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Silviculture and Wood Properties of Native Species of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil
Abstract and Figures
1. AN OVERVIEW OF SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS WITH NATIVE SPECIES IN THE ATLANTIC
FOREST OF BRAZIL
2. BIOMETRIC MODELS FOR MIXED-SPECIES PLANTATION IN THE NORTH OF ESPIRITO SANTO, BRAZIL
3. DIAMETER GROWTH MODELS FOR 35 ATLANTIC FOREST TREE SPECIES IN SILVICULTURAL TRIALS IN THE NORTH OF ESPIRITO SANTO, BRAZIL
4. EVALUATION OF THE WOOD QUALITY OF PLANTED NATIVE TREE SPECIES OF THE ATLANTIC FOREST OF BRAZIL
5. GROWTH AND WOOD PROPERTIES OF TREE SPECIES IN SILVICULTURAL TRIALS IN THE NORTH OF ESPÍRITO SANTO
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... It is also important to consider revenue at different times, as trunks with smaller diameters (e.g., Z. tuberculosa) may be sold for speci c purposes, such as utensils and structural materials (Rolim and Piotto 2019). In contrast, larger trunks (e.g., C. legalis, and D. nigra) tend to have higher value when sold for premium uses, such as furniture (Rolim and Piotto 2019 (José et al. 2024). In fact, tropical timber species tend to grow faster in full sun than in the understory of restoration plantations (José et al. 2024). ...
Native timber production offers a promising pathway to make large-scale tropical forest restoration financially viable. However, there are still many gaps in knowledge on this subject. This study develops species-specific growth models for three valuable and threatened native timber species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest – Cariniana legalis , Dalbergia nigra , and Zeyheria tuberculosa – and evaluate their timber production potential. We collected data from 14 tree plantations distributed in the states of São Paulo, Espírito Santo, and Bahia, with a total of 5,564 sampled trees. The plantations span a broad climatic gradient, with ages ranging from 1 to 50 years. We developed and compared six models for predicting tree diameter and total height. We modeled and compared the growth patterns among the species and determined their commercial rotation ages, based on time needed to reach a diameter of 35 cm. Z. tuberculosa exhibited the lowest diameter increment (0.90 cm/year) and did not reach the threshold DBH, making it more suitable for non-premium uses, such as utensils and pallets. In contrast, D. nigra demonstrated the highest growth rate (1.33 cm/year) and a first harvest age of 22 years, demonstrating that it is a promising species to produce timber for furniture, and construction. C. legalis showed a slightly lower growth rate (1.16 cm/year) and required 31 years to reach first harvest, with wood ideal for construction and furniture. These findings highlight the potential of these species for timber production in restoration projects and the importance of timely silvicultural practices to enhance growth rates and wood quality.
... For example, the species Joannesia princeps Vellozo, which is a pioneer species with a long lifespan, from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The species is studied for reforestation purposes, containing wood with some restrictions in use (Rolim & Piotto, 2019). According to the same authors this species presents long trunks, usually higher than 8 m, formed and straight with a slight devious and grows more than 0.75 cm year -1 at 1.30 m above ground level (DBH). ...
The aim of becoming a society based on the rational utilization of the natural resources, has led to the consideration of many alternatives by academic and industrial sectors. The forest sector may be particularly prominent in trying to achieve these goals when using residues of their processes, for timber and pulp production. One of the most important requirements in society is the energy production. Co-products of wood processing and cellulose mills can be used for bioenergy generation. The densification of biomass involves handling, transportation and storage issues, and furthermore, when industrial forest residues such as lignin are added to this biomass, the final energetic product may have some improved properties, adding value to the chain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usage of the woody industrial waste, the sawdust from Joannesia princeps Vellozo enriched with Kraft lignin as an additive, aiming to produce briquettes. One of the main findings from this work was the possibility to obtain a briquette with better properties (higher bulk density and higher resistance) when using 6% of Kraft lignin as an additive and a pressure of 1500 PSI.
... Concerning the specie of wood, Astronium concinnum (Engl.) Schott, a hardwood species, belongs to the family of Anacardiaceae, commonly known as gonçalo-alves, aroeira-rajada, guarubu-violeta and mucuri, which is a raw material widely used commercially due to its wood quality and availability [40]. Its wood is more used in exteriors, buildings, floors and furniture [41] [42] [43] and its basic density value is around 0.64 g/cm 3 [44]. ...
... However, the use of native species of high commercial value in planted forests is still developing in Brazil. There are also few studies on the environmental requirements of these species and the economic and social aspects related to such plantations (Rolim and Piotto, 2019). For example, to date, there have been no silvicultural or economic studies related to Manilkara elata (Allemão ex Miq.) Monach (Maçaranduba), the second most utilized native tree species in Brazil (IBAMA, 2014). ...
Wood production from native tree species in Brazil is primarily limited to exploitation of natural forests. The identification of potential habitats for tree planting may provide new opportunities for natural forest conservation and management and increase the viability of native species plantations for highly valuable wood production. This study aimed to identify potential habitats for native tree planting using a crop-zoning model that combines environmental variables and wood demand modeling. The target region for the study was Minas Gerais (MG) State, Southeast Region, Brazil. The MaxEnt model was used to match environmental variables and the occurrence of 19 economically important tree species. Wood demand modeling was performed through the Grouping Analysis algorithm, using Brazilian consumption records by species. The models generated with MaxEnt were highly accurate (area under the curve [AUC] ≥ 0.77). Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J. F. Macbr., Hymenaea courbaril L., Micropholis venulosa (Mart. & E. ex Miq.) P., P., Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk., Pouteria guianensis Aubl., Simarouba amara Aubl., and Tachigali paniculata Aubl. presented potential cultivation areas occupying 460,881, 572,467, 208,820, 202,989, 118,937, 158,254, and 288,769 km 2 , respectively. Three classes of wood demand were identified (R 2 ≥ 0.82). The Belo Horizonte, Juiz de Fora, Montes Claros, and Ubá micro-regions showed high demand for most species studied. The interaction between wood demand and areas with potential for planting each species allowed the specification of priority regions for reforestation. Regions with high demand and high cultivation potential occupied, in km², 19,993.23 for A. leiocarpa, 4,193.8 for H. courbaril, 1,939.6 for M. venulosa, 16,356.3 for P. caimito, 1,623.6 for P. guianensis, 0.8 for S. amara, and 53,566.2 for T. paniculata. Establishing these native tree species near wood-based industries in regions that match the environmental variables of their occurrence area leads to natural forest conservation and economic growth of consumption centers.
Três populações naturais de Cariniana legalis (Mart.) O. Ktze. foram plantadas em forma de população base em Pederneiras, SP, e Luiz Antonio, SP, no delineamento experimental de blocos de famílias compactas, visando à conservação ex situ e à avaliação do material para futuros programas de melhoramento. O ensaio implantado no ano de 1982 foi avaliado para altura e DAP aos 4, 6, 11 e 14 anos de idade. A análise dos dados revelou que o material apr,esenta boa adaptação aos dois locais pesquisados. A análise da estrutura genética das populações revelou variação genética significativa entre e dentro de populações aos 6, 11 e 14 anos de idade, para ambos os caracteres e locais de ensaio. A análise de variância conjunta para locais revelou interações do tipo populações x locais e progênies x populações, mdicando que a seleção para o melhoramento da espécie deva ser praticada a nível de locais. As estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos dos caracteres estudas indicaram que a estratégia de conservação ex situ foi eficiente e revelaram o material também como potencial para a seleção. Os ganhos estimados pela seleção entre e dentro de progênies, foram relativamente altos para alguns caracteres e populações, chegando a atingir o patamar de 14%.
O estudo do comportamento silvicultura! de espécies nativas tem sido uma preocupação constante dos silvicultores, principalmente daquelas espécies cujo uso da madeua exige um fuste bem retilíneo, como é o caso da aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. Ali.). O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de estudar o desenvolvimento da aroeira quando em consorciação com a espécie pioneira Pinus caribaea var. caribaea, em diferentes proporções de plantio: 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% e 20% de aroeira. Instalaram-se dois ensaios semelhantes, diferindo um do outro pela época de plantio da aroeira. No primeiro, o plantio foi concomitante ao de Pinus e, no segundo, plantou-se a aroeira quando o povoamento de Pinus Já tinha 12 meses de idade. Estudou-se o efeito do sombreamento no crescimento em diâmetro e altura e na forma do fuste da aroeira. Os resultados obtidos aos 7 anos de idade permitem inferir que o consórcio foi benéfico ao crescimento em diâmetro e altura até determínada idade. Quando se compara os dois ensaios pode-se recomendar o plantio âe aroeira um ano após o do Pinus.
O Brasil é um país megadiverso (Mittermeier et al. 1997; 1998; 2004), abrigando uma grande proporção da biodiversidade global do mundo (Mittermeier et al. 1997; 2004), e incluindo dois dos 35 hotspots, a Mata Atlântica e o Cerrado (Mittermeier et al. 2003 a; 2003 b). O país possui uma área de 8.514.877 km², cuja maior parte se encontra entre o trópico de Capricórnio e a linha do Equador (5º16’N – 33º45’S, 34º47’W –73º59’W). Apresenta seis grandes Domínios Fitogeográficos: a Amazônia (que ocupa 49,29% do território), o Cerrado (23,92%), a Mata Atlântica (13,04%), a Caatinga (9,92%), o Pampa (2,07%) e o Pantanal (1,76%) (Flora do Brasil 2020). Dentro de cada Domínio Fitogeográfico, há uma grande variedade de tipos de vegetação, fitofisionomias, hábitats e micro-hábitats que são ocupados por uma ampla diversidade tanto de plantas e fungos como de animais. O projeto da Flora do Brasil 2020 tem como objetivo cumprir a Meta 1 estabelecida pela GSPC-CDB para 2020, com a divulgação de descrições, chaves de identificação e ilustrações para todas as espécies de plantas, algas e fungos conhecidos para o país. Flora do Brasil 2020 é parte integrante do Programa Reflora e está sendo realizado com o apoio do Sistema de Informação sobre a Biodiversidade Brasileira (SiBBr) (Flora do Brasil 2020).
Urticaceae Juss. inclui ervas, hemiepífitas, arbustos e árvores, monóicos ou dióicos, caracterizados pelos laticíferos restritos à casca ou ausentes e gemas caulinares protegidas por estípulas. A família Urticaceae compreende seis tribos, com cerca de 55 gêneros e mais de 2000 espécies (Gaglioti & Romaniuc-Neto 2014, 2017; Gaglioti et al. 2016), com distribuição cosmopolita, sendo o centro de diversidade na região tropical e maior concentração de espécies na Ásia. Na região Neotropical está representada por 16 gêneros e aproximadamente 460 espécies (Gaglioti & Romaniuc-Neto 2014, 2017), com maior diversidade em áreas de florestas tropicais úmidas. No Brasil, a família inclui 13 gêneros e 109 espécies (Romaniuc-Neto et al. 2013, Romaniuc-Neto & Gaglioti 2015), com maior diversidade na Amazônia e Mata Atlântica.
RESUMO O presente trabalho consiste em uma revisão taxonômica do gênero Vataireopsis Ducke (Leg. Fab.), exclusivo da faixa neotropical, cujas espécies estão distribuídas pela formação denominada Floresta Perenifólia Latifoliada Higrófíla Hileana. O tratamento taxonômico inclui descrições, ilustrações, discussões sobre o grau de afinidade entre as espécies, distribuição geográfica e dados fenológicos. O autor elaborou um quadro com os caracteres diferenciais dos gêneros Vatairea, Vataireopsis (Dalbergieae) e Luetzelburgia (Sophoreae) além de outros sobre os estudos fenológicos. Também acrescentou uma nova espécie e excluiu uma do gênero. Uma chave dicotômica para a identificação das espécies é também apresentada. Os caracteres mais significativos na delimitação das espécies foram a morfologia do cálice, androceu, brácteas, bractéolas e frutos.
The authors compare the growth in diameter and height and the survival of 21 amazonian forest species, of economic value, planted under two hight conditions: one under the shade of undisturbed high forest and the other in full light. They verify that the growth in height and diameter and the percentage survival, in full light, was superior to that under shade for almost all the species tested, showing that light is an important, fundamental factor as much as a limiting factor to growth as a regulator of survival of forest species. The species which presented the better appearance with the greater heights and diameters in full light were Goupia glabra, Cedrelinga catenaeformis, Bagassa guianensis, Carapa guianensis, Jacaranda paraensis, Dipteryx odorata, Calophyllum angulare, Pithecolobium racemosum and Scleronema micranthum. Under the shade of undisturbed high forest the better species were Goupia glabra, Jacaranda paraensis, Cedrelinga cateaneformis, Calophyllum angulare, Ocotea rubra e Tabebuia serratifolia. The authors recommend these species for plantations in the Amazon, calling attention to the fact that the knowledge of intrinsic ecological characteristics of each species is essential for silvicultural success in this region.
Neste trabalho os dados de 168 árvores de plantios silviculturais com espécies nativas no norte do Espírito Santo foram utilizadas para a elaboração de modelos que descrevem a relação H-D, o volume de madeira comercial e a biomassa acima do solo das árvores individuais.
(PDF) Silvicultura e Tecnologia de Espécies da Mata Atlântica: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326262183_Silvicultura_e_Tecnologia_de_Especies_da_Mata_Atlantica
This monograph provides a careful review of the major statistical techniques used to analyze regression data with nonconstant variability and skewness. The authors have developed statistical techniques--such as formal fitting methods and less formal graphical techniques-- that can be applied to many problems across a range of disciplines, including pharmacokinetics, econometrics, biochemical assays, and fisheries research. While the main focus of the book in on data transformation and weighting, it also draws upon ideas from diverse fields such as influence diagnostics, robustness, bootstrapping, nonparametric data smoothing, quasi-likelihood methods, errors-in-variables, and random coefficients. The authors discuss the computation of estimates and give numerous examples using real data. The book also includes an extensive treatment of estimating variance functions in regression.
Scenarios are important tools to facilitate the communication among scientists, practitioners, and decision-makers, and, thus to support policy and management decisions. The use of scenarios has an enormous potential to reduce ecosystem restoration costs and to optimize benefits, but this potential remains poorly explored. Here, we recommend and illustrate six best practices to guide the use of scenarios for planning native ecosystem restoration. We argue, first, for a participatory process to consider aspirations of multiple stakeholders along the whole scenario building process, from planning to implementation and review phases. Second, targeted restoration outcomes should be defined by key-actors (those who have direct interests in restoration) and directly involved stakeholders, within a clear socio-environmental context and under a well-defined problem statement, considering a broad range of nature and human benefits that can be derived from ecosystem restoration. Third, methodological choices, such as scenario types, spatial and temporal scales, drivers, restoration-related variables, and indicators, should be defined according to the multiple desired outcomes. Fourth, we encourage the consideration of the interactions among variables, within a spatially explicit, and temporally dynamic multi-criteria approach. Fifth, analysis and dissemination of scenario results should highlight the trade-offs and synergies among different restoration outcomes, identifying the scenarios that maximize benefits and minimize costs and resistance (i.e. the cost-effective and most feasible scenario) for multiple targets. Finally, promoting capacity building, through a wider consultation process including interaction with a broader group of stakeholders, is critical for the successful implementation and review of restoration interventions. Scenarios that support ecosystem restoration should follow an adaptive and iterative process, aiming to continuously improve restoration interventions and outcomes.