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Conference Paper

# Dense Reverberation With Delay Feedback Matrices

## Abstract

This paper received the best paper award at WASPAA 2019. Feedback delay networks (FDNs) belong to a general class of re-cursive filters which are widely used in artificial reverberation and decorrelation applications. One central challenge in the design of FDNs is the generation of sufficient echo density in the impulse response without compromising the computational efficiency. In a previous contribution, we have demonstrated that the echo density of an FDN grows polynomially over time, and that the growth depends on the number and lengths of the delays. In this work, we introduce so-called delay feedback matrices (DFMs) where each matrix entry is a scalar gain and a delay. While the computational complexity of DFMs is similar to a scalar-only feedback matrix, we show that the echo density grows significantly faster over time, however, at the cost of non-uniform modal decays.
2019 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics October 20-23, 2019, New Paltz, NY
DENSE REVERBERATION WITH DELAY FEEDBACK MATRICES
Sebastian J. Schlecht and Emanuël A.P. Habets
International Audio Laboratories Erlangen, Germany
sebastian.schlecht@audiolabs-erlangen.de
ABSTRACT
Feedback delay networks (FDNs) belong to a general class of re-
cursive ﬁlters which are widely used in artiﬁcial reverberation and
decorrelation applications. One central challenge in the design of
FDNs is the generation of sufﬁcient echo density in the impulse
response without compromising the computational efﬁciency. In a
previous contribution, we have demonstrated that the echo density
of an FDN grows polynomially over time, and that the growth de-
pends on the number and lengths of the delays. In this work, we
introduce so-called delay feedback matrices (DFMs) where each
matrix entry is a scalar gain and a delay. While the computational
complexity of DFMs is similar to a scalar-only feedback matrix,
we show that the echo density grows signiﬁcantly faster over time,
however, at the cost of non-uniform modal decays.
Index TermsFeedback Delay Network, Artiﬁcial Reverber-
ation, Echo Density
1. INTRODUCTION
If sound is emitted in a room, the sound waves travel across the
space and are repeatedly reﬂected at the room boundaries resulting
in acoustic reverberation [1]. If the sound is reﬂected at a smooth
boundary the reﬂection is coherent (specular), while it is incoher-
ent (scattered) when reﬂected by a rough surface. In small to large
rooms, the mean free path of specular reﬂections is between 10 -
100 ms, whereas the time scale of incoherent reﬂections is a dense
response of a few milliseconds [2]. In geometric room acoustic, an
incoherent reﬂection can be effectively generated from a set of close
image sources [2], see Fig. 1. Consequently, scattering increases the
total number of image sources and therefore the echo density [3]. In
this work, we propose a method to effectively introduce scattering-
like effects for artiﬁcial reverberation ﬁlter structure.
Many artiﬁcial reverberators have been developed in recent
years [4] among which the feedback delay network (FDN), orig-
inally proposed by Gerzon [5] and further developed by Jot and
Chaigne [6], is one of the most popular. The FDN consists of N
delay lines combined with attenuation ﬁlters which are fed back
via a scalar feedback matrix A. To maximize the echo density,
we assume throughout this work that feedback matrix Ais dense,
i.e., all matrix entries are non-zero [7]. In [3], the present authors
demonstrated that the absolute echo density of an FDN grows poly-
nomially with the degree equal to the number of delay lines Nand
inversely to the delay lengths, i.e., shorter delay lines produce faster
increasing absolute echo density. A major challenge of FDN design
is to achieve sufﬁcient echo density because of an inherent trade-
off between three aspects: computational complexity, mode density
The International Audio Laboratories Erlangen are a joint institution of
the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Fraun-
hofer Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen IIS.
Source
Wall 1
Wall 2
First order
image sources
Second order
image sources
Figure 1: Second order reﬂections at two rough surfaces represented
with an equivalent set of image sources (inspired by [2]). The en-
ergy of the image sources is indicated by the color saturation.
and echo density. A higher number of delays increases both modal
and echo density, but also the computational complexity. With a
ﬁxed number delays, shorter delays increases the echo density, how-
ever, results simultaneously in a lower modal density [6].
To reproduce a scattering-like effect, we require a set of long
delays which are proportional to the mean free path [8], and a set of
ﬁlters to add the short-term density to each reﬂection (see Fig. 1).
Feedforward-feedback allpass ﬁlters have been introduced in series
to increase the short-term echo density [9, 10]. Alternatively, all-
pass ﬁlters may be placed after the delay lines [11] which in turn
doubles the effective size of the FDN [12]. Instead of allpass ﬁlters,
FIR ﬁlters with pseudo-random exponentially decaying coefﬁcients
were proposed [13].
In this contribution, we propose an FDN with a delay feedback
matrix (DFM), i.e., each matrix entry has a delay and a gain. We
demonstrate that the DFM can increase the echo density signiﬁ-
cantly without introducing further ﬁltering. In Section 2, we present
the new ﬁlter structure and compare it to the standard FDN. In Sec-
tion 3, we demonstrate the echo density of the proposed FDN. In
Section 4, an example structure is presented.
2. PROPOSED FEEDBACK DELAY NETWORK
In the following, we present the proposed extension to the FDN and
explain the stability conditions.
2019 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics October 20-23, 2019, New Paltz, NY
A(z)
X(z)b1
zm1
c1Y(z)
b2
zm2
c2
b3
zm3
c3
Figure 2: Delay feedback delay network with three delays (N= 3)
and a delay feedback matrix A(z)instead of the standard scalar
feedback matrix A.
2.1. Delay Feedback Matrix
The proposed FDN is similarly structured as a standard FDN, but
employs a delay feedback matrix (DFM) A(z)instead of a scalar
feedback matrix A(see Fig. 2). The transfer function of the pro-
posed FDN is
H(z) = c>[Dm(z1)A(z)]1b+d, (1)
where the column vectors band cof bi’s and cis, re-
spectively. The lengths of the Ndelays in samples are
given by m= [m1,...,mN]NN.Dm(z) =
diag[zm1, zm2,...,zmN]is the diagonal N×Ndelay ma-
trix. The attenuation ﬁlters which are usually applied in the feed-
back loop are omitted for clarity and can be added as an additional
processing unit in series with the delay lines [6]. The N×NDFM
A(z)is given by
A(z) = UDM(z),(2)
where denotes the Hadamard (element-wise) product, Uis a
scalar matrix and Mare the non-negative integer matrix delays and
the matrix entries of the delay matrix DM(z)are [DM(z)]ij =
zMij where 1i, j N. If all matrix delays are zero, i.e.,
M=0, the DFM becomes the standard scalar feedback matrix.
For this reason, we denote the zero matrix delay with MS=0.
From a design perspective, the matrix delays of the DFM M
should be relatively small compared to the main delays m. This
is because the attenuation ﬁlters are typically proportional to the
main delays and every deviation of this proportionality by the DFM
distorts the reverberation time speciﬁcation. To achieve a scattering-
like effect, the matrix delays Mare set to less than 10% of the
corresponding main delays m(see Section 3).
The implementation of the DFM is similar to the scalar feed-
back matrix. The main difference is that the signal vector is re-
trieved by N2memory access operations instead of N. All other
arithmetic operations, i.e., element-wise multiplication with Uand
the writing operations to the delay lines, are unaltered. Conse-
quently, the additional computational complexity introduced by the
DFM is relatively small.
2.2. Stability
The poles of the proposed FDN are the eigenvalues of the polyno-
mial matrix P(z) = Dm(z1)A(z), which in turn are the roots
of the polynomial p(z) = det(P(z)) [14]. The polynomial degree
of p(z)is then equal to the total number of system poles of the pro-
posed FDN. FDNs are commonly designed as lossless systems, i.e.,
all system poles lie on the unit circle, to allow precise control over
the reverberation time by introducing additional proportional atten-
uation ﬁlters [6]. The lossless property of general unitary-networks
which in particular applies to the proposed FDN, was described by
Gerzon [15]. A sufﬁcient lossless condition is given by A(z)being
paraunitary, i.e., A(z1)>A(z) = Ifor real coefﬁcients, where I
is the identity matrix [15].
Consequently, an FDN with a scalar feedback matrix, i.e.,
MS=0, is lossless if Uis unitary. Further, we show that A(z)is
paraunitary, if
MP
ij =mout
i+min
jfor 1i, j N, (3)
where mout,min NNare vectors of integer delays in samples
and we denote MP
ij as the matrix elements of matrix delays MP.
From close inspection, it can be observed that
A(z) = UDMP(z) = Dmin (z)U Dmout (z).(4)
As paraunitary matrices are closed under multiplication and
Dmin (z)and Dmout (z)are paraunitary, we can conclude that
A(z)is paraunitary, if Uis unitary.
Unlike the scalar case MSand the paraunitary case MP,A(z)
is not necessarily paraunitary for other matrix delays MNP such
that no lossless FDN might exist for such matrix delays. In the
following, we show a sufﬁcient condition for the proposed FDN to
be stable instead. To establish the stability condition, we recall a
version of Rouché’s theorem for polynomial matrices:
Theorem 1 (Rouché, [16]).Let Q(z)and R(z)be matrix polyno-
mials. Assume that Q(z)is invertible on the simple closed curve
γG. If kQ(z)1R(z)k2<1for all zγ, then Q(z) + R(z)
and Q(z)have the same number of eigenvalues inside γ, counting
multiplicities.
With this theorem, we can prove the following stability condi-
tion:
Theorem 2. The proposed FDN in (1) is stable if
kA(eıω)k2<1for all ω . (5)
Proof. So, let us assign Q(z) = Dm(z1)and R(z) = A(z)
such that P(z) = Q(z) + R(z). Further, let us choose the unit cir-
cle as the closed curve γ. Now, all the eigenvalues of Q(z)are zero
and therefore within γ. For zγ, we have z=eıω and Q(eıω)
is unitary for all ωsuch that kQ(eıω)1R(eıω )k2=kR(eıω )k2.
Thus according to Theorem 1, all eigenvalues of P(z)are within
the unit circle if kR(eıω)k2<1.
Theorem 2 provides also practical means to stabilize any non-
stable FDN by dividing A(z)by maxωkA(eıω)k2. Nonetheless,
the missing lossless property makes the non-paraunitary DFM more
tuning-intensive to avoid unwanted ringing modes as the modal de-
cays are possibly non-uniform. While there might be possible op-
timization schemes to improve the modal decay distribution, in this
pioneering study, we choose the non-paraunitary DFM empirically.
2019 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics October 20-23, 2019, New Paltz, NY
m1
m2
time n
(a) Standard FDN with scalar feedback matrix.
m1
m2
time n
(b) Proposed FDN with a paraunitary DFM.
m1
m2
time n
(c) Proposed FDN with a non-paraunitary DFM.
Figure 3: Echo lattice FDNs with two delay lines and three different DFMs: scalar MS, paraunitary MPand non-paraunitary MNP . Each
dot indicates a single echo. The x and y coordinates indicate the time component associated with the ﬁrst and second delay line, respectively,
m1and m2. The echo time nis indicated by the diagonal dotted line. The matrix delays Mare added diagonally. The red arrows indicate
the three paths p∈ {[1,2,2],[2,1,2],[2,1,1]}. More details regarding the echo lattice can be found in [3].
3. ECHO DENSITY
In this section, we present the echo density1of the proposed FDN
and show that it grows signiﬁcantly faster with reﬂection order for
paraunitary and non-paraunitary DFMs.
3.1. Absolute Echo Density
The absolute echo density, i.e., the number of echoes at the output
per time unit, of the standard FDN is polynomial over time and
the exact polynomial is given in [3]. Echoes are closely related
to echo paths pdescribing the sequence of delay lines which are
traversed by an impulse input until it reaches the output. Formally,
an echo path can be deﬁned as p∈ {1,2,...,N}lof length lwhich
denotes the number of involved delay lines. The echo time npis
deﬁned as the time at which the echo appears at the output of the
FDN. In standard FDN, the echo time npof path pis given by
np=Pl
i=1 mpi[3], whereas the more general version for the
proposed FDN is
np=
l
X
i=1
mpi+
l1
X
i=1
Mpi+1,pi.(6)
We rewrite (6) in terms of the delay count
[cp]i=|{k|pk=i}| for 1iN(7)
and the matrix routing count
[Cp]ij =|{k|pk=jand pk+1 =i}| for 1i, j N, (8)
where |·| denotes the cardinality of a set. Hence, the delay and ma-
trix routing counts denote the number of occurrences of delay lines
and matrix delays in an echo path p, respectively. These counts sim-
plify the following development as they fully determine the echo
time np. In fact, the echo time of path pmay be expressed by
np=
N
X
i=1
[cpm]i+
N
X
i,j=1
[CpM]ij .(9)
1Although echo typically refers to a subjectively distinct reﬂection [1],
we refer to a non-zero output of the FDN as an echo. This deﬁnition is in
accordance to the term echo density in the literature [17, 3].
It is crucial to observe that the echo time npfor a scalar feed-
back matrix (MS=0) is invariant under permutations of pbe-
cause cpis invariant under permutations. The number of paths pof
length lwith different echo times npis
ES(l) = N+l1
N1!.(10)
This quantity is a special case of the equilateral approximation given
in [3]. For a paraunitary DFM with MPas in (3) with mout and
min, we have
MP
pi+1,pi=mout
pi+1,+min
pi(11)
such that npis invariant under permutation except for the ﬁrst and
last element. Thus, the number of paths pof length l2with
different echo times npis
EP(l) = N2 N+l3
N1!.(12)
Because of the bound on the binomial coeffcients q
rqr
r!, the
number of paths ES(l)and EP(l)grows polynomially with length
l. For a non-paraunitary DFM with properly chosen matrix de-
lays MNP, the echo time npis different for each permutation of
pwhere the contribution of MNP is different. More precisely,
the echo times of two paths pand qare equal if cp=cqand
Cp=Cq. The number of paths ENP(l)is difﬁcult to give in
closed form. In fact, ENP(l)is equal to the number of 2-abelian
equivalence classes of words of length lover an alphabet of size N
[18]. In [19, Theorem 5.1], Cassaigne et al. recently showed that
ENP(l)is asymptotically equal to r lN(N1) ,(13)
where ris a rational constant depending on N. Thus, ENP (l)grows
polynomially, however with degree N(N1) instead of N. Fig. 3
illustrates the echo times of an FDNs with different DFMs in the
echo lattice. In the following, we present a quantitative analysis of
the absolute echo densities depending on the feedback matrix.
The derivation of a closed form expression of the absolute echo
density requires the usages of sophisticated methods (see [3]) which
is beyond the scope for this work. However, if we neglect the spe-
ciﬁc delay lengths, the number of echo paths with discrete echo
times can be related to the absolute echo density. A ﬁrst approx-
imation of the absolute echo density can be given by scaling the
2019 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics October 20-23, 2019, New Paltz, NY
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000
0
2
4
6
Time [ms]
Amplitude and Echo Density [lin]
SP NP
Figure 4: Echo density proﬁle and impulse response of the proposed
FDN with three different DFMs: scalar (S), paraunitary (P), and,
non-paraunitary (NP) and damping factor γ. The solid line indicates
the impulse response, whereas the dashed line is the measured echo
density proﬁle. The three plots are offset for better readability by 2.
number of echo paths with the geometric mean of the main delay
lengths QN
i=1 m1/N
i.
Similar to the standard FDN case, the main delays mand delay
matrix Mshould be chosen such that as few as possible echo times
npcoincide. Naturally, this condition is only satisﬁable in the early
part of the impulse response and that is only where it mostly matters
from a perceptual point of view [3].
3.2. Echo Density Proﬁle
Abel and Huang proposed in [17, 20] the echo density proﬁle. The
underlying assumption is that the sound pressure amplitudes in a
reverberant sound ﬁeld exhibit a Gaussian distribution. With a short
sliding rectangular window of 23 ms, the empirical standard de-
viation of impulse response amplitudes is calculated. To deter-
mine how well the empirical amplitude distribution approximates
a Gaussian behavior, the proportion of samples outside the empir-
ical standard deviation is determined and compared to the propor-
tion expected for a Gaussian distribution. With increasing time and
increasing echo density, the echo density proﬁle increases reaches
one for a fully dense frame of the impulse response. The perceptual
validity was conﬁrmed in [21].
4. EXAMPLES
We give an example of the proposed FDN and compare it to a
standard FDN. The number of delay lines N= 4, and the delays
are m= [15805,5001,9535,7201] samples, with a sampling fre-
quency of 48 kHz. The delays are chosen extremely high on pur-
pose to make the difference in echo density both easily audible and
visible. Nonetheless, the echo density is affected equivalently for
proportionally shorter delays. The matrix gains are an orthogonal
U=
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.50.5 0.50.5
0.5 0.50.50.5
0.50.50.5 0.5
(14)
Table 1: Number of paths with different echo times for N= 4 and
the three different delay matrices MS,MP, and, MNP .
l2345678
ES(l)10 20 35 56 84 120 165
EP(l)16 64 160 320 560 896 1344
ENP(l)16 64 244 856 2728 7892 20876
and input band output gains care all 1. The delay matrices are
MP=
456 1 10 447
751 296 305 742
511 56 65 502
647 192 201 638
,
MNP =
963 950 556 770
139 858 489 21
286 3 773 137
610 525 162 117
.
We have introduced a reverberation time of approximately 3 s by
replacing each delay element z1by γz1, where γ= 0.99995
for the scalar and paraunitary case, and γ= 0.99992 for the non-
paraunitary case to guarantee stability according to Theorem 2. Ta-
ble 1 shows the number of paths with different echo times for the
three DFM types: ES(l),EP(l), and, ENP(l). As shown in Sec-
tion 3, the number of echoes produced by the paraunitary and non-
paraunitary DFMs are signiﬁcantly higher than for the scalar DFM.
Fig. 4 shows the impulse responses and the corresponding echo
density proﬁles. As predicted by the number of echo paths in Sec-
tion 3, the echo density proﬁle of the impulse responses increases
from the scalar (S) to the paraunitary (P), and further to the non-
paraunitary (NP) feedback matrix. For instance, the echo density
proﬁle at time 1.5 s in this order is 0.05, 0.25, and, 0.82, respec-
tively. For illustration, we have synthesized audio examples from
the three DFMs depicted in Fig. 4 and provided them online2. It is
easily audible that the impulse responses of (P) and (NP) become
dense much more quickly than for (S). However, at the end of the
impulse response of (NP), slight metallic ringing is perceivable, due
to the non-uniform distribution of modal decays caused by the non-
lossless property discussed in Section 2.
5. CONCLUSION
In this work, we propose an extension to the feedback delay net-
work (FDN) by replacing the scalar feedback matrix with a delay
feedback matrix (DFM), which introduces a different delay for each
feedback matrix entry. Based on the stability property, we present
two types of DFMs: paraunitary and non-paraunitary. The echo
density of FDNs with such DFMs is discussed in terms of the num-
ber of echo paths of increasing length. Alternatively, we analyze
the perceived echo density of the impulse responses with the echo
density proﬁle. In an example, we show that both proposed DFMs
increases the echo density signiﬁcantly. While the non-paraunitary
DFM surpasses the echo density of the paraunitary DFM, it also in-
troduces metallic ringing due to non-uniform modal decays which
impedes the tuning for high-quality artiﬁcial reverberation.
2https://www.audiolabs-erlangen.de/resources/
2019-WASPAA- DFM-FDN/
2019 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics October 20-23, 2019, New Paltz, NY
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... Since a time-varying feedback matrix is less likely to cause artifacts in the reverberation sound, this method has been found to improve the sound quality of the reverberation tail [23]. Another approach is to introduce short delays in the feedback matrix, so that each matrix element consists of a gain and a delay [24]. Also, separate early reflection modules using finite impulse response (FIR) filters for FDNs have been suggested [25]. ...
... FDN32 is considered to produce a sufficiently dense impulse response, whereas FDN16 has an impulse response that is slightly too sparse and would benefit from improvement. Figure 7: Normalized echo density of two conventional FDNs, a DFM-FDN [24], and the three proposed VFDN structures. The OVN30 configuration has VNSs only at the output, and the OVN15 and VN15 configurations have VNSs both at the input and the output. ...
... All the proposed structures in Fig. 7 have the same delay lines and feedback matrix as the FDN16. The delay feedback matrix (DFM) corresponds to a recently proposed FDN structure having delay lines in its feedback matrix [24]. Fig. 7 shows the growth of the echo density of the VFDN16 with the short VN15 sequences is even faster than that of the target FDN32. ...
Conference Paper
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Artificial reverberation is an audio effect used to simulate the acoustics of a space while controlling its aesthetics, particularly on sounds recorded in a dry studio environment. Delay-based methods are a family of artificial reverberators using recirculating delay lines to create this effect. The feedback delay network is a popular delay-based reverberator providing a comprehensive framework for parametric reverberation by formalizing the recirculation of a set of interconnected delay lines. However, one known limitation of this algorithm is the initial slow build-up of echoes, which can sound unrealistic, and overcoming this problem often requires adding more delay lines to the network. In this paper, we study the effect of adding velvet-noise filters, which have random sparse coefficients, at the input and output branches of the reverberator. The goal is to increase the echo density while minimizing the spectral coloration. We compare different variations of velvet-noise filtering and show their benefits. We demonstrate that with velvet noise, the echo density of a conventional feedback delay network can be exceeded using half the number of delay lines and saving over 50% of computing operations in a practical configuration using low-order attenuation filters.
... An FFDN is lossless if A(z) is paraunitary, i.e., A(z −1 ) H A(z) = I, where I is the identity matrix and · H denotes the complex conjugate transpose [23]. Although also non-paraunitary FFMs may yield lossless FFDNs [15,24] deg A(z) = deg(det(A(z))). ...
... The delay feedback matrix (DFM) is a paraunitary FIR matrix, which was introduced by the present authors in [15]. It can be conveniently expressed in terms of (13) with a single stage, i.e, K = 1: ...
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Feedback delay networks (FDNs) are recursive filters, which are widely used for artificial reverberation and decorrelation. One central challenge in the design of FDNs is the generation of sufficient echo density in the impulse response without compromising the computational efficiency. In a previous contribution, we have demonstrated that the echo density of an FDN can be increased by introducing so-called delay feedback matrices where each matrix entry is a scalar gain and a delay. In this contribution, we generalize the feedback matrix to arbitrary lossless filter feedback matrices (FFMs). As a special case, we propose the velvet feedback matrix, which can create dense impulse responses at a minimal computational cost. Further, FFMs can be used to emulate the scattering effects of non-specular reflections. We demonstrate the effectiveness of FFMs in terms of echo density and modal distribution.
... An FFDN is lossless if A(z) is paraunitary, i.e., A(z −1 ) H A(z) = I, where I is the identity matrix and · H denotes the complex conjugate transpose [25]. Although also non-paraunitary FFMs may yield lossless FFDNs [15,26], here we focus on paraunitary FFMs only. Paraunitary matrices are particularly useful as they are closed under multiplication, i.e., if A(z) and B(z) are paraunitary, then A(z)B(z) is paraunitary as well [27]. ...
... The delay feedback matrix (DFM) is a paraunitary FIR matrix, which was introduced by the present authors in [15]. It can be conveniently expressed in terms of (13) with a single stage, i.e, K = 1: ...
Preprint
Feedback delay networks (FDNs) are recursive filters, which are widely used for artificial reverberation and decorrelation. One central challenge in the design of FDNs is the generation of sufficient echo density in the impulse response without compromising the computational efficiency. In a previous contribution, we have demonstrated that the echo density of an FDN can be increased by introducing so-called delay feedback matrices where each matrix entry is a scalar gain and a delay. In this contribution, we generalize the feedback matrix to arbitrary lossless filter feedback matrices (FFMs). As a special case, we propose the velvet feedback matrix, which can create dense impulse responses at a minimal computational cost. Further, FFMs can be used to emulate the scattering effects of non-specular reflections. We demonstrate the effectiveness of FFMs in terms of echo density and modal distribution.
... Recent research extended Schroeder allpass filters and reverberators, e.g., allowing frequency-dependent gains in Schroeder allpass filters [35]; connecting FDNs to room geometry [36]; adding controls of directional distribution of sound to FDNs [37]; imbuing FDNs with the allpass prop- erty [34]; generalizing FDN feedback to a matrix of filters [38], including the case of velvet noise [39,40] feedback matrices in particular [41]; and studying coupled and parallel FDNs [42,43]. This article complements these works, providing new insight on Schroeder allpass filters and FDN architectures with good time-varying properties. ...
... To minimize this occurrence, [188] proposed to quantifying this overlap to help select an optimal set of lengths. Recently, [189] proposed adding small delays in the recirculating matrix to ensure that every recirculation path has a unique combined length. However, these small delays have an impact on the modal distribution, which was improved in [190]. ...
Thesis
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Available online with the related articles at: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-64-0472-1 In this dissertation, the reproduction of reverberant sound fields containing directional characteristics is investigated. A complete framework for the objective and subjective analysis of directional reverberation is introduced, along with reverberation methods capable of producing frequency- and direction-dependent decay properties. Novel uses of velvet noise are also proposed for the decorrelation of audio signals as well as artificial reverberation. The methods detailed in this dissertation offer the means for the auralization of reverberant sound fields in real-time, with applications in the context of Immersive sound reproduction such as virtual and augmented reality.
... Since then, FDNs have become one of the most popular structures for synthesizing reverberation due to the relative efficiency of the approach. Recent research on FDNs has focused on mixing matrix design to increase echo density [6], modal analysis [7,8], time-varying FDNs [9], scattering FDNs [10], and reverberation time control by accurate design of the decay filters [11,12]. ...
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... An FDN is lossless if Apzq is paraunitary, i.e., Apz -1 q H Apzq " I, where I is the identity matrix and¨H denotes the complex conjugate transpose [31]. For real scalar matrices A, the FDN is lossless if A is orthogonal, i.e., A J A " I. However also non-orthogonal feedback matrices may yield lossless FDNs [32,33], and we give some examples in Section 3. ...
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Feedback delay networks (FDNs) are recursive filters, which are widely used for artificial reverberation and decorrelation. While there exists a vast literature on a wide variety of reverb topologies, this work aims to provide a unifying framework to design and analyze delay-based reverberators. To this end, we present the Feedback Delay Network Toolbox (FDNTB), a collection of the MAT-LAB functions and example scripts. The FDNTB includes various representations of FDNs and corresponding translation functions. Further, it provides a selection of special feedback matrices, topologies, and attenuation filters. In particular, more advanced algorithms such as modal decomposition, time-varying matrices, and filter feedback matrices are readily accessible. Furthermore, our toolbox contains several additional FDN designs. Providing MATLAB code under a GNU-GPL 3.0 license and including illustrative examples, we aim to foster research and education in the field of audio processing.
... Network size against echo and modal densities are the central tradeoffs that needs to be negotiated in any FDN design [17]. The double decay approach, however, has the main disadvantage that the second FDN ø doesn't contribute to density at all. ...
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In virtual acoustics, it is common to simulate the early part of a Room Impulse Response using approaches from geometrical acous-tics and the late part using Feedback Delay Networks (FDNs). In order to transition from the early to the late part, it is useful to slowly fade-in the FDN response. We propose two methods to control the fade-in, one based on double decays and the other based on modal beating. We use modal analysis to explain the two concepts for incorporating this fade-in behaviour entirely within the IIR structure of a multiple input multiple output FDN. We present design equations, which allow for placing the fade-in time at an arbitrary point within its derived limit.
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Feedback delay networks (FDNs) belong to a general class of recursive filters which are widely used in sound synthesis and physical modeling applications. We present a numerical technique to compute the modal decomposition of the FDN transfer function. The proposed pole finding algorithm is based on the Ehrlich-Aberth iteration for matrix polynomials and has improved computational performance of up to three orders of magnitude compared to a scalar polynomial root finder. The computational performance is further improved by bounds on the pole location and an approximate iteration step. We demonstrate how explicit knowledge of the FDN's modal behavior facilitates analysis and improvements for artificial reverberation. The statistical distribution of mode frequency and residue magnitudes demonstrate that relatively few modes contribute a large portion of impulse response energy.
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Feedback delay networks (FDNs) are frequently used to generate artificial reverberation. This contribution discusses the temporal features of impulse responses produced by FDNs, i.e., the number of echoes per time unit and its evolution over time. This so-called echo density is related to known measures of mixing time and their psychoacoustic correlates such as auditive perception of the room size. It is shown that the echo density of FDNs follows a polynomial function, whereby the polynomial coefficients can be derived from the lengths of the delays for which an explicit method is given. The mixing time of impulse responses can be predicted from the echo density, and conversely, a desired mixing time can be achieved by a derived mean delay length. A Monte Carlo simulation confirms the accuracy of the derived relation of mixing time and delay lengths.
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This paper introduces a time-variant reverberation algorithm as an extension of the feedback delay network (FDN). By modulating the feedback matrix nearly continuously over time, a complex pattern of concurrent amplitude modulations of the feedback paths evolves. Due to its complexity, the modulation produces less likely perceivable artifacts and the time-variation helps to increase the liveliness of the reverberation tail. A listening test, which has been conducted, confirms that the perceived quality of the reverberation tail can be enhanced by the feedback matrix modulation. In contrast to the prior art time-varying allpass FDNs, it is shown that unitary feedback matrix modulation is guaranteed to be stable. Analytical constraints on the pole locations of the FDN help to describe the modulation effect in depth. Further, techniques and conditions for continuous feedback matrix modulation are presented.
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