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The zero waste concept from young consumers’ perspective. Does gender matter?

Authors:
Sylwia Badowska at University of Gdańsk
Sylwia Badowska
Liwia Delińska at University of Gdańsk
Liwia Delińska
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Theoretical background: Sustainable development is a new widely desirable course in the economy of the 21st century. Its goals can be met by consumers implementing a zero waste concept understood as a lifestyle that assumes the maximum reduction of household waste production. Purpose of the article: The paper sheds a light on consumer awareness of the zero waste concept among young people, who face a long consumption life, and identifies the gender role in the process of applying this concept in practice. Research methods: To achieve the research goal, a survey was carried out among consumers aged 19–24, and the original consumer zero waste sensibility scale was proposed and employed to obtain results. Main findings: The outcomes suggest that the zero waste concept is more widely known among women, who show a higher level of consumer zero waste sensibility than men.
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ANNALES
UNIVERSITATIS MARIAE CURIE-SKŁODOWSKA
LUBLIN – POLONIA
VOL. LIII, 1 SECTIO H 2019
DOI:10.17951/h.2019.53.1.7-17
SYLWIA BADOWSKA
sylwia.badowska@ug.edu.pl




liwia.delinska@ug.edu.pl



The zero waste concept from the young consumer’s perspective.
Does gender matter?
Keywords:   

JEL: 
How to quote this paper:   
 Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska,
sectio H – Oeconomia
Abstract
Theoretical background: 
21
st


Purpose of the article:


Pobrane z czasopisma Annales H - Oeconomia http://oeconomia.annales.umcs.pl
Data: 16/10/2019 11:32:43
UMCS
 
Research methods:

Main ndings:

Introduction
-
st








Literature review
 








  

-









Pobrane z czasopisma Annales H - Oeconomia http://oeconomia.annales.umcs.pl
Data: 16/10/2019 11:32:43
UMCS
       9

  
 



 
  
-

Research methodology



-





− 
− 
− -

− 
− 

-





-

Pobrane z czasopisma Annales H - Oeconomia http://oeconomia.annales.umcs.pl
Data: 16/10/2019 11:32:43
UMCS
10  
Table 1. 
Gender
  
no. 111  
%  100

living with
parents living alone living with
a life partner
living with

living with
a sibling 
no.  15 23 70 3 
%  12.9 39.3 1.7 100






  

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



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
















standard deviations for the gender groups were valuated.
Pobrane z czasopisma Annales H - Oeconomia http://oeconomia.annales.umcs.pl
Data: 16/10/2019 11:32:43
UMCS
       11
Results

 



-







Table 2. 

  
answer
no. % no. % no. %
yes 37 33.33 20  57 32.02
no    59.70 101 
 13 11.71   19 
 0 0.00 1  1
 111 100.00  100.00  100.00









  
  
-


-


Pobrane z czasopisma Annales H - Oeconomia http://oeconomia.annales.umcs.pl
Data: 16/10/2019 11:32:43
UMCS
12  




   

  
  


Table 3


  
answers
no. % no. % no. %

 29  12 17.91  23.03


it in future
  35  103 



10 9.01 11  21 
I do not know / I have no opinion  9 13 7.30
 111 100.00  100.00  100.00
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



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

  




-


 
Pobrane z czasopisma Annales H - Oeconomia http://oeconomia.annales.umcs.pl
Data: 16/10/2019 11:32:43
UMCS
        13

-

Table 4


  
no. of
 rank no. of
 rank no. of
 rank

  1 29 2 97 1

 23 13  



27 3  3 3
  2 1 92 2
 20 5 11 5 31 5
others 5 9

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
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









-



  



-

Pobrane z czasopisma Annales H - Oeconomia http://oeconomia.annales.umcs.pl
Data: 16/10/2019 11:32:43
UMCS
  
Table 5.


Gender

no. of answers




-
sity. I only buy



agree

agree

agree nor
disagree

disagree

disagree 
no.   11  5110
% 52.73 10.00   100.00
 10.00 20.91
no. 10 27 12  3
%15.15   21.21  100.00
  
I try to buy good

that will last
longer.
no.  57 22 5 0 110
%  20.00  0.00 100.00
 20.00 
no. 22    0
%33.33    0.00 100.00
  
I buy reusable

no.   20 3 0 110
% 57.27  2.73 0.00 100.00
79.09  2.73
no.  11 3 0 
%12.12    0.00 100.00
  
I pay attention to
what the prod-


those that do not
generate rubbish.
no. 3   39 12 110
%2.73    10.91 100.00
17.27  
no. 3 7 23  17 
%     100.00
15.15  50.00

reusable bag for
shopping.
no. 53 33 9 10 5 110
% 30.00  9.09  100.00
  
no. 25 20 5 12  
% 30.30    100.00
  
I try to repair

of throwing

buying new ones
right away.
no. 32   2110
%29.09     100.00
  7.27
no. 17   7 0 
%  27.27  0.00 100.00
 27.27 


before their

no.   0 0 110
%   0.00 0.00 100.00
  0.00
no.  25 3 0 0 
%   0.00 0.00 100.00
  0.00
Pobrane z czasopisma Annales H - Oeconomia http://oeconomia.annales.umcs.pl
Data: 16/10/2019 11:32:43
UMCS
        15



  









-



Table 6
Subgroup 
respondents
Average of
results SD
  
sensibility
result

 110   11  
    10 27 
    10  

    


  





I waste and
throw away

no. 15  12 31 3 110
%  10.91  2.73 100.00
 10.91 30.91
no. 15  791
%22.73 51.52   1.52 100.00
  15.15

Pobrane z czasopisma Annales H - Oeconomia http://oeconomia.annales.umcs.pl
Data: 16/10/2019 11:32:43
UMCS
  

-



Discussion and conclusions


-



-

 








-









Pobrane z czasopisma Annales H - Oeconomia http://oeconomia.annales.umcs.pl
Data: 16/10/2019 11:32:43
UMCS
        17
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Waste Management33. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.008.

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Sustainable Development Law & Policy11
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.6.3.88.

Journal of Business Ethics140
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2693-2.
Oslo Roundtable on Sustainable Production and
Consumption.
Getting to Zero Waste
  Czym jest zero waste-

Zero Waste – a New Vision for the 21st Century


Journal of Cleaner Production104. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.08.027.

    Journal of
Cleaner ProductionDOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.079.

Environmental Behaviour47
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512453991.
Pobrane z czasopisma Annales H - Oeconomia http://oeconomia.annales.umcs.pl
Data: 16/10/2019 11:32:43
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... They consider environmental friendliness in their purchasing decisions and are more willing to pay a premium for sustainability [90,106,107], e.g., in the areas of food [108,109] or clothing [110][111][112]. They care about minimising waste generation (e.g., through minimal plastic and zero waste) [113][114][115][116], but also responsibly dealing with the waste generated [117][118][119][120]. ...
... Technologies such as Q.R. codes or smart tags enable them to obtain real-time information about each product's environmental impact, thus enabling them to make informed product choices [136]. They also support the development of a circular economy, where the idea to reduce, reuse and recycle materials in production, distribution and consumption processes as much as possible is promoted [116]. They therefore try to minimise the amount of waste produced in the context of, for example, plastic pollution [101,120]. ...
Energy-Efficient City Transportation Solutions in the Context of Energy-Conserving and Mobility Behaviours of Generation Z
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2023
Undertaking various activities aimed at sustainable development, especially energy conservation, is becoming one of the challenges of modern economies, including developing urban areas. One of the most widely promoted activities is designing and implementing energy-conserving solutions for urban mobility. People play a vital role in this regard, especially young people, represented here by Generation Z. Their attitudes and behaviours regarding sustainability can significantly impact the effectiveness of energy-efficient technological solutions. The purpose of this article is to examine the nature of the relationship between the assessment of the importance of energy-efficient transportation solutions available in the city and the attitudes and behaviours of representatives of Generation Z relating to the idea of sustainability, broken down into two categories, i.e., energy-conserving behaviour and mobility. In this study, a diagnostic survey method was used. Based on the literature review, we designed a research tool in the form of a questionnaire. Four hundred and ninety representatives of Generation Z participated in the study. To verify the hypotheses, first, a qualitative analysis was carried out for the three study areas using measures of central tendency; then, a correlation analysis was performed based on Pearson’s chi-square independence test, and to determine the strength of the relationship, the following symmetric measures were used: Cramer’s V and the Contingency Coefficient. The normalisation of the data, giving them a quantitative character, allowed the possibility of examining the correlation using Pearson’s test and the directionality of the analysed relationships based on simple and multiple linear regression results. Ananalys is of the obtained results allows us to conclude that energy-related sustainable behaviours in the acquisition of electrical appliances, their use and disposal, and mobility-related energy-conserving behaviours, resulting from the choice of means of transportation for moving in the city, influence the assessment of the importance of available energy-efficient mobility solutions. City administrations could use the study results as a guideline for the implementation of energy-conserving solutions in urban transportation, as well as the planning and promotion of appropriate activities related to the mobility of Generation Z, that are adequate to the attitudes and behaviours of young people.
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... Unfortunately, it struck us that, even though there is a lot of research indicating the negative influence of overproduction and overconsumption on the environment, the main reason for sharing things according to the respondents, our students, was to save money. Our results corresponded to the observations in the other paper [50] that, although there was a growing awareness of negative side of new clothing purchases among the group of young customers, they are still a very attractive group for fast fashion companies. Even though there is visible pro-ecological movement among Polish generation Z, the economic factor is still much more important for them. ...
... Even though there is visible pro-ecological movement among Polish generation Z, the economic factor is still much more important for them. Moreover, other research about zero-waste conducted among University of Gdańsk students showed that for all respondents the economical factor was more important, while the environmental factor was in second place [50]. This was confirmed in our study. ...
New Trends in Consumption in Poland as Shown by the Example of a Freeshop Concept
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2022
Current socioeconomic and environmental problems require radical solutions, including applying the circular economy and a zero-waste concept to customer behavior. One such solution is the concept of freeshops. A freeshop is a place where one can leave things one does not need and take useful items. The main purpose of this concept is to reuse things and thus prevent overproduction. The article is based on a survey carried out among students of the University of Gdańsk (n = 381). An affinity analysis was used to evaluate the data. The main aim of the paper is to discover a major set of factors that influence consumers choosing freeshops’ offer. In general, there were two groups of factors: economic (i.e., saving money) and connected with environmental protection (e.g., recycling). The primary result is that economic factors are more important for surveyed students than those related to environmental protection.
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... Sedangkan penelitian lain menunjukkan bahwa meskipun karakteristik jenis kelamin berkorelasi positif dengan pengetahuan, namun berkorelasi negatif dengan pengetahuan tentang cara memperbaiki kondisi lingkungan. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa konsep zero waste lebih dikenal luas di kalangan perempuan, yang menunjukkan tingkat kepekaan nol limbah konsumen yang lebih tinggi dari pada laki-laki 9 . ...
Gender dan Tingkat kepedulian Masyarakat terhadap Sampah
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2024
Indonesia is the second largest producer of plastic waste in the world after China, one source of waste is from the tourism sector such as in the Borobudur Temple Area, Central Java. The problem of low awareness and gender norms that are still closely embedded in Indonesian society are inhibiting factors in modern approaches to waste management, thereby impacting the burden on local governments in waste management. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of gender on concern for waste. Methods: Cross-sectional deskriptif survey study in the Borobudur sub-district area of 374 respondents representing the X generation or millennial generation and Z generation. This study shows that the difference in the average value (mean) of the variabels of knowledge, concern, perception, millennial PKK actions, and external faktors regarding institutions is slightly higher in the female group, namely 0.5005, 0.2207, 0.1452, 0 .8338, and 0.1046. But, individual perceptions of concern for community groups are slightly higher in the male group, namely 0.0659. This study shows that concern for waste, the female group's average value of each variable is slightly higher than the male group, and only one variable, namely external factors, individual perceptions of concern for community groups is slightly lower.
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... Since companies deal with the creation of products following the Zero Waste (ZW) concept, the vast majority of ZW research focuses on these organizations (Jestratijevic et al., 2022). However, the role of consumers should not be underestimated either, as they can indicate their need for ZW products to manufacturers through their purchasing decisions (Badowska, 2019). CE is often characterized by reference to hierarchically ranked R-imperatives as an important operationalization principle where the range of R-principles starts from 3Rs and ends at 10Rs (Reike et al., 2018). ...
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS Consumer Perception of the Zero-Waste Concept: a Hungarian Case Study
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2023
Sustainability is a concept that many people are familiar with, but it also seems elusive and difficult to generalize. Part of this concept is the Zero Waste mindset, which exists in equally diverse forms in people's minds. The research uses the 7R approach of the Zero Waste framework, adapted to consumers, to analyze which consumer groups can be distinguished from each other in terms of Zero Waste thinking. The methodology is based on a questionnaire analysis with the use of an HSD test. The results show that rethinking is the most widespread within the 7R concept, as the effects of most moderating variables (generation, gender, information gathering, product purchase, knowledge of the 7R concept, perceived income) can be measured in its case. In addition, 3 groups (Perfectionists, Adopters, and Rejecters) were created based on the consumers' mindset of Zero Waste and named according to the means of the variables associated with the 7Rs. The present research is a Hungarian case study, which illustrates the existence of Zero Waste awareness and activities and should be extended to other nations as well.
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Environmentally Sustainable Apparel Merchandising of Recycled Cotton-Polyester Blended Garments: Analysis of Consumer Preferences and Purchasing Behaviors
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2024
This research work examines how consumer behavior and purchasing pattern are affected by recycled cotton-polyester blended clothing, with a particular emphasis on sustainable apparel merchandising. The use of recycled materials has drawn a lot of attention as environmental sustainability in the fashion business is growing attention. In order to investigate customer behavior, perceptions, preferences and purchasing decisions regarding recycled cotton-polyester blended clothing.This research employed a mixed-methods design that included both qualitative J o u r n a l P r e-p r o o f and quantitative methods. For a deeper understanding of the customer attitudes, opinions and motives towards sustainable fashion recycled materials in particular, this phase qualitatively involves a one-on-one interview and focus group discussions based on age, gender social class as well as the level of education. In addition, the study considers aspects such as longevity in use, wear resistance, quality, ease of use and clothing comfort that influence buying decisions. Using data from the qualitative phase as a foundation, the quantitative phase uses surveys given to a broad consumer sample to measure consumer preferences and purchasing pattern for recycled cotton-polyester clothing. This research aims at identifying the key factors that impact the preference of customers and buying behavior for recycled cotton and polyester blends based apparel. Additionally, it aims to assess how well sustainable clothing merchandising techniques work to promote these goods. This study indicates that individuals aged 25-45 from higher social strata and with higher educational attainment exhibit greater awareness and preference for recycled apparel with more than 60% demonstrating a marked inclination towards these products.
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Attitudes of young consumers at college age towards the purchase of unpackaged goods in the context of the world economy – a case study Czech Republic
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2021
Research background: Today, society faces many challenges such as biodiversity loss, water and soil pollution, deforestation and unsustainable production. Responsible waste production and waste management can be instrumental in improving the overall sustainability of the planet. Thus, unpackaged goods are one of the tools available, especially for the young generation, which can be used. The use of the circular economy will be a necessity to maintain a high standard of living especially for the current college age generation. Purpose of the article: The main purpose of this paper is to find out the attitude and opinion of the college age generation towards unpackaged goods, zero waste and general awareness of waste and environment. Unpackaged food is becoming, more and more a sought after standard and especially for young people. Unfortunately, the current COVID 19 crisis has significantly affected alternative ways of selling, led by the concept of unpackaged food . Methods: The contingency tables and χ2 test was used. Findings & Value added: The results show more than 83% of respondents sort waste, with plastics, paper and glass being the most frequently sorted waste. Awareness of the concept of Zero Waste was declared by 90.7% of college age youth. Females demonstrated higher awareness of this issue than males (93.3% vs. 84.1%). The concept of zero packaging in retail was noted by 85.3% of people. Respondents had encountered some forms of zero packaging sales.
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Polish Consumers’ Response to Social Media Eco-Marketing Techniques
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2020
This study attempts to verify whether green-marketing efforts of companies are recognised by the Polish customer in social media—a vital marketing communication channel. For businesses, this awareness carries important implications for the effectiveness and profitability of the eco-marketing campaigns. This study employed survey methodology, which was coupled with participant observation of online ecology-centred communities. It is shown that the economic aspect of green marketing is valued by customers and they are quite observant with respect to such expressions of eco-marketing as eco-organic product packaging or production in the spirit of zero-waste technology. The results indicate that eco-marketing activities should be predominantly targeted at women because they are more likely to take note of the message. The statistical part of the study utilises the Chi-square (χ2) test (significance level α = 0.05) and the gamma distribution. Eco-marketing activities appear to attract notice in social media, but not yet as much as presumably desired. Gender is shown to correlate with respect to questions regarding the noticeability of zero-waste activities and pro-ecological activities in social media. Women display higher awareness of “zero-waste” and pro-ecological social media campaigns. In the aggregate, those who perceive “zero waste” as a lifestyle include women, who are more observant.
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Does gender make a difference in pro-environmental behavior? The case of the Basque Country University students
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2018
  • J CLEAN PROD
Identifying factors that promote pro-environmental behavior has become a key task in forecasting future environmental needs and trends in society and in designing products, educational programs and policies which meet society's environmental demands. The aim of this study is to contrast how gender affects environmental behavior through its influence on psychological factors that determine pro-environmental behavior and in a cultural context with laws that promote gender equality. A sample of 1089 university students is analyzed to estimate the effect of psychological factors (motivations, attitudes, perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) and environmental knowledge) on behavior towards the environment from a gender perspective. To model such behavior and direct better environmental policies and strategies an ordered logit model is developed for each gender. Significant differences are found, with specific factors affecting each gender's pro-environmental behavior. Elasticity values are generally higher for men, so men are likely to be more sensitive to programs that attempt to change their behavior. This work adds new knowledge to the field of pro-environmental behavior from a gender perspective. It not only identifies how gender influences behavior towards the environment but also determines the different factors that affect the pro-environmental behavior of each gender and the extent of that effect.
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The Circular Economy: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Concept and Application in a Global Context.
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2017
There have long been calls from industry for guidance in implementing strategies for sustainable development. The Circular Economy represents the most recent attempt to conceptualize the integration of economic activity and environmental wellbeing in a sustainable way. This set of ideas has been adopted by China as the basis of their economic development (included in both the 11th and the 12th ‘Five Year Plan’), escalating the concept in minds of western policymakers and NGOs. This paper traces the conceptualisations and origins of the Circular Economy, tracing its meanings, and exploring its antecedents in economics and ecology, and discusses how the Circular Economy has been operationalized in business and policy. The paper finds that while the Circular Economy places emphasis on the redesign of processes and cycling of materials, which may contribute to more sustainable business models, it also encapsulates tensions and limitations. These include an absence of the social dimension inherent in sustainable development that limits its ethical dimensions, and some unintended consequences. This leads us to propose a revised definition of the Circular Economy as “an economic model wherein planning, resourcing, procurement, production and reprocessing are designed and managed, as both process and output, to maximize ecosystem functioning and human well-being”.
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Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2012
Solid waste management is a challenge for the cities' authorities in developing countries mainly due to the increasing generation of waste, the burden posed on the municipal budget as a result of the high costs associated to its management, the lack of understanding over a diversity of factors that affect the different stages of waste management and linkages necessary to enable the entire handling system functioning. An analysis of literature on the work done and reported mainly in publications from 2005 to 2011, related to waste management in developing countries, showed that few articles give quantitative information. The analysis was conducted in two of the major scientific journals, Waste Management Journal and Waste Management and Research. The objective of this research was to determine the stakeholders' action/behavior that have a role in the waste management process and to analyze influential factors on the system, in more than thirty urban areas in 22 developing countries in 4 continents. A combination of methods was used in this study in order to assess the stakeholders and the factors influencing the performance of waste management in the cities. Data was collected from scientific literature, existing data bases, observations made during visits to urban areas, structured interviews with relevant professionals, exercises provided to participants in workshops and a questionnaire applied to stakeholders. Descriptive and inferential statistic methods were used to draw conclusions. The outcomes of the research are a comprehensive list of stakeholders that are relevant in the waste management systems and a set of factors that reveal the most important causes for the systems' failure. The information provided is very useful when planning, changing or implementing waste management systems in cities.
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A Test of the Biographical Availability Argument for Gender Differences in Environmental Behaviors
Article
  • Jan 2014
Compared with men, women often express stronger proenvironmental attitudes and values and more frequently engage in private environmental behaviors (e.g., recycling), but not in public environmental behaviors (e.g., joining a protest about an environmental issue). This study uses the 2010 General Social Survey data to test whether this pattern is driven by the differing biographical availability of men and women. Do women's time constraining commitments, such as having a paid job, living in multi-adult households, or parenting, relate to fewer public environmental behaviors but not fewer private behaviors? Results show that living with other adults while parenting increases the odds that a woman rather than a man performs no public behavior, but having a paid job does not. Living with other adults and not having a paid job also increase women's participation in private behaviors. This study offers partial support for the biographical availability thesis, while also discovering a link between biographical availability and private environmental behaviors.
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Resource Recovery and Materials Flow in the City: Zero Waste and Sustainable Consumption as Paradigms in Urban Development
Article
  • Jul 2011
Beyond energy efficiency, there are now urgent challenges around the supply of resources, materials, food and water. After debating energy-efficiency for the last decade, the focus has shifted to include resource and material-efficiency. In this context, urban farming has emerged as a valid urban design strategy in Europe, where food is produced and consumed locally within city boundaries, turning disused sites into productive urban landscapes and community gardens. Agricultural activities allow for effective composting of organic waste, returning nutrients to the soil and improving biodiversity in the urban environment. Urban farming will help to feed the 9 billion by 2050 (predicted population growth, UN-Habitat forecast 2009). This paper reports on best practice of urban design principles in regard to materials flow, material recovery, adaptive re-use of building elements and components (‘design for disassembly’; prefabrication of modular building components), and other relevant strategies to implement zero waste by avoiding waste creation, reducing harmful consumption and changing behaviour. The paper touches on two important issues in regard to the rapid depletion of the world's natural resources: the construction sector and the education of architects and designers. The construction sector: Prefabricated multi-story timber buildings for inner-city living can set new benchmarks for minimizing construction wastage and for sustainable on-site assembly. Today, the construction and demolition (C&D) sector is one of the main producers of waste; it does not engage enough with waste minimization, waste avoidance and recycling. Education and research: It's still unclear how best to introduce a holistic understanding of these challenges and to better teach practical and affordable solutions to architects, urban designers, industrial designers, and so on. One of the findings of this paper is that embedding ‘zero-waste’ requires strong industry leadership, new policies and effective education curricula, as well as raising awareness (education) and refocusing research agendas to bring about attitudinal change and the reduction of wasteful consumption.
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Czym jest zero waste?
  • Jan 2018
  • Polskie Stowarzyszenie Zero Waste
Polskie Stowarzyszenie Zero Waste (PSZW) (2018). Czym jest zero waste? Retrieved from: http://zero-waste.pl/czym-jest-zero-waste/ [access: 1.08.2018].
Zero Waste -a New Vision for the 21 st Century
  • Jan 2000
  • B Sheehan
Sheehan, B. (2000). Zero Waste -a New Vision for the 21 st Century. Retrieved from: http://archive.grrn. org/zerowaste/articles/21st_cent_vision_zw.html [access: 25.05.2018].