Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy
... Sources of Trust and Trustworthiness. Social capital theories portray shared values and norms, which are learned through repeated experiences with others, as central to the development of trust and trustworthiness in a society (Coleman 1990;Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti 1993;Brehm and Rahn 1997;Uslaner 2002;Sobel 2002). Thereby, people's involvement in associations is key for developing a common set of values and norms (Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti 1993). ...
... Social capital theories portray shared values and norms, which are learned through repeated experiences with others, as central to the development of trust and trustworthiness in a society (Coleman 1990;Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti 1993;Brehm and Rahn 1997;Uslaner 2002;Sobel 2002). Thereby, people's involvement in associations is key for developing a common set of values and norms (Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti 1993). This account based on social capital illustrates trust and trustworthy behaviors from a moralistic perspective; trustworthy behaviors emerge from a moral conviction (Uslaner 1999), which may also be influenced by the belief that others will behave trustworthy. ...
... We presented participants with two hypothetical decision scenarios, a standard trust game, and a dictator game, to collect people's general trust in others, and their kindness, respectively. By accounting for people's kindness and their general trust, we establish a measure for people's personal social values, which are important in determining trust and trustworthiness behaviors (Coleman 1990;Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti 1993;Uslaner 2002;Sobel 2002). ...
Recent developments in artificial intelligence research have advanced the spread of automated decision-making (ADM) systems used for regulating human behaviors. In this context, prior work has focused on the determinants of human trust in and the legitimacy of ADM systems, e.g., when used for decision support. However, studies assessing people's perceptions of ADM systems used for behavioral regulation, as well as the effect on behaviors and the overall impact on human communities are largely absent. In this paper, we experimentally investigate people's behavioral adaptations to, and their perceptions of an institutionalized decision-making system, which resembled a social scoring system. Using social scores as incentives, the system aimed at ensuring mutual fair treatment between members of experimental communities. We explore how the provision of transparency affected people’s perceptions, behaviors, as well as the well-being of the communities. While a non-transparent scoring system led to disparate impacts both within as well as across communities, transparency helped people develop trust in each other, create wealth, and enabled them to benefit from the system in a more uniform manner. A transparent system was perceived as more effective, procedurally just, and legitimate, and led people to rely more strongly on the system. However, transparency also made people strongly discipline those with a low score. This suggests that social scoring systems that precisely disclose past behaviors may also impose significant discriminatory consequences on individuals deemed non-compliant.
... Based on the three elements of social capital (social networks, social trust, and social norms) [13,14], this paper focuses on the process of the influence of rural social capital on tourism livelihood willingness. Three goals are expected to be achieved: (1) To clarify the evolution of social networks, social trust, and social norms in the social capital of farmers in ethnic villages and their impact on farmers' tourism livelihood willingness. ...
... In recent years, there has been a considerable amount of literature focusing on the impact of culture on the sustainable livelihood of rural tourism [12]; however, based on social capital theory, there is still room for progress in the research on the impact of various dimensions of social capital on farmers' tourism livelihood willingness by integrating culture with social capital. Based on the three elements of social capital (social networks, social trust, and social norms) [13,14], this paper focuses on the process of the influence of rural social capital on tourism livelihood willingness. Three goals are expected to be achieved: (1) To clarify the evolution of social networks, social trust, and social norms in the social capital of farmers in ethnic villages and their impact on farmers' tourism livelihood willingness. ...
... The concept of social capital was first proposed by French sociologist Bourdieu, who believes that social capital is a collection of potential or actual resources obtained by individuals or collectives through social relations networks [13]. Putnam argued that the characteristics of social organization include social trust, social norms, and social networks, which could promote cooperative behavior to improve social efficiency [14]. China's social capital is derived from the network of human relationships in life and work, in which formal institutions are constantly replacing informal institutions [15]. ...
Based on social capital theory, semi-structured interviews were conducted with farmers in Goulanyao Village, and content analysis was used to sort out the social capital status of local farmers and how social capital shaped their tourism livelihood willingness. The results show that farmers affect their tourism livelihood willingness through four paths: the social network path, social norm path, social trust path, and cultural identity path. The mutual promotion and restriction relationship between the social network path, social norm path, and social trust path leads to the gradient difference in farmers’ own social capital perception. Social capital and cultural identity jointly affect and determine the four modes of farmers’ tourism livelihood willingness: rapid acceptance, hesitant acceptance, hesitant rejection, and rapid rejection. The research results supplement the achievements of social capital in rural tourism research and provide a reference for promoting farmers’ tourism livelihood willingness and livelihood diversification.
... The literature has documented that discrimination imposed on ethnic minorities, to the detriment of their social capital, is associated with substantial financial costs 1 . Recognizing the importance of social capital in explaining variations in economic development (Putnam, 1994;Fukuyama, 1995;Guiso et al., 2004;Guiso et al., 2009), our study sets out to explain the constraints on financing and limited innovation of present-day firms in terms of the cultural norms rooted in a persistent anti-market culture of the majority group (Grosfeld et al., 2013). In the case examined below, these cultural impediments are a legacy of historical discrimination against an economically active minority population of Jews, whose exclusion and marginalization created lasting distrust in financial systems among the majority population. ...
... This paper contributes to the literature in several ways. First, we add to research on the role of social capital in explaining the geographical variation of financial and economic development (Putnam et al., 1994;La Porta et al., 1997). We find the deep-rooted anti-market cultural legacy (Klüppel et al., 2018;Liu et al., 2022) of the Pale offers an explanation of the sluggish economic development observed in Eastern Europe to the present day. ...
... This paper contributes to a various streams of research, including: the importance of social capital in explaining the geographical variation of economic development (Putnam et al., 1994;La Porta et al., 1997;Guiso et al., 2004;Nunn and Wantchekon, 2011;Pierce & Snyder, 2018;Levine et al., 2020); the persistence of inter-ethnic discrimination and its social and economic consequences (Jha, 2013 This study also has broader implications. Historical inter-ethnic discrimination can clearly persist across generations, becoming established in cultural norms that linger on and affect presentday economic development. ...
Using the case of the pogroms that took place in the historical region of the 'Pale of Settlement' in Eastern Europe, this paper analyzes the cultural legacy of ethnic violence and its long-term economic impact on access to finance and on corporate innovation. We find that firms in regions with a higher historical intensity of ethnic persecution face greater financial constraints, relying more on internal finance and experiencing reduced access to external finance. These financial limitations are linked to sluggish innovation activities among present-day firms. We propose that a mechanism of financial antipathy, rooted in a persistent anti-market culture fostered by historical ethnic animosity, explains these effects and reflects a long-term degradation of local social capital. Our results are supported by causal evidence using instrumental variables based on the precursors of historical inter-ethnic violence. The animosity and discrimination against the minority group appear to transfer to the broader economic activities in which that group was involved, creating lasting economic consequences for the majority population-consequences that continue to affect financial development and innovation to the present day.
... Insights stemming from game theory shaped one of the most influential theories within third-sector research: Putnam's theory of social capital. In his study of civic traditions in modern Italy (Putnam et al., 1994), which marks the starting point of his theory of social capital, Putnam develops his theory by affirming considerations from game theory, that is, by analogy to the so-called prisoner's dilemma (pp. 163-167). ...
... In the volunteering narratives we recorded, entering into and shaping cooperative relationships with others turns out to be a notorious problem. Cooperation here appears not only as a horizontal relationship, as Putnam et al. (1994) argue, but may instead have a vertical orientation. The typology of the frames of orientation is, therefore, based on the attempts of the (former) volunteers to cope with cooperative relationships as documented in the narratives: Cooperation appears less as an individual decision for or against cooperation, as portrayed in our literature review but rather as the collective process of negotiating and shaping its modality. ...
This article provides an analysis of narratives about day-to-day cooperation between volunteers. It shows what challenges there are to cooperation, even when those involved share the same objectives and want to cooperate. Our analysis of the narrative interviews revealed two contrasting ideas volunteers have about cooperation: The first idea likens cooperation to a jigsaw puzzle, with volunteers emphasizing their mutual dependence. The second idea draws a comparison with pieces in a board game, with volunteers asserting their autonomy and acting strategically in dealing with others. The two ideas are shown to be incompatible, leading to volunteers taking rather critical views of each other. This shows the importance of a more nuanced analysis of different ideas of cooperation in volunteer work and of not taking successful cooperation as a given. Our practical conclusion is that the manner of cooperation in volunteer work needs to be negotiated more thoroughly.
... Рассмотрение концепции социального капитала (СК) как фактора осуществления эффективной региональной политики является слабоизученной темой: в результатах более 2 500 исследований региональной политики ЕС [29] социальный капитал упоминается лишь четыре раза, тем временем как институты и администрирование -более 500. Социальный капитал региональных сообществ остается в тени, при этом социальный капитал как фактор социально-экономического развития и создания эффективных институтов является объектом исследования многих работ на примере различных стран и регионов: работы Р. Патнэма [20], Р. Бошмы [6] по Италии, Х. Вестлунда [23] по Швеции, М. Фрайтага и Р. Траунмюллера [10] по Германии, исследование В. Косарева, П. Павлова, А. Каукина [4] по России. ...
... Регионы Польши, Чехии, Италии, Венгрии, Португалии, а также Латвия и Литва обладают низким качеством институтов и сильно развитым скрепляющим социальным капиталом. Почти половина (45) регионов с неэффективной региональной политикой относится к этой группе, как и около одной трети регионов с эффективной политикой (20). Таким образом в этой группе регионов NUTS-2 наблюдается характерное для ЕС соотношение регионов с эффективной и неэффективной региональной политкой (40% регионов с эффективной региональной политикой). ...
The concept of social capital is not widely used to determine the factors of effectiveness of the EU regional policy, the main attention of researchers is focused on the study of institutions. The author examines the social capital of regional communities in Europe from the point of view of influence on the regional policy of the EU, using data from the international sociological study European Values Studies in comparison with the index of the quality of public administration in European regions. The author also analyzes studies of the impact of social capital on regional policy in the EU countries to confirm his own conclusions. By means of correlation analysis and by comparing data on the quality of institutions, the effectiveness of regional policy, and the characteristics of social capital, it is proved that effective institutions are characteristic of regions with a predominance of binding social capital and that binding social capital reduces the effectiveness of regional policy even against the background of effective institutions, however, in some regions, binding social capital is the basis for the active involvement of economic agents in the activities of the EU regional policy. The predominance of one or another type of social capital determines the participants in regional policy projects, which must be taken into account by regional authorities when promoting events and selecting participants in EU regional policy. The EU’s regional policy, being a new public institution, can have an impact on the geography of social capital in foreign Europe.
... The focus in this article is at the meso-level and we distinguish two types of social capital at this level: the first one is the social capital of the EDO, what in the literature is referred to as organizational social capital (OSC), and the second is the social capital of the network the EDO has established in his jurisdiction to accomplish its goals, or network social capital (NSC). Social capital is an important factor in explaining variations in economic growth and output across nations and within nations (see, e.g., Bartolini and Bonatti 2008;Muringani, Fitjar, and Rodríguez-Pose 2021;Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti 1993;Whiteley 2000). ...
... In turn, these influence economic growth and output (see, e.g., Chou 2006;Fountain 1998). Similarly, both Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti (1993) and Coleman (1988) posit that trust and trustworthiness allow participants to work more effectively together. Trust also reduces transaction costs, thus encouraging economic activities and investments, leading to increased economic productivity and, consequently, higher GDP (see, e.g., Dearmon and Grier 2009;Knack and Keefer 1997;Zakharov et al. 2020). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic had profound impacts that significantly rippled through economies, vulnerable communities, and nations globally. In this study, we aim to investigate what combination of network-level factors, network and organizational social capital, and other organizational factors helped Economic Development Organizations (EDOs) in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania overcome the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in their respective jurisdictions. We surveyed 46 EDOs Executive Director-equivalent officials and conducted a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to answer our empirical questions with a sample of 14 EDOs. Results show that network-level factors such as the positioning of EDOs within their network of partner organizations, organizational social capital, and organizational diversity in the EDOs' workforce all contributed to positive economic development outcomes measured in terms of the average county GDP per capita from before and after the pandemic.
... Cultural values are transmitted through a process of 'enculturation' consisting of the continuous individual's social engagement with their surrounding socio-cultural environment that influences their actions and preferences (Spranz, Lenger, and Goldschmidt 2012). 'Enculturation' occurs within intergenerational relationships (Guiso, Sapienza, and Zingales 2006), social and religious activities (Putnam 1993) and social and cultural learning (Spranz, Lenger, and Goldschmidt 2012;Tavits 2010). This process drives individuals to act and behave according to beliefs, morals and ideals rather than to incentives (McCloskey 2021). ...
... Indeed, some have argued for the relevance of culture, as a regional concept (Kaasa 2015). Within the same country and the same formal institutional system, values driving individual preferences to act cooperatively towards the entire society are likely to lay upon cultural aspects deep-rooted in a more narrowly defined context such as the regional one rather than the national one (Putnam 1993). For instance, looking at Italy as context of analysis, Guiso, Sapienza, and Zingales (2004) finds that altruistic values driving individuals to become blood donors are determined by the regional origins of the respondents. ...
In this work, we look at the role played by cultural values on individuals' tax preferences towards contributing to public goods. More specifically, looking at the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Former Soviet Union (FSU), we analyse the role of specific cultural values in the willingness of an individual to pay more taxes with the aim of improving public good provision relating to education, health and support of people in need, as well as to combat climate change. To this purpose, we integrate Hofstede's cultural dichotomy individualism–collectivism with Schwartz's cultural dichotomy embeddedness–autonomy , as both capture similar values regarding group interest and self‐determination. We posit that individual values aligned with the concept of individualism/autonomy will be associated with a greater willingness to contribute towards public good provision. Our analysis exploits data from the third wave of the Life in transition Survey (2015–2016). Our analyses reveal that respondents' willingness to contribute to different types of public and common goods is positively associated with them holding values compatible with individualism/autonomy . These associations are statistically significant and robust to changes in specifications and estimators and to changes in the sample investigated..
... gadsimta ievērojamākajiem amerikāņu sociologiem Talkots Pārsonss (Parsons un Bales 1955), Maikls Granoveters (Granovetter 1973) un galu galā -politologs Roberts Patnams, kura darbi spēcīgi ietekmējuši 20. gadsimta beigu un 21. gadsimta sākuma politekonomikas ainavu (Putnam 1995;Putnam, Leonardi un Nanetti 1993). ...
... Neizbēgami šie divi sociālā kapitāla paveidi ir savstarpēji izslēdzošās attiecībās -tie nevar būt vienlaikus spēcīgi. Turklāt tieši tiltveida sociālais kapitāls, kuru raksturo vājākas ģimeniskās un radnieciskās attiecības, Patnama teorijā saistās ar ekonomisko uzplaukumu (Putnam 1993;Putnam 2000;Putnam, Leonardi un Nanetti 1993). Paralēles ar Tennīsa un Vēbera kopienu un pilsonisko sabiedrību ir nenoliedzamas. ...
Grāmatā “Radniecība un valsts īstenošana mūsdienu Latvijā” sniegts antropoloģisks ieskats attiecībās, kādas pastāv starp valsti un radniecību. Tā sastāv no ievada un deviņām nodaļām. Ievadā Klāvs Sedlenieks apraksta valsts un radniecības savstarpējās saistības teorētisko ietvaru. Viņš kritizē tradicionālo uzskatu, ka radniecība ir dabas fakts, bet valsts – kultūras radīta sistēma, piedāvājot interpretēt šo dalījumu kā Rietumu kultūras folkteoriju. Autors argumentē, ka radniecība ir kultūras produkts, līdzīgi kā valsts, un to nevar uzskatīt par pārejošu vēstures fenomenu, bet gan par būtisku elementu Rietumu sabiedrībā. Grāmatas nodaļās apskatīti dažādi valsts un radniecības aspekti. Pirmajā nodaļā (K. Sedlenieks) aprakstīti Latvijas iedzīvotāju radniecības principi. Otrajā nodaļā (K. Sedlenieks, A. Lūse) analizēti iepriekšējie pētījumi par latviešu radniecību. Radniecības vēsturiskie aspekti skatīti trešajā nodaļā (V. Stikāne), kurā analizēta radniecības loma viduslaiku Livonijā. Ceturtajā nodaļā autore (D. Plepa) pievēršas 20. un 21. gadsimta juridiskajiem dokumentiem par radniecību. Pārējās nodaļās analizētas radniecības un valsts attiecības mūsdienu Latvijā: piektā nodaļa (A. Lūse) veltīta ciltskoku veidošanas praksei skolās, sestajā nodaļā (A. Žabicka, K. Sedlenieks) analizētas Saeimas diskusijas par radniecību, septītajā nodaļā (A. Saulītis, K. Rolle) apskatīta radniecības loma ekonomikā, astotajā nodaļā (D. Kiščenko) analizēta reproduktīvo klīniku prakse, devītajā nodaļā (A. Šuvajevs) – radniecības loma valsts rīcībpolitikas kontekstā. Grāmata kopumā apliecina, ka valsts un radniecība nav atsevišķi fenomeni, bet gan vienoti procesi, kas ietekmē viens otru. Grāmatu bagātina apjomīgs uzziņu aparāts – četri palīgrādītāji: grāmatā analizēto un minēto priekšmetu, personu, ģeogrāfisko vietu un etnisko grupu rādītājs, kā arī iekļauts kopsavilkums angļu valodā. Šīs monogrāfijas tapšanu atbalstīja Latvijas Zinātnes padomes granti divos projektos: “Valsts īstenošana un biosociālās saiknes (RELATE.LV)”, projekta Nr. lzp-2018/2-0070, un “Attiecības kustībā: tuvniecība mūsdienu mobilajos darba režīmos ((Re)moving Ties)”, projekta Nr. lzp-2021/1-0213. Ar RSU Zinātnes padomes lēmumu Nr. 6-ZP-1/5/2023 no 31.05.2023. grāmatai piešķirts kolektīvās monogrāfijas statuss. Zinātnes nozare – antropoloģija. Atslēgvārdi: valsts; radniecība; Latvija; antropoloģija; vēsture; likumi; performance.
... According to this work, a political scientist is a social capital created by people through their mutual interactions and participation in a geographical space, which, in turn, influences the interactions through its characteristics [23]. In this paper, there are many definitions of social capital, but we start with the following one: "Social capital can be defined as features of social organisation, such as networks, norms and trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit" [24]. There is no consensus among researchers about whether social capital is individual, collective, or individual-collective. ...
... In Section 1.2, we stated that from the basic understanding of social capital-Bourdieu's, Coleman's, and Putnam's-Putnam's approach [24] is appropriate for studying social capital's geographical differentiation. This is also confirmed by our research. ...
According to the prevailing opinion, social capital is one of the most robust indicators of quality of life (QoL). We ask whether this insight applies to Slovakia, as well, on the basis of understanding social capital not as one holistic concept but as a set of interrelated components, which are trust, networks, and norms. The paper has two goals, the first of which is to determine the amount of social capital, its components, and QoL, as well as its spatial disparities, at a district level. In this case, the goal is to determine the quantity of the investigated variables. The data source is the World Value Survey, Round 7, in which Slovakia also participated. The second goal is to find out how social capital and its components affect the QoL in individual districts. In other words, we would like to determine the quality of the impact of social capital and its components on the QoL. The result is the knowledge that social capital as a whole reaches significantly lower values than the QoL and is not a predictor of the QoL in Slovakia. At the same time, however, disparities in the impact of social capital and its components on the QoL have high values. This knowledge challenges the understanding of holistic social capital as a robust indicator of QoL.
... Online communities also have economies, as their operations may involve costs for such functions. Historically, similar spaces of gathering among like-minded people have been organized as cooperatives or cooperative-like structures (Putnam et al., 1992). ...
... Tercero, mandatos legales que prescriben, prohíben y otorgan facultades y áreas de jurisdicción, arreglos institucionales de las organizaciones, y comportamientos inerciales (path dependency) (Agrawal & Ribot, 1999;Burch, 2010aBurch, , 2010bHarries & Penning-Rowsell, 2011;Gupta & Mason, 2014;Holgate, 2007;Maguire et al., 2004;Satterthwaite, 2003;Valdivieso, 2016;Valdivieso & Andersson, 2018;Yilmaz et al., 2008). Cuarto, el capital social y la participación local que retroalimentan a las municipalidades (Adger, 2003;Ahn & Ostrom, 2008;Aldrich, 2011;Andersson, 2003;Ballet et al. 2007;Bourdieu, 1980;Claridge, 2004;Coleman, 1990;Dasgupta, 2003;Dynes, 2002;Esser, 2008;Gibson & Lehoucq, 2003;González-Muzzio, 2013;Hero, 2007;Horning, 2005;Jones, 2013;Knack, 2002;Krishna & Shrader, 2000;Lin, 2008;Matson et al., 2016;Molm et al., 2007;Ostrom, 1990;Pelling & High, 2005;PNUD, 2004;Putnam, 1993Putnam, , 1995Rubin, 2015;Szreter & Woolcock, 2004;Valdivieso, 2016;Valdivieso & Villena-Roldán, 2014;Valdivieso & Davidovics, 2016;Vervisch & Titeca, 2010;Vervisch et al., 2013;Woolcock & Narayan, 2000;Wolf et al., 2010). Quinto, políticas nacionales de descentralización y las relaciones intergubernamentales, operando en distintas escalas (Ackerman, 2004;Agrawal & Ribot, 1999;Andersson et al., 2006;Andersson & Ostrom, 2008;Andersson & Valdivieso, 2018;Andersson & van Laerhoven, 2007;Blair, 2000;Cohen & Rogers, 1995;Cutter,1996;Fagen, 2008;Fung & Wright, 2001;Hardoy et al., 2011;Larson, 2002;Larson et al., 2007;Lowry, 2001;Lybecker & Mumme, 2002;Naes et al., 2003;Nomura, 2008;Oates, 1999;Oliveira, 2002;Ostrom, 2001;Oyondo, 2005;PNUD, 2004;Revi et al., 2014;Ribot, 1999;Rubin & Rossing, 2012;Satria & Matsida, 2004;Smoke & Lewis, 1996;Tonami & Mori, 2007;Twigg, 2004;Valdivieso, 2003Valdivieso, , 2009Valdivieso & Andersson, 2018;Wilbanks & Kates, 1999;Wilkinson, 2012;World Bank, 2010;Young, 2002). ...
Este estudio contribuye con el análisis de la reducción de riesgos de desastres en la escala subnacional, en términos de infraestructuras críticas y gestión medioambiental, identificando la importancia que tienen los factores y procesos institucionales y la gobernanza multinivel en los resultados. El estudio combina la revisión de literatura con la investigación comparada de casos de municipalidades chilenas. Los hallazgos sugieren que las decisiones y los resultados del quehacer municipal son configurados por atributos y dinámicas de los contextos biofísicos, sociales e institucionales. Esos atributos y dinámicas se combinan, no operan de forma aislada ni con efectos lineales. Por lo tanto, el análisis institucional de la reducción de riesgos de desastres en la escala subnacional requiere la adopción de una perspectiva multisistémica que posibilite una mayor comprensión sobre la configuración de condiciones que modelan las decisiones. El estudio ha sido elaborado como actividad de ejecución del Proyecto FONDECYT Nro. 1221889 y el autor agradece el apoyo financiero de la Agencia Nacional de Investigación de Chile (ANID).
... Исследование Молодежные общественные организации, как институционализированные структуры, играют значительную роль в процессе формирования общественно-политической активности молодежи, и их функции можно анализировать через призму ряда теоретических подходов. В рамках теории гражданского общества, предложенной Р. Патнэмом, подчеркивается, что молодежные организации способствуют развитию социальной капитала, создавая условия для горизонтальных связей между молодыми людьми, что, в свою очередь, усиливает их политическое вовлечение (Putnam, 1993). Согласно теории мобилизации ресурсов Ч. Тилли, такие организации действуют как платформы для эффективного распределения ресурсов, включая знания, время и материальные средства, что позволяет молодым людям участвовать в общественно значимых инициативах и оказывать влияние на политические процессы (Tilly, 1978). ...
Настоящее исследование посвящено изучению роли молодежных общественных организаций в стимулировании общественно-политической активности молодежи, что является значимым аспектом развития демократического общества. В работе использовались качественные методы, включая полуструктурированные интервью и контент-анализ документов, что позволило выявить ключевые факторы, влияющие на вовлеченность молодежи в общественные и политические процессы. Молодежные общественные организации играют ключевую роль в формировании гражданского сознания и активного участия молодежи в общественно-политических процессах. Результаты исследования показали, что такие организации способствуют развитию лидерских качеств, повышению уровня политической грамотности и формированию чувства гражданской ответственности у молодых людей. Однако выявлены барьеры, такие как недостаток опыта у лидеров, слабая информированность о предоставляемых возможностях и ограниченные ресурсы для реализации инициатив, которые требуют системного подхода к их устранению. Образовательные программы и сетевое взаимодействие признаны наиболее эффективными инструментами, однако требуют совершенствования для повышения их доступности и качества. Таким образом, молодежные общественные организации играют значительную роль в формировании активного гражданского общества, но их потенциал может быть реализован в полной мере только при устранении выявленных препятствий.
... The question of trust has long been important for the social sciences, recognised as central to social cohesion and the effective cooperative functioning of complex societies in which we have less opportunity to directly interact with those upon whom we rely (Giddens, 1991;Putnam et al., 1993). Trust relationships are particularly relevant in situations of uncertainty and vulnerability, when we need others to act in a specific domain in ways that we hopebut cannot guaranteethat they will. ...
Discussions of the development and governance of data-driven systems have, of late, come to revolve around questions of trust and trustworthiness. However, the connections between them remain relatively understudied and, more importantly, the conditions under which the latter quality of trustworthiness might reliably lead to the placing of ‘well-directed’ trust. In this paper, we argue that this challenge for the creation of ‘rich’ trustworthiness, which we term the Trustworthiness Recognition Problem, can usefully be approached as a problem of effective signalling, and suggest that its resolution can be informed by a multidisciplinary approach that relies on insights from economics and behavioural ecology. We suggest, overall, that the domain specificity inherent to the signalling theory paradigm offers an effective solution to the TRP, which we believe will be foundational to whether and how rapidly improving technologies are integrated in the healthcare space. We suggest that solving the TRP will not be possible without taking an interdisciplinary approach and suggest further avenues of inquiry that we believe will be fruitful.
... Only a limited number of electronic public consultations on health policies have been published (NDoH 2020). As Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti (1994) advocate, involving the public in decision-making is vital to promoting goals, fostering unity, supporting civic and political identity, and ensuring competence and responsibility. Some factors need to be considered when planning for the NHI. ...
Purpose: This study investigates the expectation gap between healthcare users' demands and the South African government's National Health Insurance (NHI) proposal in Tshwane Municipality. Methodology: The research employs a conjoint analysis approach and a market simulator to examine various parameters influencing healthcare users' expectations. A sample of 281 respondents from diverse population groups participated in the study. Results: Findings reveal that healthcare users strongly demand immediate access to medication, consultations, and comprehensive services, and they prefer doctor-led care. The government's NHI proposal lacks specific timeframes for addressing these concerns, leading to uncertainty and dissatisfaction among users. Theoretical contribution: This study contributes to the literature on healthcare policy implementation by highlighting the importance of aligning user expectations with government proposals. It demonstrates the application of conjoint analysis in healthcare policy research. Practical implications: The research suggests that providing precise and detailed information about NHI services and timeframes can help manage healthcare users' expectations. It also emphasizes the need for the government to address specific concerns such as waiting times and service comprehensiveness in the NHI implementation. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being; SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities; SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions; SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals
... Trust creates mutual confidence between parties and without it would result the economic backwardness (Arrow, 1972). Trust is one of the important elements to civic society as it is associated with different results of economic prosperity and democratic performance (Putnam, et al., 1993). Therefore, it is plausible to say that trust definitely involves investment decisions as it influences the level of commitment in a relationship. ...
This study aims to provide evidence from an economic experiment that explores the effect of different financial information sources on people's trust and investment decisions. Research participants consisted of 128 individuals aged between 18 and 30. An experiment design divided participants into three treatment groups and a control group. The participants in each treatment group were assigned to receive different presentations of financial information, namely, an official styled fact sheet (T1), a post on social media (T2), and in-person advising (T3). The study measured the level of participants' trust and investment in each treatment and compared it with the control group. The findings demonstrated that participants in T1 trusted their information and made significant investment, while those in T2 did not trust and invest. The participants in T3 trusted their information but did not decide to invest. These results suggest that traditional channels remain essential in communicating financial information, and financial institutions must take this into account when considering their communication strategies . The development of the internet has brought significant changes in how people around the globe receive information, news, and knowledge. In the past, non-digital interactions, such as physical meetings, face-to-face encounters, telephone conversations, and letter exchanges, were main features of how people communicated. But recently, internet technology has become a prevalent method of communication. Internet-based information sources, like social media, are, therefore, prevalent in many aspects of social life, such as business commercials, public advertising, and social campaigns. For the past ten years, the number of social media users in the world has continued to increase. According to a Global Digital Report by We Are Social (2022), there were about 4.6 billion users in 2022 which is about three-times greater than the number in 2012. Browsing information on internet websites and social media can be useful. However, an overwhelming amount of information would blind users' discretion. Many social media users tend to be careless in considering their information. Chavanayan (2020) found that 80 per cent of research samples believed information from social media without questioning it, while only 20 per cent verify the information before accepting it. Moreover, addiction to social media could potentially cause low self-esteem and narcissism (Rahim et al., 2020).
... The supporting literature for bonding, bridging, and linking social capital is as follows: strong and weak ties by Granovetter (1983); bonding social capital by Coleman (Coleman, 1988); vertical or linking networks by Putnam et al. (1994); bridging vs. bonding associations by Putnam (2000); and bonding, bridging, and linking social capital by Woolcock (2001). We have chosen the three types of social capital, including bonding, bridging, and linking, because they align with a widely recognised and widely studied framework in various fields such as sustainable development (Woolcock and Narayan, 2000), public health (Szreter and Woolcock, 2004), and disaster management (Kyne and Aldrich, 2020). ...
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of the Qatar 2022 World Cup in promoting bonding, bridging, and linking social capital within the host community and beyond. A total of 403 respondents completed a researcher-made questionnaire 12 months after the event. One sample t-test indicated that all three forms of social capital exceeded the test value significantly (P < 0.01). Residents of Qatar scored significantly higher in bridging and linking social capital compared to participants from other countries (P < 0.01). Arab respondents exhibited greater levels of linking social capital compared to non-Arab Muslims, whereas non-Arab Muslims demonstrated higher levels than respondents from other nationalities (4.444 > 3.852 > 3.349, P < 0.01). Residing in the host community and reaping benefits from an event can lead to a more positive perception of the event's social capital. Facilitating the participation of individuals with diverse backgrounds in sporting events can help to develop social capital across borders.
... Early research suggests that war may pervasively deteriorate social capital -the trust, norms, networks, and interpersonal relations that facilitate coordinated action (Collier et al., 2003;Putnam, Leonardi, & Nanetti, 1994). ...
The detrimental impacts of wars on human development are well documented across research domains, from public health to micro-economics. However, these impacts are studied in compartmentalized silos, which limits a comprehensive understanding of the consequences of conflicts, hampering our ability to effectively sustain human development. This article takes a first step in addressing this gap by reviewing the literature on conflict impacts through the lens of an inter-disciplinary theoretical framework. We review the literature on the consequences of conflicts across 9 dimensions of human development: health, schooling, livelihood and income, growth and investments, political institutions, migration and displacement, socio-psychological wellbeing and capital, water access, and food security. The study focuses on both direct and indirect impacts of violence, reviews the existing evidence on how impacts on different dimensions of societal wellbeing and development may intertwine, and suggests plausible mechanisms to explain how these connections materialize. This exercise leads to the identification of critical research gaps and reveals that systematic empirical testing of how the impacts of war spread across sectors is severely lacking. By streamlining the literature on the impacts of war across multiple domains, this review represents a first step to build a common language that can overcome disciplinary silos and achieve a deeper understanding of how the effects of war reverberate across society. This multidisciplinary understanding of conflict impacts may eventually help to reconcile divergent estimates and enable forward-looking policies that minimize the costs of war.
... Individuals are involved and coordinated from a self-appointed frontline, which allocates resources and personnel as events unfold and as available knowledge and skills emerge. The core of this fourth track is the concept of community that Block (2008: V) related to Putnam's (1993Putnam's ( , 2000 concept of social capital, which is 'about acting on and valuing our interdependence and sense of belonging'. Through feelings of belonging and mutual trust in a local community individuals and associations may be mobilised to make their skills and knowledge available in spontaneous crisis management efforts. ...
... Similarly, we also control for civil society activism. Civil society organizations are regarded crucial in mobilizing people and expanding the scope of democracy (Diamond 1994;Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti 1992). Organized groups such as NGOs, trade unions, student bodies, women's groups, religious groups, and professional organizations are regarded important for the democratization process. ...
... Η βιβλιογραφία που εξετάζεται εδώ συχνά αλληλοκαλύπτεται με την κοινωνιολογική βιβλιογραφία σχετικά με το κοινωνικό κεφάλαιο στην κοινωνία των πολιτών. Ακόµη και πριν από το βιβλίο του για την εµπιστοσύνη, ο Putnam είχε τοποθετήσει την κοινωνία των πολιτών στην οικονοµική/κοινωνιολογική ατζέντα µε ένα βιβλίο για τις διαφορές στην οικονοµική επιτυχία µεταξύ της Βόρειας και της Νότιας Ιταλίας (Putnam, 1993). Ο Putnam αναζητά μια εξήγηση για την επιτυχία της Βόρειας Ιταλίας. ...
Οι συγγραφείς του βιβλίου «Συνεταιριστική Επιχειρηματικότητα» παρέχουν στον αναγνώστη μια εξαιρετική ακαδημαϊκή ανάλυση των πιο σχετικών με το αντικείμενο θεωριών, αλλά, κυρίως, μεταδίδουν την πλούσια πρακτική εμπειρία του συνεταιριστικού γίγνεσθαι μέσω της συγκέντρωσης και της παράθεσης επικαιροποιημένων γνώσεων του κλάδου. Παρατίθεται ένα ευρύ φάσμα από παραδείγματα που σχετίζονται με την συνεταιριστική επιχειρηματικότητα, όπως και περιπτώσεις που συνοδεύονται από εμπεριστατωμένη ανάλυση του τρόπου λήψης αποφάσεων. Μέσα από τις σελίδες του συγγράμματος ο νέος αναγνώστης θα απολαύσει μία διαφορετική οπτική σχετικά με τη συνεταιριστική διοίκηση, ενώ οι πιο έμπειροι θα εμβαθύνουν στη συνεταιριστική λογική. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, οι συγγραφείς εστιάζουν στη στρατηγική σχετικά με τις μεθόδους διείσδυσης στην αγορά, στην αφοσίωση και στην υπευθυνότητα των μελών του συνεταιρισμού όπως και στη δυναμική αντιμετώπιση των μελλοντικών προκλήσεων του κλάδου. Κατά συνέπεια, δίνεται η ευκαιρία στους αναγνώστες να έρθουν πιο κοντά με νέους, ταλαντούχους επαγγελματίες, που τόσο πολύ έχει ανάγκη ο κλάδος. Επιπρόσθετα, η ανάπτυξη μιας εκπαιδευτικής προσομοίωσης για γεωργούς υπογραμμίζει τη σημασία αυτής της νέας προσέγγισης στην επικοινωνία των συνεταιριστικών ιδεών. Η ανάμειξη της αφρικανικής γεωργικής κοινότητας δίνει μία νέα προοπτική σε εμάς τους Ευρωπαίους σε θέματα για τα οποία είμαστε ιδιαίτερα ικανοποιημένοι. Επισήμανση: το σύγγραμμα «Συνεταιριστική Επιχειρηματικότητα» θα σας κάνει να σκεφτείτε με συνεταιριστική λογική. Υπό το πρίσμα αυτό ξετυλίγεται απρόσμενα ευχάριστα στον αναγνώστη!
... Funding typically follows community contributions, relying on local community participation and support. This approach reflects the principles of social capital theory proposed by Putnam et al. (1994), which emphasizes the importance of social networks, norms, and trust that enable effective participation and collaboration in communities. In contrast, in business organizations, target times are usually shorter with funding available from the start, allowing these organizations to achieve goals more quickly and efficiently. ...
Leadership in tourism villages which implement the community-based tourism governance presents distinct challenges compared to leadership in the companies. Tourism village leaders often encounter complex socio-cultural issues and conflicts, so it is required the leadership strategies and approaches that align with the character and values of the local community. The research focuses on the application of leadership that prioritizes the local wisdom in community-based tourism management in tourism villages. The research method employed is qualitative, utilizing a grounded theory approach. The approach is used to dig the data from nine informants or participants. The participants in this research include heads of tourism villages who have successfully managed their villages for more than five years. The research results indicate that: (1) leadership which based on local community wisdom values is a key element in ensuring the successful management and development of tourism villages. Effective leaders can mobilize and motivate the community, shift the mindsets, accommodate the volunteers, and optimize the community's social role. This leadership fosters a sustainable tourism village, positively impacting the economy and community welfare. (2) Inclusive, participative and deliberation-oriented approach becomes the leadership characteristics which prioritizes local wisdom values. This approach unites the community's vision and mission, listens to and accommodates aspirations, makes decisions democratically, and organizes active community participation effectively. (3) The success of leadership based on local wisdom values is measured not only by financial achievements but also by the ability to enhance community happiness, preserve the environment, ensure active community participation, and achieve predetermined goals. (4)The leadership model which prioritizes local wisdom values reflects a holistic and sustainable approach in tourism management. Local values and community participation are considered as the key success factors. This leadership illustrates the commitment to maintain the local identity while creating sustainable benefits for the community and the surrounding environment.
... This type of social capital benefits society in many ways, like fostering community unity and helping to implement public policies effectively. Social capital connects to political participation because it mainly comes from being part of non-political groups and is an essential step towards traditional political activities (Putnam et al., 1994). ...
Democracies are seen as synonyms for political participation and representation. With the global wave of feminism, empowerment and political representation of women were seen as essential tools for delivering gender justice; they detected vulnerability based on gender. The aspect of empowerment is necessary to define the unequal power dynamics based on social gender norms. In contrast, political representation is seen as a way to reform the vulnerability. Feminism's recent global wave pushed the government to reconsider its patriarchal policies and accommodate the representation of women. The current paper looks into the various aspects of the women's empowerment and Representation debate.
... Nevertheless, cities can be regarded as 'laboratories of democracy'. As famously argued in Robert Putnam's 'Making Democracy Work' for Italy, associations produced 'social capital' and became an important ingredient of democracy and economic development (Putnam et al., 1994). Contemporary forms of city democracy are often based on democratic experimentation and relate to urban development, sustainability, transportation, housing, and social services. ...
... There are certainly many ways to conceptualize what leads to social cohesion and a sense of social inclusion in modern, democratic states that do not rely on force or religious edict (e.g., Bourdieu, 1986;Coleman, 1988;Bellah et al., 1992;Galbraith, 1997; Roberts, 2020; ICCCR, 2020; Jackson, 2020). Here we will follow the general conceptualization utilized by Putnam and his colleagues/followers in various writings (e.g., Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti, 1994;Putnam, 2000). Nine concepts characterize social inclusion, which in turn reduce the likelihood of internal dissention. ...
Social turbulence differs from social change when societies experience relatively unusual or dramatic internal and/ or external discord and pressure to change (Sztompka, 2000; Weinstein, 2010; Harper and Leicht, 2018). As long as there has been social governance, groups, tribes, and nations have experienced turbulence from time to time (Chua, 2019; Drews, 1995). Turbulence in social processes varies greatly in sources, intensity, and perspective (Tarrow, 2022). This essay reviews the fundamental aspects of social turbulence in order to frame current issues creating contemporary turbulence, and in this essay, we pay special attention to internal turbulence trends by providing examples in various types of governments from autocratic to democratically oriented.
The physical status of irrigation structures holds immense importance in ensuring the efficient and sustainable management of water resources for agricultural purposes. This study aimed to assess the physical status of the Nyarubogo irrigation scheme structures, which has implications for the level of performance of this irrigation scheme. Specifically, the study assessed the effectiveness of the irrigation infrastructures in terms of intake efficiency, canal physical condition, and command area development. Cross sectional study design was employed, and units for the study were randomly selected to be included in this study. Observation method were used to characterize the physical condition of the Nyarubogo irrigation scheme while questionnaire survey were used to collect data on the implication of socioeconomic characteristics on the performance, and effectiveness of irrigation system. The collected data were fitted to the irrigation structures assessment approaches suggested by Bos, Zende and Nagarajan. Analysis of farmer’s responses was through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Version 27). This study evaluated the physical status of about 130 irrigation structures in Nyarubogo irrigation scheme. The structures included 7 division boxes, 73 water drops, 2 aqueducts, 42 turnouts, 4 bridges, and 2 Culverts. Overall, the scheme had an effectiveness of 63.8%, with culverts, bridges, and water drops presenting more than the average functional condition of 64.38%, 75.00%, and 100.00%, respectively. The intake efficiency during this study was found to be 67% accumulated from efficiencies of sediment level (20%), embankment (35%), and sluice gate (12%) based on their weightage percentage and rank scores. The overall canal condition was good and was quantified to 70%. The command area development was exhibiting subpar performance, registering a mere 32% effectiveness. Moreover, the study evaluated how farmers' socio-economic status influenced the inadequate maintenance of the Nyarubogo irrigation systems. It uncovered numerous elements contributing to this dilemma: there was limited engagement of women and youth in agricultural pursuits, low educational attainment, challenges surrounding land ownership (specifically, land tenure), the small size of land holdings per household and a notable absence of government incentives for maintenance efforts. These factors, however, when coupled with inadequate funds derived from water fees, significantly obstruct the proper care of these irrigation infrastructures. On the other hand, high runoff due to heavy rainfall was mentioned by the majority of farmers (20.7%) among the primary causes of poor maintenance of irrigation structures. Generally, the evaluation of the Nyarubogo irrigation system structures emphasizes the uneven levels of efficacy and challenges, highlighting the necessity of focused maintenance efforts and enhanced water management techniques.
The paper analyses the impact of the Integrated Territorial Projects on local development in two areas of Calabria. The Integrated Territorial Projects consist of a set of integrated interventions that are aimed to promote local development. To achieve this objective, integrated planning seeks to promote an adequate mobilisation of the economic and relational resources operating on a local scale. Development thus becomes a social construction connected to the endogenous capacity of public and private actors to promote synergistic actions on a local scale, thereby enhancing local resources and skills, social capital and institutions. The paper examines in the two experiences studied the concrete implementation given to development policy based on governance. The analysis is oriented to understanding if local political and economic stakeholders have developed relational networks that are able to promote effective intervention strategies and connect them with the real potential present on a local scale to support self-sustaining development processes. In the case study discussed, limited regulation capability in local political institutions has caused two effects on decision-making processes: an equal distribution of resources among the participants and the temporal concentration of public expenditures.
Political stability is a crucial concept within political science, yet its theoretical foundations and influencing factors are often dispersed across various perspectives. This article presents the first comprehensive attempt to synthesize and analyze the theoretical approaches to political stability within a single work. Drawing from both political science and sociology, this study aims to explore how political stability shapes and is shaped by political, economic, social, and cultural systems. By examining the reciprocal relationships between these systems and political stability, the article identifies key theoretical frameworks that explain its trends and impacts. Notably, this is the first effort to address these theories in a unified manner, filling a gap in both Armenian political science literature and broader global scholarship. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the factors that influence political stability and offers insights into their implications for societal development.
Purpose
The changing role of women in the home and society has led to increased demands and different expectations placed upon them compared to the past. As a result, there is a need to understand and address the unique requirements of women in terms of housing design and social sustainability. This study aims to develop a comprehensive theoretical framework for housing design components that cater specifically to women’s social sustainability.
Methods
To accomplish this, the study first reviewed existing literature on social sustainability to identify the sociological needs of women. Additionally, factors influencing women’s architecture were examined. Through a descriptive-analytical approach, various components were extracted and categorized into five dimensions: “social and cultural dimension,” “mental-psychological dimension,” “land use and infrastructure dimension,” “economic dimension,” and “physical dimension.” The final theoretical framework for housing design, centered around women’s social sustainability, was established using the Delphi research method conducted thrice. Next, a closed questionnaire was administered using the survey research method, along with the Friedman test to determine the priority of each component in designing residential environments in Isfahan.
Results and discussion
The results highlighted the significance of three components: the “connection of the five senses with the environment” (mental-psychological dimension), the “sense of place” (mental-psychological dimension), and “ergonomics” (physical dimension). In Isfahan, the first component is particularly important due to women’s partial perception of details and the lack of sensory stimuli in contemporary residential architecture.
Conclusions
The sense of place is also crucial as reduced neighborhood connections and residency time have contributed to social issues in Isfahan. Furthermore, the third-ranked component, ergonomics, emphasizes the need for considering women’s ergonomic requirements separately from men’s when designing environmental equipment. The proposed solution suggests incorporating flexible kitchen equipment that can accommodate both women and men, allowing for adjustments to suit different ergonomic needs. Alternatively, facilitation equipment could be utilized to adapt masculine ergonomic features to women requirements. This approach addresses the importance of flexibility in home design, which, although not the highest priority component, serves as a critical intermediary for achieving other components in the design of socially sustainable housing that focuses on women.
Economic growth remains a central concern for policymakers and global scholars, especially in the context of pandemics like Covid-19. This study delves into the multifaceted growth issues in the BIMSTEC region. Drawing from empirical evidence, this study identifies significant factors influencing economic growth, including landlockedness, corruption and political crises. Landlockedness has a negative impact on economic growth. Corruption acts as grease in the wheel, while political crises hamper the economic growth rate in the pandemic era. These findings are robust under random effect models. The synthesis of this study focuses on accelerating good governance, providing coastal access to landlocked states and implementing free trade agreements to stimulate regional economic growth.
Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań dotyczących współczesnych uwarunkowań działania kół gospodyń wiejskich. Praca ma na celu przedstawienie sposobów funkcjonowania tych organizacji oraz ich kluczowych cech w oparciu o dane ilościowe. W dalszej części koncentrujemy się na problemie, jakim jest rola tradycji w działalności kół gospodyń wiejskich. Podstawą do analizy tego wątku są badania jakościowe przeprowadzone w ramach studiów przypadków, uzupełniane danymi z ankiety.
This book offers a comprehensive examination of trust and its relationship with mental illness and wellbeing. Engaging with a broad range of mental health research, theory, and practice through various transdisciplinary theoretical models of trust, this book highlights the social and family contexts surrounding the making and breaking of trust and mental health. It examines various sociological conceptual and theoretical frameworks of risk and trust while also engaging with evolutionary perspectives on the human need for cooperation and trust. The author describes how, in a world of
constant connectivity, the drawing of boundaries assigns some people as strangers, using stigma as a form of power. The book concludes by considering the future of mental health and where trust-building may be possible. Each chapter is interspersed
with observations and insights from the author’s personal research covering many populations, communities, and issues over several decades. Drawing on a wide range of interdisciplinary literature, the book will be of interest to mental health practitioners, researchers, and scholars interested in the psychosocial aspects of mental illness and stigma.
‘Professor Leavey’s book throws light on a far too long neglected factor with a powerful impact on structures of society and the management of problems ranging from care for people with diseases to the continuation of war or the maintenance of peace’.
– Professor Norman Sartorius (MD, PhD, FRCPsych) is a leading
international expert in psychiatry. He has been the President of the World Psychiatric Association and of the European Psychiatric Association, and Director of the Mental health Division of the World Health Organization
‘This remarkable book takes the concepts of trust and mental health and moves them around each other as if they were reciprocal moons of our planetary existence. Trust is a concept perfectly central to individuals, families, communities and society. For almost a thousand years the idea of ‘trust’ has grown from the ancient roots of meaning that include: integrity, alliance, faithful, steadfast, shelter, safety,
hope, and consolation. This book is a fascinating tour-de-force which gazes at trust and hope, and their inversions, from multiple perspectives, and asks how we can strengthen trust and hope and mental health in the future’.
– Sir Graham Thornicroft is Emeritus Professor of Community Psychiatry at King’s College London. He was Knighted in 2017 for services to mental health; Graham has authored over 30 books and written over 670 peer-reviewed scientific papers, shaping global mental health policies.
Since 2016, Thailand has initiated the decentralization of its emergency medical services (EMS) system, transferring emergency medical dispatch centers from hospitals to provincial administrative organizations (PAOs) to better serve local populations. Currently, 15 provinces have successfully transferred these centers.
This study uses a concurrent mixed-methods research design, combining quantitative analysis of secondary data from the Information Technology for Emergency Medical Systems (ITEMS) database and patient surveys, with qualitative studies involving in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with central policymakers and local practitioners.
The reform of rural homestead land is a critical component of global efforts to enhance rural governance, optimize land use, and improve the livelihoods of rural residents. This study explores the implementation conditions and models for multi-actor participation in homestead system reform, focusing on the role of government, villagers, and social organizations. Using Jiangxi Province in China as a case study, we highlight collaborative governance mechanisms that facilitate successful reform, including institutional frameworks, community engagement, and the role of intermediaries. The findings indicate that a well-structured collaboration between stakeholders can effectively address issues of land allocation, resource utilization, and sustainable rural development. Policy recommendations are provided to enhance the inclusiveness and effectiveness of the reform process, emphasizing the importance of participatory governance, transparent decision-making, and capacity building at the community level. The lessons learned can contribute to similar rural land reforms in other regions globally, promoting sustainable and equitable development.
This paper presents a conceptual framework connecting historical kinship structures and generalized trust into modern business formation. Kinship intensity, defined as the degree of strength in family ties, is shaping the social and economic outlook of societies. Building upon the existing literature, I argue that societies with strong kinship ties often exhibit collectivist characteristics, leading to less trust towards outsiders. This hinders market efficiency and collaborative partnerships, resulting in business formation being largely confined to family-owned enterprises. Conversely, societies with loose kinship structures exhibits higher level of generalized trust that enable to promote engagements beyond family networks. This promotes establishing larger firms with strangers, more efficient markets, and greater cooperation with foreign firms. The paper suggests that kinship and trust behavior are deeply-rooted in culture and influence social and economic development. It is important for policymakers to support initiatives that foster trust beyond family ties in order to promote collaboration among diverse market participants.
Аннотация. Феномену популизма посвящено большое количество научных работ,
однако проблема изучения тех социально-политических процессов и практик, ко-
торые получают развитие на фоне прихода популистских партий в правительство,
по-прежнему актуальна. Особый интерес представляет то, каким образом “популизм
во власти” влияет на трансформацию популистских партий изнутри, а также на
состояние общества, неудовлетворенного неготовностью популистских политиче-
ских сил немедленно выполнить все обещания, данные лидерами по пути во власть.
Анализируя тридцатилетний опыт популизма в Италии и пребывание популистов
во власти в течение последних пяти лет (2018-2024 гг.), автор приходит к выводу, что:
1) партии, позиционировавшие себя как партии политической альтернативы и вы-
ступавшие с критикой репрезентативной демократии, традиционных партий и по-
литического класса, не привнесли в политику обещанных инноваций – новых форм
демократии и участия, большего вовлечения граждан в политику и новых практик,
включая внутрипартийные; 2) разочарование общества от идейного трансформизма
популистских партий, невыполненных обещаний, “соглашательской” политики по
отношению к мейнстримным партиям может способствовать дальнейшему росту
недоверия к самому институту политических партий и отказу от политического
действия в пользу иного репертуара – прямого социального действия, обеспечива-
ющего горизонтальный тип доверия и решение социально-экономических проблем
в краткосрочной перспективе посредством низового социального взаимодействия.
Прямое социальное действие становится альтернативой манифестации политиче-
ского протеста и иным типам политического действия. Общество деполитизирует-
ся, вместе с тем усиливается горизонтальная интеграция, предполагающая прямое
социальное действие, которое носит латентный протестный характер и может быть
политизировано в перспективе. Работа вносит вклад в дискуссию об эволюции феномена популизма и его социально-политических последствиях.
Abstract. The phenomenon of populism has been thoroughly studied during previous decades, however, not
many researchers analyze those socio-political processes and practices that develop against the backdrop of
the arrival of populist parties in the government. At the same time, “populism in power” entails a profound
transformation of the populist parties themselves from within and affects the state of society, dissatisfied with
the unwillingness of populist parties to immediately fulfill all the promises made by the leaders on the way to
power, leading to failure. Thirty years of experience of populism in Italy and the presence of populists in power
over the past five years (2018-2024) allow us to assert that: 1) these parties, which positioned themselves as
parties of a political alternative and criticized representative democracy, traditional parties and political class,
did not bring the promised innovations into politics – new forms of democracy and participation, greater
involvement of citizens in politics, and new practices, including internal party ones; 2) the disappointment of
society from the ideological transformation of populist parties, unfulfilled promises, and “conciliatory” policies
in relation to mainstream parties can contribute to further distrust in political parties and the abandonment
of political action as such in favor of a different repertoire – direct social action, providing a horizontal type
of trust and solving socio-economic problems in the short term through grassroots social interaction. Direct
social action has become an alternative to the manifestation of political protest and other types of political
action. Society is being depoliticized, the level of political activity is decreasing, and at the same time the degree
of horizontal integration and the use of direct social action of a latent protest nature is increasing, allowing to
expect its possible future politization. The paper contributes to the debate on the evolution of the phenomenon
of populism and its socio-political consequences.
In this final chapter we explore how translocality of lodging relationships challenges prevalent notions of community as an agent of development. We examine how it assists our understanding of the intersection of absolute space (house) with relational space (home). We return to the five themes of the book: lodging in the context of the urban housing market; lodging-related urban gender matters; the creation of social resilience through translocality; lodging as an economic contributor; and the advantages and disadvantages of lodging. We examine how lodging manufactures community through locality. We present a model of how lodging can be viewed through Harvey’s three dimensions of space. And finally, we explore the future of lodging.
This paper examines the relationship between kin-based institutions and quality of government in the regions of Spain, France, and Italy. The results show that the rate of cousin marriage during the twentieth century is a strong predictor of the modern-day quality of government in the regions of these three countries. Regions characterized by a higher prevalence of cousin marriage tend to have on average worse governance outcomes. This finding holds after accounting for country fixed effects and different variables that may be correlated with both consanguinity and regional quality of government, including an extensive array of geographical, historical, and contemporary factors. The observed association between cousin marriage and quality of government persists when I utilize an instrumental variable approach that exploits regional variation in the degree of historical exposure to the marriage laws of the medieval Catholic Church to address potential endogeneity concerns. Furthermore, the paper also provides evidence consistent with the idea that the effect of cousin marriage on the quality of government operates through its impact on a series of cultural traits such as impersonal trust, fairness, and conformity-obedience.
This chapter explores Malian fact-checkers' perceptions of audience trust and their strategies for building trust among their audiences. Through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with editors from five of Mali's seven active fact-checking organizations, the authors gathered insights into how these professionals view and cultivate trust. Conducted online via Teams between March 7 and March 25, 2024, each interview lasted between one and one and a half hours, allowing for comprehensive discussion despite geographic barriers. The analysis identified three key themes: the centrality of audience trust in fact-checking, fact-checkers’ perspectives on their audience, and the specific strategies employed by fact-checkers in strengthening audience trust. These themes offer a nuanced understanding of the efforts made by Malian fact-checkers to engage credibly with their audience.
Regimes do not change consistently across territorial levels. There has been progress in understanding national democratic erosions and subnational regimes, but barring a few exceptions, these research strands have not engaged in a thorough dialogue. To bridge this gap, I contend that when democracy advances in one territorial level, but erodes in another, we observe multilevel regime decoupling (MRD). Using global data from the Varieties of Democracy project, I examine the 1990–2022 period, showing that the proportion of decoupled cases increased from 20% in the 1990s, to 43% in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Preliminary regression analyses and a descriptive exploration of Italy, South Africa, India, and the United States indicate the non-deterministic influence of structural factors and the potentially pivotal role of courts in facilitating decoupled change. Considering these findings, renewed data collection efforts and an actor-centred approach are needed to strengthen our understanding of the varieties of (de)coupled regime change that have become common over the last decade. Given that regimes across territorial levels increasingly move in separate directions, future assessments of autocratization and democratic change need to embed territorial considerations in their analysis to remain informative about citizens’ real-world experiences on the ground.
Interpersonal trust impacts societal and individual outcomes, affecting economic growth, democracy, and well-being. Trust levels vary both within and across countries, raising the question of what factors influence interpersonal trust. Existing research indicates that an individual’s socioeconomic status influences their level of trust, with wealthier individuals tending to be more trusting. This article examines a further effect of wealth on interpersonal trust, namely whether people perceive wealthier individuals as more trustworthy. Using a novel method for uncovering stereotypes while avoiding social desirability bias, we investigate whether wealth cues are associated with the perceived trustworthiness of targets. Our study, conducted with diverse participants across different cultures (Brazil, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, India, France, Nigeria, Philippines, and the United Kingdom), consistently demonstrates that wealthier targets are seen as more trustworthy. This culturally widespread negative stereotyping of poorer individuals may contribute to observed patterns of interpersonal trust.
This article addresses the gap in crisis response literature by exploring rebranding as crisis response from a stakeholder relationship management perspective, drawing from the collaborative pillars of co-creation, social capital, sense-making, and sense-giving. The rebranding of Facebook to Meta is explored as a pragmatic scancis (a crisis that transfigures into a scandal) to understand its rebranding strategy as a crisis response. Through the thematic analysis of 50 online articles published between September 2021 and November 2021, a strong emphasis was placed on the crisis Facebook/Meta was facing, leading to the rebrand. Using the theoretical lens of primary and secondary crisis response strategies, it was found that Facebook/Meta used a defensive approach to divert the attention of stakeholders with the brand, while limited evidence was found that Facebook/Meta prioritized their stakeholders in their secondary crisis response. The process of influencing the sense-making and meaning construction of stakeholders by Meta was considered negatively and thus not aligned with the concept of sense-making, resulting in its inability to co-create a rebranded company that garnered the support of its stakeholders. This article moves beyond existing studies that focus on the building blocks of stakeholder relations in crisis response contexts through an exploration of four collaborative pillars of social capital, co-creation sense-making, and sense-giving. The article uniquely extends rebranding to crisis response literature by proposing a rebranding co-creation framework that provides much-needed guidelines to organizations facing a morally induced crisis.
International organizations classify disinformation as one of the main threats to democracy and institutions for more than a decade. Digital technologies reinvent and profoundly transform modern lifestyles, citizens’ and business environments. AI is bringing a new disruption in the way we access knowledge and create, spread and understand information. It can also blur the lines between real information and manipulated information with the emergence of ‘Fake News’, automatic networks’ cross referencing, and ‘Deep Fakes’. AI systems enhance the potential for creating realistic fake content and targeted disinformation campaigns. Disinformation goes beyond simple rumors to deliberately deceive and distort evidence-based information through fabricated data. European institutions have also recently focused on the identification of disinformation linked to FIMI: Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference. The article identifies trends and concerns related to disinformation and AI. It explores the perception of disinformation, its impacts, and responses including the EU AI Act and online Platforms’ policies. It provides a first analytical approach to the topic based on the current debates by researchers, the first findings of our 2024 surveys, interviews and the analysis of hundreds of online fake news items. It attempts to understand how citizens and stakeholders perceive disinformation and identifies possible impacts. It also analyzes the current challenges and constraints, opportunities and limitations to tackle manipulation and interference. The article considers the current processes, and impacts of disinformation (2), the presentation of the main findings of our online survey on the perceptions of disinformation (3), the current EU regulatory responses (4) and the Discussion Points (5). We argue in this article that there is a gigantic change in the way that we access information, but that the responses to disinformation are still at an early stage. The article also demonstrates that there is an increased awareness in European countries about the impacts of disinformation, but also a gap between the ability to identify "fake news" and disinformation, and a limited understanding of the processes, threats, and actors involved in spreading disinformation.
This study re-envisions border studies by focussing on the lived experiences of communities in Jammu and Kashmir’s border regions, where borders transcend mere geopolitical lines and become vibrant socio-cultural landscapes. This research paper highlights the complex issues these communities face, such as security threats, economic exclusion, and restricted access to essential services like education and healthcare. These challenges are intensified by the region’s geographic isolation, intermittent military conflicts, and political volatility, which create an environment marked by instability and vulnerability. By examining historical conflicts, systemic neglect, and geopolitical tensions, the study reveals how these factors compound the hardships of border populations. Furthermore, this paper evaluates the effects of leadership measures, such as construction projects, health, schooling, and living characteristics in enhancing conditions in such deprived regions. Consequently, the analysis presented in the research contributes to the existing body of knowledge on effective and efficient policy implementation and governance in borderland regions, while questioning the dominant paradigms of development. Thus, this work contributes to the existing literature on border studies by providing a systematic understanding of borders, community resilience, and governance in their complex interrelationships.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.