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Mapping uncertainty around research data: a Digital Humanities transdisciplinary perspective adopting the Johari window
Abstract
In the current context of the Digital Humanities, it is each time more necessary to investigate and advance in the generation of knowledge through the analysis of large volumes of data and visualizations. On the other hand, as in many academic fields, the value of different perspectives in the research process is progressively recognized, integrating not only diverse disciplines but also the knowledge from non-academic roles. At the confluence of these two emerging paradigms, the uncertainty surrounding the data, information and knowledge generated by data visualization and transdisciplinarity approaches represents a methodological and a technical challenge. Through complementary methods of participatory design and a survey to DH scholars, we propose the prototype of a participatory material for working sessions that can help to reflect a collaborative visualization of types of uncertainty in the field of DH, especially for early phases of awareness and familiarization with the topic. As a result of a first cycle of iterations with 14 participants in a workshop, and the inputs of 50 survey respondents, we propose a canvas model adapting the Johari window which allows to visualize and share examples of knowledge uncertainty around research datasets, integrating diverse emerging taxonomies in this field of study.
... Other researchers have offered additional, complementary conceptualisations building on reflections on planning, engineering, and everyday life. Thus, on a collaborative dimension, uncertainties can arise from communication challenges and differences in what one knows in comparison to others, both of which create uncertainties in shared understanding [Hidalgo et al. 2019]. Uncertainties are also related to the environment in which one acts. ...
... Examples of this approach were the proposal for a Design Systems Integrity method [Pons 2004] that seeks to predict complex behaviours within margins of uncertainty as well as the information visualisation technique by Correll et al. [2018] that quantifies uncertainties of different kinds using colour palettes. Papers also suggested ways by which negatively affecting uncertainties can be mitigated and avoided by sensitising designers to possible problems in design processes (e.g., regarding misunderstandings and knowledge gaps in collaborative design [Hidalgo et al. 2019;Schneider et al. 2010]) or design outcomes (e.g., in socially responsible designs that may be well-intentioned but fail to empower users [Haug and Busch 2017]). ...
In HCI and design research, it has recently been suggested that, instead of risks and threats, uncertainties can be generative resources. This aligns particularly well with practice-based design research and research through design (RtD), where uncertainties are pervasive and unavoidable due to the approach's interest in open-ended problems, contexts under transformation, and unknown futures. Building on the idea that uncertainties drive design activity, we describe the design process as framing acts where a designer-researcher moves along perceived uncertainties. We identify three dynamics for a generative mode of working with uncertainties that can make designers aware of uncertainties, circle in towards those that appear essential while seeking to avoid others, and stay with those that offer new perspectives. We exemplify these dynamics by drawing from our experiences from three RtD projects and highlight this viewpoint's value in providing new reflective tools for designer-researchers.
... Selfdisclosure broadens the area of exposure and consequently, diminishes concealed parts of the personality. 26 The results present a significant and positive relationship between hospitalization history and disability levels with anxiety and depression to us. These results clearly state that these two variables can accurately predict the elevated status of higher levels of these two mood states. ...
Background: Depression and anxiety are the most prevalent psychological symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and have a significant impact on quality of life (QOL) and disability progression in the patients. Therefore, it is very important to find ways to reduce the impact of these disorders on patients with MS. The data suggest that self-disclosure may be beneficial in improving symptoms of depression and anxiety in many chronic diseases. Due to the scarcity of related studies, this cross-sectional research aimed to evaluate the relations between self-disclosure, anxiety, and depression in patients with MS.
Methods: 112 patients with MS from several referral outpatient MS clinics participated in the study. Data were extracted using socio-demographic questionnaire to determine clinical variables and patient characteristics, Distress Disclosure Index (DDI) to assess self-disclosure, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to evaluate mood states, and Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) recorded by an experienced neurologist.
Results: Multiple linear regression analysis with controlling disease variables demonstrated distress disclosure as an independent factor to predict anxiety and depression in the patients (P < 0.05). Results also presented a significant, positive relationship between hospitalization history and disability levels with anxiety and depression. These findings clearly state that these two variables can accurately predict a heightened state of anxiety and depression in patients with MS.
Conclusion: This study provides empirical support for the positive role of disclosure in decreasing the negative emotions in MS. Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of disclosing MS in different cultural and situational contexts.
This paper proposes to study the leader's profile using the Johari Window to establish feedback on the leader's behavior in comparison with the employees' point of view. The case study was carried out in a given material distribution center for civil construction through a questionnaire, based on the Johari window model. The research was classified as applied, exploratory, qualitative and case study. When leaders share their way of thinking and acting and are willing to receive feedback, there will be greater clarity in communication and executing objectives. With this, it is possible to obtain more qualified and motivated personnel for the performance of the organization's activities, reducing costs, increasing productivity, generating a competitive advantage.
Different types of uncertainties occur in almost all datasets and are an inherent property of data across different academic disciplines, including digital humanities (DH). In this paper, we address, demonstrate and analyse spatio-temporal uncertainties in a non-standard German legacy dataset in a DH context. Although the data collection is primarily a linguistic resource, it contains a wealth of additional, comprehensive information, such as location and temporal detail. The addressed uncertainties have manifested because of a variety of reasons, and partly also because of decades of data transformation processes. We here propose our own taxonomy for capturing and classifying the various uncertainties, and show with numerous examples how the remedying but also re-introduction of uncertainties affects DH practices.
Digital Humanities (DH) research and practice is subject to uncertainty during the life cycle of any project. Even in non data-oriented cases, analysts and other stakeholders need to make decisions without being aware of the level of uncertainty associated to the data being transformed by the computational tools used to enable the kind of novel work of humanists pursued within DH. We examine in this paper the literature that have characterized the types and sources of uncertainty in other fields, with the intent of establishing a foundation upon which build novel computational tools supporting the decision-making under uncertainty processes that DH is currently facing. We propose the use of progressive visual analytics as a feasible means to manage decision-making under uncertainty, which may help tackling some challenges related to the elimination or mitigation of uncertainty in DH, that otherwise would tamper the quality of the yielded results.
Uncertainties in data, e.g., incomplete data sets, data quality issues or inconsistencies in annotations, are a common phenomenon across disciplines. How to address these issues is context dependent. In this paper, we address uncertainties in the citizen-driven archive Topotheque as a concrete use-case in the Digital Humanities project exploreAT!, and demonstrate, how to deal with uncertainties by benchmarking a set of selected commercial computer vision (CV) tools. The approach aims to enrich Topotheque's data to enable better access, connectivity and analysis for both researchers and citizens. Results show that by applying CV, existing uncertainties are noticeably reduced, but new ones also introduced. Better grounds for semantic structuring are provided, enabling higher connectivity and linking within Topotheque, but also across other data sets. Ultimately, the enrichment of the archive is for the benefit of both researchers and citizens enabled by addressing and tackling apparent uncertainties.
This article describes and analyzes the collaborative design of a citizen science research project through co-creation. Three groups of secondary school students and a team of scientists conceived three experiments on human behavior and social capital in urban and public spaces. The study goal is to address how interdisciplinary work and attention to social concerns and needs, as well as the collective construction of research questions, can be integrated into scientific research. The 95 students participating in the project answered a survey to evaluate their perception about the dynamics and tools used in the co-creation process of each experiment, and the five scientists responded to a semi-structured interview. The results from the survey and interviews demonstrate how citizen science can achieve a "co-created" modality beyond the usual "contributory" paradigm, which usually only involves the public or amateurs in data collection stages. This type of more collaborative science was made possible by the adaptation of materials and facilitation mechanisms, as well as the promotion of key aspects in research such as trust, creativity and transparency. The results also point to the possibility of adopting similar co-design strategies in other contexts of scientific collaboration and collaborative knowledge generation.
The field of research in digital humanities is undergoing a rapid transformation in recent years. A deep reflection on the current needs of the agents involved that takes into account key issues such as the inclusion of citizens in the creation and consumption of the cultural resources offered, the volume and complexity of datasets, available infrastructures, etcetera, is necessary. Present technologies make it possible to achieve projects that were impossible until recently, but the field is currently facing the challenge of proposing frameworks and systems to generalize and reproduce these proposals in other knowledge domains with similar but heterogeneous data sets. The track "New trends in digital humanities" of the Fourth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM 2016), tries to set the basis of good practice in digital humanities by reflecting on models, technologies and methods to carry the transformation out.
Managing risks and uncertainty are terms that are used interchangeably by project teams. Research on project procurement shows unexpected events in project delivery are often distinguished by these terms. This raises questions concerning how collaboration and coping ability help deal with inherent uncertainty and ambiguity. Using Weick's sense-making process of reflection and re-analysis a novel methodological approach was developed. A project database and contemporary literature was mined using the perspective of Snowden's Cynefin ambiguity framework. Two industry sourced examples provided support to the arguments made. The findings suggest that collaboration may lead to reduced people and process ambiguities and where ambiguity is revealed in projects it is often unrecognised, residing in a disordered zone. Observing ambiguity in this way provides a better understanding of ambiguity and advanced coping strategies. Having these perspectives is useful for identifying ambiguity where it may otherwise be missed or subsumed into risk and uncertainty.
Manufacturing processes have been analyzed against the background of an organisation participating in a collaborative manufacturing process chain. Those innovation or improvement processes rely on differing types of knowledge, which must be combined in order to determine the current state, the desired state, and the methodology to get there. In a collaborative environment, all of these knowledge types can be fragmented and stored within certain partitions resembled by people, or organisational units. Within this paper, two different organisational units, management and employees of a focal organization or those of related partners have been selected to illustrate the problem. By adapting the Johari window to map knowledge exchange, this paper identifies the characteristics of intra- and inter-organisational barriers.
Introduction. This paper examines and synthesizes previous research in scientific collaboration, scholarly communication, scientific collaboratories, scientific disciplines, invisible colleges and virtual communities to identify factors that may impact the design, adoption and use of a collaboratory within librarianship and information science.
Results. A taxonomy of factors that appear to impact the design, adoption and use of a collaboratory emerged from the synthesis. Six types of factors were identified: factors that impact a researcher's career advancements; factors concerning aspects of doing science which affect researchers on a personal level, other than their career; factors focusing on whether the benefits of submitting to and using a collaboratory is worth the cost for the individual; disciplinary and factors focusing on science and disciplines in general, such as the development of new methodology within a discipline; factors that affect the community of researchers; and factors that are the costs of developing and sustaining a collaboratory for a community or discipline.
Conclusions. The taxonomy provides a concise overview of explanatory factors concerning the adoption and use of collaboratories. The taxonomy provides a theoretical framework to guide future research which explores the adoption and use of a collaboratory in disciplines not yet studied, e.g., library and information science.
This paper investigates commonalities and differences between agile and documentation-driven approaches in managing uncertainty in requirement gathering. The research method is a survey collected interviewing sixteen project managers of Italian software companies, 8 using agile methods, and 8 using documentation-driven methods. The results show that agile and document-driven companies consider in a different way the problem of changing requirements and the related uncertainty; thus, they manage differently requirements gathering and the relationship with the customer
Crowdsourcing (the harnessing of online activities and behaviour to complete large-scale computational tasks) has been recently adopted in the cultural and heritage sectors to improve the quality of, and widen access to, online collections. Within Digital Humanities there have been attempts to crowdsource more complex tasks traditionally assumed to be carried out by academic scholars, such as the accurate transcription of manuscript material. This chapter surveys the growth and uptake of crowdsourcing for culture and heritage, particularly within Digital Humanities. It asks how the use of technology to involve and engage a wider audience with tasks that have been the traditional purview of academics can broaden the scope and appreciation of humanistic enquiry, and how such public facing projects are contributing to the field of Digital Humanities.
Citizen science is a contemporary reinvention of some research practices of the past when ‘unprofessional’ researchers contributed to scientific projects led by academics; a worth-noting peak of research undertaken in this paradigm had been observed in the 19th century. In the 21st century, citizen science mostly resides in digital environments and depends upon eInfrastructures which not only provide citizens with access to research data management, but also play the role of novel scientific communication tools aiming to engage and support citizens in their research contributions. This paper’s main purpose is to introduce the concept focusing on citizen science within the Humanities where its use is still limited compared to other research domains, as well as frequently confused with crowdsourcing. We also present some initial outcomes of the user studies undertaken within the EC-funded Civic Epistemologies project featuring a set of three international focus groups and a web questionnaire; these help to understand better the current attitudes and challenges in this area. Finally the paper delves into some possible reasons for the slower uptake of citizen science in both the humanities domain and digital cultural heritage and explores to what extent such projects contribute to ‘collective knowledge’ as well as to creativity.
To meet the pressing challenges for Europe, EU Commissioner Carlos Moedas proposed more openness in science, innovation and towards the world. But society and its decision-makers should embrace the notion that science is even more radically open towards the future. It thrives on the cusp of uncertainty.
Collaborative research projects have emerged as a particular form of academia–industry interaction. Over the past ten to fifteen years they have received increasing attention in the project portfolio of public and private organisations as well as in the project management literature. They present specific challenges, demanding of adaptations and adjustments to existing project management approaches. By means of a systematic literature review we provide a comprehensive list of the main challenges associated with these projects, as well as the guidelines, tools & techniques, and conceptual results that have been proposed to overcome them. The findings are synthesised into three main paradoxes, four general management strategies, and two main research streams. Against this background, we propose directives for future research that serve to improve the transfer of scientific knowledge into practice.
One of the most difficult problems in usability and user experience has been to clearly illustrate differences in perceptions between software design teams and end users of their products. Many strategies are directed at closing this gap, such as video-taping users unable to perform a function on an interface and collecting quotes from focus groups and interviews. In the current study we have created a novel tool to quickly elicit perceptions of usability from software designers and end users based on the Johari window (Luft, 1984). The benefit of this technique is a visualization of differences in usability perceptions and the flexibility to be used in many scenarios; for example, to elicit inter-team differences in perceptions of usability by the designers themselves. We will first provide the tool to a design team and group of end users, then gather feedback from designers about the modified-Johari window’s usefulness and whether they desire to use it in future software development.
Design thinking is the core creative process for any designer; this book explores and explains this apparently mysterious “design ability.”
Focusing on what designers do when they design, Design Thinking is structured around a series of in-depth case studies of outstanding and expert designers, interwoven with overviews and analyses. The range covered reflects the breadth of design, from hardware and software design to architecture and Formula One. The book offers new insights into and understanding of design thinking, based on evidence from observation and investigation of design practice.
Design Thinking is the distillation of the work of one of design’s most influential scholars. Nigel Cross goes to the heart of what it means to think and work as a designer. The book is an ideal guide for anyone who wants to be a designer or to know how good designers work in the field of contemporary design.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to apply to the study of information needs the Johari Window framework that has long been accepted as a useful model for understanding interpersonal communication.
Design/methodology/approach
The work presents a newly‐constructed version of the Window to delineate a typology of information needs and to identify implications that emerge for information professionals.
Findings
The paper finds that information needs can be seen to fall into five broad categories: needs that are known to the individual but not to the information professional; needs that are known to both parties; needs that are known to the information professional but not the individual; needs that are misunderstood by the individual; and needs that are not known to either the individual or the information professional.
Practical implications
Conceptualising information needs in terms of the revised Johari Window highlights how information professionals are of crucial importance in helping clients satisfy their information needs, even in an era in which much information searching is done by end‐users themselves.
Originality/value
No previous paper has applied the Johari Window to the investigation of information needs and few authors have made an attempt to use the framework in any area of library and information science (LIS) whatsoever. The fact that the work deals with both theoretical and practical dimensions will interest LIS academics and library professionals who work regularly with information users.
Citizen science is a form of research collaboration involving members of the public in scientific research projects to address real-world problems. Often organized as a virtual collaboration, these projects are a type of open movement, with collective goals addressed through open participation in research tasks. Existing typologies of citizen science projects focus primarily on the structure of participation, paying little attention to the organizational and macrostructural properties that are important to designing and managing effective projects and technologies. By examining a variety of project characteristics, we identified five types-Action, Conservation, Investigation, Virtual, and Education- that differ in primary project goals and the importance of physical environment to participation.
Despite the widely recognised importance of knowledge as a vital source of competitive advantage, there is little understanding of how organisations actually create and manage knowledge dynamically. Nonaka, Toyama and Konno start from the view of an organisation as an entity that creates knowledge continuously, and their goal in this article is to understand the dynamic process in which an organisation creates, maintains and exploits knowledge. They propose a model of knowledge creation consisting of three elements: (i) the SECI process, knowledge creation through the conversion of tacit and explicit knowledge; (ii) ‘ba’, the shared context for knowledge creation; and (iii) knowledge assets, the inputs, outputs and moderators of the knowledge-creating process. The knowledge creation process is a spiral that grows out of these three elements; the key to leading it is dialectical thinking. The role of top management in articulating the organisation's knowledge vision is emphasised, as is the important role of middle management (‘knowledge producers’) in energising ba. In summary, using existing knowledge assets, an organisation creates new knowledge through the SECI process that takes place in ba, where new knowledge, once created, becomes in turn the basis for a new spiral of knowledge creation.
An essential facet of the data deluge is the need for different types of users to apply visualizations to understand how data analyses and queries relate to each other. Unfortunately, visualization too often becomes an end product of scientific analysis, rather than an exploration tool that scientists can use throughout the research life cycle. However, new database technologies, coupled with emerging Web-based technologies, may hold the key to lowering the cost of visualization generation and allow it to become a more integral part of the scientific process.
The paper begins with a brief review of the historical concerns with the relationship between design and science, and seeks to clarify three different interpretations of this concern: (a) scientific design, (b) design science, and (c) a science of design. The paper then develops the view of ‘design as a discipline’, based upon a science of design. This discipline seeks to develop domain-independent approaches to theory and research in design. The underlying axiom of this discipline is that there are forms of knowledge peculiar to the awareness and ability of a designer, independent of the professional domain of design practice. The final part of the paper suggests the ways in which this discipline of design, and the understanding of designerly ways of knowing, is pursued through design research.
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