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Shahrajabian et al.: A review of chrysanthemum, the eastern queen in traditional Chinese medicine with healing power in modern
pharmaceutical sciences
- 13355 -
APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(6):13355-13369.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1335513369
© 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
A REVIEW OF CHRYSANTHEMUM, THE EASTERN QUEEN IN
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE WITH HEALING POWER
IN MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SHAHRAJABIAN, M. H.1,2# – SUN, W.1,2# – ZANDI, P.3 – CHENG, Q.1,2*
1Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081,
China
2Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Qi Institute, Building C4, No. 555 Chuangye, Jiaxing 314000,
Zhejiang, China
3Institute of Environment and Sustainability, Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
#These authors equally contributed to this paper.
*Corresponding author
e-mail: chengqi@caas.cn
(Received 12th Jun 2019; accepted 28th Aug 2019)
Abstract. Chrysanthemum is famous as the Queen of the East grown mainly in China and Japan.
Chrysanthemum is the second most important plant in both the ornamental industry and traditional
Chinese medicine. The most important chemical extracts of Chrysanthemum include flavonoids, betaine,
choline and vitamin B1. Thirteen important compounds of chrysanthemum flowers are acacetin-7-0-beta-
D-glucopyranoside, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, acaciin, acacetin 7-0-(6//-0-alpha-L-
rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-sophoroside, 3-0-caffeoylquinic acid, syringaresinol 0-beta-D-glucopyranoside,
5,7-dihydroxychromone, uracil, p-gydroxybenzoic acid, 4-0-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzoic acid,
boscialin and blumenol A. The most outstanding health benefits of chrysanthemum tea are easing stress
and anxiety, improving cardiovascular health, protect against oxidative damage, inhibit inflammation,
support healthy immune function, improve eye health and lower risk for osteoporosis. In traditional
Chinese medicine, chrysanthemum is a cold herb which helps dispel pathogenic heat, helps the liver,
improves eyesight and aids detoxification. To conclude, treatment with natural Chinese herbal medicine
especially chrysanthemum, non-synthetic drug is recommended for an organic life.
Keywords: health benefits, Asian medicinal science, western pharmaceutical science, herbal medicine,
silk road
Introduction
Traditional Chinese medicine is a system of medicine based on acupuncture,
acupressure, Chinese herbs, cupping, diet and moxibustion (Soleymani and
Shahrajabian, 2012, 2018; Ogbaji et al., 2018; Shahrajabian et al., 2018, 2019a, b, c).
Traditional medicine refers to health practices, knowledge, approaches and beliefs
incorporating plants and herbs based on both ancient and modern pharmaceutical
science (Sharajabian et al., 2019d, e, f, 2020). Chrysanthemum with high ornamental
value is a one of the ten most popular traditional flowers in China and one of the most
popular cut flowers in the world (Sun et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2014; Chung et al.,
2018). Wang et al. (2014) stated that there are more than 20,000 chrysanthemum
cultivars in the world and about 7,000 cultivars in China. The objective of this review is
survey on some important modern and ancient pharmaceutical sciences of
chrysanthemum.
Shahrajabian et al.: A review of chrysanthemum, the eastern queen in traditional Chinese medicine with healing power in modern
pharmaceutical sciences
- 13356 -
APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(6):13355-13369.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1335513369
© 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
Materials and methods
All relevant papers in the English language of researchers from different countries
were collected. The keywords of chrysanthemum, traditional Chinese medicine,
traditional Asian medicine, modern pharmaceutical science, health benefits and western
medicine were searched in Google Scholar, Scopus, Research Gate and PubMed.
Results and discussion
Chrysanthemum occurrence and cultivation
In Chinese culture, ancient Chinese scholars consider chrysanthemum as a symbol of
nobility and integrity and long prized by ordinary people for its medicinal properties.
Teixeria (2003) mentioned that, chrysanthemum is the world’s second most
economically important floricultural crop, following rose. In China, it is found most
often in Zhejiang, Anhui, Henan and Sichuan provinces. Imtiaz et al. (2019) also noted
that chrysanthemum is native to China and was first cultivated as a flowering herb back
in the 15th century BC, and it was believed that this plant had the power of life.
Chrysanthemum is famous as Queen of the East, and also known as autumn flower
(Saicharan et al., 2017). In traditional Chinese medicine, chrysanthemum provides
mildly cold energy, and it has special affinity to the energy channels that lead to the
lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys. Chrysanthemum tea is an herbal infusion made from
the dried flowers of the chrysanthemum plant in ancient China, and it was used as an
herbal remedy in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as early as 1500 B.C. Its petals
consumed in the form of a salad has the perception of causing longevity.
Chrysanthemum commonly called as gul-e-daudi or golden flower autumn queen has
been cultivated for more than 2000 years ago in Iran. It belongs to the family of
Asteraceae, and it behaves both as an annual as well as perennial flowering crop (Kalia,
2015). It is the world’s second most important floricultural crop only after Rose (Kalia,
2015). The National Chrysanthemum Society of Britain lists over 600 cultivars of this
plant (Datta, 2013). Klie et al. (2014) has shown that chrysanthemum is a segmental
allohexaploid with an ambiguous pattern of inheritance. Chrysanthemums require well-
drained soil and full sunlight to grow and successfully bloom. Plants grown with less
light will become weak, spindly and produce few flowers. Chrysanthemums are shallow
rooted and do best if planted high, which means that frequent watering may be
necessary during times of high heat and little rainfall. The best defense against adverse
weather conditions is to provide good drainage so that water does not accumulate
around the plants and promote ice formation. Cicek Atikmen et al. (2014) found that
12.5% fresh mushroom compost and 25% exhausted mushroom compost were the best
ratios for cultivation of chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum white rust (CWR) is one of
the primary diseases on chrysanthemum which has been considered as a quarantine
disease in many countries (Dong et al., 2018). List of some chrysanthemum varieties is
presented in Table 1. Qualitative characters of 20 genotypes of chrysanthemum is
shown in Table 2. Genotypes of C. morifolium is shown in Table 3. Performance of
chrysanthemum genotypes for vegetative characters is presented in Table 4. Length of
flowering, diameter of flowering stem, diameter of flower bud, diameter of most open
inflorescence, plant height, and number of inflorescences per pot of chrysanthemum is
presented in Table 5. Phytochemical characteristics evaluated in chrysanthemum plants
(average of three cultivars) with and without application Si is shown in Table 6. Chukki
Shahrajabian et al.: A review of chrysanthemum, the eastern queen in traditional Chinese medicine with healing power in modern
pharmaceutical sciences
- 13357 -
APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(6):13355-13369.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1335513369
© 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
et al. (2018) indicated that Chrysanthemum indicum flower has the potential for Congo
red dye reduction from aqueous solution. A number of disease plague chrysanthemus,
are Septoria Leaf Spot, Powdery Mildew and virus diseases such as mosaic and stunt or
virus-like diseases such as aster yellows. A number of insects such as Aphids,
Caterpillars, Leafhoppers, Leaminers, Plant Bugs and Spider Mites may hurt the crops.
Chrysanthemums cultivars reveal amazing colours, shapes types of inflorescence and a
varied growth (Carvalho-Zanao et al., 2012). Plants are generally raised through suckers
and terminal cuttings. It has been said that micro propagation to be very efficient
technique for the fast and disease free raising of Chrysanthemum plants (Kalia, 2015).
Cojocariu et al. (2018) noted that knowing the particular architecture can improve the
correct application of chrysanthemum culture technologies as properly positioning of
the crops into the appropriate fertility plots, adequate application of fertilizers, and
mechanical maintenance of chrysanthemum crops in order to protect the root system of
the plants. Yasemin et al. (2017) reported that flower diameters, disc florets, number of
flowers, shoot height, root collar thickness, root and shoot fresh weights were
negatively affected in 150 and 200 mM NaCl treatments. Liu and Xiao (2018) reported
that fourteen compounds were isolated and identified as stigmata-4-ene-3-one (1),
calenduladiol-3β-O- palmitate (2), 16β,22α-dihydroxypseudotaraxasterol-3β-O-
palmitate (3), α-amyrin (4), urs-12-ene-3β,16β-diol (5), 3β-hydroxyurs- 12-ene-11-one
(6), arnidiol (7), maniladiol (8), 3β-hydroxyolean-12-ene-11-one (9), luteolin (10),
apigenin (11), apigenin-7,4’- dimethyl ether (12), genkwanin (13), and 1-linoleic acid
glycerate (14). Carvalho-Zanao et al. (2012) reported that silicon has promoted
improvements both in quantitative and qualitative aspects when supplied to some
ornamental species produced in these conditions. Lee and Van Iersel (2008) found that
saline water may be more readily available and can have the added benefit of reduced
plant height, which is an important quality characteristic for floriculture crops such as
chrysanthemum. The effect of growth substrates over the nutrients of chrysanthemum
plant is shown in Table 7. The effect of growth substrates over the nutrients of
chrysanthemum plant is presented in Table 8. Germination rate of seeds is shown in
Table 9. Kalia (2015) indicated that Chrysanthemum can be multiplied in large scale
through micro propagation using right concentration of the auxins. She clearly indicates
that the above problems can be minimized by micro propagation of Chrysanthemum.
Table 1. List of some chrysanthemum varieties (Kumar et al., 2014)
Cultivars
Cultivars
Kanchil
Pusa Anmol
Glumohr
Yellow Bangla
Shayamal
Sharad Mala
Sadwin Yellow
Star White
White Andaman
TERI
Aparjita
Poornima White
Sadbhawna
Waters May
Flirt
Beauty
Neelima
Jubilee
White Prolific
Maghi Orange
Ravikiran
Maghi White
Birbal Sahni
Maghi Yellow
Shukla
Kalvin Orange
Shahrajabian et al.: A review of chrysanthemum, the eastern queen in traditional Chinese medicine with healing power in modern
pharmaceutical sciences
- 13358 -
APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(6):13355-13369.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1335513369
© 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
Yellow Charm
Diana
Pink Cloud
Pankaj
Kajole
Kalvin Pink
Gaity
Sonali Tara
Geetanjali
Mother Teressa
Star Pink
Pinked White
Korean Small
Gajra
Yellow Star
Santa Dine
Ajay
Red Shringar
Meghavi
Shwet Shringar
Yellow Gold
White Anemone
Lalpari
Mahatma Gandhi
Red Gold
Raja Orange
Vasantika
Tokyo Soldier
Kundan
Korean Small
Kargil
Kalvin Yellow
Shanti
Greenish White
Taichen Queen
Ajay
Star Yellow
Texas Gold
Snowball
Yellow Reflex
President Viger
Golden Yellow
Jayanti
Red D spoon
Dolly Orange
Annual Chrysanthemum
Liliput
Annual Chrysanthemum
FDL
Table 2. Qualitative characters of 20 genotypes of chrysanthemum (Prakash et al., 2018)
Genotypes
Flower colour
Disc colour
Type of flower
Thai Chin Queen
Orange
*
Double
Pusa arunoday
Pink
Yellow
Double
Yellow charm
Yellow
Yellow
Semi-double
Pusa sona
Yellow
Yellow
Semi-double
Pusa centenary
Yellow
*
Double
Pusa aditya
Yellow with orange center
Orange
Semi-double
Sunny
Blood red
*
Double
Pusa kesari
Saffron
*
Double
Sadbhavana
Dark orange
Yellow
Semi-double
Lalith
White
*
Double
Ajay
Pink
*
Double
Pusa Chitraksha
Deep magenta
Yellow
Semi-double
Basanthi
Yellow
Yellow
Semi-double
Ramlal dada
Yellow
*
Single
Haldighati
Dark yellow
*
Double
Star white
White
*
Double
Lal pari
Red
Yellow
Semi-double
Jaya
White
*
Double
Ajay orange
Orange
*
Double
Lilyput
Yellow
*
Double
Shahrajabian et al.: A review of chrysanthemum, the eastern queen in traditional Chinese medicine with healing power in modern
pharmaceutical sciences
- 13359 -
APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(6):13355-13369.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1335513369
© 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
Table 3. Genotypes of C. morifolium (Kaur et al., 2018)
Plant tag no.
Genotypes name
Color
Plant tag no.
Genotypes name
Color
V1
Aparajita
Yellow
V9
Celtic
Green
V2
Fortune
White
V10
Paiwer-W
White
V3
Anastasia
White
V11
HF-164
Yellow Purple
V4
Charlia
Purple Yellow
V12
Paladov Dark
Orange
V5
Vanilla Sorbet
Cream
V13
Tocovar-6
Red
V6
Paladov Sunny
Yellow
V14
Papaya
Orange
V7
White Double
White
V15
Cologne
White
V8
Braca Splendid
Magenta
Table 4. Performance of chrysanthemum genotypes for vegetative characters (Kaur et al.,
2018)
Population No.
Genotypes
Plant spread
(cm)
No. of branches
per plant
No. of leaves
per plant
No. of flowers
per stem
No. of flowers
per cut flower
Flower size
(cm)
V1
Aparajita
26.06
13.66
156.33
4.73
55.44
3.73
V2
Fortune
31.86
15.06
140.93
5.46
60.34
5.73
V3
Anastasia
17.86
7.53
51.00
4.33
27.33
5.43
V4
Charlia
22.40
18.46
252.73
4.46
52.38
3.28
V5
Vanilla Sorbet
12.13
10.06
73.93
2.60
23.80
3.92
V6
Paladov Sunny
16.26
11.26
82.13
2.86
31.74
2.59
V7
White Double
23.80
13.26
156.00
4.26
46.16
5.71
V8
Braca Splendid
21.26
9.46
75.40
3.53
34.13
5.15
V9
Celtic
21.00
6.20
57.46
4.26
26.11
3.04
V10
Paiwer-W
23.66
9.33
98.33
4.60
43.93
5.11
V11
HF-164
20.93
8.06
72.00
2.93
21.74
5.13
V12
Paladov Dark
13.66
6.00
34.66
2.20
20.53
4.58
V13
Tocovar-6
23.00
12.00
145.40
3.13
38.87
5.05
V14
Papaya
19.40
10.13
99.46
3.06
38.88
5.21
V15
Cologne
18.73
9.40
77.86
2.13
19.78
4.93
C.D. at 5% level
of significance
3.63
3.29
5.58
1.56
1.99
0.17
Table 5. Length of flowering (LFS), diameter of flowering stem (DFS), diameter of flower
bud (DFB), diameter of most open inflorescence (DI), plant height (PH), and number of
inflorescences per pot (NI) of chrysanthemum cultivar (Carvalho-Zanao et al., 2012)
Cultivar
PH
(cm)
DI
(cm)
LFS
(cm)
DFS
(cm)
DFB
(cm)
NI
(unit/pot)
Coral Charm
55.35a
5.15c
44.94a
44.94a
0.99a
22.50c
White Reagan
56.31a
6.87b
45.09a
45.09a
1.01a
29.17a
Indianapolis
48.67b
7.81a
41.10a
41.10a
1.16a
24.50b
CV (%)
6.42
3.85
6.51
6.51
6.34
15.15
Shahrajabian et al.: A review of chrysanthemum, the eastern queen in traditional Chinese medicine with healing power in modern
pharmaceutical sciences
- 13360 -
APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(6):13355-13369.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1335513369
© 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
Table 6. Phytochemical characteristics evaluated in chrysanthemum plants as a function of
the application of Si (average of three cultivars) (Carvalho-Zanao et al., 2012)
Variables
Without Si
With Si
CV (%)
Length of flowering stem (cm)
39.99a
39.22a
7.42
Diameter of flowering stem (cm)
0.38a
0.37a
6.51
Diameter of flower bud (cm)
1.00a
1.03a
6.34
Diameter of the most open inflorescence (cm)
6.65a
6.58a
3.85
Height of plant (cm)
48.73a
49.45a
6.42
Number of inflorescences per pot
25.11a
25.67a
15.15
Production of root dry matter (g)
2.88a
2.87a
20.60
Production of leaf dry matter (g)
7.36a
6.86a
14.49
Production of stems dry matter (g)
11.36a
11.50a
15.57
Production of inflorescence dry matter (g)
7.62a
7.49a
19.58
Production of dry matter of the shoots (g)
26.34a
25.84a
11.16
Cycle (days)
88.54a
88.50a
7.55
Shelf life (days)
26.89a
27.00a
6.21
Averages followed by distinct letters different significantly among each other by Turkey’s test, p < 0.05
Table 7. The effect of growth substrates over the nutrients of chrysanthemum plant (Cicek
Atikmen et al., 2014)
Growth substrates
Total N
(%)
Total P
(%)
Total K
(%)
Total Na
(ppm)
Total Ca
(%)
100% P
4.04ns
1.07A
6.36ns
695ns
1.81E
12.5% FMC + 87.5% P
3.90
0.79CD
7.14
513
2.01CDE
25% FMC + 75% P
3.84
0.87BC
6.81
581
1.86DE
50% FMC + 50% P
3.62
0.66D
6.55
739
2.48AB
12.5% FMC + 25% Perlite + 62.5% P
3.98
0.80CD
6.68
705
2.07BCD
25% FMC + 25% Perlite + 50% P
3.83
0.79CD
7.27
607
2.31ABC
50% FMC + 25% Perlite + 25% P
3.75
0.84BCD
7.20
597
2.44AB
12.5% EMC + 87.5% P
3.71
0.93ABC
6.82
784
2.25ABCD
25%EMC + 75% P
3.91
0.95ABC
6.70
619
2.19ABCDE
50% EMC + 50% P
3.81
0.93ABC
6.83
526
2.57A
12.5% EMC + 25% Perlite + 62.5% P
3.80
1.07A
7.05
614
2.57A
25% EMC + 25% Perlite + 50% P
3.91
1.09A
6.75
599
2.26ABCD
50% EMC + 25% Perlite + 25% P
3.84
1.00A
7.20
579
2.34ABC
ns: non-significant, p < 0.01. P = Peat, FMC = Fresh MC, EMC = Exhausted MC
Table 8. The effect of growth substrates over the nutrients of chrysanthemum plant (Cicek
Atikmen et al., 2014)
Growth substrates
Total Mg
(%)
Total Fe
(ppm)
Total Mn
(ppm)
Total Zn
(ppm)
Total Cu
(ppm)
100% P
1.00A
701A
96BC
144BC
17A
12.5% FMC + 87.5% P
0.86CD
405CD
88BC
166B
14BC
25% FMC + 75% P
0.84D
354D
103BC
100C
15ABC
50% FMC + 50% P
0.94ABC
306D
136A
49D
14C
12.5% FMC + 25% Perlite + 62.5% P
0.90BCD
463BCD
90BC
48D
15ABC
25% FMC + 25% Perlite + 50% P
0.92ABCD
505BCD
86.29C
156B
14C
50% FMC + 25% Perlite + 25% P
0.95ABC
464BCD
118AB
224A
16ABC
12.5% EMC + 87.5%P
0.95ABC
566ABC
101BC
175B
16ABC
25%EMC + 75%P
0.92ABCD
659AB
92BC
156B
16ABC
50% EMC + 50% P
0.95ABC
702A
81C
161B
14C
12.5% EMC + 25% Perlite + 62.5%P
0.98AB
495BCD
99BC
160B
15ABC
25% EMC + 25% Perlite + 50% P
0.97AB
466BCD
81C
155B
16ABC
50% EMC + 25% Perlite + 25%P
1.01A
474BCD
93BC
170B
17AB
ns: non-significant, p < 0.01. P = Peat, FMC = Fresh MC, EMC = Exhausted MC
Shahrajabian et al.: A review of chrysanthemum, the eastern queen in traditional Chinese medicine with healing power in modern
pharmaceutical sciences
- 13361 -
APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(6):13355-13369.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1335513369
© 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
Table 9. Germination rate of seeds (Wang et al., 2014)
Cultivars
Seed germination rate (%)
QX-081
0
QX-006
0
QX-003
0
Q10-33-2
66.7 ± 8.3
Nannongxiangbin
0
Nannonghongcheng
57.1 ± 6.5
QX-001
66.7 ± 4.7
Nannongjinhe
27.5 ± 4.5
Q10-33-1
23.9 ± 4.3
Values given are mean ± standard deviation
Medicinal uses and potential health benefits in traditional and modern medicine
industry
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), chrysanthemum flowers are plants that
belong to the Cool/Acrid herbs that release the exterior category. Herbs which release
the exterior aim to treat the early stages of diseases that affect the upper respiratory
tract, the eyes, the ears, the nose, the throat or the skin. In some Eastern cultures,
chrysanthemums are also a symbol of good luck, wealth, happiness, and longevity. In
Chinese medicine, chrysanthemums are a versatile herb called Ju Hua. In Chinese
traditional medicine, Ju Hua is considered to be a fragrant, cool, and light herb. Also, it
is used for cooling heat in the liver channel, especially when it manifests as dry, red or
painful eyes. Yang et al. (2019) discovered that the Chrysanthemum morifolium flower
is widely used in China and Japan as a food, beverage, and medicine for many diseases.
Chrysanthemum tea is naturally caffeine-free which makes it a great alternative to
drinks containing caffeine like black tea and coffee. It has been reported that
Chrysanthemum morifolium has many antioxidant activities including resisting fatigue,
improving the function of cardiovascular system, and lowering the levels of serum lipid
(Wang and Xiao, 2013; Yu et al., 2013). The healing benefits of Chrysanthemum
morifolium are closely related to the composition and content of phenolic compounds
(Liu et al., 2013), and apigenin-7-O-glucoside is one of the most active phenolic
compounds in chrysanthemum flowers (Wang et al., 2018). Sassi et al. (2008) found
that chrysanthemum acts as an antibiotic against a variety of pathogens. Marongiu et al.
(2009) reported that the extract of a fresh plant can be applied to skin infections. Liang
Yu et al. (2010) and Michalowska and Lema-Ruminska (2018) reported that
chrysanthemums have many health-promoting properties used in medicine. Bose et al.
(2003) found that chrysanthemum s boiled roots were used as a headache remedy,
young sprouts and petals were eaten as salad and leaves were brewed for a festive drink.
Chrysanthemum has aesthetic values, antigenotoxic, antioxidative and antimutagenic
properties. 13 different types of Chrysanthemums are: Single blooms, Quilled blooms,
Spider blooms, Anemone, Pompons, Decorative blooms, Reflex and Incurve blooms,
Reflex mums, Brush or Thistle Chrysanthemums, Unclassified, Spoon mums, Cushion
mums and Miscellaneous mums. Terpenes concentrations used for sensory analyses is
shown in Table 10. Compounds identified from Chrysanthemum morifolium Huangju
by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS is presented in Table 11. Antioxidant activities of apigenin-7-
Shahrajabian et al.: A review of chrysanthemum, the eastern queen in traditional Chinese medicine with healing power in modern
pharmaceutical sciences
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1335513369
© 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
O-glucoside, apihenon and glucose is shown in Table 12. The chemical compositions of
Chrysanthemum essential oil (CHEO) is presented in Table 13. Essential oil
composition of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium is shown in Table 14. Some health
benefits of chrysanthemums are for allergies, hypertension (high blood pressure0,
tightening of the chest, anxiety, skin conditions such as boils, vertigo, eyes that are
inflamed, headaches, sore throats, colds and tinnitus. The health benefits of
chrysanthemum is shown in Table 15. The most important health benefits of
chrysanthemum tea is presented in Table 16. Samples and origins of the studies
Chrysanthemum morifolium tea from China is shown in Table 17. Common traditional
Chinese medicine formulas in which chrysanthemum flowers are used is shown in
Table 18.
Table 10. Terpenes concentrations used for sensory analyses (Niu et al., 2018)
Terpenes
Concentration (mg/L)
α-pinene
3083
Camphene
2780
β-pinene
355
β-myrcene
787
α-phellandrene
523
dl-limonene
8192
Cis-ocimene
53
α-terpinolen
7566
Caryophyllene
775
β-farnesene
243
Germacrene B
985
Alcohols
Linalool
2974
D-fenchyl alcohol
1178
Eudesmol
1177
Borneol
183
Isoborneol
3065
4-terpineol
866
Table 11. Compounds identified from Chrysanthemum morifolium Huangju by UHPLC-Q-
TOF-MS (Wang et al., 2018)
No.
RT
Formula
[M-H]-
Score
MS/MS
Identification
1
4.833
C16H18O9
353.08785
97.69
191.05644,
248.97382,
112.98560
Chlorogenic acid
2
11.442
C21H20O11
447.09376
87.93
285.03972
Luteolin-7-O-glucoside
3
17.242
C25H24O11
515.12035
95.93
353.08736,
179.03450,
173.04544,
135.04501,
191.05577
3,5-dicafeoylquinic acid
4
19.575
C25H24O12
431.09920
95.44
268.03810,
269.04341
Apigenin-7-O-Glucoide
5
21.275
C21H18O11
445.07743
79.28
269.04514,
113.02422
Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide
6
22.208
C24H22O14
533.09396
94.85
489.10472,
285.04009
Luteolin-7-O-6//-
malonylglucoside
7
32.767
C15H10O5
269.04627
94.96
117.03469,
151.00383,
149.02439
Apigenin
Shahrajabian et al.: A review of chrysanthemum, the eastern queen in traditional Chinese medicine with healing power in modern
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Table 12. Antioxidant activities of apigenin-7-O-glucoside, apihenon and glucose (Wang et
al., 2018)
±
ABTS (EC50)
DPPH (EC50)
FI (EC50)
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside
5.49 ± 0.74a
/
/
Apigenin
0.68 ± 0.01b
/
/
Glucose
/
/
/
BHT
0.17 ± 0.00b
0.41 ± 0.01a
/
Ascorbic acid
0.12 ± 0.00b
0.11 ± 0.00b
/
Rutin
0.52 ± 0.10b
0.52 ± 0.07a
/
EDTA
/
/
0.32 ± 0.03
Each value is expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Means with different letters with in a
column are significantly different (p < 0.01). ABTS and DPPH, effective concentration at which 50% of
radicals are scavenged (mg/mL); FI, ferrous ion chelating power; effective concentration at which 50%
of ferrous ions are chelated (mg/mL). Positive controls were: BHT, ascorbic acid, rutin and EDTA. / ,
no data obtained from the EC50 model Y = 100 / (1 + 10^((LogEC50-C)*HillSlope))
Table 13. The chemical compositions of chrysanthemum essential oil (CHEO) (Lin et al.,
2019)
Composition
Proportion (%)
Composition
Proportion (%)
Borneol
19.55 ± 0.031
α-Curcumene
1.25 ± 0.021
Β-Slinene
16.25 ± 0.052
Eucalyptol
1.11 ± 0.013
Camphor
13.48 ± 0.021
Pentanoic acid
1.05 ± 0.018
Guaia-3,9-diene
5.26 ± 0.019
Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-,1,7,7-
trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl ester
1.0 ± 0.007
Hexaoxa-cycloocatdecane
4.16 ± 0.012
1,4,7,10,13,16-
Hexaoxacyclooctadecane
0.92 ± 0.011
Cyclopropa-naphthalene
2.69 ± 0.015
3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, alpha.,
alpha., 4-trimethyl
0.92 ± 0.003
1,4,7,10,13,16-
Hexaoxacycloocladecane
2.33 ± 0.004
1-Phenyl-2-propanol
0.63 ± 0.011
3-ethylidence-1-
methylcyclopentene
1.88 ± 0.008
Octaethylene glycol
0.56 ± 0.042
Tetramethyl-undeca-2,6,9-
trien-8-one
1.42 ± 0.014
3,6,9,12,15-Pentaoxanonadecan-1-ol
0.27 ± 0.026
Table 14. Essential oil composition of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Shrestha et al.,
2014)
RI
Compound
%
RI
Compound
%
809
2-Hexanol
0.8
1217
Trans-Carveol
0.4
854
(2E)-Hexenal
0.4
1225
Neoiso-Dihydrocarveol
0.3
856
(3Z)-Hexenol
2.3
1261
Cis-Chrysanthenyl acetate
0.5
890
2-Hexen-1-ol
0.3
1270
Unidentified
1.4
891
n-Hexanol
1.0
1311
(Z)-Patchenol
0.9
941
α-Pinene
0.2
1315
Unidentified
1.9
981
1-Octen-3-ol
1.5
1356
Eugenol
0.5
992
Dehydro-1,8-cineole
0.4
1419
(E)-Caryophyllene
0.9
994
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol
0.2
1458
(E)-β-Farnesene
0.4
996
3-Octanol
0.2
1477
Trans-Cadina-1(6),4-diene
0.2
Shahrajabian et al.: A review of chrysanthemum, the eastern queen in traditional Chinese medicine with healing power in modern
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1016
α-Terpinene
0.3
1481
ϒ-Muurolene
4.6
1024
p-Cymene
0.2
1484
ar-Curcumene
0.3
1028
Limonene
0.2
1497
α-Zingiberene
1.0
1030
1,8-Cineole
2.4
1516
cis-Dihydroagarofuran
0.7
1032
Benzyl alcohol
0.2
1525
δ-Cadinene
1.7
1043
Phenylacetaldehyde
0.4
1534
Italicene Ether
0.3
1066
Cis-Sabinene hydrate
0.4
1550
Unidentified
1.0
1097
Trans-Sabinene hydrate
0.7
1552
Unidentified
0.9
1100
Linalool
0.2
1559
Unidentified
1.2
1103
Filifolone
2.3
1565
(E)-Nerolidol
0.3
1105
Hotrienol
1.1
1576
Germacrene D-4-ol
1.4
1112
2-Phenylethyl alcohol
1.2
1581
ar-Turmerol
0.5
1120
Isophorone
1.0
1583
Caryophyllene oxide
2.1
1125
Chrysanthenone
7.6
1601
Viridiflorol
2.2
1138
trans-Pinocarveol
3.3
1609
Humulene epoxide II
0.2
1144
Camphor
11.0
1628
1-epi-Cubenol
1.1
1162
Cis-Chrysanthenol
4.4
1631
Caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5α-ol
0.8
1165
Borneol
3.5
1633
Caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5β-ol
1.9
1166
δ-Terpineol
0.4
1642
τ-Muurolol
2.7
1173
Cis-Pinocamphone
0.2
1646
α-Muurolol (= Torreyol)
0.5
1176
Terpinen-4-ol
3.6
1651
β-Eudesmol
0.4
1190
α-Terpineol
1.2
1655
α-Cadinol
4.8
1193
Methyl salicylate
1.3
1686
Caryophylla-4(15)5,10(14)-trien-1α-ol
0.8
1195
Myrtenol
1.0
1691
Shyobunol
3.4
1202
Nopol
0.4
1737
Oplopalone
1.2
1207
Verbenone
0.5
1954
Hexadecanoic acid
0.3
1208
Trans-3(10)-Caren-2-ol
0.2
2108
(E)-Phytol
0.2
Total identified
93.7
Table 15. The health benefits of chrysanthemum
1- Increase the metabolism in the body, which can help people to lose weight, improve circulation, regulate
hormone levels, and even improve neurotransmitter activity
2- Prevent certain chronic illnesses, in part because it helps fight free radicals, prevents cellular mutations, and
protects body against numerous illnesses which cause by free radicals
3- Improve vision. Chrysanthemum tea can also improve eyesight, and also can protect against diseases such as
cataracts, macular, degeneration, neuropathy and even blurry vision
4- It may help to improve bone density and even prevent osteoporosis. This is due to its many naturally
occurring minerals, including calcium and magnesium
5- It may boost immune system because of its high levels of Vitamin C and A
6- It may help unclog arteries and improve overall heart health
7- It may help alleviate varicose veins
8- Help ease digestive issues, eliminating a lot of digestive problems and keeping body in less pain with fewer
stomach problems
9- It may help alleviate dryness and itchiness in the eyes
10- Rejuvenate the brain and alert the senses
11- Detoxify the liver, making body healthier overall, as well as make the cholesterol numbers lower
12- It may help alleviate pimples, acne, and other skin problems
13- It may lower body temperature, and can help relieve the pain
14- It may help feeling better without the nasty side effects that chemical medicines may have, particularly
prescription
Shahrajabian et al.: A review of chrysanthemum, the eastern queen in traditional Chinese medicine with healing power in modern
pharmaceutical sciences
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1335513369
© 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
Table 16. The most important health benefits of chrysanthemum tea
1- Anti-inflammatory
2- Increase immune system
3- Strengthens bones
4- Prevents chronic diseases
5- Improve eyesight
6- Increase metabolic rate
7- Maintains cardiovascular health
8- Relaxes nerves
9- Treats cough and cold
10- Detoxifies body
Table 17. Samples and origins of the studies Chrysanthemum morifolium tea from China
(Wang et al., 2019)
Samples
Company
Origins
C. morigolium Gongju
Beijing Tongrentang Health
Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd
Huangshan city, Anhui province
C. morifolium Hangbaiju
Beijing Tongrentang Health
Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd
Tongxiang city, Zhejiang
Province
C. morifolium Taiju
Beijing Zhang Yiyuan Jinqiao Tea Co.,
Ltd.
Zhongwei city, Ningxia Hui
Autonomous Region
C. morifolium Boju
Bozhou Zhongyitang Chinese Medicinal
Materials Sales Co., Ltd.
Bozhou city, Anhui Province
C. morifolium Chuju
Anhui Jutai Chuju Herb Science and
Technology Co., Ltd.
Chuzhou city, Anhui Province
C. morifolium Huangju
Huangshan Dingxiangwu Ecological
Agriculture Development Co., Ltd.
Shangrao city, Jiangxi Province
Table 18. Common TCM formulas in which chrysanthemum flowers are used
1- For hypertension combine chrysanthemum flowers with dangelions and honeysuckle flowers
2- For improving vision, relieving tinnitus and headaches combine chrysanthemum flowers with goji
berries
3- For exterior wind-heat with symptoms of headache, colds, sore throat combine chrysanthemum
flowers with wild mint, platycodon roots, and greater burdock fruits
4- For high blood pressure combine chrysanthemum flowers with gambir stems and thorns, cassia
seeds and white peony roots
5- For liver and kidney Yin deficiency combine chrysanthemum flowers with glossy privet fruits and
goji berries
6- For external wind heat with fever, sore throat, chills and red eyes combine chrysanthemum
flowers with mulberry leaves, forsythia fruits, wild mint and platycodon roots
7- For deficient kidney and liver Yin patterns with symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo, blurred
vision, headache and hypertension combine chrysanthemum flowers with heal-all spikes, gambir
stems and thorns and Baikal skullcap roots
8- For wind-heat headache combine chrysanthemum flowers with angelica roots and Szechuan
lovage roots
9- For liver or wind-heat with red and painful eyes combine chrysanthemum flowers with cassia
seeds and mulberry leaves
Shahrajabian et al.: A review of chrysanthemum, the eastern queen in traditional Chinese medicine with healing power in modern
pharmaceutical sciences
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1335513369
© 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
Conclusions
Chrysanthemum is the second most important plants in both ornamental industry and
traditional Chinese medicine. Chrysanthemums, often called mums or chrysanths
(family Asteraceae, genus Chrysanthemum), are one of the most important crops in the
flower industry. Chrysanthemum is both a source of beautification and high medicinal
characteristics. In some Eastern cultures, chrysanthemums are also a symbol of good
luck, wealth, happiness, and longevity. In Chinese medicine, chrysanthemums are a
versatile herb called Ju Hua. In Chinese traditional medicine, Ju Hua is considered to be
a fragrant, cool, and light herb. Also, it is used for cooling heat in the liver channel,
especially when it manifests as dry, red or painful eyes. It has tremendously diverse in
morphologies including flower shapes, sizes, colors and plant architecture. Thirteen
important compounds of chrysanthemum flowers are acacetin-7-0-beta-D-
glucopyranoside, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, acaciin, acacetin 7-0-
(6//-0-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-sophoroside, 3-0-caffeoylquinic acid,
syringaresinol 0-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 5,7-dihydroxychromone, uracil, p-
gydroxybenzoic acid, 4-0-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzoic acid, boscialin and
blumenol A. Some health benefits of chrysanthemums are for allergies, hypertension
(high blood pressure0, tightening of the chest, anxiety, skin conditions such as boils,
vertigo, eyes that are inflamed, headaches, sore throats, colds and tinnitus. In traditional
Chinese medicine, chrysanthemum is a cold herb which helps dispel pathogenic heat,
helps the liver, improves eyesight and aids detoxification. In TCM, chrysanthemum tea
has been used for varicose veins, atherosclerosis, acne, influenza, sore throat, fever,
angina (Chest pain), common cold symptoms, high blood pressure, inflammation,
HIV/AIDS, dizziness and type 2 diabetes. Integrative use of modern agriculture and
science of traditional Chinese herbs with new technologies will play an important role
in sustainable agriculture and food systems. More clinical researches are necessary to
uncover the numerous substances and their impacts on chrysanthemum that contribute
to public health.
Conflict of interests. No potential conflict of interests was reported by the authors.
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APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 17(6):13355-13369.
http://www.aloki.hu ● ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) ● ISSN 1785 0037 (Online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1335513369
© 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
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