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“The urban revolution”
... Research on housing prices based on the hedonic model has widely clarified that the properties of houses (square footage, number of bedrooms, house orientation, building age, and so on), the location, and the neighborhood characteristics undoubtedly affect the prices (Goodman, 1978;Rosen, 1974). Typically, these empirical studies state themselves as unique to the experience of a given city and attribute the uniqueness to the distinctive urban spatial structure formed by the interaction between the city's physical characteristics and the inhabitants' social needs (Lefebvre, 2003;Lefebvre & Nicholson-Smith, 1991;Lefebvre et al., 1996). However, different case studies in different cities can lead to differences in empirical conclusions. ...
... With the rapid urbanization and increased human activities and their interaction, different urban land parcels have gradually formed diverse divisions of urban functional zones (Lefebvre, 2003). As a proxy, urban functional zones represent a rich mixture of places to accommodate human activities, such as living, working, shopping, dining, and recreations, which are vital for sensing the daily living of citizens and capturing the evolving nature of urban functions (Crooks et al., 2015). ...
... The traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) hedonic model has been criticized for ignoring the existence of housing market segmentation (Goodman & Thibodeau, 1998, 2003. In short, a house occupies a unique location in space, and the geographic attributes tied to its location cannot be replicated. ...
While the relationship between local housing prices and the urban form and distribution of urban functional zones in a single city is well-discussed, the conclusion is usually sensitive to a particular city context, and cross-city comparative study is limited. This study attempts to examine the influences of urban form and urban functional zone distribution on housing prices within and between cities after controlling the city-wide socio-economic and demographic differences. Based on multiple open-source big data, such as points-of-interest (POI) and historical housing transaction data, the hierarchical linear model is utilized to compare the housing market of 10 extra-large cities in China. Results indicate that the urban form and the urban functional zone distribution significantly influence housing prices after the socio-economic and demographic differences are controlled. For inter-city comparison, an urban form with high compactness, low centrality, low polycentricity, high density, and low dissimilarity in housing development is related to lower city-level housing prices. For intra-city, proximity to work centers, high-quality hospitals, and schools shows positive associations to housing prices.
... ix-xviii;King, 2018, pp. 76-85;Lefebvre, 1996Lefebvre, , 2003 Diverse participation, especially from marginalized groups and those affected by urban changes, addresses social disparities and power imbalances in capitalist urbanization. It fosters ownership, empowerment, and dialogue among residents, allowing them to shape their environment. ...
... 5-6, 70-72;Harvey, 2013, pp. ix-xviii, 3-19;Lefebvre, 2003) The role of the government Lefebvre emphasizes the pivotal role of the state, representing capitalist interests, in shaping urban spaces and enforcing capitalist relations. The government mediates and maintains social control, implementing policies and strategies that often prioritize capital over people's needs. ...
This thesis analyzes the Grätzloasen project in Vienna, employing Henri Lefebvre's spatial triad as a framework. The project, which transforms parking spaces into publicly accessible patios, is examined through the dimensions of perceived space, conceived space, and lived space. The qualitative empirical method was based on interviews with organizational members as well as Grätzloasen operators, observations, and policy frameworks using thematic analysis and Lefebvre's theoretical framework. The results show the usefulness of the triad in analyzing the Grätzloasen as it functions as a lens in uncovering the intricacies of physical space and the practices within it, the tension between revolutionary ideas and bureaucratic constraints, and the pride and connectedness people feel. The analysis also uncovered the theme of double-appropriation of the Grätzloasen space and the conflicts arising from the "misuse" of the oases. To increase the well-being of operators and users of Grätzloasen and address challenges, providing a comprehensive handbook and establishing a support group for inter-Grätzloasen connections could significantly improve their experiences. Further research should focus on longitudinal studies and an experimental approach to focus on the long-term impacts and perceptions of this participatory urban design concept.
... As the BRI goes into its second decade, we suggest that BRI's infrastructural spaces can be seen as new landscapes where novel kinds of urbanization are emerging, demanding new narratives of urban and social change to make sense of twenty-first century cityscapes and the urban experience more broadly. Lefebvre (1970Lefebvre ( [2003) argued that urbanization is a historical process of changing social relations -as those historical conditions are changing, different spatial outcomes beyond the classical city might result. The unique characteristics of Silk Road urbanization and especially the emergence of a new form of urban space that is using infrastructure as a medium to create the city itself, highlight the need for future geographical research that goes beyond Western notions of urbanization (Apostolopoulou, 2021a). ...
... As the BRI goes into its second decade, we suggest that BRI's infrastructural spaces can be seen as new landscapes where novel kinds of urbanization are emerging, demanding new narratives of urban and social change to make sense of twenty-first century cityscapes and the urban experience more broadly. Lefebvre (1970Lefebvre ( [2003) argued that urbanization is a historical process of changing social relations -as those historical conditions are changing, different spatial outcomes beyond the classical city might result. The unique characteristics of Silk Road urbanization and especially the emergence of a new form of urban space that is using infrastructure as a medium to create the city itself, highlight the need for future geographical research that goes beyond Western notions of urbanization (Apostolopoulou, 2021a). ...
Over the last decade, scholarship on China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), also called the New Silk Road, has burgeoned. However, it is only recently that analysis has interrogated the BRI as a driver of global urban transformation. In this paper, we advance an in-depth review of literature generated since 2013 that has critically examined relations between the BRI and urban-scale processes. Based on a categorization of studies into three areas, staging of the urban BRI, the building of BRI cities and living in BRI cities, we suggest that the urban is integral to the scope and impacts of the initiative. As the BRI goes into its second decade, we argue that BRI's infrastructural spaces can be seen as new landscapes where novel kinds of urbanization are emerging, influencing patterns of socio-spatial contestation, and demanding new narratives of social change to make sense of cityscapes and urban futures worldwide. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Over fifty years ago, linking the booming urban and the degrading rural, Guy Debord (2021Debord ( [1967, 93), remarked in The Society of the Spectacle that urbanization 'is capitalism's method for taking over the natural and human environment'. Three years later, Henri Lefebvre (2003Lefebvre ( [1970) famously rearticulated many aspects of urban studies. For him, population growth and people's concentration in cities, facilitated by capital accumulation, economic growth, and industrialization, blurred the boundaries and borders of the urban, and thus had made the urban a 'boundless' phenomenon (see also Arboleda, 2015;Ghosh and Meer, 2021). ...
... Over fifty years ago, linking the booming urban and the degrading rural, Guy Debord (2021Debord ( [1967, 93), remarked in The Society of the Spectacle that urbanization 'is capitalism's method for taking over the natural and human environment'. Three years later, Henri Lefebvre (2003Lefebvre ( [1970) famously rearticulated many aspects of urban studies. For him, population growth and people's concentration in cities, facilitated by capital accumulation, economic growth, and industrialization, blurred the boundaries and borders of the urban, and thus had made the urban a 'boundless' phenomenon (see also Arboleda, 2015;Ghosh and Meer, 2021). ...
... More significantly, the urban produces technological innovations, recalibrated operations of labouring and remade public spheres that constantly take the urban beyond itself to capitalize on the intersections among different forms of value creationthe disposition of land, the agglomeration of economic activity, the marketization of sociality and the organization of financial matters (Merrifield, 2013;Moreno, 2014;Schmid et al., 2018). It also extends itself through a multiplicity of engagements, built environments, settlement practices, temporalities of investment and ways of using materials that do not necessarily follow the logic of the city (Keil, 2018;Lefebvre, 2003;Monte-Mor, 2014). ...
... Un/settling also becomes a vehicle to look at everyday practices seemingly off the radar, as extensions sometimes trail off and assume provisional forms in the most unanticipated or marginal spaces. Earlier formulations of urban extensiveness drew attention to the ways in which the urban-industrial nexus corroded and then equipped the many elsewheres beyond city space (Lefebvre, 2003). In the Brazilian Amazon, those processes were read more closely in the 1980s, in terms of their contradictions and ambiguities, as chainsaws, bulldozers and explosives paved the way for roads, railroads, company towns and extractive developments throughout the forest. ...
Across the different vernaculars of the world's urban majorities, there is renewed bewilderment as to what is going on in the cities in which they reside and frequently self-build. Prices are unaffordable and they are either pushed out or strongly lured away from central locations. Work is increasingly temporary, if available at all, and there is often just too much labour involved to keep lives viably in place. Not only do they look for affordability and new opportunities at increasingly distant suburbs and hinterlands, but for orientations, for ways of reading where things are heading, increasingly hedging their bets across multiple locations and affiliations. Coming together to write this piece from our own multiple orientations, we are eight researchers who, over the past year, joined to consider how variegated trajectories of expansion unsettle the current logics of city-making. We have used the notion of extensions as a way of thinking
... The production of social space also cannot be separated from the influence of neo-capitalism when space is traded massively, and social space is then produced to buy and sell. Space also becomes a place for creating, realizing, and distributing surplus value, which ultimately results in space becoming a consumed commodity (Lefebvre, 2003). ...
... Thus, the right to the city means the participation of local communities in the development of their cities. The right to the city is also an effort to take back the city that allows equality, such as the revitalization of public space, participation, and empowerment of its people, and identified as an urban revolution (Lefebvre, 2003). ...
This article discusses the transformation of Canggu Village from a fishing and farmer village into an urban-characterized area with main economic activities based on tourism. The entry of capitalist investors and the government's designation of a tourism area provide more significant opportunities for this change. This study looks at how the transformation of space for the benefit of tourism causes changes in social conditions in public spaces in Canggu Village. This study used a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews with several informants, such as the head of the Canggu Village, the owner of tourism accommodations, and the Canggu farmers. This study indicates that the village of Canggu has experienced touristification marked by the establishment of accommodations built by investors supported by the local government by establishing this village as a tourism area to increase local revenue. The spaces that have changed by supporting tourism activities have ultimately changed the socio-economic order of the community from non-industrial activities to tourism-based economic activities. The new tourism climate in Canggu Village then co-opted the local community, marked by the emergence of accommodation built by the local community, such as villas, homestays, and guesthouses, as part of the changing perspective of the local community towards economic changes in Canggu Village.
... These two metabolic aspects of urbanization constitute a complex unity whose roles are difficult to distinguish in practice, because every metabolic rift possesses a geographical dimension or geographic rift, while every geographic rift reflects the spatial disjunctures in value (exchange-value) and material (use-value) processes, and therefore is an element in engendering further metabolic rifts. Many of the socioecological problems associated with urbanization, from urban sprawl to environmental contamination, are directly implicated in the increasing spatial scale of the division between spaces of production and social reproduction and the metabolic rifts (e.g., automobility [Baran & Sweezy, 1966] and land speculation [Baxter, 2014]) associated with the integration of the built environment into accumulation circuits as expressions of the town-country antagonism (Harvey, 1985;Burkett, 1999;Lefebvre, 2003). ...
... Thus, the diverse array of human use-values are reduced to the one-dimensional standard of money channeled through the property market (D' Arcy & Keogh, 1997), resulting in landscape configurations built around capital circulation whose relationship to human needs is secondary, and largely only of concern inasmuch as a city too hostile to human needs would soon be abandoned by its inhabitants and therefore useless to capital (Burkett, 1999). Residents can and frequently do challenge capital's totalizing logic that seeks to subjugate all aspects of reality to the endless accumulation of value, even within the confines of the capital system, so that urbanization cannot simply be reduced to the accumulation process; although neither can urbanization be explained without acknowledging the determinant role of accumulation and its implications (Harvey, 1985;Lefebvre, 2003;Logan & Molotch, 2007). ...
... On the other hand, co-production is conceived as a right to the production of space. Here, the spatial resource is central and refers to the "right to the city" concept which, according to Lefebvre (2003), is based on social interactions in the production of space. Hence, co-production frameworks are processes that bring together different actors and rationalities, create socio-political awareness, and thus strengthen the capacity of communities to act. ...
In different policy agendas, such as the New Urban Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals, co-production is introduced as a desirable urban planning practice to validate the engagement and inclusion of diverse actors/networks. Nevertheless, some scholars argue (e.g., Watson, Robinson) that the Western planning approach faces difficulties incorporating rationalities beyond the Global North–South division. In this context based on the research project DFG-KOPRO Int for the German Research Foundation on Chilean and German cases and the local context, this article seeks to explore how local groups are undertaking co-production, which means of legitimacy are used, and which socio-spatial results develop. In doing so, the research focuses firstly on the negotiation processes (governance) between stakeholders by undertaking network analysis and, secondly, on understanding the impulse for urban development by analysing the project’s socio-spatial material patterns. Chile’s neoliberal context and the case studies showcase diverse cooperative forms that try to close governance gaps within strong political struggles. In the German context, actors from different areas, such as cultural institutions, universities, and private actors undertake diverse mandates for testing regulatory, persuasive, or financial instruments. As different as local realities are, the overall results show that co-production occurs mostly in highly contested fields such as housing projects and highlights a three-part constellation of actors—state, private, and civil society—in urban development. However, negotiation processes take place, ranging from conflictive to cooperative. Hence, co-production challenges prevailing social and political structures by providing an arena for new forms of collective and pluralistic governance.
... A dinâmica de urbanização extensiva provoca a ruptura da cidade em duas partes que se relacionam: o centro/núcleo urbano e o tecido urbano, o qual se estende à região resultante da explosão da cidade preexistente (MONTE-MÓR, 1994) ou que se limita "à natureza" ou ao campo (LEFEBVRE, 1968), um fenômeno refletido pela concentração demográfica nas cidades e na disseminação socioespacial da "sociedade urbana" para além dos limites politicamente determinados das cidades construídas (LEFEBVRE, 2003). Costa (2006) aponta para a tendência, cada vez mais frequente, de expansão fragmentada do tecido urbano e para a demarcação de espaços excludentes e homogeneizados, tanto por características socioeconômicas e ocupacionais da população, como da paisagem urbanística. ...
A perda de vegetação natural está entre uma das principais consequências do crescimento do tecido urbano e do processo de metropolização de Belo Horizonte. Neste contexto, o presente artigo tem como objetivo estimar, a partir do índice NDVI (Índice de Vegetação com Diferença Normalizada) a densidade da cobertura vegetal do município de Belo Horizonte, entre os anos de 1984 e 2021, a fim de avaliar a dinâmica da cobertura vegetal no processo de urbanização da cidade. Os resultados demonstram que houve significativa perda da cobertura vegetal em todo o município, com forte correlação negativa e as áreas verdes protegidas exercem papel fundamental na manutenção da vegetação ao longo do período analisado, pois concentram a maior parte da cobertura vegetal remanescente. A densidade da vegetação nas áreas protegidas aumentou ao longo do período analisado, indicando um possível processo de regeneração dos fragmentos de vegetação inseridos nesses espaços.
... The argument is that public cultural buildings can be an essential mechanism to institute an urban imaginary and help shape collective urban identity. This is then where the term 'iconic' is relevant; here understood as an opportunity for public architecture to create a distinct and recognisable place or 'the only conceivable or imaginable site of collective (social) life' (Lefebvre, 2003). As can be seen in the older new towns, local landmarks can create distinctiveness, a sense of place, a focus on community life, and a centralised urbanity. ...
... They created each other, they transformed each other's environments and economies, and they now depend on each other for survival" (Cronon, 1991, p. 384). Within the same perspective, Henri Lefebvre understood places as multidimensional sites of processes of social construction, symbolic representation, and spatial practices, and argued that capitalist urbanisation had formed an uneven "mesh" of "varying density, thickness, and activity" that was now being stretched across the entire surface of the world (Lefebvre, 2003) (Brenner & Katsikis, 2013). The resulting spatial configurations have thus strong implications over the ways in which non-urban areas are actually urbanised. ...
Since the mid-20 th century, fundamental shifts in the state and functioning of the Earth system have emerged through a multiplicity of socio-ecological crises triggered by ever-growing large-scale use of natural resources and the ever-greater scales of social and material exchange, and accelerated by climate change. Although over the time we have come to realise how the long-distance interactions between urban and non-urban territories, supporting vertically cities and their functioning , have increasingly altered ecosystems and established intensively operational landscapes, energy extractive production methods and their reciprocal counter-landscapes are rarely critically investigated as constitutive parts of the urbanisation process. Transcending binaries of urban/rural environments, this contribution describes larger research attempts to understand and question the social, political, and ecological dynamics deployed by the energy spatial project along the Piave River, the most engineered hydro basin in Europe. Whilst the exploration offered by the methodology of landscape urbanism pushes the focus beyond the urban realm, it makes use of urban political ecology's conceptual framework as a lens through which examining how urban metabolic processes entail urbanisation across scales. Engagements between urbanism research praxis and landscape political ecology additionally provide a productive method to frame and conceptualise extensive forms of urbanisation through the focus on critical landscapes. The research argues that by bringing upfront the anatomy of the riverine infra-natures is a way to question inherited and ongoing dynamics entailed across landscapes, as well providing as encompassing understanding of their intricate apparatuses' roles in forging the territorial palimpsest.
... Counterinsurgency's commitment to the cleansing of certain modes of life and ways of being reflects the deep contradiction between urbanization and regimes of accumulation. Scholars have theorized the multiple ways in which the production of space and processes of accumulation are co-constituted (Lefebvre [1970]2003; see also Harvey 2006;Massey 1994;Soja 1989). Despite the fact that those theorists are at odds with each other in conceptualizing the exact nature of this relationship, what is common to all, is the fact that spatial inequalities play a key role in organizing the productive capacities of the world economy at scale. ...
Ecological crisis has given rise to a range of discussions over “climate fascism,” “green nationalism,” “fossil fascism,” and “eco-fascism.” Several authors have advanced the thesis that climate adaptation will be shaped by an increase in authoritarian politics or an uptick in organized violence (e.g. at the borders of nation-states) as states deploy counterinsurgency tactics against climate refugees and environmental activists. My article inverts this proposition by arguing that far right politics emerges as a contingent possibility in the mode of counterinsurgency governance. I propose the framework of “relations of counterinsurgency” as a means of understanding how counterinsurgency manages crises of urban governability by remaking the spaces of uneven urbanization. I then argue that to theorize contemporary far right climate politics, we should ask what the term eco-fascism does rather than what it is. My argument is that, as climate change makes increasing claims upon political institutions, relations of counterinsurgency allow far right actors to constitute their agency and subjectivity.
... Within the broad field of spatial sciences, various approaches on city-systems, world cities, global cities, city networks, etc. have been launched by scholars of different disciplines (see, e.g., Castells, 1996;Friedmann, 1995;Friedmann & Wolff, 1982;Pred, 1977;Sassen, 1991;Scott, 2012;Taylor et al., 2002). Directly referring to Lefebvre (2003), Brenner (2019) and Brenner and Schmid (2015) have launched the concept of planetary urbanization. Today, these approaches and their implications are more or less taken for granted, but they reflect a very different world than the paradigm that was dominating half a century ago, the central place theory. ...
Based on a historical overview of spatial networks and mobility, and the development of spatial theory, this review discusses current rural problems in Europe and the need for a new rural policy. The development toward a post-urban world, that is, a world where the traditional urban–rural dichotomy is dissolving and is replaced by city-regions and vast, declining peripheries, means a division of rural areas into two types: those becoming integrated into the growing city-regions and the peripheries, where exploitation of natural resources is a main activity. We claim that a policy that only focuses on rural areas would fail. The reason is that endogenous rural development is simply not possible in current Europe. What is required is better urban–rural development policies oriented towards maximizing the development potential of each region, combining people-based with place-based approaches, and empowering local stakeholders to take greater control of their future. Regional science has an important role to play in providing decision-makers with evidence-based research that meets the challenges of the post-urban world.
... According to the world energy report released by the International Energy Agency, cities account for over 70% of global CO 2 emissions [3]. Urban morphology concerns urban form, which refers to the size, shape, and spatial layout of physical elements of cities [4,5]. The morphological characteristics range from a global metropolitan scale to a local neighbourhood scale (such as blocks, buildings, and streets) [6][7][8]. ...
... Much of Lefebvre's emphasis on everyday life (Lefebvre, 2014), mass consumption (Lefebvre, 2008), and the urban environment as sites of everyday revolution is drawn from Lefebvre's emphasis on everyday life (Lefebvre, 2004). The mass consumption, and the urban environment as sites of individual or mass agency performances (Lefebvre, 1996). ...
Masks are an important part of human life in pandemic society, but in addition to their medical uses, masks have also begun to show different roles in today's epidemic situation. This article will start with the pandemic and masks, then discuss whether we are entering the post-pandemic era or whether the pandemic routine is becoming daily routine. Finally, this article discusses the power exercise of masks from a visual analysis.
... The power of hegemonic actors has expanded and disrupted the capacity of many coalitions that oppose them to act in a rapidly evolving public realm (Manfredini, 2017). Reinforced by "social distancing" policies (the global adoption of the expression "social distancing" to indicate "spatial distancing," was swiftly pointed out by Rosa (Latour & Rosa, 2021), as a symptom of the unchallenged deprivation of relations) structured partitions of resources have further weakened the forces that Lefebve defines as differentiation of social spatial production (Lefebvre, 1991(Lefebvre, , 2003, Deleuze-Guattarian decoding of territorial assemblages (Deleuze, 1992;Deleuze & Guattari, 1987), and Rancière disagreement (Rancière, 1999(Rancière, , 2010. Abstractive spatialisation have effaced differential counterspatialisation; stiffening, homogenising and halting concatenation, overwhelming creative, diversifying and mobilising destratification; and ordering policed consensus ruptured politics dissensus. ...
This book, the Virtual Eco-City Live Project 2021: PLanning the Post Pandemic City is the culmination of what our students had worked on in the virtual IJWS 2021 and is told in two parts. The first one is reflective essays from lecturers and facilitators. The essays can be seen as standalone research relevant to the theme and critical reflection towards the theme. The second part focuses on the result from the UI elective course, developing the initial research findings into academic essays. Each essay demonstrates students’ skills in critical thinking and applying research methods to case studies in pursuit of an ideal post-pandemic urban development.
... Inserida nesse contexto destaca-se a urbanização como um fenômeno contemporâneo (LEFEBVRE, 2003) que provocou a concentração da população -ao mesmo tempo em que transformou a paisagem natural. ...
As cidades da Amazônia brasileira foram altamente impactadas pela pandemia do novo coronavírus. Em Santarém (PA), somente nos três primeiros meses de 2021, o número de óbitos por COVID – 19 já correspondia a 54% do total de mortes do ano de 2020. Um ano após o primeiro registro da doença, o município contabilizava 16.734 casos positivos e 830 óbitos. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa teve o objetivo de apresentar o comportamento temporal do novo coronavírus em Santarém (PA), quanto à morbidade e mortalidade, no período de 01 de abril de 2020 a 01 de abril de 2021. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem metodológica interdisciplinar elaborado a partir dos dados dos boletins epidemiológicos publicados pela secretaria municipal de saúde, de decretos em nível federal, estadual e municipal relativos às medidas de enfrentamento à pandemia, bem como através de levantamento bibliográfico científico recente. A localização geográfica, a extensa malha fluvial, a baixa adesão da população ao distanciamento social e pouca disponibilidade de leitos hospitalares, especialmente de unidades de terapia intensiva que possam atender as demandas da região Oeste do Estado concorrem para que a COVID - 19 se estabeleça como um problema de saúde pública no município.Palavras-chave: COVID - 19. Novo coronavírus. Pandemia. Santarém-Pará.
... Given the increasing attention to globalized gentrification, economic globalization and neoliberalism 10 have been frequently used to explain such a phenomenon. As Lees et al. (2016) argue, capital switching from the primary circuit of capital to the secondary circuit of capital, that is fixed properties as build environment (Lefebvre 2003), can take a form of gentrification in urban processes, and, combined with development of IT and communication technology and international institutions for financial transfer, the second circuit of capital has attracted greater interests of investors across national boundaries than ever. Developed capitalism tends to differentiate spaces in order to create further accumulation of wealth while it simultaneously means dispossession for poorer people (Harvey 2007). ...
This paper examines a case of gentrification in Quezon City, the Phlippines from perspective of comparative urbanism and neoliberal urbanism. Through the analysis of the case, it will be revealed: that a colonial legacy, political and economic reforms in the 1990s have prepared an overall policy environment and socioeconomic arrangement, in which the specific case of gentrification takes place; that a development project to construct a 'globally competitive city' and the Quezon City Central Business District as its core and market-driven informal settler resettlement strategy depending on revenue from the very project have resulted in the displacement of the informal settlers: and that national and local government and international agencies as the World Bank have played significant roles in formulating a general development goal and strategy, planning and implementing the specific projects of constructing the 'globally competitive city' while informal settlers have been effectively excluded from the planning process. Drawing on these findings, this paper indicates that unequal and complicated relations between various agencies are reflected in the process of gentrification and that, while market mechanism per se is not the direct cause of the displacement of the informal settlers and thus the conventional rent gap theory might not be relevant, the market driven development strategy and resettlement project have led to gentrification in Quezon City.
... Los problemas empiezan cuando los espacios de concentración social se vuelven exclusivos y/o excluyentes del resto de la estructura urbana, y se acompañan con realidades críticas para sus habitantes, su entorno próximo y la ciudad en su conjunto. Estos espacios no se distinguen del resto simplemente por sus rasgos diferentes, si no que se caracterizan por la discriminación, jerarquización, desigualdad y asimetría (Lefebvre, 2003). ...
In urban China, institutional eldercare interacts with local land markets in ways that present special analytical problems in critical political economy. It is a new sector: home-based eldercare and childcare have formed complementary parts of intergenerational household strategies that are coming under system-wide pressure for the first time. Growth in Chinese institutional eldercare has increasingly contributed to the repurposing of a wide range of disused buildings, with noteworthy state encouragement. We read this post-reform feature of urban transformation to deploy David Harvey’s concept of ‘capital switching’ in new ways that are emerging in studies of China's urban geography. Harvey’s framework has already been used in analysing China’s multi-decade boom in the built environment. It exposed the stabilising effects of diverting capital from overaccumulation in single turnover and realisation cycles into deferred returns in the multi-cycle built environment albeit complicated by complex and distinctive interpenetrations of consumption fund and fixed capital, for-profit and not-for-profit sectors, state and non-state interests, and so on. This certainly speaks to the origins of contemporary Chinese urbanisation booms. But repurposing for institutional eldercare now appears to be playing a role in abating mounting overaccumulation and potential devalorisation in the built environment, pairing these unprofitable buildings with for-profit eldercare services operating and yielding profits in repeated single turnover cycles. We experiment with bundled commodity theory to understand repurposing buildings for residential eldercare in this new context.
Urban studies require a rich set of information sources and techniques that enable a comprehensive depiction of urban environments. Remote sensing captures physical characteristics of urban landscapes, while social sensing collects data from social media and digital devices to reflect human activities. The combination of remote sensing and social sensing has been employed to investigate urban environments, urban dynamics, and the well-being of city residents. This review explores leading ideas and methodologies of the synergy between remote sensing and social sensing in a broad context of urban studies. The synergy involves leveraging the benefits of remote sensing and social sensing to gain a deeper understanding of urban characteristics than can be acquired through any single sensing approach. Two types of synergy are identified, namely, “transfer-based synergy” and “integration-based synergy.” The former transfers ideas and techniques between remote sensing and social sensing based on their similarity. The latter integrates these sensing ways based on their complementary advantages. The motivations and methods are summarized to show how such synergy is suited for investigating the complex nature of urban systems. Typical applications of the synergy include land use and functional zone mapping, special land use identification, estimation of natural and socioeconomic elements, and emergency response. We also identify data quality issues, refinement of methodologies, and expansion of applications that still pose challenges and are worth future research. This review lays a foundation for synergizing remote sensing and social sensing, offering researchers guidance to reexamine and reconceptualize the city from multiple sensing perspectives.
Bu çalışma 1990’lı yıllardan sonra gündeme yerleşen ekolojik krizin belirlediği çoklu krizin düğüm noktasında durduğunu söyleyebileceğimiz tarım gıda alanındaki dönüşüme odaklanmaktadır. Türkiye özelinde bu dönüşümü tartışan makale, günümüz dünyasında tarım ve gıda sorununun kaynağında yalnızca tarımsızlaşma (de-agrarianisation) ya da tarımın kapitalistleşmesinin bulunmadığını iddia ediyor. Her ne kadar bunlardan tamamen ayrı görülemeyecek olsa da köylüsüzleşme (de-peasantisation) ve kırsalsızlaşma (de-ruralisation) eğilimlerinin giderek tarım sorunun yerini aldığı iddiasını tartışmayı amaçlıyor. Bu bağlamda kentler, giderek kırsal alanlarını ve tarımsal üretim kapasitelerini kaybederken öte yandan agro ekoloji çerçevesinde gelişen yeni üretim biçimlerine ve kentsel gıda alanında ortaya çıkan alternatif gıda ilişkilerine sahne oluyor. Makale bu karşı hareketi ve onların daha ekolojik bir topluma doğru değişimi örgütleme kapasitelerini sorguluyor. Dolayısıyla, bu makalede kırsalsızlaşan kentlerde gıda sorununun, ekolojik krizin güncel bir görünümünü ortaya koymasının yanı sıra, insan dışı doğa ile tahakküm ve sömürüye dayanmayan yeni ve farklı türde ilişkilenme arayışının da ana mecralarından biri haline geldiği iddiası tartışmaya açılıyor.
When a territory is stabilised and acquires an institutional character, it takes the form of a delimited space with fixed boundaries that is controlled by a group of people and has exclusive internal sovereignty and equal external status. The paradigmatic example of an institutionalised territorial space in modern times is the state, as it always presupposes a territory. But how does this relationship develop? This chapter discusses the role of the concept of territory in relation to the state and the historical dynamics shaping this relationship.
The university town is an important phenomenon in the course of urbanization in China. This article introduces and applies theory of production of space and socio-spatial dialectic to explain the processes and mechanisms of production of space in Xianlin university town in Nanjing City, China. As a typical case, Xianlin university town displays multi-scalar separations. The time-scale separation has four sides: the old and new campuses are completely different; teachers and students spend a significant amount of time commuting that they cannot communicate well; during summer and winter vacations, the university town becomes an “empty nest”; and life of low-income earners is fragmental. The four kinds of spatial scale splits are inside the campus, between universities and downtown, among universities, and between the city and its citizens. Resources and rights have an imbalanced distribution among the different classes, which leads to social space differentiation or alienation. The powers of discourses and land resource distribution are in the hands of the government. University managers are stimulated by the idea of a “larger and newer campus” and keep a watchful eye on competing for more land resources. Planners usually cater to such ideas. However, teachers, students, and low-income earners of the university town are neglected. Social process and the influences of land-use/cover change (LUCC) should be more frequently discussed in the future.
Gojek is the largest digital platform company in Indonesia with its drivers constituting almost 2% of the working population. This chapter positions digital platform-based work in Indonesia as a novel and practical solution which does not necessarily provide all the advantages of having a formal labour contract, but as one which does alleviate key pain points many workers within popular economies face in their everyday experience. It brings together the genres of contemporary labour studies, urbanism studies and Southeast Asian studies in order to illustrate the ways in which a technological archetype has been moulded by, and has in turn impacted, the daily circulations of millions of Indonesians.
This paper explains the contradictions embedded within various hierarchical spatial regulations that play a role in facilitating or hindering the extended urbanization processes. By taking the case of the largest oil and gas area producers in the hinterland region of Cepu, we analyzed the content of spatial policies from the national to local levels related to oil and gas mining, regional infrastructure, and urban centre using TPSN (territory, place, scale, network) framework to reveal the knowledge production of spatial dimensions. As a result, we revealed Lefebvre's blind field concept as a metaphor for blindness and illumination of territorial regulation to explain the coherence and disharmony of multiscale spatial plans, although in the integrated spatial management framework. These findings contribute to the concept of state spatial strategies in mediating the production of the operational landscape for the upstream-midstream oil and gas sector.
Scholars have given immense attention to Marx and Engels’s supposed disdain for rural living, but their treatment of the relationship between rurality and urbanity was far more complicated than merely an antirural bias. Marx and Engels believed that the ideal communism would reconcile town and country and create a society resembling an Owenite agroindustrial town rather than the forms of urbanity that contemporary Marxists celebrate. Understanding the significance that Marx and Engels gave to the division between town and country is critical to pointing out major defects within urban-planning ideas inspired by their thought as, within the Soviet Union, aspirations to enact their ideas of universal industrial villages created significant planning problems. In today’s predominantly urbanized world, Marxian scholars and activists must therefore reassess Marx and Engels’s assertion that the goal of communism is to eventually reconcile the division between town and county.
This article is about urban and environmental activism in a place driven by market economy and clientelism; two conditions that, when conjoined, make it very hard to protect the environment from encroachment by the forces of urbanization and industry. The context is Lebanon, where many urban and environmental initiatives have been sprouting in the last decade. In this difficult context, what strategies can urban and environmental activists use to make a case for the stewardship of the environment? What opportunities might they use to mobilize ordinary people, who are often relegated to being the clientele of political patrons, to mobilize collective action over environmental issues? In fact, mobilizing people is the only way to go when political leaders and public officials turn a blind eye. The article concentrates on the experience of Lil-Madina Initiative, an activist group in the city of Saida that has been trying to make a case for ecological rejuvenation in the city since the formation of the collective in 2013. By backing the experience of Lil-Madina Initiative with other activists’ experiences from Lebanon, the article demonstrates that ordinary people are often mobilized only once their perceived personal interests are at stake, or, exceptionally, within extra-ordinary conditions such as an uprising. The article concludes by providing the example of a community garden in Greater Saida, to demonstrate that ordinary people may be mobilized when the subject of contention — in this case the agricultural lands of Saida — becomes part of their daily lives and routines.
The paper is focused on the interdisciplinary and cross-cultural paradigm of ‘habitat’ – as the anthropological and ecological interdependency between domestic space and its environment. Since the mid-twentieth century, our built environment has faced a long totalizing, planetary urbanization process, which urges us to review the old conventional urban-architectural categories we use to describe and understand our cities and countryside. Faced with the urgency of a more inclusive understanding of our built environment, this paper sheds more light on the paradigm of Habitat as an interdisciplinary urban lexicon, as it gained momentum in post-war urban thinking and has influenced urban design ever since. The paper holds that the post-war discussion on Habitat represented a unique moment in which interdisciplinary thinking on the built environment became central. The paper shows alliances and resonances between the post-war CIAM’s discourse on Habitat and other coeval sociological and philosophical studies to delineate a complex theoretical framework. Beyond the parameters and boundaries that have been considered and presumed conventionally within ordinary urban design and social science, the paper focuses on the complex interdisciplinary meanings, interpretations, and translations regarding the paradigm of post-war Habitat as a complex social and spatial notion.
Are aesthetics and politics really two different things? The book takes a new look at how they intertwine, by turning from theory to practice. Case studies trace how sensory experiences are created and how collective interests are shaped. They investigate how aesthetics and politics are entangled, both in building and disrupting collective orders, in governance and innovation. This ranges from populist rallies and artistic activism over alternative lifestyles and consumer culture to corporate PR and governmental policies. Authors are academics and artists. The result is a new mapping of the intermingling and co-constitution of aesthetics and politics in engagements with collective orders.
This is a book that takes advantage of the seminar held on spatial injustice to make a broad reflection on the topic and present the extended abstracts submitted to this event.
There is now no doubt thatTerritorial Agenda the twenty-first century is being defined by the ecologicalEcologicaland climate crisisClimate Crisis. This is not only manifesting in increasingly severe periodic weather disasters but also pernicious creeping trends which are having profound and uneven implications on the EU territory. The latest IPCC reports are unambiguous in their warnings that the climate crisisClimate Crisis is progressing at a pace much faster than feared and there remains only a brief window to secure a liveable future. While the EU has been to the fore at an international level in setting ambitious targets and policies, and in showing global leadership, the rhetoric continues not to be matched by action on the ground which corresponds to the scale and urgency of the task at hand. Indeed, much of the language of cohesion policy continues the incremental ecologicalEcological modernisation technocracy of the past which has failed to deliver the rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented systemic changes in all aspects of society required to avert the worst consequences of global heating, many of which are now irreversible. Despite soothing sustainability discourses, the exit from fossil fuels and adaptationAdaptation to a warming world will not be a smooth process and is likely to result in increasingly variegated spatial inequalitiesInequalities and instabilities, severely testing EU political solidarity as it is buffeted by an unfamiliar, complex array of endogenous and exogenous risks. Applying a critical political-economy perspective, this chapter will unpack the immanent contradictions ensconced within cohesion policy which, it will be argued, perpetuates the status quo and prohibits it from making meaningful contribution to rapidly addressing the environmental problematiqueEnvironmental Problematique, and presents the case for why a radical epistemological and ontological shift from a ‘place-based’ to an ‘adaptation-based’ territorial developmentTerritorial Development paradigm is imperative for the European project to safely navigate the perilous transformation to a post-carbon world, and for achieving effective policy action in practice.
This book systematically explores the contours of urban inclusivity in advanced city-regions to initiate a cross-geographical and cross-cultural discussion of actually existing inclusionary neighbourhoods and their capacities to tackle urban inequality. The chapters of this book are organized into four parts, in accordance with the four-dimensional framework introduced in this chapter. The framework is derived from the workings of the public sector, private market, informal communities, and voluntary sector (or civil society). By focusing on how these dimensions complement and counter each other, we open up new approaches to the politics of the urban in a way that acknowledges the interlocked nature of stakeholder interests.
The World in Brooklyn: Gentrification, Immigration, and Ethnic Politics in a Global City
The concept of urban religion demands us to start operationally with analyzing characteristics of urban environments and their impact on religious forms of communication. Yet this notion was not necessarily designed to apply only to the city and related phenomena exclusively observed in city spaces. Practices, beliefs, even institutions developing as urban religion spread out beyond the city. Thus, the geography of lived urban religion and of agents of urbanity is different from what the same people imagine and geographically locate as city space. This article intends to develop the conceptual tools for analyzing this blurring of boundaries produced by religious semantics, discourses and practices interacting with implicit and explicit border-constructions linked to practices of ‘urbanity’. The highly debated ‘urban’ or ‘anti-urban’ character of ancient Christianities serves as our point of departure for developing comparative tools.
Dette spesialnummeret er viet antropologiske studier av urbane formasjoner og fokuserer særlig på polarisering og det sosiale livet som utspiller seg i møte med denne. Særlig søker vi å utforske og sammenligne de mangeartede og mangetydige konsekvensene av en langvarig, global dreining mot nyliberal byutvikling og byplanlegging. Som bidragene viser så innebærer dette ofte at urbane fellesskap og rom omdefineres. Genereringen av mangeartede og omstridte urbane former er tilgjengelige for antropologisk analyse, og bør være av stor interesse for vår disiplin. Polarisering innen dette feltet reflekterer ikke utelukkende fagets langvarige interesse for friksjon, konflikt, motstand og styringsformer innen det sosiospatiale og politiske felt, men omfatter også hvilke generative prosesser som dannes i møtet med disse. Bidragene i spesialnummeret analyserer tendenser fra ulike deler av kloden. Målsettingen er å anspore til en bredere diskusjon om urban antropologi, som kritisk tilnærmer seg forholdet mellom det private og det offentlige, relasjonene mellom materialitet og dens mange ideasjonelle uttrykk, eller måtene bystyring forholder seg til ulike former for kapitalistisk transformasjon på, for å nevne noen.
Dire inequalities characterizing global cities are often described as resulting from structural or neoliberal violence and anthropological analyses typically depict disparate patterns of exclusion, dehumanization and violence. Even though such analyses are crucial it is, we argue, a key concern for anthropology also to identify urban practices oriented around forms of care, empathy and mutuality. Here we explore such practices in Maputo mainly in the guise of texts adorning crowded minibuses as well as regular cars. These ambulating names, slogans or warnings and while often leading to laughter, comments or discussions among passengers as well as passersby, it is also acknowledged that the texts communicate aspirations for novel forms of sociality, an attack on the lack of empathy and a wish to generate affective rooms for love, care and mutuality. By mapping the visually affective drawing particularly on the works of Matthew Wilhelm-Solomon and AbdouMaliq Simone, we make two arguments: First, we argue for the anthropological usefulness of generating understandings of African urban spaces which evade single-mindedly emphasizing ever-increasing dynamics of atomization of collectives or what Mbembe calls necropolitics. Second, we show how temporality, including descriptions projecting the end of the future, actively and critically is engaged by this type of textual and interpretative practice.
Proximity has lately become a keyword to approach territorial enhancement goals. The most common representation of proximity at the urban level is the idea of the 15-minute city, which has gained massive attention in political, economic, social, and academic discourses. However, this idea is not new in the worldwide panorama and, during the COVID-19 pandemic, has gained renovate attention because of contextual extraordinaire conditions. Furthermore, under so-called normal circumstances, this concept of proximity has certain evident societal constraints. In our paper, we want to propose and discuss a wider systemic approach and consequent definitions of proximity in connection with the different actors that compose and drive our societies. In the design for relations, we will identify a systemic and valuable strategy to overcome the previously discussed limits.
Cooperative housing is right in the centre of the proliferating discourse of alternative housing provision, especially in the context of the current housing shortage debates in large cities. Cooperative housing enables access to adequate housing and promises various socio-spatial qualities for its members to control their own built environment in the hope of fulfilling their needs and improving their quality of life. The renewed interest in understanding the complexity of such housing delivery channel requires tracing the evolution history of cooperative housing in different local contexts. It is also essential to question which shared principles and ethics are devoted to this housing model.
The wide-ranging inquiry into the field of cooperative housing and its history mainly takes place in the Global North (LaFond and Tsvetkova 2012; Ring 2015; Becker et al. 2015). However, cooperative housing is also part of the history of housing provision in the Global South, yet it still remains an understudied topic on this side of the world.
Egypt is one of the leading countries in cooperative housing in the Global South. In a case-study-based assessment, this study investigates cooperative housing in the metropolitan city of Cairo, after tracing its historical evolution in Egypt since 1908. The thesis proposes a new analytical framework of socio-spatial assessment defined by the aspects of the built environment and governance. It examines the housing situation in Egypt, frames the status quo of cooperative housing and defines a method to better understand how the different cooperative stakeholders correlate on the socio-spatial and governing levels. Conceptually embedded in the global concept of cooperative housing, the main question posed by this thesis is how the dynamically changing context of the Egyptian Housing Crisis is affecting cooperative housing practices and what is the role of cooperative housing in contemporary Egypt.
Answering this question, the performance of cooperative housing, its impact on the built environment and the relationship with cooperative members and stakeholders are unfolded. The planning and governing processes and their challenges are analysed; firstly, in a juxtaposed case-study-based analysis, then within the Egyptian local housing context, and finally presenting a number of learned lessons for a global debate on cooperative housing.
The Prospect of Cities
- J Friedmann