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National Comprehensive Data Protection/Privacy Laws and Bills Map - August 2021 Update

August 2021

Authors:

London School of Economics and Political Science

Nearly 140 countries and independently governed jurisdictions and territories around the world have now adopted comprehensive data protection/privacy laws to protect personal data held by private and public bodies. Another 30 countries and jurisdictions including India, Mongolia, Nigeria, Iran, and Indonesia have pending bills or initiatives. The laws in these countries apply to personal information held in both electronic and physical form and to all or nearly all subject areas. In nearly all of the countries, the laws apply to personal information held by private bodies and by governments. In nearly all of the countries, an independent data protection or information commission oversees and enforces the laws. Most laws have also included specific exemptions for the media while a few also specifically refer to national right to information laws. This map shows which jurisdictions have adopted laws or have pending initiatives. This update includes new countries which adopted laws in the last year including China, Belarus, Ecuador, Zambia, and the British Virgin Islands.

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Blue - Comprehensive Data Protection Law Enacted (138/118 UN/20 self gov)

Red - Pending Bill or Initiative to Enact Law (32/1)

White - No current law/initiatives or no information (43 UN)

National Comprehensive Data Protection/Privacy Laws and Bills 2021

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David Banisar

August 2021

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National Comprehensive Data Protection/Privacy Laws and Bills 2018

January 2018

David Banisar

Over 100 countries and independent jurisdictions and territories around the world have now adopted comprehensive data protection/privacy laws to protect personal data held by private and public bodies. Around 40 countries and jurisdictions have pending bills or initiatives. The laws in these countries apply to personal information held in both electronic and physical form and to all or nearly ... [Show full abstract] all subject areas. In nearly all of the countries, the laws apply to personal information held by private bodies and by governments. In most countries, an independent data protection or information commission oversee and enforces the laws. Most laws have also included specific exemptions for the media while a few also specifically refer to national right to information laws. This map shows which jurisdictions have adopted laws or have pending initiatives. This update includes a number of new countries including Mauritania, Niger, Sao Tome, and the Cayman Islands.

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National Comprehensive Data Protection/Privacy Laws and Bills 2016 Map

December 2016

David Banisar

Over 100 countries and independent jurisdictions and territories around the world have now adopted comprehensive data protection/privacy laws to protect personal data held by private bodies. Over 40 countries and jurisdictions have pending bills or initiatives. The laws in these countries apply to personal information held in both electronic and physical form and to all or nearly all subject ... [Show full abstract] areas. In nearly all of the countries, the laws apply to personal information held by private bodies and by governments. Most countries have created an independent data protection or information commission to oversee and enforce the laws. Most have also included specific exemptions for the media while a few also specifically refer to national right to information laws. This map shows which jurisdictions have adopted laws or have pending initiatives. This update includes a number of new countries including Chad, Qatar and an updated Caribbean map.

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National Comprehensive Data Protection/Privacy Laws and Bills 2025

January 2025

David Banisar

January 2025 Update Over 160 countries and self-governing jurisdictions and territories around the world have now adopted comprehensive data protection/privacy laws to protect personal data held by private and public bodies. Overall, around 83% of the global population lives in a jurisdiction with data protection. In 2024, there were six countries which adopted laws for the first time. There ... [Show full abstract] are now 141 UN Member States (almost 3/4 of total) who have adopted comprehensive data protection laws. 21 self governing jurisdictions including the Vatican, Taiwan, Kosovo and numerous overseas territories have also adopted laws. The laws in these countries apply to personal information held in both electronic and physical form and to all or nearly all subject areas. In nearly all of the countries, the laws apply to personal information held by private bodies and by governments. Note that this does not include countries with only subnational legislation or legislation that only covers certain sectors of the economy such as e-commerce but not comprehensively. In nearly all of the countries, an independent data protection or information commission oversees and enforces the laws. Nearly all laws have included specific exemptions for the media to harmonise the right of privacy with freedom of expression while a few also specifically refer to national right to information laws. There are also around 30 countries with pending bills iThere are also bills in countries with existing but old laws like Argentina and Lebanon that will significantly improve the existing regimes.

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National Comprehensive Data Protection/Privacy Laws and Bills 2019 Map

December 2019 · SSRN Electronic Journal

David Banisar

Over 120 countries and jurisdictions around the world have adopted comprehensive data protection/privacy laws to protect personal data held by both governments and private companies. This map shows which countries have adopted laws or have pending initiatives to adopt one. The new version now includes small jurisdictions and island states. Note: This map has been updated- see National ... [Show full abstract] Comprehensive Data Protection/Privacy Laws and Bills 2021. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1951416