrient demands of young plants ...................................70
5.5.4. Nutrient demands of mature orchards ................................71
5.6. Irrigaon and water supply ..............................................77
5.6.1. Introducon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.6.2. Water quanty ...................................................77
5.6.3. Water quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.6.4. Irrigaon systems .................................................79
5.6.5. Excess of water ...................................................81
5.7. Pests and Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.7.1. Introducon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.7.2. Bacterial diseases ................................................. 83
5.7.3. Viral diseases ....................................................84
5.7.4. Fungal diseases ...................................................85
5.7.5. Pests ............................................................87
5.8. Weed control .........................................................90
5.8.1 Introducon ......................................................90
5.8.2 Chemical weed control ............................................. 91
5.8.3 Mechanical weed control ...........................................92
5.8.4 Mulching cover ....................................................92
5.9. Windbreaks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.9.1. Introducon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.9.2. Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.9.3. Maintenance .....................................................97
6. Kiwiberry Harvest and Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.1. Introducon ..........................................................98
6.2. Kiwiberry ripening .....................................................98
6.3. Harvesng maturity ....................................................99
6.4. Harvest and postharvest condions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.5. Sorng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.6. Storage .............................................................103
7. Kiwiberry nutrion and health benets ......................................105
7.1. Kiwiberry nutrion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.2. Kiwiberry health benets and allergens ...................................107
8. Propagaon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
8.1. Introducon .........................................................110
8.2. Vegetave propagaon ................................................110
8.2.1. Cungs ........................................................110
8.2.2. Tissue culture ...................................................113
8.2.3. Graing and budding .............................................113
8.3. Generave propagaon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Literature cited .............................................................119


Kiwiberry




Provincial Pomological Association
East Flanders, Belgium
rino.de.wilde@telenet.be
Rendapart NV
Wijngaardveld 36
9300 AALST, Belgium
www.viano.be, info@viano.be
BMS Micro-Nutrients NV
Rijksweg 32, 2880 Bornem, Belgium
www.chelal.com, info@chelal.com
tel. +32 3 899 10 10
CLEMATIS The Source of Good Climbers
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www.clematis.com.pl, clematis1@clematis.com.pl
tel. +48 22 722 26 64
 


Fis a head lecturer and researcher at Ghent University
       



  
     

           

        
        
            
  
    
  





 
 

  

