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Empirical Analysis of the Dynamic Relationship between Energy, Militarisation, CO2 emissions and Economic growth in Myanmar.
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This thesis seeks to explore the dynamic relationship between militarisation, renewable and non-renewable energy, CO2 emissions and economic growth for the period of 1975-2016 in the case of Myanmar. Autoregressive Distributed Lag, Dynamic OLS, Fully Modified OLS Gregory Hansen Cointegration and Granger causality test are applied to analyse time series dataset. This thesis includes two different but interconnected papers that shed light on the multifaceted aspects of the military-economic, energy-economic and environment-economic relationship with each other. Paper 1 found that a 1% increase in military expenditure leads to a decrease in GDP of 0.63% but a 1% increase in energy consumption increases GDP by 4% in the long run over the period of 1975-2014. The Granger causality test located bidirectional causality between militarisation and energy consumption, and militarisation and economic growth. Paper 2 provides an evidence that total energy use plays an insignificant role in promoting economic growth. However, decomposition analysis reveals that only renewable energy use significantly promotes, while non-renewable energy negatively influences, economic growth. Furthermore, non-renewable energy use is counterproductive in the presence of technological inefficiency. The overall results are robust under different estimation scenarios including structural break, endogeneity and mixed order of integration. This study presents a new avenue of knowledge by investigating the role of militarisation, aggregated and decomposed energy use, CO2 ¬emissions and technological efficiency in promoting economic growth in the context of Myanmar. The results emphasise the production and use of renewable energy to achieve sustainable economic development in Myanmar.
Keywords: ARDL, CO2 emissions, CO2 intensity, energy consumption, economic growth, militarisation, Myanmar, non-renewable energy use, renewable energy use.
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As a way of replacing traditional energy sources and enhancing human development, renewable energy is an essential demand in our daily routine worldwide because it can minimize greenhouse gas emissions and diminish global warming leading to economic growth. Therefore, Myanmar possesses attractive natural resources that will exploit renewable energy sources for many applications. This review paper will contribute to sustainable power sector development currently in Myanmar with these considerations in mind. Based on the renewable energy sources in Myanmar, it is notable that hydropower stands a major role in electrification, biomass allows for cooking and heating in rural areas and then solar energy potential is significantly higher than wind energy. Besides, Myanmar welcomed especially wind and solar projects to fulfill the ultimate goal of achieving green earth power in the long term. Moreover, Myanmar’s renewable energy; hydropower and solar, mentioned 3302 MW in May 2020.
This empirical study examines the short- and long-run relationship between GDP as an economic growth indicator and CO2 emissions as an environmental pollution indicator in Myanmar by using annual time series data over the period of 1970-2014. It also carefully considered other proxies, such as trade openness, financial openness and urbanization, and structural breaks in the country. The fundamental objective of this study is to test the validity of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in the context of Myanmar. The dynamic estimates of the long- and short-term relationship among greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O), GDP, trade intensity, financial openness, and urbanization growth are built through an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The empirical findings indicate that there is positive short- and long-run relationship between CO2 and GDP and thus, no evidence of EKC hypothesis is found for CO2 in Myanmar. Nevertheless, the existence of the EKC is observed for CH4 and N2O. On the other hand, trade and financial openness have inverse relationship with CO2 emissions. These results demonstrate that trade liberalization and financial openness will improve the environment quality in Myanmar in the long run.
Climate change presents one of the greatest challenges of our time, and has become one of the defining issues of the twenty-first century. The radical changes which both developed and developing countries will need to make, in economic and in legal terms, to respond to climate change are unprecedented. International law, including treaty regimes, institutions, and customary international law, needs to address the myriad challenges and consequences of climate change, including variations in the weather patterns, sea level rise, and the resulting migration of peoples. This book provides an authoritative overview of all aspects of international climate change law as it currently stands, with guidance for how it should develop in the future. This book sets out to analyse the legal issues that surround this vitally important but still emerging area of international law. This book addresses the major legal dimensions of the problems caused by climate change: not only in the content and nature of the international legal frameworks, which need implementation at the national level, but also the development of carbon trading systems as a means of reducing the costs of meeting emission reduction targets. After an introduction to the field, the book assesses the relevant institutions, the key applicable principles of international law, the international mitigation regime and its consequences, and climate change litigation, before providing perspectives focused upon specific countries or regions.
Pulp and paper manufacturing sector constitutes one of the largest industry segments in the world in terms of water and energy usage as well as of significant use and release of chemicals and combustion products. Since its chief feedstock –wood fiber– is renewable, this industry can play an important role in sustainable development, becoming an example of how a resource can be managed to provide a sustained supply to meet society's current and future needs. This calls for a thorough assessment of environmental costs and impacts associated to pulp and paper operations, including both direct and indirect inputs supporting the whole papermaking process as well as the main outputs, co-products and by-products. By means of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, this paper aims at assessing the environmental sustainability of the pulp and paper production so as to identify those phases across the whole supply chain that entail the highest environmental loads, thus requiring improvements. To determine the environmental impacts as accurately as possible, the manufacturing stages performed in the pulp and paper mill complex of Stora Enso Oyj Veitsiluoto Mills at Kemi, Northern Finland, were taken as a model and assessed by means of the SimaPro 8 LCA software, utilizing ReCiPe Midpoint (H) method for the impact assessment. As expected, most of the resulting impacts are caused by the industrial production phase. The production processes of pulp and paper jointly affect all the investigated impact categories with the highest shares, ranging from 50% of generated impacts on water depletion up to 88% on freshwater eutrophication. Generally, the main contributions to environmental loads come from the electricity and heat requirements and, only at a minor extent, from the use of chemicals such as the sodium hydroxide and sodium chlorate. In particular, pulp production process generates the main loads on global warming (46% of the total impacts), ozone depletion (39%), freshwater eutrophication (55%), human toxicity (46%), metal depletion (42%) and fossil depletion (46%). In the remaining investigated impact categories, namely terrestrial acidification, photochemical oxidant formation and terrestrial ecotoxicity, most of impacts derive from the use of optical brighteners and fillers in the final steps of paper production and from the intensive consumption of water in the recycling step of end-of-life affecting water depletion. Moreover, the implementation of measures for material and energy efficiency in the assessed system, such as the use of renewable energy generated in situ from black liquor and residual biomass to support the requirements of the integrated pulp and paper mills and the waste paper recycling, resulted to be crucial in lowering the environmental burdens. In particular, the partial fulfillment of electricity and heat requirements by means of a circular use of residues within the system leads to a noteworthy reduction of impacts in all the investigated impact categories, up to more than 70% in global warming and fossil depletion potentials, thus contributing to higher process sustainability compared with other averaged European systems for paper production. The obtained research results are a valuable source of management information for the decision makers, at both company and national levels, with the aim to improve the environmental performance of pulp and paper industry.
China and the United States (U.S) produce approximately one-third of global economic output, and emit more than two-fifths of global total carbon emissions. Comparing the decoupling of economic growth from carbon emissions in China and the U.S. can inform the development of effective mitigation strategies for those two countries and the world. In this study, we compared both the carbon emissions performance and the decoupling performance between China and the U.S. We quantified the decoupling status in China and U.S. using the Tapio decoupling indicator, and decomposed the decoupling index to explore the driving factors affecting the decoupling using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) technique. The results show that China experienced expansive coupling and weak decoupling in most years between 2000 and 2014; the U.S. experienced mostly weak and strong decoupling. In general, income and population effects restricted decoupling, whereas the energy intensity and energy mix effects promoted the decoupling process in China and the U.S. In addition, the carbon intensity effect exerted negative and positive effects on decoupling in China and the U.S., respectively.
Using a large sample of 25 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, we provide evidence that the growth of equity and credit markets promotes cleaner energy (biomass renewable energy, non-biomass renewable energy, and total bio and non-bio renewable energy) production in those countries. We also find that the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) adversely affects the production of cleaner energy. Our results are robust to alternative definitions of financial market development, cleaner energy, and controlling for the effect of government subsidy on cleaner energy. By supporting the demand-induced supply of cleaner energy, we demonstrate that the positive and significant effect of financial market development (FMD) on cleaner energy is stronger in countries with higher growth in carbon intensity and a lower availability of fossil fuels than otherwise. Our results also support the argument that financing uncertain projects such as those that produce cleaner energy should be greater in countries with a higher innovation culture than those where financial markets are already accustomed to undertaking risky investments. The overall results are also robust under the conditions of short-run and long-run homogeneity and the cross-sectional dependence in the sample. Policy implications are also provided.
Using annual data collected from 1988 to 2015, this study provides evidence of a non-linear relationship between military spending, economic growth and other growth determinants for the South African economy. The empirical study is based on estimates of a logistic smooth transition regression (LSTR) model and our empirical results point to an inverted U-shaped relationship between military spending and economic growth for the data. Furthermore, our empirical results suggest that the current levels of military spending, as a component of total government expenditure, are too high in the South African economy and need to be transferred towards more productive non-military expenditure in order to improve the performance of economic growth and other growth determinants.
This study examined the empirical effects of economic growth, electricity consumption, foreign direct investment (FDI), and financial development on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Kuwait using time series data for the period 1980–2013. To achieve this goal, we applied the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach and found that cointegration exists among the series. Findings indicate that economic growth, electricity consumption, and FDI stimulate CO2 emissions in both the short and long run. The VECM Granger causality analysis revealed that FDI, economic growth, and electricity consumption strongly Granger-cause CO2 emissions. Based on these findings, the study recommends that Kuwait reduce emissions by expanding its existing Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage plants; capitalizing on its vast solar and wind energy; reducing high subsidies of the residential electricity scheme; and aggressively investing in energy research to build expertise for achieving electricity generation efficiency.
Reducing the impact of air pollution and global environmental
degradation on human health and quality of life for Qatari citizens
represents the most important objective of the Qatar National vision
2030. With respect to this vision, this study investigates the effects of
economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, urbanization and
financial development on environmental degradation by using the Markov
Switching Equilibrium Correction Model with shifts in both the intercept
and income per capita slope for the period 1970-2015. Unlike existing
studies and in addition to the CO2 emissions pollutant, this paper uses
the total Ecological Footprint and Ecological Carbon Footprint as a new
proxies of environmental degradation.
Empirical results show strong evidence for cointegration with Markov
shifts. In particular, our results show that the non-control for breaks
can hidden the true relationship among variables. The results show also
that when controlling for breaks the Environment Kuznets curve (EKC)
hypothesis holds for the CO2 emissions and Ecological carbon Footprint
pollutants and the U-shaped behavior holds for the total Ecological
Footprint. Moreover, the results show that these two behaviors (EKC and
U-shaped) are regimes dependent. Regarding the other explanatory
variables, the results show that trade openness and urbanization worsen
Ecological Footprint. However, the electricity consumption and financial
development are positively related to the Ecological Footprint and
negatively related to Ecological Carbon Footprint and CO2 emissions.
Finally, we found evidence for the growth hypothesis for both pollutants.
Based on these results, a detailed economic, energy and environmental
policies are proposed and discussed for the case of Qatar.
This article compares results of our 2015 study of the effect of military expenditure on economic growth, 1988–2010, with results using an additional 28 years of data provided in the newly revised and extended SIPRI dataset, 1960–2014. When the additional data points are added, we find no substantive differences and confirm the statistically significant negative effect of military expenditure on growth reported in our prior research. Using the same estimation process, there is no evidence of a structural break in the time series. Considering nonlinearity and heterogeneity, the estimates using the new data for ninety-seven countries are remarkably consistent with the earlier results and, overall, are very similar in sign and statistical significance, and many of the coefficients are larger (more adverse) than before. The new data provide valuable extra information and support for the original findings.