REVIEW OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROGRAMS IN UKRAINE, GREAT BRITAIN AND EUROPE

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Electronic scientific publication "Public Administration and National Security"
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Electronic scientific publication "Public Administration and National Security"
https://www.inter-nauka.com/magazine/public-administration/
Соціальна і гуманітарна політика
UDC 332.83
Bogdanenko Anatoliy
PhD in Public Administration, Doctor of Science in Economics,
Associate Professor of Public Administration
Interregional Academy of Personnel Management
Богданенко Анатолій Іванович
доктор філософії в галузі державного управління, доктор економічних наук,
доцент кафедри публічного адміністрування
Міжрегіональна Академія управління персоналом
Богданенко Анатолий Иванович
доктор философии в отрасли государственного управления,
доктор экономических наук,
доцент кафедры публичного администрирования
Межрегиональная Академия управления персоналом
ORCID: 0000-0003-0758-5809
REVIEW OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROGRAMS IN UKRAINE,
GREAT BRITAIN AND EUROPE
ОГЛЯД ПРОГРАМ ДОСТУПНОГО ЖИТЛА В УКРАЇНІ,
ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНІЇ ТА ЄВРОПІ
ОБЗОР ПРОГРАММ ДОСТУПНОГО ЖИЛЬЯ В УКРАИНЕ,
ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ И ЕВРОПЕ
Summary. The article deals with the mechanisms of state regulation of
affordable housing programs in Ukraine, Great Britain and some European
countries. The state of social housing market is analyzed. Steps are taken to
improve the mechanisms of state regulation of affordable housing programs in
Ukraine, Great Britain and Europe.

Electronic scientific publication "Public Administration and National Security"
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The concept of social housing is reviewed as a way of ensuring the citizens
of the country with housing, which may be owned and managed by the state, by
non-profit organizations, or by a combination of the two, usually with the aim of
providing affordable housing.
Affordable housing is determined as a housing which is deemed affordable
to those with a median household income as rated by the national government or
a local government by a recognized housing affordability index.
It is noted that income is the primary factor - not price and availability,
that determines housing affordability. In a market economy the distribution of
income is the key determinant of the quantity and quality of housing obtained.
Therefore, understanding affordable housing challenges requires understanding
trends and disparities in income and wealth. Housing is often the single biggest
expenditure of low and middle income families. For low and middle income
families, their house is also the greatest source of wealth.
In the article are described the terms and conditions of participation in the
actual affordable housing programs in several countries.
It was concluded that the policy makers at global, national, regional,
municipal, community associations levels are attempting to respond to the issue
of affordable housing, a highly complex crisis of global proportions, with a great
number of policy instruments. These responses range from stop-gap financing
tools to long-term intergovernmental infrastructural changes. Affordable housing
needs can be addressed through public policy instruments that focus on the
demand side of the market, programs that help households reach financial
benchmarks that make housing affordable. This can include approaches that
simply promote economic growth in general - in the hope that a stronger
economy, higher employment rates, and higher wages will increase the ability of
households to acquire housing at market prices.
Key words: social housing, affordable housing programs, public housing.

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Анотація. У статті розглядаються механізми державного
регулювання доступних житлових програм в Україні, Великобританії та
деяких європейських країнах. Проаналізовано стан ринку соціального
житла. Розглянуто кроки щодо вдосконалення механізмів державного
регулювання доступних житлових програм в Україні, Великобританії та
Європі.
Концепція соціального житла розглядається як спосіб забезпечення
громадян країни житлом, яким може володіти та управляти держава,
неприбуткові організації або держава та неприбуткові організації разом,
як правило, з метою забезпечення доступним житлом.
Доступним житлом визначається житло, яке вважається
доступним для тих, у кого середній дохід оцінюється національним урядом
або місцевим урядом за визнаним індексом доступності житла.
Відзначено, що основним чинником є дохід, а не ціна та наявність
житла, що визначають його доступність. У ринковій економіці розподіл
доходів є ключовим фактором, що визначає кількість та якість
отриманого житла. Тому розуміння проблем доступного житла вимагає
розуміння тенденцій та диспропорцій у доходах та фінансовій
спроможності. Житло найчастіше є єдиним найбільшим видатком сімей з
низьким та середнім доходом. Для сімей з низьким і середнім доходом їх
житло також є найбільшим джерелом доходу.
У статті описуються умови участі у наявних програмах доступного
житла в ряді країн.
Дійдено висновку, що політики, які приймають рішення на рівні
глобальних, національних, регіональних, муніципальних, громадських
асоціацій, намагаються реагувати на проблему доступності житла,
надзвичайно складної кризи глобальних масштабів, з великою кількістю
політичних інструментів. Ці відповіді варіюються від інструментів
безперервного фінансування до довгострокових міжурядових

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інфраструктурних змін. Потреби доступного житла можуть бути
вирішені за допомогою інструментів державної політики, які
зосереджуються на попиті на ринку, програмах, які допомагають досягти
фінансових показників, які роблять житло доступним. Це може включати
підходи, які просто сприяють економічному зростанню в цілому - з надією
на те, що зміцнення економіки, підвищення рівня зайнятості та підвищення
заробітної плати підвищать здатність населення придбавати житло за
ринковими цінами.
Ключові слова: соціальне житло, доступні житлові програми,
державне житло.
Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются механизмы
государственного регулирования доступных жилищных программ в
Украине, Великобритании и некоторых европейских странах.
Проанализировано состояние рынка социального жилья. Рассмотрены
шаги по совершенствованию механизмов государственного регулирования
доступных жилищных программ в Украине, Великобритании и Европе.
Концепция социального жилья рассматривается как способ
обеспечения граждан страны жильем, которым может владеть и
управлять государство, неприбыльные организации или государство и
неприбыльные организации вместе, как правило, с целью обеспечения
доступным жильем.
Доступным жильем определяется жилье, которое считается
доступным для тех, у кого средний доход оценивается национальным
правительством или местным управлением по признанному индексу
доступности жилья.
Отмечено, что основным фактором является доход, а не цена и
наличие жилья, определяющих его доступность. В рыночной экономике
распределение доходов является ключевым фактором, определяющим
количество и качество полученного жилья. Поэтому понимание проблем

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доступного жилья требует понимания тенденций и диспропорций в
доходах и финансовой способности. Жилье зачастую является
единственным крупнейшим расходом семей с низким и средним доходом.
Для семей с низким и средним доходом их жилье также является
крупнейшим источником дохода.
В статье описываются условия участия в имеющихся программах
доступного жилья в ряде стран.
Сделан вывод, что политики, которые принимают решения на уровне
глобальных, национальных, региональных, муниципальных, общественных
ассоциаций, пытаются реагировать на проблему доступности жилья,
чрезвычайно сложного кризиса глобальных масштабов, с большим
количеством политических инструментов. Эти ответы варьируются от
инструментов непрерывного финансирования до долгосрочных
межправительственных инфраструктурных изменений. Потребности
доступного жилья могут быть решены с помощью инструментов
государственной политики, которые сосредотачиваются на спросе на
рынке, программах, которые помогают достичь финансовых показателей,
которые делают жилье доступным. Это может включать подходы,
которые просто способствуют экономическому росту в целом - с
надеждой на то, что укрепление экономики, повышение уровня занятости
и повышения заработной платы повысят способность населения
приобретать жилье по рыночным ценам.
Ключевые слова: социальное жилье, доступные жилищные
программы, государственное жилье.
Thesis statement. In Ukraine are changed the terms of the "Affordable
Housing" program. The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has improved the
program of providing affordable housing to the population. The updated program
should give citizens the freedom to choose their future housing, simplify and
facilitate access to public lending, ensure transparency, and expand the range of

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participants and credit opportunities through the involvement of state-owned
banks.
The "Affordable Housing" and "Youth Lending" state programs are being
implemented in the country. These programs must meet the requirements of the
time and the needs of those who need to resolve the housing issue.
Analysis of recent research. Many scientists and experts studied the
question of affordable housing programs in Ukraine and Europe, in particular Yu.
Kyrychuk, S. A. Shcherbinina, D. P. Holovan, T. Ye. Voronkova, O. A.
Koshelenko, A. V. Serdiuk, M. Schmelich, M. Christl, R. Seifert, W. Amann and
others. However, the study of the affordable housing programs in Ukraine and
other countries is still actual and requires more detailed consideration.
The objective of the study. The purpose of this article is to compare the
programs of affordable housing for population in Ukraine and some other
developed countries and to determine the importance of the state regulation of
this issue.
Results. Today, according to the State Fund for Youth Housing
Construction (SFfYHC), the "Affordable Housing" program in Ukraine can be
used by citizens (families) [1]:
– persons who are registered as requiring improvement of living conditions;
– persons who do not have the right to own property for residential property
(excluding housing located in the temporarily occupied territory);
– persons who own residential real estate with an area of no more than 13,65
square meters.
The average monthly aggregate monetary income of these categories of
citizens and their family members per one person shall not exceed 5 times the
average monthly salary in the corresponding region calculated according to the
State Statistics Service.
The amount of state support for the purchase of housing is:
– 30% for citizens who need improvement of living conditions;

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– 50% for citizens affected by the action of pp. 19 and 20 parts of Article 6,
paragraphs. 10-14 Part II, Article 7, and Paragraphs 4, 6, 8, Clause 1 of
Article 10 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Status of War Veterans,
Guarantees of Their Social Protection";
– 50% for internally displaced persons.
The amount of state support to citizens is calculated taking into account:
– area - 21 sq. m of the total living space per person + 10.5 square meters. m
per family;
– no more than the maximum value of 1 sq. m of the total housing area for
the settlement according to the location of the dwelling.
Then it is necessary to pick up corresponding documents in SFfYHC.
The final stage is the choice of the apartment from the List of housing
objects (defined by the Interdepartmental Commission of the Ministry of
Regional Development, Construction and Housing and Communal Services of
Ukraine (Minregion) according to the place of registration/residence of the
participant of the program.
After that, it is necessary to sign an agreement with the regional department
of the SFfYHC.
In his blog in "Segodnya" Internet magazine in May 2018, Vice Prime
Minister of Ukraine, Minister for Regional Development, Construction and
Housing and Communal Services of Ukraine Gennady Zubko stressed that the
issue of affordable housing for Ukraine is more than ever important [2].
Implementation of state programs in this area such as Affordable Housing and
Youth Lending is under the authority of the State Fund for Youth Housing
Construction. Today, these programs do not meet the requirements of the time
and do not meet the needs of those who really need to solve the housing problem.
And this, first of all, youth, ATO participants, internally displaced persons.
Unfortunately, all initiatives aimed at changing these programs, which were
laid down in the SFfYHC Strategy, have not been implemented by the institution.

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Minregion forms the state housing policy, but does not manage the SFfYHC. Yet,
under the pressure of the Ministry, it succeeded to change the system of loans for
Affordable Housing for ATO participants and settlers. Now, instead of the
30%/70% formula for these categories of citizens, the state provides support for
paying up to 50% of the cost of housing. The Ministry also removed the
requirement for migrants for mandatory withdrawal from the quartile when
receiving such preferential credit. Now, to participate in the program, they only
need to confirm the status of the internally displaced person.
The Ministry of Regional Development proposes to bring standards of
living space to the needs of people. If a person is in extreme need of housing, then
she can choose a small and inexpensive, and most importantly - affordable. Thus,
it is possible to remove from the list of applicants the secured people who receive
compensation from the state on the standard area, buy a large apartment and for a
price of 24-25 thousand UAH per square meter.
The proposal of the Ministry of Regional Development is as follows: the
standard of the total area of housing that can be lent by the state - up to 21 square
meters per family member, and an additional 10.5 meters square per family.
Previously, within the framework of the program, it was allowed to buy
apartments of more than 100 square meters. Such real estate is unlikely to fall
under the category of "affordable housing".
Another initiative that will make housing more affordable is the cost of 1
meter square housing. The price per square meter should not exceed the marginal
prices, which are equal to the indirect value, which today is purchased for housing
for border guards and military Armed Forces.
Affordable housing can be purchased, both at existing facilities and in
already rented buildings. At the same time, the interest rate for using the loan can
not exceed the discount rate of the NBU plus 3% per annum.
In order to ensure transparency, the Ministry proposes to involve state
banks in the implementation of these programs. The Ministry of Regional

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Development has a successful experience working with banks under the program
"Warm Loans", then why not transfer it to this sphere. Public banks could be
front-offices of state lending, ensuring transparency, increasing program
participants in the regions, expanding credit facilities through additional mortgage
programs and lending small-sized housing.
As for the developer, it should not be chosen by a commission, appointed
by the Ministry of Regional Development, as it is in the current program, and
citizens themselves. Indeed, genuine accessibility is to enable people to choose
their own options among affordable housing, rather than forcing them to buy at a
developer's commission.
For example, due to the current approach, in 2017, despite the funds sent to
the Donetsk region, there was not purchased a single square meter. And this is in
the area where the greatest number of settlers! Instead, funds were transferred to
Kyiv, where, in most cases, large and expensive apartments were purchased. It
should not be like this.
The Ministry of Regional Development also proposes to lower the average
monthly income of the family, which will have the right to state support from 5 to
3 sizes of average monthly salary per person per region according to the region.
This will greatly facilitate the access of young families to the program and expand
the range of participants [3].
It is important for the state to protect the rights of those citizens who could
not buy a single square meter in the Donetsk region, and not lobby the interests of
developers to "incorporate" them into the program. Thus, approaches to providing
Ukrainians with affordable housing will be dramatically changed, and the number
of square meters purchased will provide an effective number of apartments and
the effectiveness of state aid.
To compare Ukrainian social housing programs, we give some examples of
similar programs from other countries.

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If for some 100% of the home mortgage is not available for financial
reasons, the British program "Help to Buy": "Shared ownership" allows you to
buy a share of the house (from 25% to 75% of the cost of the house) and pay a
rental fee on the remaining share . Later you can buy the rest of the share [4].
You can buy a house through "Help to Buy": "Shared ownership" in
England if:
– the family earns 80,000 pounds a year or less outside London, or £ 90,000
per year or less in London;
– housing is bought for the first time, or the former owner of the building can
not afford to buy it now or the existing general owner wants to move.
With help of "Help to Buy": "Shared ownership" you can buy a newly built
or existing home through resale programs from housing associations. You need to
take a mortgage to pay your share of the purchase price of a house, or to finance it
at the expense of your own savings. Shared ownership properties are always
leasehold.
Under the general scheme, there are several options for housing: ownership
of a maximum of 75% of the value of real estate. If in this case the owner wants
to make any changes (repairs) in the apartment, he will have to agree with the
housing association.
Owning 100% of real estate. Such property is less in the market. In the case
of ownership of 100% of the property, the owner has the right to sell it.
Priority to other groups will be given to servicemen through state-owned
shared ownership schemes. However, local councils with their own housing
programs with partial ownership may have some priority groups based on local
needs in housing.
For the purchase of a one-room apartment, the priority is given to single
people without children.
In case of purchase of two-room apartments, priority is given to married
couples or joint applicants.

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It is also a priority when the person is renting an apartment and working in
the same area.
People with Disabilities: The HOLD Housing Assistance Center can help
you to buy any house that is sold on a shared ownership basis if the applicant has
a long-term disability.
You can only apply for HOLD if the properties available through other
home-ownership schemes do not meet the needs of people with disabilities, for
example, if you need ownership on the ground floor.
Older people can get help from another housing scheme called "Older
People’s Shared Ownership" if the person is aged 55 or over.
It works in the same way as the general Shared Ownership scheme, but you
can only buy up to 75% of your home. Once you own 75% you won’t have to pay
rent on the remaining share.
European social housing is a state subsidy for housing construction,
especially for social groups that can not meet their housing needs in the free
housing market. The condition of settlement is the maximum rent ("rental value"),
as stipulated in the German permitted Use of Social Housing Act (WoBindG) or
the comparable Land Law of Austria. This target housing is subject to lease.
Depending on the state system, social housing in the economic and social
terms is an addition to the development of housing construction or occupies its
place.
For many decades, the legal framework in the Federal Republic of
Germany was the Second Law, which was designed to create apartments that, by
size, equipment and lease or taxation, would be determined and suitable for the
general public (quoted from § 1, II, WoBauG) [5]. In addition to the creation of
affordable housing after the II. WoBauG it also made possible for the general
public to earn revenues from owner-owned real estate.
As in many other countries, social or public housing in Germany is a state
transfer. In addition, by the 1990s it was an important element of state economic

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impact and urban planning with broad public investment. With the restructuring
of social programs systems since the mid-1990s, the role and function of social or
public housing has changed to rebuild the city and its inhabitants.
On the example of the housing market of Dresden. There is created a social
housing that nobody can afford. Lack of housing and rent increase. To stop this,
the state of Saxony Dresden has allocated 21.5 million euros for new social
housing. At the same time there is a very loud criticism that they are not suitable
for the weak social groups.
The city of Dresden has to receive 550 new social households. It was
declared by the city for the order of Saxony "Monthly for German Law"
(SACHSEN). Housing is funded in the amount of 21.5 million euros in a free
state of Saxony, and it should be newly built or repaired. "We are preparing a
leased and occupied housing," the city said. After agreeing the developing by the
free state, it is now important to develop specific projects with cooperatives, real
estate companies and developers. An "uncertain part of the budget" should also be
available to the new municipal housing and leasing company [6].
New social housing should be created in addition to apartments planned by
new housing and construction companies. In the next few years Dresden will
receive 1350 new apartments for socially unprotected people. However, the scope
of assistance has not yet been exhausted. The capital of the state may also apply
to the free state for the financing of additional apartments in the next and after
next year.
Social housing is now fully occupied. Currently, Dresden has about 10,200
social residential buildings - 200 of the housing subsidies of the 1990s and 10,000
leasehold properties owned by Vonovia - Germany's largest housing real estate
company. 9,700 apartments of Vonovia are currently leased, thus they are almost
completely leased. The remaining 300 empty apartments are only the result of
changes of tenants and renovations.
The apartments are reserved for the weak social groups for only 15 years.

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An important critique of politicians in Dresden is the low average duration
of 15 years. According to Michael Schmelich, a German politician, in 2035 the
Social Charter with Vonovia ends, then Dresden risks to lose 10,000 residential
buildings. This will be a completely unfulfilled housing market policy. The
politician also reminded that increase of the cost of rent in new apartments should
be possible only in 15 months.
Standards for social housing are no longer obligatory.
Access to social housing is regulated, among other things, by so-called
housing permits. Last year, almost 2,700 residents of Dresden received such
residence permits from the city. Three quarters of them are men, most of them are
lonely. Three percent of the applicants - 60 years and over.
In addition to residence permits, people can also apply for housing
assistance to pay their rent. A little less than 6,500 residents of Dresden also
received housing assistance last year. More than 26700 tenants applied for
support.
In Austrian cities in the early 20th century (for example, at the expense of
housing assistance), but in particular, very intensively in the 1920s and early
1930s, as well as between 1950 and 1970, many social housing objects were built,
mainly as municipal housing. They were often built in the form of houses that
create one common courtyard, and they had from four to six floors. Newest
projects of public construction have more diverse manifestations. So in Vienna,
lately, municipal housing has been created in high-rise buildings, and in Linz,
there is a pilot project for environmental urban construction, the Sunny City, as
well as the building of a non-profit project.
The Austrian social housing system is characterized by a close link
between housing subsidies and nonprofit building associations in accordance with
the Shared Housing Act, which receives tax benefits from shared housing and are
beneficiaries of housing subsidies, and also are subject to favorable rental

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regulation rates - even at the end of the obligations in housing support - and
permanent new construction.
Indeed, the sphere of construction of social housing in Vienna is dominant.
Providing about 900 thousand apartments, social housing in Austria accounts for
almost a quarter of the total housing stock (60% of housing in the residential
sector), ranked second in the European Union. More than two-thirds of
construction of social housing is occupied by the non-profit residential industry.
The rest is connected with the municipal housing stock, which dominates in
Vienna. There, the city council is the largest builder in the world, and non-profit
housing, starting with the Austrian capital, is a pioneer for Europe. In Austria, the
subsidized housing system not only covers low-income households but also
extends to the middle class.
Although this has largely prevented trends in social segregation, the
concentration of people from different economic indicators in "expensive and
cheap" residential areas. Nevertheless, the question arises as to whether social
housing construction in Austria fulfills its purpose. According to the liberal
Vienna Agenda Austria research institute, in the EU the most benefits from
subsidized housing get people from socially disadvantaged groups. "Only 22
percent of the inhabitants of the cheapest social housing homes in Austria have a
low level of earnings, so they account for 20 percent of the lowest incomes, 66
percent of the inhabitants are middle-level residents, and the highest salaried
workers still account for 12 percent," said Michael Christl, an economist of
analytical center Agenda Austria [7]. Therefore, residents of municipal resident
building should be able to disclose their income much more often. If they exceed
a certain value, the rent should increase to market value. Additional income could
be used to build new apartments.
The Agenda Austria Analytical Center recommends the phasing out of old
low-rented contracts, and the prices for these apartments should be adjusted to a
market price, similar to what is happening in Germany with the help of a lease

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comparison system. This will reduce the overall level of rent and reduce the
burden on new occupants, who are often young people.
However, Wolfgang Amann, Director of the Institute for Housing and
Construction (IIBW) in Vienna, appreciates the strong position of non-profit
housing developers. According to IIBW, the total cost of housing policy in
Austria is 0.7 percent of GDP. It is much less than in other countries, such as
France, England and the Netherlands, says Amann. Unlike Germany, rental rates
in Austria are constantly decreasing. The reason for this is enshrined in the Law
on the shared use of housing the cost of rent for the duration of lease. The fact
that the proposal is weakened by the spread of non-profitability, Amann sees only
limited: in some regions there are no private impulses, the expert recommends
paying attention to this. Yet in the last year more than 20,000 construction
licenses were issued in Vienna. In Austria, they will be more than 70 thousand, as
calculated by the Austrian statistics authority. In terms of population, the number
of new buildings in Austria is twice as high as in Germany [8].
Critics, on the other hand, say that from the point of view of owners it's not
worth investing because of low prices. As the Deloitte Property Value Index
shows, it represents a relatively low profit of less than 3 percent per year. Private
homeowners see that state housing distorts the market. Unlike the private sector,
non-profit organizations do not pay lease income taxes. This would be justified if
only those who have this need could win. In fact, less than half of tenants have
low income. The Austrian housing market is one of the most rigorously regulated
in the world. Three of four lease contracts are governed by the state.
Is this redistribution fair in relation to the middle class, causes little doubt.
From the point of view of the Austrian agenda, the regulation of the housing and
public housing market creates two classes of society: "There are insiders who are
protected, despite good income and improved welfare, and outsiders, who have
complicated access to optimal housing. This is the dark side of the "Vienna
Housing Paradise" [7].

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Conclusion and prospects for further research. So, it can be concluded
that the policy makers at global, national, regional, municipal, community
associations levels are attempting to respond to the issue of affordable housing, a
highly complex crisis of global proportions, with a great number of policy
instruments. These responses range from stop-gap financing tools to long-term
intergovernmental infrastructural changes. Affordable housing needs can be
addressed through public policy instruments that focus on the demand side of the
market, programs that help households reach financial benchmarks that make
housing affordable. This can include approaches that simply promote economic
growth in general - in the hope that a stronger economy, higher employment rates,
and higher wages will increase the ability of households to acquire housing at
market prices.
The government policies has to define banking and mortgage lending
practices, tax and regulatory measures affecting building materials, professional
practices (ex. real estate transactions). The purchasing power of individual
households can be enhanced through tax and fiscal policies that result in reducing
the cost of mortgages and the cost of borrowing. Public policies may include the
implementation of subsidy programs and incentive patterns for average
households. For the most vulnerable groups, such as seniors, single-parent
families, the disabled, etc. some form of publicly funded allowance strategy can
be implemented providing individual households with adequate income to afford
housing.
References
1. The official site of the State Fund for Youth Housing Construction (2018),
“Affordable Housing”. URL: https://www.molod-kredit.gov.ua/zhytlovi-
prohramy/dostupne-zhytlo (Accessed 18 October 2018)
2. Zubko H. (2018), “Make “Affordable housing” really affordable!”
segodnya.ua [Online]. URL:

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https://www.segodnya.ua/opinion/zybkocolumn/zrobiti-dostupne-zhitlo-
spravd-dostupnim-1138660.html (Accessed 18 October 2018)
3. The official site of the Ministry of Regional Development, Construction
and Housing and Communal Services of Ukraine (2018), “The “Affordable
Housing” Program is transparent, open and accessible to people, - Yuliia
Vekha”. URL: http://www.minregion.gov.ua/uncategorized/programa-
dostupne-zhitlo-staye-prozoroyu-vidkritoyu-ta-dostupnoyu-dlya-lyudey-
yuliya-veha/ (Accessed 18 October 2018)
4. The official Government Help to Buy website (2018), "Shared ownership".
URL: https://www.helptobuy.gov.uk/shared-ownership/ (Accessed 18
October 2018)
5. Rechtsportal.de, range of information of Deubner Verlag (2018), Ҥ 1
Housing development as a public task, II WoBauG”. URL:
https://www.rechtsportal.de/Rechtsprechung/Gesetze/Gesetze/Miet-und-
Wohnrecht/Wohnungsbau-und-Familienheimgesetz/Teil-I.-Grundsaetze-
Geltungsbereich-und-Begriffsbestimmungen/1-Wohnungsbaufoerderung-
als-oeffentliche-Aufgabe (Accessed 18 October 2018)
6. Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (Central German Broadcasting, MDR) (2018),
“There is created social housing that nobody can afford”. URL:
https://www.mdr.de/sachsen/dresden/kritik-am-foerderprogramm-fuer-
sozialwohnungen-aus-dresden-100.html (Accessed 18 October 208)
7. Tages-Anzeiger, a Swiss German-language national daily newspaper
(2018), “Vienna is no paragon”. URL:
https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/europa/Wien-ist-kein-
Vorbild/story/18775908 (Accessed 18 October 2018)
8. The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (Frankfurt General Newspaper)
(2018), “When the rich live in the social housing”. URL:
https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/wohnen/bauen/gemeinnuetziger-

Electronic scientific publication "Public Administration and National Security"
https://www.inter-nauka.com/magazine/public-administration/
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https://www.inter-nauka.com/magazine/public-administration/
wohnungsbau-in-oesterreich-die-schattenseiten-des-wiener-
wohnparadieses-15537657.html (Accessed 18 October 2018)
Література
1. Програма “Доступне житло”, Державний фонд сприяння молодіжному
житловому будівництву. URL: https://www.molod-
kredit.gov.ua/zhytlovi-prohramy/dostupne-zhytlo
2. Зубко Г. Зробити “Доступне житло” справді доступним / Г. Зубко //
segodnya.ua. [Електронний ресурс]: 2018. URL:
https://www.segodnya.ua/opinion/zybkocolumn/zrobiti-dostupne-zhitlo-
spravd-dostupnim-1138660.html
3. Офіційний сайт Міністерства регіонального розвитку, будівництва та
житлово-комунального господарства України // Прес-служба Віце-
прем’єр-міністра України [Електронний ресурс]: 2018. URL:
http://www.minregion.gov.ua/uncategorized/programa-dostupne-zhitlo-
staye-prozoroyu-vidkritoyu-ta-dostupnoyu-dlya-lyudey-yuliya-veha/
4. Офіційний сайт програми Уряду Великобританії “Уряд допомагає
купувати” // Спільне володіння. URL:
https://www.helptobuy.gov.uk/shared-ownership/
5. П. 1 Розвиток житлобудівництва як громадське завдання, ІІ Закон про
житлове будівництво Федеративної Республіки Німеччина від
01.01.2002 // Правовий портал Федеративної Республіки Німеччина /
Інформаційна служба видання Дойбнер. URL:
https://www.rechtsportal.de/Rechtsprechung/Gesetze/Gesetze/Miet-und-
Wohnrecht/Wohnungsbau-und-Familienheimgesetz/Teil-I.-Grundsaetze-
Geltungsbereich-und-Begriffsbestimmungen/1-Wohnungsbaufoerderung-
als-oeffentliche-Aufgabe
6. Створено таке соціальне житло, яке ніхто не може собі дозволити /
Середньо-німецьке телерадіомовлення // Громадська

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телерадіокомпанія [Електронний ресурс]: 2018. URL:
https://www.mdr.de/sachsen/dresden/kritik-am-foerderprogramm-fuer-
sozialwohnungen-aus-dresden-100.html
7. Відень не є зразком / Тагес-анцайгер - швейцарська німецькомовна
щоденна газета [Електронний ресурс]: 2018. URL:
https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/europa/Wien-ist-kein-
Vorbild/story/18775908
8. Коли багаті живуть в соціальних квартирах / Франкфуртер альгемайне
цайтунг / Німецька ліберально-консервативна міжрегіональна газета
[Електронний ресурс]: 2018. URL:
https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/wohnen/bauen/gemeinnuetziger-
wohnungsbau-in-oesterreich-die-schattenseiten-des-wiener-
wohnparadieses-15537657.html