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Murunde et al. (2018) / J. Mole. Stud. Medici. Res. 04(01): 169-176 https://doi.org/10.18801/jmsmr.040119.19
169
Published with open access at journalbinet.com
EISSN: 2414-5009, © 2019 The Authors, Research Paper
Combining foliar and soil-active predatory mites (Amblyseius
montdorensis and Hypoaspis sclerotarsa) to improve thrips
control
Ruth Murunde¹*, Henry Wainwright² and Losenge Turoop¹
¹Dept. of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.
²Real IPM Company Ltd. Madaraka, Thika, Kenya.
✉ Corresponding author*: ruthmurunde@realipm.com
Article Received: 05.01.19; Revised: 24.03.19; First published online: 25 April 2019.
ABSTRACT
In three separate greenhouse experiments we evaluated the effect of different densities of the mites
Amblyseius montdorensis (foliar predator; AM at 0, 5, 10 or 15 per pot), different densities of
Hypoaspis sclerotarsa (ground predator; HS at 0. 50, 100 or 150 per pot) or a combination of the two
(0AM, 0HS; 15AM, 50HS; 15AM, 100HS; 15AM, 150HS) on emergence of western flower thrips (WFT),
Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from soil; initial start populations of
WFT were either small (10) or large (20). A completely randomized design was used and for each
experiment there were three replicates per treatment and the experiment was repeated on two
occasions. Single applications of A. montdorensis, H. sclerotarsa or a combination of both all had an
impact on the number of WFT emerging compared with the control. There was a significant effect of
A. montdorensis density on the number of WFT emerging from the soil (F=0.31, P= 0.420 df =1). There
was no significant difference in the population densities of WFT emerging from soil in the control
and following release of H. sclerotarsa when initial release densities of WFT at the two initial prey
densities of 10 and 20. Combined use of A. montdorensis and H. sclerotarsa at a density of 150 with
15 A. montdorensis reduced adult WFT emergence at density of 20 WFT. These findings highlight the
potential for a combined use of A. montdorensis with H. sclerotarsa for the control of soil-dwelling
stages of thrips.
Key Words: Hypoaspis sclerotarsa, Pupae, Biocontrol, Frankliniella occidentalis and Amblyseius
montdorensis
I. Introduction
Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), are pests
of economics importance on a wide range of crops throughout the world (Kirk & Terry, 2003). WFT are
generally difficult to control because of their cryptic mode of life (Lewis, 1997; Michelakis and Amri,
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Cite Article: Murunde, R., Wainwright, H. and Turoop, L. (2019). Combining foliar and soil-active predatory
mites (Amblyseius montdorensis and Hypoaspis sclerotarsa) to improve thrips control. Journal of Molecular
Studies and Medicine Research, 04(01), 169-176. Crossref: https://doi.org/10.18801/jmsmr.040119.19
This article is distributed under terms of a Creative Common Attribution 4.0 International License.
Thrips control improvement by foliar and soil-active predatory mites
170
1997), the development of insecticide resistance (van Lenteren and Loomans, 1998) and because
pupation occurs in the soil and not on the crop (Lewis, 1997; Berndt et al. 2004). A wide range of soil-
dwelling predatory mites have potential to prey on the pupae of WFT in the soil (Karg 1993). However,
Amblyseius species (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) and Orius species (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) of predatory
mites and bugs are most commonly used for biological control of WFT; both these groups of predators
prey on the foliar-feeding life stages of WFT, i.e., the 1st (L1) and early 2nd (L2) larval instars and the
adults, but not late L2 larvae that leave the canopy to pupate in the soil, or the prepupae and pupae
which form in the soil (Ramakers 1995; Riudavets 1995; Sabelis and van Rijn, 1997). To date,
augmentative releases of foliar-active predatory mites and bugs have had variable success and not
always provided sufficient control of WFT, particularly on crops with low economic damage thresholds,
such as ornamentals (Gillespie and Ramey, 1988; Frescata and Mexia, 1996). Thus, additional biological
control agents are urgently needed for reliable management of WFT, particularly agents that target the
predominantly soil-dwelling life stages.
While the majority of late L2 WFT leave the canopy to pupate in the soil (Varatharajan and Daniel, 1984;
Tommasini and Maini, 1995), the actual proportion of thrips successfully pupating in the soil is
influenced by host plant species. In general, thrips spend about one-third of their life cycle (mainly as
prepupae and pupae) in the soil (Loomans and van Lenteren, 1995). One option for WFT control is the
use of soil-inhabiting oligophagous predatory mites of the genus Hypoaspis (Acarina: Laelapidae).
Recent studies have shown that Hypoaspis aculeifer Canestrini and Hypoaspis miles (Berlese) are
promising predators against soil-dwelling stages of WFT (Gillespie and Quiring, 1990). At present, these
two Hypoaspis species are commercially available for control of mushroom flies (Diptera: Sciaridae)
(Wright and Chambers, 1994). The objective of the current study was to assess the effect of single
applications of either the soil-active predatory mite, Hypoaspis sclerotarsa (Costa), the plant-active
predatory mite, Amblyseius montdorensis (Schicha) or a combination of the two species together on WFT
population development in the soil.
II. Materials and Methods
Rearing of WFT, Hypoaspis sclerotarsa and Amblyseius montdorensis
WFT colonies were originally sourced from the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology
(icipe) and reared in ventilated plastic containers (20cm high and with a diameter of 5 cm) at 24±3℃,
50-60% relative humidity and a L16:D8 photoperiod. For ventilation, a small hole (3cm in diameter)
was cut in the lid of each container and covered with thrips-proof gauze with a mesh size of 215 μm.
One hundred adult female and male WFT were introduced to each container and allowed to oviposit for
48 hours on ten fresh French bean pods (7-10cm long). To encourage oviposition the French beans pods
were smeared with honey which provided a supplementary energy source. WFT development on the
beans was monitored and, once the 2nd instar larvae had developed, they were carefully brushed off the
beans, using a camel hair brush, into a new container with fresh beans and tissue paper at the base for
pupation. Pupae obtained were collected and used in the experiment.
Hypoaspis sclerotarsa were collected from a rice-processing factory in the Thika region of Central Kenya
(altitude 1,500m) in April and May 2014. The species was identified morphologically by Farid Faraji,
Mitox Consultants/Eurofins, Amsterdam, based on mounted specimens (eight females and five males).
Colonies of H. sclerotarsa were reared on the prey mite Thyreophagus entomophagus, at 20±1℃ and
>70% RH in small vials (7cm diameter, 7cm high). To achieve a sufficiently high humidity but avoid
condensation, a layer of moistened plaster was placed in the base of the vial, and the lid was pierced
with pinholes. A cover of mite-proof gauze beneath the lid prevented escape. Adults of H. sclerotarsa
were collected and counted under a binocular microscope to ensure they were at the correct stage of
development prior to use in experiments.
Amblyseius montdorensis were obtained from Real IPM, a commercial supplier of natural enemies. Adults
of the same age were separated from substrate by sucking them into Pasteur pipettes where they were
held briefly prior to release in defined numbers to meet the different treatment requirements. To
prevent individuals from escaping one end of the pipette was covered with mite-proof gauze and the
other sealed with plasticine.
Murunde et al. (2018) / J. Mole. Stud. Medici. Res. 04(01): 169-176 https://doi.org/10.18801/jmsmr.040119.19
171
Published with open access at journalbinet.com
EISSN: 2414-5009, © 2019 The Authors, Research Paper
Experimental set-up: In these separate experiments we investigated the effect on caged WFT
populations of Exp. 1 release of A. montdorensis (foliar-active) alone at four densities: 0 (control), 5, 10,
15; Expt. 2) release of H. sclerotarsa (soil-active) alone at four densities: 0 (control), 50, 100, 150; or Expt. 3)
release of a combination of both A. montdorensis (AM) and H. sclerotarsa (HS) at four densities: 0 AM and 0
HS (control); 15 AM and 50 HS; 15 AM and 100 HS; 15 AM and 150 HS). In each experiment, there were
two initial start densities of WFT (10 or 20) and three replicate cages for each treatment combination and
control in each experiment and each experiment was repeated on two occasions.
The cages had a transparent frame with fine insect gauze (diameter 30 cm, height 40 cm). Cages were
placed in a greenhouse in a 12L: 12D light regime at a mean temperature of 21℃. Plastic planting pots
(measuring 23cm in diameter, height 20cm) were each filled with sterilized soil into which French beans
seeds var. Samantha (obtained from Amiran Kenya) were planted. Two seeds were sown in each
replicate pot at a depth of 5cm and each pot was then placed into a cage and left to grow in the
greenhouse. Thinning was done 1week after germination was apparent, leaving one plant per pot. The
plants were left to grow to the 2-3 leaf stage.
In each experiment, F. occidentalis adults were collected from the laboratory culture, introduced
individually onto the bean plant in each cage at start densities of either 10 or 20, and maintained in the
greenhouse in a 12L: 12D light regime at a mean temperature of 21℃. A completely random design was
used to position cages for each experiment. In Expt. 1, each density of A. montdorensis adults were
introduced to replicate cages on day 6 after the WFT had been introduced. In Expt. 2 each density of H.
sclerotarsa adults were introduced to replicate cages on day 9 after the WFT had been introduced. In
Expt. 3, the A. montdorensis (at a constant density of 15) were introduced on day 6 and the different
densities of H. sclerotarsa were introduced on day 9. At day 15, in all three experiments, all the bean
foliage was removed and blue sticky traps placed in each cage for 7 days to capture and enumerate the
WFT adults emerging from the soil.
Statistical Analysis: Data from each experiment were analyzed separately. Raw data on the number of
WFT adults emerging from the soil in each cage were square root transformed to meet the assumption
of normality and homogeneity of variance. In all experiments a repeated measures analysis of variance
(PROC MIXED SAS institute 1999) using maximum likelihood estimation was done to test for differences
amongst treatments on each sampling day. For pair-wise comparisons between treatments and to test
the effects caused by the combined use of A. montdorensis and H. sclerotarsa a Tukey T-test was used.
Significant differences between thrips population densities in the combined A. montdorensis and H.
sclerotarsa treatment (Expt 3) compared with the sum of the mean thrips population densities when H.
sclerotarsa and A. montdorensis were introduced separately (Expt 1 and 2) indicated whether there was
an effect. Differences amongst treatment means were compared using Tukey’s mean separation test,
using p<0.05.
III. Results
Experiment 1. Effect of release of different densities of A. montdorensis on large and small populations
of WFT.
There was a significant effect of A. montdorensis density on the number of WFT emerging from the soil
(F=0.31, P= 0.420 df =1). In small WFT populations, significantly fewer WFT adults emerged following
release of 15 A. montdorensis than in the control (F = 0.42, P= 0.52 df =1). There was no significant
difference in the number of WFT emerging following release of either ten or 15 A. montdorensis (P<0.05)
with mean values of 3.6 and 1.1 respectively (Figure 01A). In large WFT populations, significantly fewer
WFT emerged following release of 15 A. montdorensis (3.5) compared with the control (13.1) (P<0.05).
Also, significantly more WFT emerged following release of five or ten A. montdorensis than following
release of 15 A. montdorensis (P<0.05) (Figure 01B).
Experiment 2. Effect of release of different densities of H. sclerotarsa on large and small populations of
WFT
Thrips control improvement by foliar and soil-active predatory mites
172
In small WFT populations, there was no significant difference in the number of thrips emerging from
soil in the control and following release of any density of the H. sclerotarsa (Figure 02A, 02B). In contrast,
in large WFT populations the numbers emerging were significantly reduced in the treatment with 150
H. sclerotarsa (1.37 emerging).
Experiment 3. Effect of release of A. montdorensis (one density: 15) in combination with different
densities of H. sclerotarsa on small and large populations of WFT
In small WFT populations there was no significant difference in the number of WFT emerging from the
soil following release of a combination of A. montdorensis and either 50 or 100 H. sclerotarsa at P<0.001
(Figure 03A). However, when the release density of H. sclerotarsa was 150 the fewest WFT emerged (F=
123, P= 0.01, df= 2); significantly more WFT emerged from the control than either 50 or 150 H.
Sclerotarsa P<0.01) (Figure 03A). In the large WFT populations, there was a significant difference
amongst the treatments at P<0.05. When the treatments were compared to the control, release of A.
montdorensis and H. sclerotarsa at a density of 150 achieved the greatest suppression of WFT adult
emergence (P<0.01) (Figure 03B).
A
a
b
b
c
B
a
b b
c
0 5 10
15
Density of Amblyseius montdorensis
20
20
18
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
0
5
10
15
Density of Amblyseius montdorensis
Figure 01. Mean (±SE) number of emerging, adult F. occidentalis (WFT) captured in blue sticky
traps placed above bean plants between the 15th and 22nd sampling day after release of the
foliar-active predator, Amblyseius montdorensis. Release densities of A. montdorensis were 0
(control), 5, 10 or 15. A: Initial starting density of WFT before release of predators = 10; B: Initial
starting density of WFT before release of predators = 20. Vertical bars followed by the same
letter are not significantly different from each other (P ˂0.05).
Murunde et al. (2018) / J. Mole. Stud. Medici. Res. 04(01): 169-176 https://doi.org/10.18801/jmsmr.040119.19
173
Published with open access at journalbinet.com
EISSN: 2414-5009, © 2019 The Authors, Research Paper
Figure 02. Mean (±SE) number of emerging, adult F. occidentalis (WFT) captured in blue sticky traps placed above bean plants
between the 15th and 22nd sampling day after release of the soil-active predator, Hypoaspis sclerotarsa. Release densities of H.
sclerotarsa were 0 (control), 50, 100 or 150. A: Initial starting density of WFT before release of predators = 10; B: Initial starting
density of WFT before release of predators = 20. Vertical bars followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P ˂0.05).
Figure 03. Mean (±SE) number of emerging, adult F. occidentalis (WFT) captured in blue sticky traps placed above bean plants
between the 15th and 22nd sampling day after release of combinations of the foliar-active predator, Amblyseius montdorensis (AM)
and the soil-active predator, Hypoaspis sclerotarsa (HS). Release densities of A. montdorensis were 0 (control),15 while release
densities of H . sclerotarsa were 0 (control), 50, 100 or 150. A: Initial starting density of W FT b efore release of predators = 10; B:
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
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0
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
Density of H. sclerotarsa
Density of H. sclerotarsa
Number of adults WFT per trap
Number of adults WFT per trap
Density of H. sclerotarsa (HM) and
Amblyseius montdorensis (AM)
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Density of H. sclerotarsa (HM) and
Amblyseius montdorensis( (AM ) released
Thrips control improvement by foliar and soil-active predatory mites
174
Initial starting density of WFT before release of predators = 20. Vertical bars followed by the same letter are not significantly different
(P ˂0.05).
IV. Discussion
Our results show that, in general, release of predatory mites (either A. montdorensis or H. sclerotarsa)
has potential as a biological control strategy for WFT on French beans. From the first experiment a single
application of A. montdorensis (at different densities) resulted in a reliable reduction in both small
(initial release rate of 10) and large (initial release rate of 20) WFT populations (Figure 01A, 01B). This
is likely to be because A. montdorensis reduced the number of WFT larvae on foliage and thus the number
entering the soil to pupate and ultimately the number emerging as adults. A. montdorensis (and A.
limonicus) had potential for biological control of thrips in some vegetable and ornamental crops. From
the second experiment a single release of H. sclerotarsa (at different densities) also reduced both small
and large WFT populations (Figure 02A, 02B). This is likely to be because H. sclerotarsa consumed WFT
pupae in the soil, thereby reducing the number emerging as adults. In the third experiment, using a
combination of H. sclerotarsa and A. montdorensis resulted in even more effective control of WFT. We
hypothesize that this was because, when applied together, 1st instar WFT were consumed by A.
montdorensis on the foliage stage and pupal stages of WFT were consumed by H. sclerotarsa in the soil;
there was no competition between the two predators because they were spatially separated. Overall,
our results indicate that while single applications of the foliar-active predatory mite A. montdorensis can
deliver adequate control of WFT on bean, if it is combined with H. sclerotarsa it would have a greater
impact on WFT populations. Other studies of the soil-dwelling predatory mite H. aculeifer showed that
it was neither additive nor synergistic in suppressing soil-inhabiting thrips developmental stages when
applied in combination with Amblyseius cucumeris (Berndt et al. 2004).
Additive/synergistic effects have been seen in other systems when foliar-active and ground-active
predators are used together. For example, pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) preyed on by foliar-
active predators release alarm pheromones that make surrounding aphids attempt to escape by
dropping off the plants and on to the ground where they become susceptible to ground-active carabid
beetles (Losey and Denno 1998a; Losey and Denno 1998b). Although alarm pheromones have been
identified for WFT, compared with aphid alarm pheromones, they only illicit weak behavioural
responses in other WFT (Teerling et al. 1993; Teerling, 1995). Only a small percentage of L2 WFT drop
off the plants in response to alarm pheromones. Nevertheless, a large proportion of L2 WFT naturally
move to the soil for pupation (Bennison et al. 2002; Berndt et al. 2004).
Combination of predators that, together, are active in all the habitats that different life stages of the
target prey occupy could be an ideal biological control strategy because there is potential for synergy to
be achieved. However, host plant canopy density can influence the dropping rate of mites. Also, in some
cases additive or synergistic effects have not been achieved. For example, when the two predators Orius
insidiosus Say and Amblyseius degenerans (Berlese) were released together against WFT on cut roses,
control levels were similar to those achieved using O. insidiosus alone.
IV. Conclusion
We found that the soil-active predatory mite H. sclerotarsa had a significant impact on WFT populations
when released at a high density (150 H. sclerotarsa). At a lower density (50 H. sclerotarsa) it did still
reduce the number of WFT emerging from the soil. According to our study, control of WFT may be
enhanced by using a combination of H. sclerotarsa and A. montdorensis, although the outcomes in our
study showed similar levels of control as that achieved when A. montdorensis was released alone. i.e
there may have been a slightly greater reduction in WFT emerging but not a large difference hence the
effect was more substantial hence more potential synergy due to spatial separation of the predators and
them targeting a different life stage leading to avoidance of competition.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by RealIPM. We thank Farid Faraji for confirming the identification of H.
sclerotarsa in Kenya. We also thank ICIPE for supplying us with F. occidentalis to establish our culture.
Murunde et al. (2018) / J. Mole. Stud. Medici. Res. 04(01): 169-176 https://doi.org/10.18801/jmsmr.040119.19
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Thrips control improvement by foliar and soil-active predatory mites
176
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE?
Crossref: https://doi.org/10.18801/jmsmr.040119.19
MLA
Murunde et al. “Combining foliar and soil-active predatory mites (Amblyseius montdorensis and
Hypoaspis sclerotarsa) to improve thrips control.” Journal of Molecular Studies and Medicine Research
04(01) (2019): 169-176.
APA
Murunde, R. Wainwright, H. and Turoop, L. (2019). Combining foliar and soil-active predatory mites
(Amblyseius montdorensis and Hypoaspis sclerotarsa) to improve thrips control. Journal of Molecular
Studies and Medicine Research, 04(01), 169-176.
Chicago
Murunde, R. Wainwright, H. and Turoop, L. “Combining foliar and soil-active predatory mites
(Amblyseius montdorensis and Hypoaspis sclerotarsa) to improve thrips control.” Journal of Molecular
Studies and Medicine Research 04(01) (2019): 169-176.
Harvard
Murunde, R. Wainwright, H. and Turoop, L. 2019. Combining foliar and soil-active predatory mites
(Amblyseius montdorensis and Hypoaspis sclerotarsa) to improve thrips control. Journal of Molecular
Studies and Medicine Research, 04(01), pp. 169-176.
Vancouver
Murunde, R, Wainwright, H and Turoop, L. Combining foliar and soil-active predatory mites (Amblyseius
montdorensis and Hypoaspis sclerotarsa) to improve thrips control. Journal of Molecular Studies and
Medicine Research. 2019 April 04(01):169-176.
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